save state

Author: Nick Kiermaier

EMT/notes/ABC.md

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+A – Airway
+
+1. Assessment
+
+Is the airway patent (open)?
+
+Listen for gurgling, snoring, or silence (signs of obstruction).
+
+Look for vomit, blood, secretions, or the tongue blocking the airway.
+
+
+2. Interventions
+
+Manual maneuvers:
+
+Head-tilt/chin-lift (if no trauma suspected)
+
+Jaw-thrust (if trauma is suspected or cannot be ruled out)
+
+
+Suction:
+
+Use a rigid suction catheter (Yankauer) to clear the airway
+
+Especially important if patient vomited or has secretions
+
+
+Airway adjuncts:
+
+OPA (Oropharyngeal airway) for unresponsive patients without gag reflex
+
+NPA (Nasopharyngeal airway) if the patient has a gag reflex or clenching
+
+
+
+> Goal: Establish and maintain a clear, open airway
+
+
+
+
+---
+
+B – Breathing
+
+1. Assessment
+
+Look for chest rise/fall
+
+Listen for breath sounds
+
+Count respiratory rate
+
+Feel for air movement
+
+Use pulse oximetry (if available)
+
+Note work of breathing (shallow, labored, absent)
+
+
+2. Interventions
+
+Assist ventilations with a Bag-Valve-Mask (BVM):
+
+Deliver 1 breath every 5–6 seconds (10–12 breaths/min)
+
+Ensure tight seal, use EC-clamp grip
+
+Watch for adequate chest rise
+
+
+Administer high-flow oxygen:
+
+Use 15 L/min with oxygen reservoir attached to BVM
+
+
+If breathing resumes but remains slow, continue assisting
+
+Monitor for gastric distension (may need to decompress)
+
+
+> Goal: Provide adequate oxygenation and ventilation
+
+
+
+
+---
+
+C – Circulation
+
+1. Assessment
+
+Check pulse (rate, rhythm, quality)
+
+Check skin: color, temperature, moisture
+
+Assess for signs of shock: hypotension, pale/cool/clammy skin, weak pulse
+
+Capillary refill time (if used in your region)
+
+Use BP cuff and monitor if available
+
+
+2. Interventions
+
+If no pulse → start high-quality CPR
+
+30 compressions, 2 breaths, rate of 100–120 compressions/min
+
+Use AED as soon as available
+
+
+If pulse is present but bradycardic and patient is unstable:
+
+Paramedic: Atropine or external pacing per ACLS
+
+
+Establish IV or IO access (paramedic)
+
+Begin fluid resuscitation if signs of hypovolemia or shock
+
+
+Treat underlying causes:
+
+Naloxone for opioid overdose
+
+Consider trauma, sepsis, cardiac causes, electrolyte imbalances
+
+
+
+> Goal: Support circulation and perfusion, identify and treat reversible causes
+
+
+
+
+---
+
+Transport & Monitoring
+
+Rapid transport to hospital with early notification
+
+Continuous monitoring:
+
+Recheck vitals frequently
+
+Monitor LOC, pupils, airway status
+
+Prepare for deterioration (e.g., cardiac arrest)
+
+
+Document interventions and response
+
+

EMT/notes/class_notes/6-19-25.md

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+#### Oxygen amounts
+* Nasal Cannula -> 1-6LPM
+* Nebulizer -> 6-8 LPM
+* NRB -> 10-15 LPM
+* BVM -> 15 LPM
+