diff --git a/src/renderer/canvas/worktree/WorktreeTerritoryLayer.test.tsx b/src/renderer/canvas/worktree/WorktreeTerritoryLayer.test.tsx
index 13d09742..89195243 100644
--- a/src/renderer/canvas/worktree/WorktreeTerritoryLayer.test.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/canvas/worktree/WorktreeTerritoryLayer.test.tsx
@@ -3,11 +3,36 @@ import React, { act } from 'react'
 import { createRoot } from 'react-dom/client'
 import { expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
 ;(globalThis as any).IS_REACT_ACT_ENVIRONMENT = true
-vi.mock('../../stores/CanvasStoreContext', () => ({ useCanvasStoreApi: () => ({ subscribe: () => () => {} }) }))
-vi.mock('../../stores/uiStore', () => ({ useUIStore: { subscribe: () => () => {} } }))
-vi.mock('../../drag', () => ({ useDragStore: { subscribe: () => () => {} } }))
+const { disposeGL, drawGL, canvasListeners, canvasApi } = vi.hoisted(() => {
+  const listeners = new Set<() => void>()
+  return {
+    disposeGL: vi.fn(),
+    drawGL: vi.fn(),
+    canvasListeners: listeners,
+    canvasApi: {
+      getState: () => ({ zoomLevel: 1, viewportOffset: { x: 0, y: 0 }, nodes: {} }),
+      subscribe: (listener: () => void) => {
+        listeners.add(listener)
+        return () => listeners.delete(listener)
+      },
+    },
+  }
+})
+vi.mock('../../stores/CanvasStoreContext', () => ({ useCanvasStoreApi: () => canvasApi }))
+vi.mock('../../stores/uiStore', () => ({ useUIStore: { getState: () => ({ focusedWorktreeId: null }), subscribe: () => () => {} } }))
+vi.mock('../../drag', () => ({ useDragStore: { getState: () => ({ source: null, pendingDetach: [] }), subscribe: () => () => {} } }))
 vi.mock('./useWorktreeMembership', () => ({ useWorktreeMembership: () => ({ groups: [] }) }))
-vi.mock('./territoryGL', () => ({ createTerritoryGL: () => ({ resize: vi.fn(), dispose: vi.fn() }), buildPrimitives: vi.fn() }))
+vi.mock('./territoryGL', () => ({
+  createTerritoryGL: () => ({
+    resize: vi.fn(),
+    setView: vi.fn(),
+    uploadGeometry: vi.fn(),
+    uploadMask: vi.fn(),
+    draw: drawGL,
+    dispose: disposeGL,
+  }),
+  buildPrimitives: vi.fn(),
+}))
 import WorktreeTerritoryLayer from './WorktreeTerritoryLayer'
 it('allocates the backing store once during setup and only resizes changed dimensions', () => {
   vi.stubGlobal('requestAnimationFrame', () => 1)
@@ -25,5 +50,56 @@ it('allocates the backing store once during setup and only resizes changed dimen
     act(() => root.render(<WorktreeTerritoryLayer containerWidth={900} containerHeight={600} />))
     expect(widths.mock.calls.filter(([value]) => value === 900)).toHaveLength(1)
     expect(heights.mock.calls.filter(([value]) => value === 600)).toHaveLength(1)
-  } finally { act(() => root.unmount()); host.remove(); vi.restoreAllMocks(); vi.unstubAllGlobals() }
+  } finally {
+    act(() => root.unmount())
+    expect(disposeGL).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    host.remove()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+  }
+})
+
+it('coalesces repeated canvas changes into one territory frame', () => {
+  const frames = new Map<number, FrameRequestCallback>()
+  let nextFrame = 0
+  const requestFrame = vi.fn((callback: FrameRequestCallback) => {
+    const id = ++nextFrame
+    frames.set(id, callback)
+    return id
+  })
+  vi.stubGlobal('requestAnimationFrame', requestFrame)
+  vi.stubGlobal('cancelAnimationFrame', vi.fn())
+  vi.stubGlobal('devicePixelRatio', 1)
+  const host = document.createElement('div')
+  document.body.append(host)
+  const root = createRoot(host)
+  try {
+    act(() => root.render(<WorktreeTerritoryLayer containerWidth={800} containerHeight={600} />))
+    const initialFrame = frames.get(1)
+    expect(initialFrame).toBeDefined()
+    act(() => initialFrame?.(0))
+    requestFrame.mockClear()
+    drawGL.mockClear()
+
+    act(() => {
+      for (const listener of canvasListeners) {
+        listener()
+        listener()
+        listener()
+      }
+    })
+    expect(requestFrame).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    expect(drawGL).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+    const coalescedFrame = frames.get(2)
+    expect(coalescedFrame).toBeDefined()
+    act(() => coalescedFrame?.(16))
+    expect(drawGL).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  } finally {
+    act(() => root.unmount())
+    host.remove()
+    canvasListeners.clear()
+    vi.restoreAllMocks()
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+  }
 })
diff --git a/src/renderer/canvas/worktree/WorktreeTerritoryLayer.tsx b/src/renderer/canvas/worktree/WorktreeTerritoryLayer.tsx
index 4d4cb0c6..2ce6281f 100644
--- a/src/renderer/canvas/worktree/WorktreeTerritoryLayer.tsx
+++ b/src/renderer/canvas/worktree/WorktreeTerritoryLayer.tsx
@@ -315,20 +315,10 @@ const WorktreeTerritoryLayer: React.FC<Props> = ({ containerWidth, containerHeig
     ensureRef.current = ensure
 
     const onChange = () => {
-      // The world transform (Canvas.applyTransform) updates the DOM synchronously
-      // on every offset change. The GL territory draw is just one full-screen quad,
-      // so draw it synchronously in the SAME store-notification tick — phase-locked
-      // to the panels. Scheduling it on a later rAF instead makes the territory lag
-      // the panels by a frame during fast pan/zoom (very visible when zoomed out,
-      // where one pan event is a large world delta). Node-drag still uses the rAF
-      // loop (to follow the ghost), and the CPU fallback stays on rAF (its draw is
-      // far too heavy to run per pan event).
-      const dragging = useDragStore.getState().source?.origin.kind === 'canvas-node'
-      if (backendRef.current === 'gl' && !dragging) {
-        dirtyRef.current = false
-        paintGL()
-        return
-      }
+      // Store notifications can arrive faster than Chromium can composite a
+      // frame. Drawing synchronously here queues redundant full-screen GPU work
+      // and makes pan input contend with the compositor. Keep view updates
+      // dirty-gated and coalesce them into the next animation frame instead.
       dirtyRef.current = true
       ensure()
     }
diff --git a/src/renderer/canvas/worktree/territoryGL.test.tsx b/src/renderer/canvas/worktree/territoryGL.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55b36f89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/canvas/worktree/territoryGL.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// @vitest-environment jsdom
+import { expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+import { createTerritoryGL } from './territoryGL'
+
+function webglHarness(fragmentPrecision = 23) {
+  const loseContext = vi.fn()
+  const gl = {
+    FRAGMENT_SHADER: 1, VERTEX_SHADER: 2, HIGH_FLOAT: 3,
+    COMPILE_STATUS: 4, LINK_STATUS: 5, ARRAY_BUFFER: 6, STATIC_DRAW: 7, FLOAT: 8,
+    TEXTURE0: 9, TEXTURE1: 10, TEXTURE_2D: 11, TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER: 12,
+    TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER: 13, TEXTURE_WRAP_S: 14, TEXTURE_WRAP_T: 15,
+    NEAREST: 16, LINEAR: 17, CLAMP_TO_EDGE: 18, RGBA32F: 19, R8: 20,
+    RED: 21, UNSIGNED_BYTE: 22, UNPACK_ALIGNMENT: 23, DEPTH_TEST: 24,
+    BLEND: 25, FUNC_ADD: 26, ONE: 27, ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA: 28,
+    getShaderPrecisionFormat: vi.fn(() => ({ precision: fragmentPrecision })),
+    createShader: vi.fn(() => ({})), shaderSource: vi.fn(), compileShader: vi.fn(),
+    getShaderParameter: vi.fn(() => true), getShaderInfoLog: vi.fn(() => ''),
+    deleteShader: vi.fn(), createProgram: vi.fn(() => ({})), attachShader: vi.fn(),
+    bindAttribLocation: vi.fn(), linkProgram: vi.fn(),
+    getProgramParameter: vi.fn(() => true), getProgramInfoLog: vi.fn(() => ''),
+    deleteProgram: vi.fn(), createVertexArray: vi.fn(() => ({})),
+    bindVertexArray: vi.fn(), deleteVertexArray: vi.fn(),
+    createBuffer: vi.fn(() => ({})), bindBuffer: vi.fn(), bufferData: vi.fn(),
+    deleteBuffer: vi.fn(), enableVertexAttribArray: vi.fn(), vertexAttribPointer: vi.fn(),
+    getUniformLocation: vi.fn(() => ({})), createTexture: vi.fn(() => ({})),
+    activeTexture: vi.fn(), bindTexture: vi.fn(), texParameteri: vi.fn(),
+    texStorage2D: vi.fn(), texImage2D: vi.fn(), deleteTexture: vi.fn(),
+    useProgram: vi.fn(), uniform1i: vi.fn(), pixelStorei: vi.fn(), disable: vi.fn(),
+    enable: vi.fn(), blendEquation: vi.fn(), blendFunc: vi.fn(), clearColor: vi.fn(),
+    getExtension: vi.fn((name: string) => name === 'WEBGL_lose_context' ? { loseContext } : null),
+  } as unknown as WebGL2RenderingContext
+  return { gl, loseContext }
+}
+
+it('releases the underlying context exactly once on dispose', () => {
+  const { gl, loseContext } = webglHarness()
+  const canvas = document.createElement('canvas')
+  vi.spyOn(canvas, 'getContext').mockReturnValue(gl)
+
+  const renderer = createTerritoryGL(canvas)
+  expect(renderer).not.toBeNull()
+  renderer?.dispose()
+  renderer?.dispose()
+
+  expect(gl.deleteTexture).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  expect(gl.deleteBuffer).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  expect(gl.deleteVertexArray).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  expect(gl.deleteProgram).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  expect(gl.getExtension).toHaveBeenCalledWith('WEBGL_lose_context')
+  expect(loseContext).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+})
+
+it('releases a context when initialization falls back to the CPU', () => {
+  const { gl, loseContext } = webglHarness(0)
+  const canvas = document.createElement('canvas')
+  vi.spyOn(canvas, 'getContext').mockReturnValue(gl)
+
+  expect(createTerritoryGL(canvas)).toBeNull()
+  expect(loseContext).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+})
diff --git a/src/renderer/canvas/worktree/territoryGL.ts b/src/renderer/canvas/worktree/territoryGL.ts
index ae985d99..ebdd4ed9 100644
--- a/src/renderer/canvas/worktree/territoryGL.ts
+++ b/src/renderer/canvas/worktree/territoryGL.ts
@@ -246,6 +246,13 @@ function compile(gl: WebGL2RenderingContext, type: number, src: string): WebGLSh
   return sh
 }
 
+/** Explicitly surrender the context instead of waiting for Chromium's GC.
+ * Canvas subtrees are remounted on workspace switches, so deferred context
+ * collection otherwise lets GPU resources accumulate over a long session. */
+function releaseContext(gl: WebGL2RenderingContext): void {
+  gl.getExtension('WEBGL_lose_context')?.loseContext()
+}
+
 export interface TerritoryGL {
   resize(deviceW: number, deviceH: number): void
   setView(zoom: number, offX: number, offY: number, dpr: number): void
@@ -280,13 +287,25 @@ export function createTerritoryGL(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement): TerritoryGL | null
   const hp = gl.getShaderPrecisionFormat(gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER, gl.HIGH_FLOAT)
   if (!hp || hp.precision === 0) {
     console.warn('[territoryGL] no fragment highp float; falling back to CPU')
+    releaseContext(gl)
     return null
   }
 
   const vs = compile(gl, gl.VERTEX_SHADER, VERT_SRC)
   const fs = compile(gl, gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER, FRAG_SRC)
-  if (!vs || !fs) return null
-  const program = gl.createProgram()!
+  if (!vs || !fs) {
+    if (vs) gl.deleteShader(vs)
+    if (fs) gl.deleteShader(fs)
+    releaseContext(gl)
+    return null
+  }
+  const program = gl.createProgram()
+  if (!program) {
+    gl.deleteShader(vs)
+    gl.deleteShader(fs)
+    releaseContext(gl)
+    return null
+  }
   gl.attachShader(program, vs)
   gl.attachShader(program, fs)
   gl.bindAttribLocation(program, 0, 'aPos')
@@ -296,6 +315,7 @@ export function createTerritoryGL(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement): TerritoryGL | null
   if (!gl.getProgramParameter(program, gl.LINK_STATUS)) {
     console.error('[territoryGL] program link failed:', gl.getProgramInfoLog(program))
     gl.deleteProgram(program)
+    releaseContext(gl)
     return null
   }
 
@@ -449,6 +469,7 @@ export function createTerritoryGL(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement): TerritoryGL | null
       gl.deleteBuffer(vbo)
       gl.deleteVertexArray(vao)
       gl.deleteProgram(program)
+      releaseContext(gl)
     },
   }
 }