diff --git a/.github/workflows/cross-repo-python-integration.yml b/.github/workflows/cross-repo-python-integration.yml
index 718f87458e..fc5e887834 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cross-repo-python-integration.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cross-repo-python-integration.yml
@@ -82,12 +82,11 @@ jobs:
             test_command: xvfb-run --auto-servernum pytest tests/shared_contracts/ --timeout=60 --timeout-method=thread -v --tb=short
             env_name: REQUIRE_REAL_TOOLS_REPO
             sparse_checkout: |
-              chat
-              contracts.py
-              python/src/utils
-              shared
-              sidekick
-              src/shared/python
+              src/chat
+              src/contracts.py
+              src/python/src/utils
+              src/shared
+              src/sidekick
               tests/shared_contracts
               tests/support
 
diff --git a/.jules/bolt.md b/.jules/bolt.md
index 6858e01b49..07ec1b9d76 100644
--- a/.jules/bolt.md
+++ b/.jules/bolt.md
@@ -89,3 +89,6 @@
 ## 2025-05-18 - Avoid array methods for small static arrays in frequently called initializers
 **Learning:** Using `.reduce()` or `.map()` on static arrays like tabs definitions inside frequently called functions (e.g. state initializers or local storage hydration) incurs unnecessary closure and function call overhead.
 **Action:** Replace `.reduce()` and `.map()` with single-pass `for` loops in simple data transformation functions (like `defaultTabVisibility`) to eliminate closure allocations.
+## 2026-08-13 - Replace chained .map().join() in CSV generation
+**Learning:** Using chained array methods like `.map().join()` for large data serialization (like CSV exports) allocates intermediate arrays for every row, putting immense pressure on the garbage collector and stalling the main thread.
+**Action:** Replace chained array map/join operations in data serialization hot paths with single-pass `for` loops and string concatenation to eliminate intermediate allocations.
diff --git a/.jules/palette.md b/.jules/palette.md
index f32fbc5e57..b827de251a 100644
--- a/.jules/palette.md
+++ b/.jules/palette.md
@@ -49,3 +49,6 @@
 ## 2024-05-31 - Tab Roles vs aria-pressed
 **Learning:** When implementing custom tab components in React, use `role="tab"` paired strictly with `aria-selected` (not `aria-pressed`, which is intended for toggle buttons) and ensure `aria-controls` points to a valid `role="tabpanel"` container whose `aria-labelledby` points back to the tab.
 **Action:** When adding accessible properties to custom tabs, replace `aria-pressed` with `aria-selected`, ensure a `role="tablist"` wrapper is present, and correctly cross-reference `aria-controls` with the tab panel IDs.
+## 2024-05-31 - React `useId()` for Input Labels
+**Learning:** When improving accessibility for React form inputs where explicit IDs are missing, using hardcoded IDs can cause conflicts if components render multiple times.
+**Action:** When improving accessibility for React form inputs where explicit IDs are missing, use the `useId()` hook to safely generate unique, deterministic identifiers for reliably mapping `<label htmlFor={...}>` to `<input id={...}>` elements.
diff --git a/.secrets.baseline b/.secrets.baseline
index 8c4acf000e..d55e9e503e 100644
--- a/.secrets.baseline
+++ b/.secrets.baseline
@@ -1,452 +1,420 @@
-{
-  "version": "1.5.0",
-  "plugins_used": [
-    {
-      "name": "ArtifactoryDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "AWSKeyDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "AzureStorageKeyDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "Base64HighEntropyString",
-      "limit": 4.5
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "BasicAuthDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "CloudantDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "DiscordBotTokenDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "GitHubTokenDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "HexHighEntropyString",
-      "limit": 3.0
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "IbmCloudIamDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "IbmCosHmacDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "JwtTokenDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "KeywordDetector",
-      "keyword_exclude": ""
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "MailchimpDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "NpmDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "PrivateKeyDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "SendGridDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "SlackDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "SoftlayerDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "SquareOAuthDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "StripeDetector"
-    },
-    {
-      "name": "TwilioKeyDetector"
-    }
-  ],
-  "filters_used": [
-    {
-      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.allowlist.is_line_allowlisted"
-    },
-    {
-      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.common.is_baseline_file",
-      "filename": ".secrets.baseline"
-    },
-    {
-      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.common.is_ignored_due_to_verification_policies",
-      "min_level": 2
-    },
-    {
-      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_indirect_reference"
-    },
-    {
-      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_likely_id_string"
-    },
-    {
-      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_lock_file"
-    },
-    {
-      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_not_alphanumeric_string"
-    },
-    {
-      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_potential_uuid"
-    },
-    {
-      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_prefixed_with_dollar_sign"
-    },
-    {
-      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_sequential_string"
-    },
-    {
-      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_swagger_file"
-    },
-    {
-      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_templated_secret"
-    },
-    {
-      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.regex.should_exclude_file",
-      "pattern": [
-        "(^|/)(\\.secrets\\.baseline(\\..*)?|src/document_processing/pdf_renamer/(API_KEY_SETUP|QUICK_START|README)\\.md|.*\\.txt|.*\\.log|.*\\.json|.*\\.xml|.*\\.ipynb)$"
-      ]
-    }
-  ],
-  "results": {
-    "CONTRIBUTING.md": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "CONTRIBUTING.md",
-        "hashed_secret": "6367c48dd193d56ea7b0baad25b19455e529f5ee",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 236,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "SECURITY.md": [
-      {
-        "type": "Basic Auth Credentials",
-        "filename": "SECURITY.md",
-        "hashed_secret": "5baa61e4c9b93f3f0682250b6cf8331b7ee68fd8",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 87,
-        "is_secret": false
-      },
-      {
-        "type": "Private Key",
-        "filename": "SECURITY.md",
-        "hashed_secret": "1348b145fa1a555461c1b790a2f66614781091e9",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 137,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "docker-compose.yml": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "docker-compose.yml",
-        "hashed_secret": "62f636a4093203567e1f686bbf993d217c07acd7",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 19,
-        "is_secret": false
-      },
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "docker-compose.yml",
-        "hashed_secret": "93ad760330f639acf01f297e7ebbab78310ccca1",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 61,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "docs/SECRETS_MANAGEMENT.md": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "docs/SECRETS_MANAGEMENT.md",
-        "hashed_secret": "00fa25f6e187edf5a58cba84e81653a7de02a0a6",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 56,
-        "is_secret": false
-      },
-      {
-        "type": "Base64 High Entropy String",
-        "filename": "docs/SECRETS_MANAGEMENT.md",
-        "hashed_secret": "98f7ff6a8351501eab0cd7cbfb74942298205fcd",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 78,
-        "is_secret": false
-      },
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "docs/SECRETS_MANAGEMENT.md",
-        "hashed_secret": "98f7ff6a8351501eab0cd7cbfb74942298205fcd",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 78,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "docs/development/CONTAINERIZATION_INDEX.md": [
-      {
-        "type": "Basic Auth Credentials",
-        "filename": "docs/development/CONTAINERIZATION_INDEX.md",
-        "hashed_secret": "9d4e1e23bd5b727046a9e3b4b7db57bd8d6ee684",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 348,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "docs/development/DOCKER.md": [
-      {
-        "type": "Basic Auth Credentials",
-        "filename": "docs/development/DOCKER.md",
-        "hashed_secret": "9d4e1e23bd5b727046a9e3b4b7db57bd8d6ee684",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 206,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "docs/development/DOCKER_QUICKREF.md": [
-      {
-        "type": "Basic Auth Credentials",
-        "filename": "docs/development/DOCKER_QUICKREF.md",
-        "hashed_secret": "9d4e1e23bd5b727046a9e3b4b7db57bd8d6ee684",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 235,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "docs/security-audit.md": [
-      {
-        "type": "Private Key",
-        "filename": "docs/security-audit.md",
-        "hashed_secret": "1348b145fa1a555461c1b790a2f66614781091e9",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 40,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "src/document_processing/pdf_renamer/SETUP_GUIDE.md": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "src/document_processing/pdf_renamer/SETUP_GUIDE.md",
-        "hashed_secret": "2e1f9f57a64c27ef5332c1d1069ba318e1359dc9",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 33,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "src/media_processing/video_processor/apps/web/lib/__tests__/csrf.test.ts": [
-      {
-        "type": "Hex High Entropy String",
-        "filename": "src/media_processing/video_processor/apps/web/lib/__tests__/csrf.test.ts",
-        "hashed_secret": "90bd1b48e958257948487b90bee080ba5ed00caa",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 79,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "src/python/tests/test_folder_packer_pro.py": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "src/python/tests/test_folder_packer_pro.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "9fb7fe1217aed442b04c0f5e43b5d5a7d3287097",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 69,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "src/shared/python/ai/config.py": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "src/shared/python/ai/config.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "02ecb94373bfb3dfe827ca18409f50b016e8302a",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 59,
-        "is_secret": false
-      },
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "src/shared/python/ai/config.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "f8ca0d7266886f4b5be9adddc9b66017b3bf1a4b",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 65,
-        "is_secret": false
-      },
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "src/shared/python/ai/config.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "3e10d010e7dfb478858d30459fa03f3824340d47",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 70,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "src/shared/python/chat/tests/test_chat_drift.py": [
-      {
-        "type": "Hex High Entropy String",
-        "filename": "src/shared/python/chat/tests/test_chat_drift.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "ed4fa5bf12cf30400824f103cb57ced6a699b223",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 45,
-        "is_secret": false
-      },
-      {
-        "type": "Hex High Entropy String",
-        "filename": "src/shared/python/chat/tests/test_chat_drift.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "dd04f659f77e061a84e2629a5db4d59fa29c5ba3",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 46,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "src/shared/python/chat/tests/test_credentials.py": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "src/shared/python/chat/tests/test_credentials.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "c7cacebb397eabb2d807f19e4ee66ccf8f2965b6",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 153,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "src/shared/python/sidekick/process_calculators/psa_package/README.md": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "src/shared/python/sidekick/process_calculators/psa_package/README.md",
-        "hashed_secret": "5baa61e4c9b93f3f0682250b6cf8331b7ee68fd8",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 56,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "src/web_applications/calculator/tests/test_exception_handling.py": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "src/web_applications/calculator/tests/test_exception_handling.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "c0e083bf8f56a40effc20aa23267a2964e6b72e5",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 26,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "tests/shared/python/ai/test_classify_error.py": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "tests/shared/python/ai/test_classify_error.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "e9a5f12a8ecbb3eb46eca5096b5c52aa5e7c9fdd",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 37,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "tests/shared/python/ai/test_rust_adapter.py": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "tests/shared/python/ai/test_rust_adapter.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "3acfb2c2b433c0ea7ff107e33df91b18e52f960f",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 167,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "tests/shared/python/ai/test_rust_adapter_extended.py": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "tests/shared/python/ai/test_rust_adapter_extended.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "3acfb2c2b433c0ea7ff107e33df91b18e52f960f",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 36,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "tests/shared/python/ai/test_rust_adapter_fallback.py": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "tests/shared/python/ai/test_rust_adapter_fallback.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "3acfb2c2b433c0ea7ff107e33df91b18e52f960f",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 39,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "tests/shared/python/chat/test_terminal_runtime.py": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "tests/shared/python/chat/test_terminal_runtime.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "e18d91872f904e03149301af57e80cffb9426c20",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 302
-      }
-    ],
-    "tests/test_config_loader.py": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "tests/test_config_loader.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "00fa25f6e187edf5a58cba84e81653a7de02a0a6",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 199
-      }
-    ],
-    "tests/unit/ai/mcp/test_config_loader.py": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "tests/unit/ai/mcp/test_config_loader.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "f2b14f68eb995facb3a1c35287b778d5bd785511",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 57,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "tests/unit/ai/test_gemini_adapter.py": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "tests/unit/ai/test_gemini_adapter.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "d667b0cd49c315fa18bf31a68e52e9e9c20b78a6",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 203
-      }
-    ],
-    "tests/unit/chat/export/test_secret_redactor.py": [
-      {
-        "type": "Hex High Entropy String",
-        "filename": "tests/unit/chat/export/test_secret_redactor.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "7992945213f7d76889fa83ff0f2be352409c837e",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 23,
-        "is_secret": false
-      },
-      {
-        "type": "Hex High Entropy String",
-        "filename": "tests/unit/chat/export/test_secret_redactor.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "ff998abc1ce6d8f01a675fa197368e44c8916e9c",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 23,
-        "is_secret": false
-      },
-      {
-        "type": "Hex High Entropy String",
-        "filename": "tests/unit/chat/export/test_secret_redactor.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "d782ccb6785b5e3cef91a149f946a38cea88fb81",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 41,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ],
-    "tests/unit/chat/test_adapter_capabilities.py": [
-      {
-        "type": "Secret Keyword",
-        "filename": "tests/unit/chat/test_adapter_capabilities.py",
-        "hashed_secret": "3acfb2c2b433c0ea7ff107e33df91b18e52f960f",
-        "is_verified": false,
-        "line_number": 185,
-        "is_secret": false
-      }
-    ]
-  },
-  "generated_at": "2026-06-11T20:03:11Z"
-}
+{
+  "version": "1.5.0",
+  "plugins_used": [
+    {
+      "name": "ArtifactoryDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "AWSKeyDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "AzureStorageKeyDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "Base64HighEntropyString",
+      "limit": 4.5
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "BasicAuthDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "CloudantDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "DiscordBotTokenDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "GitHubTokenDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "HexHighEntropyString",
+      "limit": 3.0
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "IbmCloudIamDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "IbmCosHmacDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "JwtTokenDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "KeywordDetector",
+      "keyword_exclude": ""
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "MailchimpDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "NpmDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "PrivateKeyDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "SendGridDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "SlackDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "SoftlayerDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "SquareOAuthDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "StripeDetector"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "TwilioKeyDetector"
+    }
+  ],
+  "filters_used": [
+    {
+      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.allowlist.is_line_allowlisted"
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.common.is_baseline_file",
+      "filename": ".secrets.baseline"
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.common.is_ignored_due_to_verification_policies",
+      "min_level": 2
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_indirect_reference"
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_likely_id_string"
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_lock_file"
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_not_alphanumeric_string"
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_potential_uuid"
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_prefixed_with_dollar_sign"
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_sequential_string"
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_swagger_file"
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.heuristic.is_templated_secret"
+    },
+    {
+      "path": "detect_secrets.filters.regex.should_exclude_file",
+      "pattern": [
+        "(^|/)(\\.secrets\\.baseline(\\..*)?|src/document_processing/pdf_renamer/(API_KEY_SETUP|QUICK_START|README)\\.md|.*\\.txt|.*\\.log|.*\\.json|.*\\.xml|.*\\.ipynb)$"
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "results": {
+    "CONTRIBUTING.md": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "CONTRIBUTING.md",
+        "hashed_secret": "6367c48dd193d56ea7b0baad25b19455e529f5ee",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 236
+      }
+    ],
+    "SECURITY.md": [
+      {
+        "type": "Basic Auth Credentials",
+        "filename": "SECURITY.md",
+        "hashed_secret": "5baa61e4c9b93f3f0682250b6cf8331b7ee68fd8",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 87
+      },
+      {
+        "type": "Private Key",
+        "filename": "SECURITY.md",
+        "hashed_secret": "1348b145fa1a555461c1b790a2f66614781091e9",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 137
+      }
+    ],
+    "docker-compose.yml": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "docker-compose.yml",
+        "hashed_secret": "62f636a4093203567e1f686bbf993d217c07acd7",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 19
+      },
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "docker-compose.yml",
+        "hashed_secret": "93ad760330f639acf01f297e7ebbab78310ccca1",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 61
+      }
+    ],
+    "docs/SECRETS_MANAGEMENT.md": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "docs/SECRETS_MANAGEMENT.md",
+        "hashed_secret": "00fa25f6e187edf5a58cba84e81653a7de02a0a6",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 56
+      },
+      {
+        "type": "Base64 High Entropy String",
+        "filename": "docs/SECRETS_MANAGEMENT.md",
+        "hashed_secret": "98f7ff6a8351501eab0cd7cbfb74942298205fcd",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 78
+      },
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "docs/SECRETS_MANAGEMENT.md",
+        "hashed_secret": "98f7ff6a8351501eab0cd7cbfb74942298205fcd",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 78
+      }
+    ],
+    "docs/development/CONTAINERIZATION_INDEX.md": [
+      {
+        "type": "Basic Auth Credentials",
+        "filename": "docs/development/CONTAINERIZATION_INDEX.md",
+        "hashed_secret": "9d4e1e23bd5b727046a9e3b4b7db57bd8d6ee684",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 348
+      }
+    ],
+    "docs/development/DOCKER.md": [
+      {
+        "type": "Basic Auth Credentials",
+        "filename": "docs/development/DOCKER.md",
+        "hashed_secret": "9d4e1e23bd5b727046a9e3b4b7db57bd8d6ee684",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 206
+      }
+    ],
+    "docs/development/DOCKER_QUICKREF.md": [
+      {
+        "type": "Basic Auth Credentials",
+        "filename": "docs/development/DOCKER_QUICKREF.md",
+        "hashed_secret": "9d4e1e23bd5b727046a9e3b4b7db57bd8d6ee684",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 235
+      }
+    ],
+    "docs/security-audit.md": [
+      {
+        "type": "Private Key",
+        "filename": "docs/security-audit.md",
+        "hashed_secret": "1348b145fa1a555461c1b790a2f66614781091e9",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 40
+      }
+    ],
+    "src/document_processing/pdf_renamer/SETUP_GUIDE.md": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "src/document_processing/pdf_renamer/SETUP_GUIDE.md",
+        "hashed_secret": "2e1f9f57a64c27ef5332c1d1069ba318e1359dc9",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 33
+      }
+    ],
+    "src/media_processing/video_processor/apps/web/lib/__tests__/csrf.test.ts": [
+      {
+        "type": "Hex High Entropy String",
+        "filename": "src/media_processing/video_processor/apps/web/lib/__tests__/csrf.test.ts",
+        "hashed_secret": "90bd1b48e958257948487b90bee080ba5ed00caa",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 79
+      }
+    ],
+    "src/python/tests/test_folder_packer_pro.py": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "src/python/tests/test_folder_packer_pro.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "9fb7fe1217aed442b04c0f5e43b5d5a7d3287097",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 69
+      }
+    ],
+    "src/shared/python/ai/config.py": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "src/shared/python/ai/config.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "02ecb94373bfb3dfe827ca18409f50b016e8302a",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 59
+      },
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "src/shared/python/ai/config.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "f8ca0d7266886f4b5be9adddc9b66017b3bf1a4b",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 65
+      },
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "src/shared/python/ai/config.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "3e10d010e7dfb478858d30459fa03f3824340d47",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 70
+      }
+    ],
+    "src/shared/python/chat/tests/test_chat_drift.py": [
+      {
+        "type": "Hex High Entropy String",
+        "filename": "src/shared/python/chat/tests/test_chat_drift.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "ed4fa5bf12cf30400824f103cb57ced6a699b223",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 45
+      },
+      {
+        "type": "Hex High Entropy String",
+        "filename": "src/shared/python/chat/tests/test_chat_drift.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "dd04f659f77e061a84e2629a5db4d59fa29c5ba3",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 46
+      }
+    ],
+    "src/shared/python/chat/tests/test_credentials.py": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "src/shared/python/chat/tests/test_credentials.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "c7cacebb397eabb2d807f19e4ee66ccf8f2965b6",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 153
+      }
+    ],
+    "src/shared/python/sidekick/process_calculators/psa_package/README.md": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "src/shared/python/sidekick/process_calculators/psa_package/README.md",
+        "hashed_secret": "5baa61e4c9b93f3f0682250b6cf8331b7ee68fd8",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 56
+      }
+    ],
+    "src/web_applications/calculator/tests/test_exception_handling.py": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "src/web_applications/calculator/tests/test_exception_handling.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "c0e083bf8f56a40effc20aa23267a2964e6b72e5",
+        "is_verified": false,
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+      }
+    ],
+    "tests/shared/python/ai/test_classify_error.py": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "tests/shared/python/ai/test_classify_error.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "e9a5f12a8ecbb3eb46eca5096b5c52aa5e7c9fdd",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 37
+      }
+    ],
+    "tests/shared/python/ai/test_rust_adapter.py": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "tests/shared/python/ai/test_rust_adapter.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "3acfb2c2b433c0ea7ff107e33df91b18e52f960f",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 167
+      }
+    ],
+    "tests/shared/python/ai/test_rust_adapter_extended.py": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "tests/shared/python/ai/test_rust_adapter_extended.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "3acfb2c2b433c0ea7ff107e33df91b18e52f960f",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 36
+      }
+    ],
+    "tests/shared/python/ai/test_rust_adapter_fallback.py": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "tests/shared/python/ai/test_rust_adapter_fallback.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "3acfb2c2b433c0ea7ff107e33df91b18e52f960f",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 49
+      }
+    ],
+    "tests/shared/python/chat/test_terminal_runtime.py": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "tests/shared/python/chat/test_terminal_runtime.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "e18d91872f904e03149301af57e80cffb9426c20",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 303
+      }
+    ],
+    "tests/test_config_loader.py": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "tests/test_config_loader.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "00fa25f6e187edf5a58cba84e81653a7de02a0a6",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 199
+      }
+    ],
+    "tests/unit/ai/mcp/test_config_loader.py": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "tests/unit/ai/mcp/test_config_loader.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "f2b14f68eb995facb3a1c35287b778d5bd785511",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 57
+      }
+    ],
+    "tests/unit/ai/test_gemini_adapter.py": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "tests/unit/ai/test_gemini_adapter.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "d667b0cd49c315fa18bf31a68e52e9e9c20b78a6",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 203
+      }
+    ],
+    "tests/unit/chat/export/test_secret_redactor.py": [
+      {
+        "type": "Hex High Entropy String",
+        "filename": "tests/unit/chat/export/test_secret_redactor.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "7992945213f7d76889fa83ff0f2be352409c837e",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 23
+      },
+      {
+        "type": "Hex High Entropy String",
+        "filename": "tests/unit/chat/export/test_secret_redactor.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "ff998abc1ce6d8f01a675fa197368e44c8916e9c",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 23
+      },
+      {
+        "type": "Hex High Entropy String",
+        "filename": "tests/unit/chat/export/test_secret_redactor.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "d782ccb6785b5e3cef91a149f946a38cea88fb81",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 41
+      }
+    ],
+    "tests/unit/chat/test_adapter_capabilities.py": [
+      {
+        "type": "Secret Keyword",
+        "filename": "tests/unit/chat/test_adapter_capabilities.py",
+        "hashed_secret": "3acfb2c2b433c0ea7ff107e33df91b18e52f960f",
+        "is_verified": false,
+        "line_number": 187
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "generated_at": "2026-06-11T20:03:11Z"
+}
diff --git a/SPEC.md b/SPEC.md
index eb9356b211..fdd027a99c 100644
--- a/SPEC.md
+++ b/SPEC.md
@@ -2633,6 +2633,10 @@ Active development with stable core, continuous tool expansion, and web API in p
 - 2026-05-26: feat(chat) — restored shared chat dock keybindings (Enter→submit, Shift+Enter→newline, busy-queue with steering), port-aware default WS URL (`UD_CHAT_WS_URL` / `GOLF_API_PORT` env), Ollama latency tuning (`keep_alive: "30m"`, `num_ctx: 4096`, native `tools` field), `_chat_dock_widget_qt.py` refactored into `_qt/` submodules (2091→1049 lines), and the animated "AI is thinking" indicator.
 - 2026-05-26: Chat dock resolves its default WebSocket URL per-instance, keeps the Steer action queue-only, and preserves typed import-safe runtime diagnostics for the optional Qt chat surface.
 
+### Version 1.1.205 (Palette - Rotation Converter Accessibility)
+
+- **2026-08-12**: feat(ux) — Wrapped inputs in `RotationConverter.tsx` in a `<form>` and dynamically mapped ID to `<label htmlFor>` using React `useId()`. Added `role="alert"` for error messages.
+
 ### Version 1.1.204
 
 - 2026-05-26: Optimized Nelder-Mead loop in `optimizer.ts` to mutate pre-allocated arrays in-place to avoid GC overhead.
diff --git a/launch.py b/launch.py
index ba04bb644b..4c4357053f 100644
--- a/launch.py
+++ b/launch.py
@@ -146,7 +146,9 @@ def launch_tool(tool_identifier: str) -> int:
     gui_configs = registration.gui_configs
     config = gui_configs.get(GUIType.PYQT6)
     if config is None:
-        print(f"Tool '{registration.display_name}' has no PyQt6 configuration.")  # noqa: T201
+        print(
+            f"Tool '{registration.display_name}' has no PyQt6 configuration."
+        )  # noqa: T201
         return 1
 
     display_name = registration.display_name
diff --git a/scripts/bump_vendor_pin.py b/scripts/bump_vendor_pin.py
index 46471e6838..4363f2c4d7 100644
--- a/scripts/bump_vendor_pin.py
+++ b/scripts/bump_vendor_pin.py
@@ -95,9 +95,9 @@ def validate_consumer(consumer_repo: str) -> None:
     Precondition: consumer_repo is a non-empty string.
     Postcondition: no exception means the repo is safe to target.
     """
-    assert isinstance(consumer_repo, str) and consumer_repo, (
-        "consumer_repo must be a non-empty string"
-    )
+    assert (
+        isinstance(consumer_repo, str) and consumer_repo
+    ), "consumer_repo must be a non-empty string"
     if consumer_repo not in CONSUMER_REPOS:
         raise ValueError(
             f"Unknown consumer repo {consumer_repo!r}.  Allowed: {CONSUMER_REPOS}"
diff --git a/scripts/runner_capacity_check.py b/scripts/runner_capacity_check.py
index 182cd9fffa..5bf6f6ac5b 100644
--- a/scripts/runner_capacity_check.py
+++ b/scripts/runner_capacity_check.py
@@ -248,18 +248,18 @@ def calculate_needed_runners(
     Returns:
         :class:`CapacityRecommendation` with suggested runner count.
     """
-    assert isinstance(queue_depth, int) and queue_depth >= 0, (
-        f"queue_depth must be a non-negative int, got {queue_depth!r}"
-    )
-    assert isinstance(current_runners, int) and current_runners > 0, (
-        f"current_runners must be a positive int, got {current_runners!r}"
-    )
-    assert isinstance(target_wait_sec, int) and target_wait_sec > 0, (
-        f"target_wait_sec must be a positive int, got {target_wait_sec!r}"
-    )
-    assert isinstance(avg_job_sec, int) and avg_job_sec > 0, (
-        f"avg_job_sec must be a positive int, got {avg_job_sec!r}"
-    )
+    assert (
+        isinstance(queue_depth, int) and queue_depth >= 0
+    ), f"queue_depth must be a non-negative int, got {queue_depth!r}"
+    assert (
+        isinstance(current_runners, int) and current_runners > 0
+    ), f"current_runners must be a positive int, got {current_runners!r}"
+    assert (
+        isinstance(target_wait_sec, int) and target_wait_sec > 0
+    ), f"target_wait_sec must be a positive int, got {target_wait_sec!r}"
+    assert (
+        isinstance(avg_job_sec, int) and avg_job_sec > 0
+    ), f"avg_job_sec must be a positive int, got {avg_job_sec!r}"
 
     if queue_depth == 0:
         return CapacityRecommendation(
@@ -341,16 +341,16 @@ def check_and_alert(
         Advisory string: one of ``"OK"``, ``"WARN: ..."``, or ``"ALERT: ..."``.
     """
     assert isinstance(token, str) and token, "token must be a non-empty string"
-    assert isinstance(current_runners, int) and current_runners > 0, (
-        f"current_runners must be a positive int, got {current_runners!r}"
-    )
+    assert (
+        isinstance(current_runners, int) and current_runners > 0
+    ), f"current_runners must be a positive int, got {current_runners!r}"
     assert isinstance(org, str) and org, "org must be a non-empty string"
-    assert isinstance(alert_threshold, int) and alert_threshold > 0, (
-        f"alert_threshold must be a positive int, got {alert_threshold!r}"
-    )
-    assert isinstance(target_wait_sec, int) and target_wait_sec > 0, (
-        f"target_wait_sec must be a positive int, got {target_wait_sec!r}"
-    )
+    assert (
+        isinstance(alert_threshold, int) and alert_threshold > 0
+    ), f"alert_threshold must be a positive int, got {alert_threshold!r}"
+    assert (
+        isinstance(target_wait_sec, int) and target_wait_sec > 0
+    ), f"target_wait_sec must be a positive int, got {target_wait_sec!r}"
 
     queue_depth = get_queue_depth(token=token, org=org)
     rec = calculate_needed_runners(
diff --git a/src/data_processing/data_processor/python/benchmarks/performance_benchmark.py b/src/data_processing/data_processor/python/benchmarks/performance_benchmark.py
index 9bf1145422..12d4fb4b30 100644
--- a/src/data_processing/data_processor/python/benchmarks/performance_benchmark.py
+++ b/src/data_processing/data_processor/python/benchmarks/performance_benchmark.py
@@ -150,9 +150,9 @@ def benchmark_file_loading(self) -> dict[str, dict[str, float | int]]:
             elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
 
             # Validate all files loaded successfully
-            assert len(dataframes) == len(files), (
-                f"Expected {len(files)} dataframes, got {len(dataframes)}"
-            )
+            assert len(dataframes) == len(
+                files
+            ), f"Expected {len(files)} dataframes, got {len(dataframes)}"
 
             results["load_multiple_5_files"] = {
                 "time": elapsed,
@@ -225,9 +225,9 @@ def benchmark_filtering(self) -> dict[str, dict[str, float]]:
             elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
 
             # Validate filter output
-            assert filtered_df is not None and len(filtered_df) == n_rows, (
-                f"Filter {filter_name} failed"
-            )
+            assert (
+                filtered_df is not None and len(filtered_df) == n_rows
+            ), f"Filter {filter_name} failed"
 
             throughput = n_rows / elapsed
             results[f"filter_{filter_name}"] = {
@@ -384,9 +384,9 @@ def benchmark_end_to_end_workflow(self) -> dict[str, dict[str, float]]:
             stats_time = time.perf_counter() - start
 
             # Validate statistics output
-            assert stats is not None and "mean" in stats, (
-                "Statistics calculation failed"
-            )
+            assert (
+                stats is not None and "mean" in stats
+            ), "Statistics calculation failed"
 
             # Step 6: Save
             start = time.perf_counter()
@@ -437,9 +437,9 @@ def benchmark_scalability(self) -> dict[str, dict[str, float]]:
             elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
 
             # Validate filter output
-            assert filtered is not None and len(filtered) == n_rows, (
-                f"Scalability test failed for {n_rows} rows"
-            )
+            assert (
+                filtered is not None and len(filtered) == n_rows
+            ), f"Scalability test failed for {n_rows} rows"
 
             throughput = n_rows / elapsed
 
@@ -474,9 +474,9 @@ def benchmark_memory_usage(self) -> dict[str, dict[str, float]]:
         filtered = self.processor.apply_filter(df, config)
 
         # Validate filter was applied
-        assert filtered is not None and len(filtered) == n_rows, (
-            "Memory benchmark filter failed"
-        )
+        assert (
+            filtered is not None and len(filtered) == n_rows
+        ), "Memory benchmark filter failed"
 
         memory_after = self.get_memory_usage_mb()
 
diff --git a/src/data_processing/data_processor/python/data_processor/core/data_loader.py b/src/data_processing/data_processor/python/data_processor/core/data_loader.py
index 8cf2d2984e..3488e1c478 100644
--- a/src/data_processing/data_processor/python/data_processor/core/data_loader.py
+++ b/src/data_processing/data_processor/python/data_processor/core/data_loader.py
@@ -124,7 +124,9 @@ def _create_high_performance_loader(self) -> HighPerformanceDataLoader | None:
         try:
             loader_class = self._import_high_performance_loader()
             return loader_class()
-        except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001 - optional accelerator, any failure degrades
+        except (
+            Exception
+        ) as exc:  # noqa: BLE001 - optional accelerator, any failure degrades
             logger.warning(
                 "High-performance loader unavailable; using standard loader: %s",
                 exc,
diff --git a/src/data_processing/data_processor/python/tests/test_nn_training_worker.py b/src/data_processing/data_processor/python/tests/test_nn_training_worker.py
index 863457b2d0..38e6634c14 100644
--- a/src/data_processing/data_processor/python/tests/test_nn_training_worker.py
+++ b/src/data_processing/data_processor/python/tests/test_nn_training_worker.py
@@ -65,9 +65,9 @@ def test_worker_runs_off_main_thread(qtbot: Any, sample_df: pd.DataFrame) -> Non
 
     assert results == [{"ok": True, "rows": 100}]
     assert trainer.train_thread is not None
-    assert trainer.train_thread != main_thread_id, (
-        "train() ran on the Qt main thread — UI would freeze"
-    )
+    assert (
+        trainer.train_thread != main_thread_id
+    ), "train() ran on the Qt main thread — UI would freeze"
 
 
 def test_worker_ui_stays_responsive(qtbot: Any, sample_df: pd.DataFrame) -> None:
diff --git a/src/data_processing/data_processor/python/tests/test_vectorized_filter_engine_contracts.py b/src/data_processing/data_processor/python/tests/test_vectorized_filter_engine_contracts.py
index 5ed61af3b6..1693775f77 100644
--- a/src/data_processing/data_processor/python/tests/test_vectorized_filter_engine_contracts.py
+++ b/src/data_processing/data_processor/python/tests/test_vectorized_filter_engine_contracts.py
@@ -142,9 +142,9 @@ def test_output_columns_preserved(
     ) -> None:
         df = _make_df(n=300)
         result = engine.apply_filter_batch(df, filter_type, params)
-        assert list(result.columns) == list(df.columns), (
-            f"{filter_type}: columns changed"
-        )
+        assert list(result.columns) == list(
+            df.columns
+        ), f"{filter_type}: columns changed"
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize("filter_type,params", FILTER_TYPES)
     def test_output_row_count_preserved(
@@ -152,9 +152,9 @@ def test_output_row_count_preserved(
     ) -> None:
         df = _make_df(n=300)
         result = engine.apply_filter_batch(df, filter_type, params)
-        assert len(result) == len(df), (
-            f"{filter_type}: row count changed {len(result)} != {len(df)}"
-        )
+        assert len(result) == len(
+            df
+        ), f"{filter_type}: row count changed {len(result)} != {len(df)}"
 
 
 class TestMovingAverageCorrectness:
@@ -210,9 +210,9 @@ def test_nan_rows_remain_nan(self, engine, filter_type: str, params: dict) -> No
         nan_after = result["x"].index[result["x"].isna()]
         # All original NaN positions should still be NaN
         for idx in nan_idx:
-            assert idx in nan_after, (
-                f"{filter_type}: NaN at index {idx} was filled unexpectedly"
-            )
+            assert (
+                idx in nan_after
+            ), f"{filter_type}: NaN at index {idx} was filled unexpectedly"
 
 
 class TestParallelVsSequentialConsistency:
diff --git a/src/flow_rate_converter/tests/test_flow_rate_converter_gui.py b/src/flow_rate_converter/tests/test_flow_rate_converter_gui.py
index 1febc03a6a..28435a282b 100644
--- a/src/flow_rate_converter/tests/test_flow_rate_converter_gui.py
+++ b/src/flow_rate_converter/tests/test_flow_rate_converter_gui.py
@@ -51,12 +51,12 @@ def test_lod_constants_present_in_source(self):
                     if isinstance(target, ast.Name):
                         top_level_names.add(target.id)
 
-        assert "_ALIGN_CENTER" in top_level_names, (
-            "Missing _ALIGN_CENTER constant in main_window"
-        )
-        assert "_EXPANDING" in top_level_names, (
-            "Missing _EXPANDING constant in main_window"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "_ALIGN_CENTER" in top_level_names
+        ), "Missing _ALIGN_CENTER constant in main_window"
+        assert (
+            "_EXPANDING" in top_level_names
+        ), "Missing _EXPANDING constant in main_window"
         assert "_FIXED" in top_level_names, "Missing _FIXED constant in main_window"
 
     def test_no_bare_qt_alignment_flag_chain_in_source(self):
diff --git a/src/humanoid_builder_gui/tests/test_humanoid_builder_gui.py b/src/humanoid_builder_gui/tests/test_humanoid_builder_gui.py
index 805673832a..d17216cbb6 100644
--- a/src/humanoid_builder_gui/tests/test_humanoid_builder_gui.py
+++ b/src/humanoid_builder_gui/tests/test_humanoid_builder_gui.py
@@ -326,8 +326,8 @@ def test_no_deep_attribute_chains_in_method_body(
             )
             matches = pattern.findall(source)
             # Only the alias definitions should match (7 lines)
-            assert len(matches) <= 7, (
-                f"Unexpected deep attribute chains found: {matches}"
-            )
+            assert (
+                len(matches) <= 7
+            ), f"Unexpected deep attribute chains found: {matches}"
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip("PyQt6 not available in this environment")
diff --git a/src/lower_body_model/launch_pyqt6.py b/src/lower_body_model/launch_pyqt6.py
index e38b99ee2a..630990a0bb 100644
--- a/src/lower_body_model/launch_pyqt6.py
+++ b/src/lower_body_model/launch_pyqt6.py
@@ -351,7 +351,9 @@ def on_torque_imported(self, joint_name: str, coeffs: object) -> None:
                 c = [float(x) for x in coeffs]
                 self.sim.set_joint_polynomial(joint_name, c)
                 logging.info(f"Imported torque polynomial for {joint_name}: {c}")
-            except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 — caller-supplied data may be any type
+            except (
+                Exception
+            ) as e:  # noqa: BLE001 — caller-supplied data may be any type
                 logging.error(f"Failed to set polynomial: {e}")
 
     def physics_loop(self) -> None:
diff --git a/src/media_processing/video_processor/python/video_processor_src/constants.py b/src/media_processing/video_processor/python/video_processor_src/constants.py
index 667e17c350..7f1f5b2a99 100644
--- a/src/media_processing/video_processor/python/video_processor_src/constants.py
+++ b/src/media_processing/video_processor/python/video_processor_src/constants.py
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@
 
 # Mathematical constants
 PI: float = math.pi  # [dimensionless] Ratio of circumference to diameter
-E: float = 2.718281828459045  # [dimensionless] Euler's number, base of natural logarithm  # noqa: E501
+E: float = (
+    2.718281828459045  # [dimensionless] Euler's number, base of natural logarithm  # noqa: E501
+)
 
 # Physical constants - SI units
 GRAVITY_M_S2: float = 9.80665  # [m/s²] Standard gravity, ISO 80000-3:2006
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/cli.py b/src/movement_optimizer/cli.py
index 221326cd38..61b3e2ced4 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/cli.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/cli.py
@@ -56,13 +56,17 @@ def _add_body_args(parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
         "--body-mass",
         type=float,
         default=75.0,
-        help=(f"Body mass in kg (range {BODY_MASS_RANGE[0]}-{BODY_MASS_RANGE[1]}, default: 75.0)."),
+        help=(
+            f"Body mass in kg (range {BODY_MASS_RANGE[0]}-{BODY_MASS_RANGE[1]}, default: 75.0)."
+        ),
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         "--height",
         type=float,
         default=1.75,
-        help=(f"Height in metres (range {HEIGHT_RANGE[0]}-{HEIGHT_RANGE[1]}, default: 1.75)."),
+        help=(
+            f"Height in metres (range {HEIGHT_RANGE[0]}-{HEIGHT_RANGE[1]}, default: 1.75)."
+        ),
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         "--bar-mass",
@@ -99,7 +103,9 @@ def _add_run_args(parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> None:
         default=None,
         help="Path to save results as JSON. If omitted, prints summary to stdout.",
     )
-    parser.add_argument("--verbose", action="store_true", help="Enable verbose logging.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--verbose", action="store_true", help="Enable verbose logging."
+    )
 
 
 def _build_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
@@ -263,7 +269,9 @@ def _build_optimizer(
     return opt, dyn
 
 
-def _save_or_emit(result: OptimizationResult, exercise: str, output: str | None) -> None:
+def _save_or_emit(
+    result: OptimizationResult, exercise: str, output: str | None
+) -> None:
     """Write result to file or emit summary to stdout.
 
     Args:
@@ -279,7 +287,9 @@ def _save_or_emit(result: OptimizationResult, exercise: str, output: str | None)
         _emit_cli_summary(_result_to_summary(result, exercise))
 
 
-def _validate_cli_args(parser: argparse.ArgumentParser, args: argparse.Namespace) -> None:
+def _validate_cli_args(
+    parser: argparse.ArgumentParser, args: argparse.Namespace
+) -> None:
     """Reject invalid numeric CLI arguments via parser.error.
 
     Delegates to :func:`movement_optimizer.validation.validate_all` so the
@@ -338,9 +348,13 @@ def main(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
     _configure_logging(args.verbose)
     body = BodyModel(body_mass=args.body_mass, height=args.height)
     duration = _resolve_duration(args.exercise, args.duration)
-    _log_optimization_start(args.exercise, args.body_mass, args.height, args.bar_mass, duration)
+    _log_optimization_start(
+        args.exercise, args.body_mass, args.height, args.bar_mass, duration
+    )
     t_start = time.perf_counter()
-    opt, _dyn = _build_optimizer(body, args.exercise, args.bar_mass, duration, args.smoothness)
+    opt, _dyn = _build_optimizer(
+        body, args.exercise, args.bar_mass, duration, args.smoothness
+    )
     result = opt.optimize()
     _log_optimization_done(time.perf_counter() - t_start, result.cost, result.success)
     _save_or_emit(result, args.exercise, args.output)
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/constants.py b/src/movement_optimizer/constants.py
index 197cab7f59..5d07b48a85 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/constants.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/constants.py
@@ -187,7 +187,9 @@
 # ~7 mm for a 1.75 m person — effectively a grip-only link.
 WRIST_SEGMENT_FRAC: float = 0.01
 
-BENCH_UPPER_ARM_FRAC: float = 0.56  # shoulder to elbow (anatomical ~48% + shoulder width)
+BENCH_UPPER_ARM_FRAC: float = (
+    0.56  # shoulder to elbow (anatomical ~48% + shoulder width)
+)
 BENCH_FOREARM_FRAC: float = 0.44  # elbow to wrist (Winter 2009: ~44% of arm length)
 
 BENCH_PRESS_JOINT_LIMITS: dict[str, tuple[float, float]] = {
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/_common.py b/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/_common.py
index b31a03de79..d3be2357fc 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/_common.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/_common.py
@@ -24,7 +24,9 @@ def balance_config_pose(
     adjust_joint: int,
 ) -> NDArray:
     """Balance a raw pose using the shared planar balance helper."""
-    return balance_pose(dynamics, raw_pose, exercise_type, bar_mass, adjust_joint=adjust_joint)
+    return balance_pose(
+        dynamics, raw_pose, exercise_type, bar_mass, adjust_joint=adjust_joint
+    )
 
 
 def default_bounds_deg(
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/clean.py b/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/clean.py
index b13caa62b0..9e5d8978df 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/clean.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/clean.py
@@ -58,7 +58,9 @@ def make_clean_config(
     dyn = LagrangianDynamics(body, body.m_deadlift.copy(), body.I_deadlift.copy(), load)
 
     q_start_raw = pull_start_angles(body, q2_deg=52)
-    q_start = balance_config_pose(dyn, q_start_raw, "deadlift", bar_mass, adjust_joint=0)
+    q_start = balance_config_pose(
+        dyn, q_start_raw, "deadlift", bar_mass, adjust_joint=0
+    )
 
     q_end_raw = _clean_end_angles(body)
     q_end = balance_config_pose(dyn, q_end_raw, "deadlift", bar_mass, adjust_joint=2)
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/gait.py b/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/gait.py
index df7948fa04..8ac66561a7 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/gait.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/gait.py
@@ -147,7 +147,9 @@ def compute_spatiotemporal(
             "cycle_duration_s": duration,
         }
 
-    def compute_symmetry_index(self, left_angles: NDArray, right_angles: NDArray) -> float:
+    def compute_symmetry_index(
+        self, left_angles: NDArray, right_angles: NDArray
+    ) -> float:
         """Robinson symmetry index: SI = |L-R| / max(L,R) * 100.
 
         Preconditions:
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/sit_to_stand.py b/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/sit_to_stand.py
index 15ef0c440d..b5fc0f9cbe 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/sit_to_stand.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/sit_to_stand.py
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-def _sts_via_points(q_start: NDArray, q_end: NDArray) -> list[tuple[float, float, float, float]]:
+def _sts_via_points(
+    q_start: NDArray, q_end: NDArray
+) -> list[tuple[float, float, float, float]]:
     """Via-points for sit-to-stand motion."""
     return [
         (0.00, float(q_start[0]), float(q_start[1]), float(q_start[2])),  # seated
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/snatch.py b/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/snatch.py
index 0b1d533b85..4b6cf448fa 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/snatch.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/exercises/snatch.py
@@ -64,7 +64,9 @@ def make_snatch_config(
     dyn = LagrangianDynamics(body, body.m_deadlift.copy(), body.I_deadlift.copy(), load)
 
     q_start_raw = pull_start_angles(body, q2_deg=48)
-    q_start = balance_config_pose(dyn, q_start_raw, "deadlift", bar_mass, adjust_joint=0)
+    q_start = balance_config_pose(
+        dyn, q_start_raw, "deadlift", bar_mass, adjust_joint=0
+    )
 
     # End: standing with bar overhead -- use squat-style COM for balance check
     # but keep the same dynamics object
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/export.py b/src/movement_optimizer/export.py
index 5708b383e9..861b295636 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/export.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/export.py
@@ -114,7 +114,9 @@ def export_animation_gif(
     # matplotlib stubs type AbstractMovieWriter narrowly; PillowWriter is
     # compatible at runtime.
     anim.save(str(safe_path), writer=cast(Any, writer))
-    logger.info("Exported GIF animation to %s (%d frames, %d fps)", safe_path, n_frames, fps)
+    logger.info(
+        "Exported GIF animation to %s (%d frames, %d fps)", safe_path, n_frames, fps
+    )
 
 
 def export_plots_png(
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/export_excel.py b/src/movement_optimizer/export_excel.py
index 555269e5be..da24c2b8dd 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/export_excel.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/export_excel.py
@@ -67,7 +67,14 @@ def _write_summary_sheet(
     ws.append([])  # blank separator
 
     joint_labels = ["Ankle (joint 1)", "Knee (joint 2)", "Hip (joint 3)"]
-    ws.append(["Joint torque statistics", "Peak |tau| (N*m)", "Mean |tau| (N*m)", "RMS tau (N*m)"])
+    ws.append(
+        [
+            "Joint torque statistics",
+            "Peak |tau| (N*m)",
+            "Mean |tau| (N*m)",
+            "RMS tau (N*m)",
+        ]
+    )
     n_dof = result.torques.shape[1]
     for j in range(n_dof):
         col = result.torques[:, j]
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/_sidebar_builders.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/_sidebar_builders.py
index 8a9ca251b1..fa11c5d916 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/_sidebar_builders.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/_sidebar_builders.py
@@ -220,7 +220,9 @@ def build_buttons(sidebar: ParameterSidebar) -> None:
     sidebar.cancel_btn.setProperty("class", "cancel")
     sidebar.cancel_btn.setToolTip("Cancel the currently running optimization (Esc)")
     sidebar.cancel_btn.setAccessibleName("Cancel")
-    sidebar.cancel_btn.setAccessibleDescription("Cancel the currently running optimization.")
+    sidebar.cancel_btn.setAccessibleDescription(
+        "Cancel the currently running optimization."
+    )
     sidebar.cancel_btn.setShortcut("Esc")
     sidebar.cancel_btn.clicked.connect(sidebar.cancel_requested.emit)
     sidebar.cancel_btn.setVisible(False)
@@ -296,16 +298,22 @@ def build_results(sidebar: ParameterSidebar) -> None:
 
     sidebar.export_btn = QPushButton(tr("Export") + " CSV")
     sidebar.export_btn.setEnabled(False)
-    sidebar.export_btn.setToolTip("Run optimization first to enable exporting kinematics to CSV")
+    sidebar.export_btn.setToolTip(
+        "Run optimization first to enable exporting kinematics to CSV"
+    )
     sidebar.export_btn.setAccessibleName("Export CSV")
-    sidebar.export_btn.setAccessibleDescription("Export optimized kinematics to a CSV file.")
+    sidebar.export_btn.setAccessibleDescription(
+        "Export optimized kinematics to a CSV file."
+    )
     sidebar.export_btn.clicked.connect(sidebar.export_requested.emit)
     sidebar.main_layout.addWidget(sidebar.export_btn)
 
     sidebar.reset_btn = QPushButton("Reset Defaults")
     sidebar.reset_btn.setToolTip("Reset all parameters to default values")
     sidebar.reset_btn.setAccessibleName("Reset Defaults")
-    sidebar.reset_btn.setAccessibleDescription("Reset all parameters to their default values.")
+    sidebar.reset_btn.setAccessibleDescription(
+        "Reset all parameters to their default values."
+    )
     sidebar.reset_btn.clicked.connect(sidebar.reset_requested.emit)
     sidebar.main_layout.addWidget(sidebar.reset_btn)
 
@@ -319,15 +327,21 @@ def build_persistence_buttons(sidebar: ParameterSidebar) -> None:
     lay = QVBoxLayout(grp)
     sidebar.save_btn = QPushButton("Save Solution")
     sidebar.save_btn.setEnabled(False)
-    sidebar.save_btn.setToolTip("Run optimization first to enable saving the trajectory solution")
+    sidebar.save_btn.setToolTip(
+        "Run optimization first to enable saving the trajectory solution"
+    )
     sidebar.save_btn.setAccessibleName("Save Solution")
-    sidebar.save_btn.setAccessibleDescription("Save the current trajectory solution to a file.")
+    sidebar.save_btn.setAccessibleDescription(
+        "Save the current trajectory solution to a file."
+    )
     sidebar.save_btn.clicked.connect(sidebar.save_solution_requested.emit)
     lay.addWidget(sidebar.save_btn)
     sidebar.load_btn = QPushButton("Load Solution")
     sidebar.load_btn.setToolTip("Load a previously saved trajectory solution file")
     sidebar.load_btn.setAccessibleName("Load Solution")
-    sidebar.load_btn.setAccessibleDescription("Load a previously saved trajectory solution file.")
+    sidebar.load_btn.setAccessibleDescription(
+        "Load a previously saved trajectory solution file."
+    )
     sidebar.load_btn.clicked.connect(sidebar.load_solution_requested.emit)
     lay.addWidget(sidebar.load_btn)
     sidebar.main_layout.addWidget(grp)
@@ -338,16 +352,24 @@ def build_export_buttons(sidebar: ParameterSidebar) -> None:
     lay = QVBoxLayout(grp)
     sidebar.export_video_btn = QPushButton("Export Animation GIF")
     sidebar.export_video_btn.setEnabled(False)
-    sidebar.export_video_btn.setToolTip("Run optimization first to enable exporting animation GIF")
+    sidebar.export_video_btn.setToolTip(
+        "Run optimization first to enable exporting animation GIF"
+    )
     sidebar.export_video_btn.setAccessibleName("Export Animation GIF")
-    sidebar.export_video_btn.setAccessibleDescription("Export the optimized animation as a GIF.")
+    sidebar.export_video_btn.setAccessibleDescription(
+        "Export the optimized animation as a GIF."
+    )
     sidebar.export_video_btn.clicked.connect(sidebar.export_video_requested.emit)
     lay.addWidget(sidebar.export_video_btn)
     sidebar.export_plots_btn = QPushButton("Export Plots (PNG/PDF)")
     sidebar.export_plots_btn.setEnabled(False)
-    sidebar.export_plots_btn.setToolTip("Run optimization first to enable exporting plots")
+    sidebar.export_plots_btn.setToolTip(
+        "Run optimization first to enable exporting plots"
+    )
     sidebar.export_plots_btn.setAccessibleName("Export Plots")
-    sidebar.export_plots_btn.setAccessibleDescription("Export analysis plots as PNG or PDF files.")
+    sidebar.export_plots_btn.setAccessibleDescription(
+        "Export analysis plots as PNG or PDF files."
+    )
     sidebar.export_plots_btn.clicked.connect(sidebar.export_plots_requested.emit)
     lay.addWidget(sidebar.export_plots_btn)
     sidebar.export_excel_btn = QPushButton("Save as Excel (.xlsx)")
@@ -367,7 +389,9 @@ def build_comparison_buttons(sidebar: ParameterSidebar) -> None:
     lay = QVBoxLayout(grp)
     sidebar.add_compare_btn = QPushButton("Add to Comparison")
     sidebar.add_compare_btn.setEnabled(False)
-    sidebar.add_compare_btn.setToolTip("Run optimization first to add current trial to comparison")
+    sidebar.add_compare_btn.setToolTip(
+        "Run optimization first to add current trial to comparison"
+    )
     sidebar.add_compare_btn.setAccessibleName("Add to Comparison")
     sidebar.add_compare_btn.setAccessibleDescription(
         "Add the current optimized trial to the comparison set."
@@ -382,9 +406,13 @@ def build_comparison_buttons(sidebar: ParameterSidebar) -> None:
     sidebar.compare_btn.clicked.connect(sidebar.compare_trials_requested.emit)
     lay.addWidget(sidebar.compare_btn)
     sidebar.clear_compare_btn = QPushButton("Clear Comparison")
-    sidebar.clear_compare_btn.setToolTip("Clear all trials currently saved for comparison")
+    sidebar.clear_compare_btn.setToolTip(
+        "Clear all trials currently saved for comparison"
+    )
     sidebar.clear_compare_btn.setAccessibleName("Clear Comparison")
-    sidebar.clear_compare_btn.setAccessibleDescription("Clear all trials from the comparison set.")
+    sidebar.clear_compare_btn.setAccessibleDescription(
+        "Clear all trials from the comparison set."
+    )
     sidebar.clear_compare_btn.clicked.connect(sidebar.clear_comparison_requested.emit)
     lay.addWidget(sidebar.clear_compare_btn)
     sidebar.main_layout.addWidget(grp)
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/_sidebar_state.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/_sidebar_state.py
index 5138ef0748..e2c2cee5f7 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/_sidebar_state.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/_sidebar_state.py
@@ -61,9 +61,13 @@ class SidebarStateContract(Protocol):
 
 def show_optimizing(sidebar: SidebarStateContract) -> None:
     sidebar.opt_btn.setEnabled(False)
-    sidebar.opt_btn.setToolTip("Optimization currently in progress. Please wait or cancel.")
+    sidebar.opt_btn.setToolTip(
+        "Optimization currently in progress. Please wait or cancel."
+    )
     sidebar.both_btn.setEnabled(False)
-    sidebar.both_btn.setToolTip("Optimization currently in progress. Please wait or cancel.")
+    sidebar.both_btn.setToolTip(
+        "Optimization currently in progress. Please wait or cancel."
+    )
     sidebar.cancel_btn.setVisible(True)
     sidebar.cancel_btn.setToolTip("Cancel the currently running optimization (Esc)")
     sidebar.stall_label.setVisible(False)
@@ -98,10 +102,16 @@ def update_progress(sidebar: SidebarStateContract, report: ProgressReport) -> No
     phase = "Converging" if n_evals > PROGRESS_PHASE_BOUNDARY_EVALS else "Exploring"
     sidebar.prog_label.setText(f"{phase}...")
     sidebar.iter_label.setText(f"Evaluations: {report.iteration}")
-    sidebar.cost_label.setText(f"Cost: {report.cost:.1f}  (best: {report.best_cost:.1f})")
+    sidebar.cost_label.setText(
+        f"Cost: {report.cost:.1f}  (best: {report.best_cost:.1f})"
+    )
     sidebar.improve_label.setText(f"Improvement: {report.improvement_pct:+.3f}%")
     elapsed = report.elapsed_s
-    time_str = f"{elapsed:.1f}s" if elapsed < 60 else f"{int(elapsed // 60)}m {elapsed % 60:.0f}s"
+    time_str = (
+        f"{elapsed:.1f}s"
+        if elapsed < 60
+        else f"{int(elapsed // 60)}m {elapsed % 60:.0f}s"
+    )
     sidebar.elapsed_label.setText(f"Elapsed: {time_str}")
 
     if report.is_stalled:
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/bilateral_3d_renderer.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/bilateral_3d_renderer.py
index 6a70a78a86..2811c1e741 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/bilateral_3d_renderer.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/bilateral_3d_renderer.py
@@ -65,7 +65,9 @@ def draw_bilateral_3d_pose(
     # Ground plane hint: a thin disc at z=0.
     theta = np.linspace(0.0, 2.0 * np.pi, 40)
     r = max(0.6, 0.75 * (model.stance_width_m + 0.5))
-    ax.plot(r * np.cos(theta), r * np.sin(theta), 0.0, color=Palette.FG_DIM, lw=1, alpha=0.3)
+    ax.plot(
+        r * np.cos(theta), r * np.sin(theta), 0.0, color=Palette.FG_DIM, lw=1, alpha=0.3
+    )
 
     # Reasonable default view.
     total_h = model.L_shin + model.L_thigh + model.L_torso
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/commands.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/commands.py
index 9a194063be..c4229db080 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/commands.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/commands.py
@@ -63,7 +63,9 @@ def push(self, cmd: Command) -> None:
         cmd.execute()
         self._undo.append(cmd)
         self._redo.clear()
-        logger.debug("UndoStack: pushed %s (depth=%d)", type(cmd).__name__, len(self._undo))
+        logger.debug(
+            "UndoStack: pushed %s (depth=%d)", type(cmd).__name__, len(self._undo)
+        )
 
     def record_executed(self, cmd: Command) -> None:
         """Record an already-applied command without calling ``execute``.
@@ -73,7 +75,9 @@ def record_executed(self, cmd: Command) -> None:
         """
         self._undo.append(cmd)
         self._redo.clear()
-        logger.debug("UndoStack: recorded %s (depth=%d)", type(cmd).__name__, len(self._undo))
+        logger.debug(
+            "UndoStack: recorded %s (depth=%d)", type(cmd).__name__, len(self._undo)
+        )
 
     def undo(self) -> bool:
         """Undo the most recently executed command.
@@ -87,7 +91,9 @@ def undo(self) -> bool:
         cmd = self._undo.pop()
         cmd.undo()
         self._redo.append(cmd)
-        logger.debug("UndoStack: undid %s (remaining=%d)", type(cmd).__name__, len(self._undo))
+        logger.debug(
+            "UndoStack: undid %s (remaining=%d)", type(cmd).__name__, len(self._undo)
+        )
         return True
 
     def redo(self) -> bool:
@@ -102,7 +108,9 @@ def redo(self) -> bool:
         cmd = self._redo.pop()
         cmd.execute()
         self._undo.append(cmd)
-        logger.debug("UndoStack: redid %s (depth=%d)", type(cmd).__name__, len(self._undo))
+        logger.debug(
+            "UndoStack: redid %s (depth=%d)", type(cmd).__name__, len(self._undo)
+        )
         return True
 
     def clear(self) -> None:
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/comparison_dialog.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/comparison_dialog.py
index 92cd80e8e2..e220f6daea 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/comparison_dialog.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/comparison_dialog.py
@@ -63,7 +63,9 @@ def exec(self) -> None:
         self.show()
 
     def _build_metrics_table(self, metrics: list[dict]) -> str:
-        lines = [f"{'Trial':<30} {'Ankle':>8} {'Knee':>8} {'Hip':>8} {'Work':>10} {'COM sway':>10}"]
+        lines = [
+            f"{'Trial':<30} {'Ankle':>8} {'Knee':>8} {'Hip':>8} {'Work':>10} {'COM sway':>10}"
+        ]
         lines.append("-" * 80)
         for m in metrics:
             pt = m["peak_torques"]
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/exercise_tab.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/exercise_tab.py
index 5401d753dd..a3633be9fa 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/exercise_tab.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/exercise_tab.py
@@ -145,7 +145,11 @@ def draw_all_plots(
             if k != "anim":
                 self.axes[k].clear()
                 style_axis(self.axes[k])
-        labels = Palette.BENCH_LABELS if exercise_type == "bench_press" else Palette.SEG_LABELS
+        labels = (
+            Palette.BENCH_LABELS
+            if exercise_type == "bench_press"
+            else Palette.SEG_LABELS
+        )
         self._render_analysis_plots(result, body, bar_mass, labels)
         self.fig.suptitle(
             f"{self.name}  |  {body.body_mass:.0f} kg body, {bar_mass:.0f} kg barbell",
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/file_operations.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/file_operations.py
index cf742a4e8d..b63166151f 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/file_operations.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/file_operations.py
@@ -240,13 +240,21 @@ def _export_excel(self: MainWindow) -> None:
         if not path:
             return
         try:
-            mass = getattr(body, "body_mass", None)  # BodyModel uses body_mass, not mass
+            mass = getattr(
+                body, "body_mass", None
+            )  # BodyModel uses body_mass, not mass
             height = getattr(body, "height", None)
             export_to_excel(
-                r, path, exercise_name=exercise_name, body_mass_kg=mass, body_height_m=height
+                r,
+                path,
+                exercise_name=exercise_name,
+                body_mass_kg=mass,
+                body_height_m=height,
             )
             self.status_label.setText(f"Exported: {os.path.basename(path)}")
-            QMessageBox.information(self, "Exported", f"Excel workbook saved to:\n{path}")
+            QMessageBox.information(
+                self, "Exported", f"Excel workbook saved to:\n{path}"
+            )
         except ImportError as e:
             QMessageBox.critical(self, "Missing Dependency", str(e))
         except (OSError, ValueError, RuntimeError) as e:
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/help_dialog.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/help_dialog.py
index 844ab6ce13..357ba4ffd5 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/help_dialog.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/help_dialog.py
@@ -161,7 +161,9 @@ class HelpCenterDialog(QDialog):
         ),
     }
 
-    def __init__(self, parent: QWidget | None = None, initial_topic: str = "parameters") -> None:
+    def __init__(
+        self, parent: QWidget | None = None, initial_topic: str = "parameters"
+    ) -> None:
         super().__init__(parent)
         self.setWindowTitle("Movement Optimizer Help")
         self.setMinimumWidth(680)
@@ -175,7 +177,9 @@ def _build_ui(self) -> None:
         outer.setContentsMargins(12, 12, 12, 12)
         outer.setSpacing(8)
 
-        header = QLabel("Offline help for setup, parameters, results, troubleshooting, and terms.")
+        header = QLabel(
+            "Offline help for setup, parameters, results, troubleshooting, and terms."
+        )
         header.setWordWrap(True)
         outer.addWidget(header)
 
@@ -218,7 +222,9 @@ def _build_parameter_tab(self) -> QScrollArea:
             lbl = QLabel(f"<b>{heading}</b>")
             grid.addWidget(lbl, 0, col)
 
-        for row, (name, (desc, unit, rng)) in enumerate(self.PARAMETERS.items(), start=1):
+        for row, (name, (desc, unit, rng)) in enumerate(
+            self.PARAMETERS.items(), start=1
+        ):
             name_lbl = QLabel(name)
             name_lbl.setAlignment(Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignTop)
 
@@ -227,10 +233,14 @@ def _build_parameter_tab(self) -> QScrollArea:
             desc_lbl.setAlignment(Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignTop)
 
             unit_lbl = QLabel(unit)
-            unit_lbl.setAlignment(Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignTop | Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignHCenter)
+            unit_lbl.setAlignment(
+                Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignTop | Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignHCenter
+            )
 
             rng_lbl = QLabel(rng)
-            rng_lbl.setAlignment(Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignTop | Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignHCenter)
+            rng_lbl.setAlignment(
+                Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignTop | Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignHCenter
+            )
 
             grid.addWidget(name_lbl, row, 0)
             grid.addWidget(desc_lbl, row, 1)
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/labelled_slider.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/labelled_slider.py
index 48d4e11a10..a5f6788911 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/labelled_slider.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/labelled_slider.py
@@ -41,7 +41,9 @@ def __init__(
         row = QHBoxLayout()
         self.name_label = QLabel(label)
         self.val_label = QLabel(self._fmt(default))
-        self.val_label.setAlignment(Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignRight | Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignVCenter)
+        self.val_label.setAlignment(
+            Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignRight | Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignVCenter
+        )
         row.addWidget(self.name_label)
         row.addStretch()
         row.addWidget(self.val_label)
@@ -56,7 +58,11 @@ def __init__(
         suppress_wheel_events(self.slider)
         layout.addWidget(self.slider)
 
-        _tip = tooltip if tooltip else f"{label} ({lo:.{decimals}f}-{hi:.{decimals}f} {unit})"
+        _tip = (
+            tooltip
+            if tooltip
+            else f"{label} ({lo:.{decimals}f}-{hi:.{decimals}f} {unit})"
+        )
         self.slider.setToolTip(_tip)
         self.name_label.setToolTip(_tip)
 
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/main_window.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/main_window.py
index c6c95e3237..aafc098ae8 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/main_window.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/main_window.py
@@ -82,7 +82,9 @@ class MainWindow(
     # Signals for thread-safe GUI updates from the optimizer worker.
     # Using signals instead of QTimer.singleShot is the Qt-correct way
     # to communicate from a background thread to the main thread.
-    _sig_done = pyqtSignal(int, object, object, float, object)  # idx, result, body, bar, then_chain
+    _sig_done = pyqtSignal(
+        int, object, object, float, object
+    )  # idx, result, body, bar, then_chain
     _sig_cancelled = pyqtSignal()
     _sig_error = pyqtSignal(object)  # MovementOptimizerError or str
     _sig_progress = pyqtSignal(object)  # ProgressReport
@@ -104,7 +106,9 @@ def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.setMinimumSize(800, 600)
         self.resize(1100, 700)
 
-        self.exercise_states = [ExerciseRuntimeState() for _name, _etype in self.EXERCISE_CONFIGS]
+        self.exercise_states = [
+            ExerciseRuntimeState() for _name, _etype in self.EXERCISE_CONFIGS
+        ]
         self.is_playing = False
         self.anim_timer = QTimer(self)
         self.anim_timer.timeout.connect(self._anim_step)
@@ -373,7 +377,9 @@ def _connect_slider_undo(self) -> None:
         for name in slider_names:
             labelled = getattr(self.sidebar, name, None)
             if labelled is None:
-                logger.warning("_connect_slider_undo: sidebar has no attribute %r", name)
+                logger.warning(
+                    "_connect_slider_undo: sidebar has no attribute %r", name
+                )
                 continue
             raw = labelled.slider
 
@@ -436,14 +442,18 @@ def _sync_motion_tab_controls(self, _index: int | None = None) -> None:
             self._motion_tab_button_states.clear()
         else:
             if not self._motion_tab_button_states:
-                self._motion_tab_button_states = {button: button.isEnabled() for button in buttons}
+                self._motion_tab_button_states = {
+                    button: button.isEnabled() for button in buttons
+                }
             for button in buttons:
                 button.setEnabled(False)
         self.controls.setEnabled(True)
         if enabled:
             self.status_label.setText("Ready")
         else:
-            self.status_label.setText("Analysis tabs use local and bottom playback controls.")
+            self.status_label.setText(
+                "Analysis tabs use local and bottom playback controls."
+            )
         self._sync_right_sidebar_toggle()
 
     def _active_analysis_tab(self) -> Any | None:
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/motion_analysis_panel.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/motion_analysis_panel.py
index 7edbf54175..afcc2b3c9f 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/motion_analysis_panel.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/motion_analysis_panel.py
@@ -57,7 +57,9 @@ def __init__(self, axis_names: Sequence[str], *, rows: int, cols: int) -> None:
 
         self.figure = Figure(figsize=(8.0, 5.0), facecolor=Palette.BG)
         self.canvas = FigureCanvasQTAgg(self.figure)
-        self.canvas.setMinimumSize(self._minimum_canvas_width(), self._minimum_canvas_height())
+        self.canvas.setMinimumSize(
+            self._minimum_canvas_width(), self._minimum_canvas_height()
+        )
         self.canvas.setSizePolicy(
             QSizePolicy.Policy.MinimumExpanding,
             QSizePolicy.Policy.MinimumExpanding,
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/motion_controls.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/motion_controls.py
index f9f23d93d3..93784893d8 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/motion_controls.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/motion_controls.py
@@ -47,7 +47,9 @@ def __init__(
         self.slider.setRange(0, self._steps)
         self.slider.setTracking(False)
         self.slider.setMinimumHeight(28)
-        self.slider.setSizePolicy(QSizePolicy.Policy.Expanding, QSizePolicy.Policy.Fixed)
+        self.slider.setSizePolicy(
+            QSizePolicy.Policy.Expanding, QSizePolicy.Policy.Fixed
+        )
         self.edit = QLineEdit()
         self.edit.setFixedWidth(88)
         self.edit.setMinimumHeight(28)
@@ -89,7 +91,11 @@ def _sync_widgets(self) -> None:
             self.slider.blockSignals(True)
             self.slider.setValue(slider_value)
             self.slider.blockSignals(False)
-        text = f"{int(self._value)}" if self._integer else f"{self._value:.{self._decimals}f}"
+        text = (
+            f"{int(self._value)}"
+            if self._integer
+            else f"{self._value:.{self._decimals}f}"
+        )
         if self.edit.text() != text:
             self.edit.setText(text)
 
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/motion_tabs.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/motion_tabs.py
index 5bca53b79a..50f98da3a8 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/motion_tabs.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/motion_tabs.py
@@ -120,19 +120,31 @@ def _swing_overlay_scene(
     origin = (float(field.com_m[0]), float(field.com_m[1]))
     if gravity:
         gravity_vec = (float(field.gravity_n[0]), float(field.gravity_n[1]))
-        arrows.append(ForceArrow(origin, gravity_vec, VectorStyle(LEG, label="gravity")))
+        arrows.append(
+            ForceArrow(origin, gravity_vec, VectorStyle(LEG, label="gravity"))
+        )
     if tension:
         tension_vec = (float(field.chain_tension_n[0]), float(field.chain_tension_n[1]))
-        arrows.append(ForceArrow(origin, tension_vec, VectorStyle(CHAIN, label="tension")))
+        arrows.append(
+            ForceArrow(origin, tension_vec, VectorStyle(CHAIN, label="tension"))
+        )
     if torque:
-        for joint, magnitude in zip(SWING_POLICY_JOINT_NAMES, field.joint_torque_nm, strict=True):
+        for joint, magnitude in zip(
+            SWING_POLICY_JOINT_NAMES, field.joint_torque_nm, strict=True
+        ):
             point = field.joint_points_m[joint]
             arcs.append(
-                TorqueArc((float(point[0]), float(point[1])), float(magnitude), VectorStyle(ARM))
+                TorqueArc(
+                    (float(point[0]), float(point[1])),
+                    float(magnitude),
+                    VectorStyle(ARM),
+                )
             )
     if com:
         markers.append(ComMarker(origin, VectorStyle(ACCENT)))
-    return OverlayScene(arrows=tuple(arrows), torque_arcs=tuple(arcs), com_markers=tuple(markers))
+    return OverlayScene(
+        arrows=tuple(arrows), torque_arcs=tuple(arcs), com_markers=tuple(markers)
+    )
 
 
 def _chain_overlay_scene(
@@ -145,7 +157,10 @@ def _chain_overlay_scene(
     """Build the chain overlay scene from a per-link force field, filtered by toggles."""
     arrows: list[ForceArrow] = []
     for index in range(len(field.midpoints_m)):
-        origin = (float(field.midpoints_m[index][0]), float(field.midpoints_m[index][1]))
+        origin = (
+            float(field.midpoints_m[index][0]),
+            float(field.midpoints_m[index][1]),
+        )
         if gravity:
             vec = (float(field.gravity_n[index][0]), float(field.gravity_n[index][1]))
             arrows.append(ForceArrow(origin, vec, VectorStyle(LEG)))
@@ -153,7 +168,10 @@ def _chain_overlay_scene(
             vec = (float(field.tension_n[index][0]), float(field.tension_n[index][1]))
             arrows.append(ForceArrow(origin, vec, VectorStyle(CHAIN)))
         if net:
-            vec = (float(field.net_force_n[index][0]), float(field.net_force_n[index][1]))
+            vec = (
+                float(field.net_force_n[index][0]),
+                float(field.net_force_n[index][1]),
+            )
             arrows.append(ForceArrow(origin, vec, VectorStyle(ARM)))
     return OverlayScene(arrows=tuple(arrows))
 
@@ -277,7 +295,8 @@ def _chain_path_length(self) -> float:
     @staticmethod
     def _compute_chain_path_length(chain_nodes: list[tuple[float, float]]) -> float:
         distances = [
-            np.hypot(end[0] - start[0], end[1] - start[1]) for start, end in pairwise(chain_nodes)
+            np.hypot(end[0] - start[0], end[1] - start[1])
+            for start, end in pairwise(chain_nodes)
         ]
         return max(float(sum(distances)), 0.5)
 
@@ -654,7 +673,13 @@ def _build_body_group(self) -> QGroupBox:
             tooltip="Rider arm segment length (upper arm and forearm).",
         )
         self._add_control(
-            form, "arm_mass", "Arm segment kg", 0.2, 10.0, 2.0, tooltip="Rider arm segment mass."
+            form,
+            "arm_mass",
+            "Arm segment kg",
+            0.2,
+            10.0,
+            2.0,
+            tooltip="Rider arm segment mass.",
         )
         return group
 
@@ -714,16 +739,30 @@ def _build_policy_group(self) -> QGroupBox:
             integer=True,
             tooltip="Time steps simulated per evaluation when cycles are not used (up to 2000).",
         )
-        self._add_control(form, "freq_min", "Freq min Hz", 0.2, 2.0, 0.45, refresh=False)
-        self._add_control(form, "freq_max", "Freq max Hz", 0.2, 2.0, 0.75, refresh=False)
+        self._add_control(
+            form, "freq_min", "Freq min Hz", 0.2, 2.0, 0.45, refresh=False
+        )
+        self._add_control(
+            form, "freq_max", "Freq max Hz", 0.2, 2.0, 0.75, refresh=False
+        )
         self._add_control(
             form, "freq_samples", "Freq samples", 1, 8, 3, integer=True, refresh=False
         )
-        self._add_control(form, "hip_rate_min", "Hip min rad/s", 0.0, 3.0, 0.5, refresh=False)
-        self._add_control(form, "hip_rate_max", "Hip max rad/s", 0.0, 3.0, 1.3, refresh=False)
-        self._add_control(form, "hip_samples", "Hip samples", 1, 8, 2, integer=True, refresh=False)
-        self._add_control(form, "torso_rate_min", "Torso min rad/s", 0.0, 3.0, 0.3, refresh=False)
-        self._add_control(form, "torso_rate_max", "Torso max rad/s", 0.0, 3.0, 1.1, refresh=False)
+        self._add_control(
+            form, "hip_rate_min", "Hip min rad/s", 0.0, 3.0, 0.5, refresh=False
+        )
+        self._add_control(
+            form, "hip_rate_max", "Hip max rad/s", 0.0, 3.0, 1.3, refresh=False
+        )
+        self._add_control(
+            form, "hip_samples", "Hip samples", 1, 8, 2, integer=True, refresh=False
+        )
+        self._add_control(
+            form, "torso_rate_min", "Torso min rad/s", 0.0, 3.0, 0.3, refresh=False
+        )
+        self._add_control(
+            form, "torso_rate_max", "Torso max rad/s", 0.0, 3.0, 1.1, refresh=False
+        )
         self._add_control(
             form,
             "torso_samples",
@@ -734,15 +773,28 @@ def _build_policy_group(self) -> QGroupBox:
             integer=True,
             refresh=False,
         )
-        self._add_control(form, "knee_ratio_min", "Knee ratio min", 0.0, 1.5, 0.25, refresh=False)
-        self._add_control(form, "knee_ratio_max", "Knee ratio max", 0.0, 1.5, 0.65, refresh=False)
+        self._add_control(
+            form, "knee_ratio_min", "Knee ratio min", 0.0, 1.5, 0.25, refresh=False
+        )
+        self._add_control(
+            form, "knee_ratio_max", "Knee ratio max", 0.0, 1.5, 0.65, refresh=False
+        )
         self._add_control(
             form, "knee_samples", "Knee samples", 1, 8, 2, integer=True, refresh=False
         )
         self._add_control(
-            form, "phase_samples", "Phase samples", 1, 12, 2, integer=True, refresh=False
+            form,
+            "phase_samples",
+            "Phase samples",
+            1,
+            12,
+            2,
+            integer=True,
+            refresh=False,
+        )
+        self._add_control(
+            form, "speed", "Playback speed", 0.25, 4.0, 1.0, refresh=False
         )
-        self._add_control(form, "speed", "Playback speed", 0.25, 4.0, 1.0, refresh=False)
         layout.addLayout(form)
         return group
 
@@ -925,7 +977,10 @@ def _policy_bounds(self) -> CyclicPolicyBounds:
         return CyclicPolicyBounds(
             frequency_hz=(self._value("freq_min"), self._value("freq_max")),
             hip_rate_rad_s=(self._value("hip_rate_min"), self._value("hip_rate_max")),
-            torso_rate_rad_s=(self._value("torso_rate_min"), self._value("torso_rate_max")),
+            torso_rate_rad_s=(
+                self._value("torso_rate_min"),
+                self._value("torso_rate_max"),
+            ),
             knee_ratio=(self._value("knee_ratio_min"), self._value("knee_ratio_max")),
         )
 
@@ -989,15 +1044,23 @@ def _render_snapshot(self, snapshot: SwingSetSnapshot) -> None:
     def _populate_analysis_panel(self) -> None:
         if self._rollout is None:
             return
-        history = swing_force_history(self._config(), self._rollout, DEFAULT_POLICY_DT_S)
+        history = swing_force_history(
+            self._config(), self._rollout, DEFAULT_POLICY_DT_S
+        )
         self._force_history = history
-        self._force_fields = swing_force_fields(self._config(), self._rollout, DEFAULT_POLICY_DT_S)
+        self._force_fields = swing_force_fields(
+            self._config(), self._rollout, DEFAULT_POLICY_DT_S
+        )
         panel = self.analysis_panel
         panel.clear()
-        plot_renderer.plot_swing_joint_torques(panel.axes["torques"], history, legend=False)
+        plot_renderer.plot_swing_joint_torques(
+            panel.axes["torques"], history, legend=False
+        )
         plot_renderer.plot_swing_joint_power(panel.axes["power"], history, legend=False)
         plot_renderer.plot_swing_angle(panel.axes["angle"], history, legend=False)
-        plot_renderer.plot_swing_com_height(panel.axes["com_height"], history, legend=False)
+        plot_renderer.plot_swing_com_height(
+            panel.axes["com_height"], history, legend=False
+        )
         plot_renderer.plot_swing_energy(panel.axes["energy"], history, legend=False)
         plot_renderer.plot_swing_com_path(panel.axes["com_path"], history, legend=False)
         self._apply_plot_legend_visibility()
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/motion_tabs_chain.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/motion_tabs_chain.py
index ecf7118113..9a2bb24e18 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/motion_tabs_chain.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/motion_tabs_chain.py
@@ -119,10 +119,22 @@ def _build_ui(self) -> None:
             tooltip="Number of links in the chain.",
         )
         self._add_control(
-            form, "length", "Link length m", 0.03, 1.0, 0.18, tooltip="Length of each chain link."
+            form,
+            "length",
+            "Link length m",
+            0.03,
+            1.0,
+            0.18,
+            tooltip="Length of each chain link.",
         )
         self._add_control(
-            form, "mass", "Link mass kg", 0.01, 4.0, 0.12, tooltip="Mass of each chain link."
+            form,
+            "mass",
+            "Link mass kg",
+            0.01,
+            4.0,
+            0.12,
+            tooltip="Mass of each chain link.",
         )
         self._add_control(
             form,
@@ -238,7 +250,9 @@ def _build_ui(self) -> None:
         form.addRow("Segment angles", self.angle_edit)
         control_layout.addWidget(controls)
         # The chain tab draws no articulated rider, so omit that layer.
-        control_layout.addWidget(self._build_layers_group(["grid", "chain", "markers", "forces"]))
+        control_layout.addWidget(
+            self._build_layers_group(["grid", "chain", "markers", "forces"])
+        )
         control_layout.addWidget(self._build_force_group())
         row = QHBoxLayout()
         simulate_button = QPushButton("Simulate Whip")
@@ -248,7 +262,9 @@ def _build_ui(self) -> None:
         )
         simulate_button.clicked.connect(self._simulate)
         randomize_button = QPushButton("Randomize Start")
-        randomize_button.setToolTip("Set a random 'wadded' starting configuration (seeded).")
+        randomize_button.setToolTip(
+            "Set a random 'wadded' starting configuration (seeded)."
+        )
         randomize_button.clicked.connect(self._randomize_wadded_start)
         self.play_button = QPushButton("Play")
         self.play_button.setToolTip("Play or pause the simulated whip animation.")
@@ -319,18 +335,24 @@ def _config(self) -> ChainConfig:
     def _state(self) -> ChainState:
         config = self._config()
         angles = (
-            initial_catenary_angles(config.segment_count, self._angle_to_rad(self._value("sag")))
+            initial_catenary_angles(
+                config.segment_count, self._angle_to_rad(self._value("sag"))
+            )
             if self.tie_segments.isChecked()
             else self._typed_angles(config.segment_count)
         )
-        velocities = initial_tip_kick_velocities(config.segment_count, self._value("kick"))
+        velocities = initial_tip_kick_velocities(
+            config.segment_count, self._value("kick")
+        )
         return ChainState(angles, velocities)
 
     def _typed_angles(self, segment_count: int) -> np.ndarray:
         raw = self.angle_edit.text().strip()
         if not raw:
             return np.zeros(segment_count, dtype=np.float64)
-        values = np.asarray([float(part.strip()) for part in raw.split(",")], dtype=np.float64)
+        values = np.asarray(
+            [float(part.strip()) for part in raw.split(",")], dtype=np.float64
+        )
         if values.size != segment_count:
             raise ValueError(f"Expected {segment_count} segment angles")
         return np.deg2rad(values) if self.use_degrees.isChecked() else values
@@ -347,14 +369,20 @@ def _randomize_wadded_start(self) -> None:
             seed=int(self._value("random_seed")),
         )
         self.tie_segments.setChecked(False)
-        values = np.rad2deg(state.angles_rad) if self.use_degrees.isChecked() else state.angles_rad
+        values = (
+            np.rad2deg(state.angles_rad)
+            if self.use_degrees.isChecked()
+            else state.angles_rad
+        )
         self.angle_edit.setText(", ".join(f"{value:.4f}" for value in values))
         self._refresh()
 
     def _refresh_angle_placeholder(self) -> None:
         unit = "degrees" if self.use_degrees.isChecked() else "radians"
         self._controls["sag"].set_value(20.0 if self.use_degrees.isChecked() else 0.35)
-        self._controls["random_span"].set_value(180.0 if self.use_degrees.isChecked() else np.pi)
+        self._controls["random_span"].set_value(
+            180.0 if self.use_degrees.isChecked() else np.pi
+        )
         self.angle_edit.setPlaceholderText(f"comma-separated {unit}, one per segment")
 
     def _value(self, key: str) -> float:
@@ -417,19 +445,26 @@ def _simulate(self) -> None:
     def _populate_analysis_panel(self) -> None:
         if self._rollout is None:
             return
-        self._force_fields = chain_force_fields(self._config(), self._rollout, self._dt_s)
+        self._force_fields = chain_force_fields(
+            self._config(), self._rollout, self._dt_s
+        )
         history = chain_force_history(self._config(), self._rollout, self._dt_s)
         time_s = history.time_s
         count = len(time_s)
         panel = self.analysis_panel
         panel.clear()
         plot_renderer.plot_chain_tension(panel.axes["tension"], history, legend=False)
-        plot_renderer.plot_chain_curvature(panel.axes["curvature"], history, legend=False)
+        plot_renderer.plot_chain_curvature(
+            panel.axes["curvature"], history, legend=False
+        )
         plot_renderer.plot_chain_energy(
             panel.axes["energy"], time_s, self._rollout.energy_j[:count], legend=False
         )
         plot_renderer.plot_chain_tip_speed(
-            panel.axes["tip_speed"], time_s, self._rollout.tip_speed_m_s[:count], legend=False
+            panel.axes["tip_speed"],
+            time_s,
+            self._rollout.tip_speed_m_s[:count],
+            legend=False,
         )
         self._apply_plot_legend_visibility()
         panel.draw()
@@ -460,7 +495,9 @@ def _current_force_field(self) -> ChainForceField:
         if not 0 <= self._frame_index < frame_count:
             raise RuntimeError("DbC Blocked: frame index is outside the rollout")
         if self._force_fields is None or len(self._force_fields) != frame_count:
-            self._force_fields = chain_force_fields(self._config(), self._rollout, self._dt_s)
+            self._force_fields = chain_force_fields(
+                self._config(), self._rollout, self._dt_s
+            )
         return self._force_fields[self._frame_index]
 
     def _toggle_playback(self) -> None:
@@ -485,7 +522,9 @@ def playback_step_forward(self) -> None:
             return
         self._timer.stop()
         self.play_button.setText("Play")
-        self._frame_index = min(self._frame_index + 1, self._rollout.positions.shape[0] - 1)
+        self._frame_index = min(
+            self._frame_index + 1, self._rollout.positions.shape[0] - 1
+        )
         self._render_chain_frame()
         self.playbackStateChanged.emit()
 
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/optimization_mixin.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/optimization_mixin.py
index d0f8c19e7c..d6350cf017 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/optimization_mixin.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/optimization_mixin.py
@@ -14,7 +14,12 @@
 
 from ..cli import EXERCISE_FACTORIES
 from ..constants import trapezoid
-from ..errors import MovementOptimizerError, OptimizationError, PhysicsError, ValidationError
+from ..errors import (
+    MovementOptimizerError,
+    OptimizationError,
+    PhysicsError,
+    ValidationError,
+)
 from ..models import BodyModel
 from ..trajectory import (
     CancelledError,
@@ -103,14 +108,18 @@ def _set_anim_frame(self, idx: int, frame: int) -> None:
         with self._opt_lock:
             self.exercise_states[idx].anim_frame = frame
 
-    def _set_exercise_result(self, idx: int, result: OptimizationResult, *, frame: int = 0) -> None:
+    def _set_exercise_result(
+        self, idx: int, result: OptimizationResult, *, frame: int = 0
+    ) -> None:
         """Atomically publish an optimization result and reset playback frame."""
         with self._opt_lock:
             state = self.exercise_states[idx]
             state.result = result
             state.anim_frame = frame
 
-    def _resolve_exercise_params(self, idx: int) -> tuple[Any, Any, str, float, float, float]:
+    def _resolve_exercise_params(
+        self, idx: int
+    ) -> tuple[Any, Any, str, float, float, float]:
         body = self.sidebar.get_body_model()
         bar, dur, smoothness = self.sidebar.get_optimization_params()
         _, etype = self.EXERCISE_CONFIGS[idx]
@@ -245,7 +254,9 @@ def _opt_worker(self, idx: int, then_chain: list[int] | None) -> None:
             validation_err = ValidationError(
                 f"Invalid parameters: {exc}",
                 error_code="VALIDATION_ERROR",
-                suggestion=("Check that all body and exercise parameters are within valid ranges."),
+                suggestion=(
+                    "Check that all body and exercise parameters are within valid ranges."
+                ),
             )
             self._sig_error.emit(validation_err)
         except (RuntimeError, OSError) as exc:
@@ -297,7 +308,9 @@ def _on_done(
             tab.draw_anim_frame(0, result, dyn, body, etype)
             elapsed = result.elapsed_s
             t_str = (
-                f"{elapsed:.1f}s" if elapsed < 60 else f"{int(elapsed // 60)}m {elapsed % 60:.0f}s"
+                f"{elapsed:.1f}s"
+                if elapsed < 60
+                else f"{int(elapsed // 60)}m {elapsed % 60:.0f}s"
             )
             self.sidebar.set_progress_done(t_str, result.n_evals)
             self._enable_post_run_buttons()
@@ -383,7 +396,9 @@ def _update_result_summary(
                 f"  COM sway: {r.com_horizontal_range_cm:.1f} cm\n"
                 f"  Balance: {balance_ok}"
             )
-        self.sidebar.set_result_label(f"{name} results:\n{joint_lines}\n  Work: {work:>6.0f} J")
+        self.sidebar.set_result_label(
+            f"{name} results:\n{joint_lines}\n  Work: {work:>6.0f} J"
+        )
 
     def _on_err(self, err: object) -> None:
         """Handle optimizer errors (called from main thread via signal)."""
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/parameter_sidebar.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/parameter_sidebar.py
index 9ae64d4789..bb505035ab 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/parameter_sidebar.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/parameter_sidebar.py
@@ -112,7 +112,9 @@ def is_3d_mode(self) -> bool:
         """Return True if the 3D model is selected."""
         return self.model_combo.currentIndex() == 1
 
-    def connect_action_handlers(self, handlers: Mapping[str, Callable[..., None]]) -> None:
+    def connect_action_handlers(
+        self, handlers: Mapping[str, Callable[..., None]]
+    ) -> None:
         """Connect sidebar action signals to handlers supplied by the main window."""
         self.optimize_current.connect(handlers["optimize_current"])
         self.optimize_both.connect(handlers["optimize_both"])
@@ -132,8 +134,12 @@ def show_optimizing(self) -> None:
         _st.show_optimizing(self)
         self.cancel_btn.setEnabled(True)
         self.cancel_btn.setToolTip("Cancel the currently running optimization (Esc)")
-        self.opt_btn.setToolTip("Optimization currently in progress. Please wait or cancel.")
-        self.both_btn.setToolTip("Optimization currently in progress. Please wait or cancel.")
+        self.opt_btn.setToolTip(
+            "Optimization currently in progress. Please wait or cancel."
+        )
+        self.both_btn.setToolTip(
+            "Optimization currently in progress. Please wait or cancel."
+        )
 
     def show_idle(self) -> None:
         _st.show_idle(self)
@@ -236,7 +242,9 @@ def set_clear_comparison_available(self, available: bool) -> None:
         """Enable or disable the clear comparison action."""
         self.clear_compare_btn.setEnabled(available)
         if available:
-            self.clear_compare_btn.setToolTip("Clear all trials currently saved for comparison")
+            self.clear_compare_btn.setToolTip(
+                "Clear all trials currently saved for comparison"
+            )
         else:
             self.clear_compare_btn.setToolTip("No trials currently saved to clear")
 
@@ -244,9 +252,13 @@ def set_cancellation_available(self, available: bool) -> None:
         """Enable or disable the cancellation action."""
         self.cancel_btn.setEnabled(available)
         if not available:
-            self.cancel_btn.setToolTip("Cancellation already requested, shutting down safely...")
+            self.cancel_btn.setToolTip(
+                "Cancellation already requested, shutting down safely..."
+            )
         else:
-            self.cancel_btn.setToolTip("Cancel the currently running optimization (Esc)")
+            self.cancel_btn.setToolTip(
+                "Cancel the currently running optimization (Esc)"
+            )
 
     def set_cancelling(self) -> None:
         """Immediately reflect cancellation in the UI and flush pending events.
@@ -262,5 +274,7 @@ def set_cancelling(self) -> None:
         self.both_btn.setEnabled(False)
         self.cancel_btn.setEnabled(False)
         self.cancel_btn.setText("Canceling…")
-        self.cancel_btn.setToolTip("Cancellation already requested, shutting down safely...")
+        self.cancel_btn.setToolTip(
+            "Cancellation already requested, shutting down safely..."
+        )
         QApplication.processEvents()
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/playback_controls.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/playback_controls.py
index b8a0af199c..663cefa419 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/playback_controls.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/playback_controls.py
@@ -6,7 +6,14 @@
 from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping
 
 from PyQt6.QtCore import Qt, pyqtSignal
-from PyQt6.QtWidgets import QCheckBox, QHBoxLayout, QLabel, QPushButton, QSlider, QWidget
+from PyQt6.QtWidgets import (
+    QCheckBox,
+    QHBoxLayout,
+    QLabel,
+    QPushButton,
+    QSlider,
+    QWidget,
+)
 
 from movement_optimizer.gui.wheel_blocker import suppress_wheel_events
 
@@ -26,12 +33,16 @@ def __init__(self, parent: QWidget | None = None) -> None:
 
         self.btn_rewind = QPushButton("Rewind")
         self.btn_rewind.setAccessibleName("Rewind to start")
-        self.btn_rewind.setAccessibleDescription("Move the animation to the first frame.")
+        self.btn_rewind.setAccessibleDescription(
+            "Move the animation to the first frame."
+        )
         self.btn_rewind.setToolTip("Rewind to start (Home)")
 
         self.btn_back = QPushButton("Back")
         self.btn_back.setAccessibleName("Step backward one frame")
-        self.btn_back.setAccessibleDescription("Move the animation backward by one frame.")
+        self.btn_back.setAccessibleDescription(
+            "Move the animation backward by one frame."
+        )
         self.btn_back.setToolTip("Step backward one frame")
 
         self.btn_play = QPushButton("Play")
@@ -64,7 +75,9 @@ def __init__(self, parent: QWidget | None = None) -> None:
         self.speed_slider.setRange(1, 30)
         self.speed_slider.setValue(10)
         self.speed_slider.setFixedWidth(100)
-        self.speed_slider.valueChanged.connect(lambda v: self.speed_changed.emit(v / 10.0))
+        self.speed_slider.valueChanged.connect(
+            lambda v: self.speed_changed.emit(v / 10.0)
+        )
         suppress_wheel_events(self.speed_slider)
         layout.addWidget(self.speed_slider)
 
@@ -85,7 +98,9 @@ def __init__(self, parent: QWidget | None = None) -> None:
         self.frame_label = QLabel("")
         layout.addWidget(self.frame_label)
 
-    def connect_action_handlers(self, handlers: Mapping[str, Callable[..., None]]) -> None:
+    def connect_action_handlers(
+        self, handlers: Mapping[str, Callable[..., None]]
+    ) -> None:
         """Connect playback signals to handlers supplied by the owning window."""
         self.play_toggled.connect(handlers["play_toggled"])
         self.step_fwd.connect(handlers["step_fwd"])
@@ -122,7 +137,9 @@ def set_speed_multiplier_text(self, speed: float) -> None:
         """Display the current playback speed multiplier."""
         self.speed_label.setText(f"{speed:.1f}x")
 
-    def set_playback_status(self, current_frame: int, total_frames: int, speed: float) -> None:
+    def set_playback_status(
+        self, current_frame: int, total_frames: int, speed: float
+    ) -> None:
         """Update the frame and speed labels together."""
         self.set_frame_position(current_frame, total_frames)
         self.set_speed_multiplier_text(speed)
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/plot_renderer.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/plot_renderer.py
index 9b4aebd262..36dadd3d11 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/plot_renderer.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/plot_renderer.py
@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ def _legend_outside_plot(ax: Any, *, fontsize: int = 7, columns: int = 3) -> Any
     )
 
 
-def plot_angles(ax: Any, r: OptimizationResult, labels: tuple = Palette.SEG_LABELS) -> None:
+def plot_angles(
+    ax: Any, r: OptimizationResult, labels: tuple = Palette.SEG_LABELS
+) -> None:
     n_dof = min(r.q.shape[1], len(labels))
     for j in range(n_dof):
         ax.plot(
@@ -54,7 +56,9 @@ def plot_angles(ax: Any, r: OptimizationResult, labels: tuple = Palette.SEG_LABE
     _legend_outside_plot(ax, fontsize=6, columns=n_dof)
 
 
-def plot_torques(ax: Any, r: OptimizationResult, labels: tuple = Palette.SEG_LABELS) -> None:
+def plot_torques(
+    ax: Any, r: OptimizationResult, labels: tuple = Palette.SEG_LABELS
+) -> None:
     n_dof = min(r.torques.shape[1], len(labels))
     for j in range(n_dof):
         ax.plot(
@@ -71,7 +75,9 @@ def plot_torques(ax: Any, r: OptimizationResult, labels: tuple = Palette.SEG_LAB
     _legend_outside_plot(ax, fontsize=6, columns=n_dof)
 
 
-def plot_power(ax: Any, r: OptimizationResult, labels: tuple = Palette.SEG_LABELS) -> None:
+def plot_power(
+    ax: Any, r: OptimizationResult, labels: tuple = Palette.SEG_LABELS
+) -> None:
     n_dof = min(r.power.shape[1], len(labels))
     for j in range(n_dof):
         ax.plot(
@@ -187,7 +193,12 @@ def plot_com_balance(ax: Any, r: OptimizationResult, body: BodyModel) -> None:
 
 
 def plot_spine_loads(
-    ax_comp: Any, ax_shear: Any, r: OptimizationResult, body: BodyModel, bar_mass: float, name: str
+    ax_comp: Any,
+    ax_shear: Any,
+    r: OptimizationResult,
+    body: BodyModel,
+    bar_mass: float,
+    name: str,
 ) -> None:
     exercise_type = name.lower().replace(" ", "_")
     if exercise_type == "bottoms_up_squat":
@@ -250,7 +261,9 @@ def _style_timeseries_axis(
         _legend_outside_plot(ax, fontsize=legend_fontsize)
 
 
-def plot_swing_joint_torques(ax: Any, history: SwingForceHistory, *, legend: bool = True) -> None:
+def plot_swing_joint_torques(
+    ax: Any, history: SwingForceHistory, *, legend: bool = True
+) -> None:
     for j, name in enumerate(SWING_POLICY_JOINT_NAMES):
         ax.plot(
             history.time_s,
@@ -263,7 +276,9 @@ def plot_swing_joint_torques(ax: Any, history: SwingForceHistory, *, legend: boo
     _style_timeseries_axis(ax, "Torque (N·m)", "Joint Torques", legend=legend)
 
 
-def plot_swing_joint_power(ax: Any, history: SwingForceHistory, *, legend: bool = True) -> None:
+def plot_swing_joint_power(
+    ax: Any, history: SwingForceHistory, *, legend: bool = True
+) -> None:
     for j, name in enumerate(SWING_POLICY_JOINT_NAMES):
         ax.plot(
             history.time_s,
@@ -285,7 +300,9 @@ def plot_swing_joint_power(ax: Any, history: SwingForceHistory, *, legend: bool
     _style_timeseries_axis(ax, "Power (W)", "Joint Power", legend=legend)
 
 
-def plot_swing_angle(ax: Any, history: SwingForceHistory, *, legend: bool = True) -> None:
+def plot_swing_angle(
+    ax: Any, history: SwingForceHistory, *, legend: bool = True
+) -> None:
     ax.plot(
         history.time_s,
         np.degrees(history.swing_angle_rad),
@@ -297,17 +314,35 @@ def plot_swing_angle(ax: Any, history: SwingForceHistory, *, legend: bool = True
     _style_timeseries_axis(ax, "Angle (deg)", "Swing Angle", legend=legend)
 
 
-def plot_swing_com_height(ax: Any, history: SwingForceHistory, *, legend: bool = True) -> None:
-    ax.plot(history.time_s, history.com_height_m, color=Palette.GREEN, lw=2, label="COM height")
+def plot_swing_com_height(
+    ax: Any, history: SwingForceHistory, *, legend: bool = True
+) -> None:
+    ax.plot(
+        history.time_s,
+        history.com_height_m,
+        color=Palette.GREEN,
+        lw=2,
+        label="COM height",
+    )
     _style_timeseries_axis(ax, "Height (m)", "COM Height", legend=legend)
 
 
-def plot_swing_energy(ax: Any, history: SwingForceHistory, *, legend: bool = True) -> None:
-    ax.plot(history.time_s, history.energy_j, color=Palette.ORANGE, lw=2, label="Swing energy")
+def plot_swing_energy(
+    ax: Any, history: SwingForceHistory, *, legend: bool = True
+) -> None:
+    ax.plot(
+        history.time_s,
+        history.energy_j,
+        color=Palette.ORANGE,
+        lw=2,
+        label="Swing energy",
+    )
     _style_timeseries_axis(ax, "Energy (J)", "Swing Energy", legend=legend)
 
 
-def plot_swing_com_path(ax: Any, history: SwingForceHistory, *, legend: bool = True) -> None:
+def plot_swing_com_path(
+    ax: Any, history: SwingForceHistory, *, legend: bool = True
+) -> None:
     # com_path_m is (x, +y-down); negate y so "up" is up on the plot.
     xs = history.com_path_m[:, 0]
     ys = -history.com_path_m[:, 1]
@@ -321,9 +356,15 @@ def plot_swing_com_path(ax: Any, history: SwingForceHistory, *, legend: bool = T
         _legend_outside_plot(ax, fontsize=6)
 
 
-def plot_chain_tension(ax: Any, history: ChainForceHistory, *, legend: bool = True) -> None:
+def plot_chain_tension(
+    ax: Any, history: ChainForceHistory, *, legend: bool = True
+) -> None:
     ax.plot(
-        history.time_s, history.max_tension_n, color=Palette.RED, lw=2, label="Max link tension"
+        history.time_s,
+        history.max_tension_n,
+        color=Palette.RED,
+        lw=2,
+        label="Max link tension",
     )
     mean_tension = (
         np.mean(history.link_tension_n, axis=1)
@@ -331,12 +372,19 @@ def plot_chain_tension(ax: Any, history: ChainForceHistory, *, legend: bool = Tr
         else np.zeros_like(history.time_s)
     )
     ax.plot(
-        history.time_s, mean_tension, color=Palette.ACCENT, lw=1.5, alpha=0.8, label="Mean tension"
+        history.time_s,
+        mean_tension,
+        color=Palette.ACCENT,
+        lw=1.5,
+        alpha=0.8,
+        label="Mean tension",
     )
     _style_timeseries_axis(ax, "Tension (N)", "Chain Link Tension", legend=legend)
 
 
-def plot_chain_curvature(ax: Any, history: ChainForceHistory, *, legend: bool = True) -> None:
+def plot_chain_curvature(
+    ax: Any, history: ChainForceHistory, *, legend: bool = True
+) -> None:
     ax.plot(
         history.time_s,
         np.degrees(history.max_curvature_rad),
@@ -347,11 +395,15 @@ def plot_chain_curvature(ax: Any, history: ChainForceHistory, *, legend: bool =
     _style_timeseries_axis(ax, "Curvature (deg)", "Chain Curvature", legend=legend)
 
 
-def plot_chain_energy(ax: Any, time_s: Any, energy_j: Any, *, legend: bool = True) -> None:
+def plot_chain_energy(
+    ax: Any, time_s: Any, energy_j: Any, *, legend: bool = True
+) -> None:
     ax.plot(time_s, energy_j, color=Palette.GREEN, lw=2, label="Total energy")
     _style_timeseries_axis(ax, "Energy (J)", "Chain Energy", legend=legend)
 
 
-def plot_chain_tip_speed(ax: Any, time_s: Any, tip_speed_m_s: Any, *, legend: bool = True) -> None:
+def plot_chain_tip_speed(
+    ax: Any, time_s: Any, tip_speed_m_s: Any, *, legend: bool = True
+) -> None:
     ax.plot(time_s, tip_speed_m_s, color=Palette.BLUE, lw=2, label="Tip speed")
     _style_timeseries_axis(ax, "Speed (m/s)", "Chain Tip Speed", legend=legend)
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/policy_trace_canvas.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/policy_trace_canvas.py
index 68f79ed160..4e588ad614 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/policy_trace_canvas.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/policy_trace_canvas.py
@@ -93,7 +93,9 @@ def legend_visible(self) -> bool:
 
     def _top_margin(self) -> float:
         """Top inset for the plotted series, reserving room for the legend."""
-        return float(self._legend_band_height() if self._legend_visible else self._MARGIN_PX)
+        return float(
+            self._legend_band_height() if self._legend_visible else self._MARGIN_PX
+        )
 
     @staticmethod
     def _legend_entries() -> tuple[tuple[str, QColor], ...]:
@@ -152,7 +154,9 @@ def _axis_label_band_height(self) -> int:
         """Return reserved bottom height for the trace x-axis label."""
         metrics = QFontMetrics(self.font())
         return (
-            self._AXIS_LABEL_TOP_PADDING_PX + metrics.height() + self._AXIS_LABEL_BOTTOM_PADDING_PX
+            self._AXIS_LABEL_TOP_PADDING_PX
+            + metrics.height()
+            + self._AXIS_LABEL_BOTTOM_PADDING_PX
         )
 
     def _minimum_height_for_width(self, width: int) -> int:
@@ -251,13 +255,18 @@ def _draw_legend(self, painter: QPainter) -> None:
         y = baseline
         for label, color in self._legend_entries():
             item_width = self._legend_item_width(label)
-            if x > self._MARGIN_PX and x + item_width > self._MARGIN_PX + available_width:
+            if (
+                x > self._MARGIN_PX
+                and x + item_width > self._MARGIN_PX + available_width
+            ):
                 x = self._MARGIN_PX
                 y += self._LEGEND_ROW_HEIGHT_PX
             painter.setPen(QPen(color, 2))
             painter.drawLine(x, y - 4, x + 12, y - 4)
             painter.setPen(QPen(color, 1))
-            painter.drawText(x + self._LEGEND_LINE_PX + self._LEGEND_TEXT_GAP_PX, y, label)
+            painter.drawText(
+                x + self._LEGEND_LINE_PX + self._LEGEND_TEXT_GAP_PX, y, label
+            )
             x += item_width
 
     def _iteration_label_rect(self) -> QRect:
@@ -282,7 +291,9 @@ def _build_series(
         return {
             "score_m": _trace_series(samples, lambda sample: sample.score_m),
             "best_score_m": _trace_series(samples, lambda sample: sample.best_score_m),
-            "frequency_hz": _trace_series(samples, lambda sample: sample.parameters.frequency_hz),
+            "frequency_hz": _trace_series(
+                samples, lambda sample: sample.parameters.frequency_hz
+            ),
             "hip_rate_amplitude_rad_s": _trace_series(
                 samples, lambda sample: sample.parameters.hip_rate_amplitude_rad_s
             ),
@@ -292,7 +303,9 @@ def _build_series(
             "knee_rate_ratio": _trace_series(
                 samples, lambda sample: sample.parameters.knee_rate_ratio
             ),
-            "phase_rad": _trace_series(samples, lambda sample: sample.parameters.phase_rad),
+            "phase_rad": _trace_series(
+                samples, lambda sample: sample.parameters.phase_rad
+            ),
         }
 
 
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/session_state.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/session_state.py
index a9cd6f84d3..207878c5c2 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/session_state.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/session_state.py
@@ -42,7 +42,9 @@ def collect_slider_values(sidebar: ParameterSidebar) -> dict[str, float]:
     }
 
 
-def restore_slider_values(sidebar: ParameterSidebar, slider_values: dict[str, float]) -> None:
+def restore_slider_values(
+    sidebar: ParameterSidebar, slider_values: dict[str, float]
+) -> None:
     """Apply persisted slider values to the GUI sidebar."""
     slider_map = {
         "body_mass": sidebar.mass_slider,
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/vector_overlay.py b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/vector_overlay.py
index b7e459da18..074c1d775c 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/gui/vector_overlay.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/gui/vector_overlay.py
@@ -98,7 +98,9 @@ def auto_scale_factor(arrows: Sequence[ForceArrow], target_world_len: float) ->
     return target_world_len / largest
 
 
-def _draw_arrowhead(painter: QPainter, tail: QPointF, tip: QPointF, head_px: float) -> None:
+def _draw_arrowhead(
+    painter: QPainter, tail: QPointF, tip: QPointF, head_px: float
+) -> None:
     dx = tip.x() - tail.x()
     dy = tip.y() - tail.y()
     length = math.hypot(dx, dy)
@@ -219,6 +221,8 @@ def draw_overlay_scene(
     if scene.arrows:
         draw_force_arrows(painter, projector, scene.arrows, scale=arrow_scale)
     if scene.torque_arcs:
-        draw_torque_arcs(painter, projector, scene.torque_arcs, reference_nm=torque_reference_nm)
+        draw_torque_arcs(
+            painter, projector, scene.torque_arcs, reference_nm=torque_reference_nm
+        )
     if scene.com_markers:
         draw_com_markers(painter, projector, scene.com_markers)
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/import_results.py b/src/movement_optimizer/import_results.py
index 36b6cadf2a..7b18772733 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/import_results.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/import_results.py
@@ -49,12 +49,16 @@ def import_result_from_json(path: str | Path) -> dict:
         raise ValueError(f"Invalid JSON in result file {path}: {exc}") from exc
 
     if not isinstance(data, dict):
-        raise ValueError(f"Invalid result file: expected JSON object, got {type(data).__name__}")
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Invalid result file: expected JSON object, got {type(data).__name__}"
+        )
 
     version = data.get("format_version")
     if version is None:
         # Legacy file without version -- try to load with a warning.
-        logger.warning("Result file %s has no format_version; attempting legacy load", path)
+        logger.warning(
+            "Result file %s has no format_version; attempting legacy load", path
+        )
     elif version != EXPORT_FORMAT_VERSION:
         raise ValueError(
             f"Incompatible format_version '{version}' in {path}; expected '{EXPORT_FORMAT_VERSION}'"
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/models/__init__.py b/src/movement_optimizer/models/__init__.py
index 1d18fd6f1a..6aad8c4695 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/models/__init__.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/models/__init__.py
@@ -72,7 +72,9 @@
 from .swingset import cyclic_policy_controls as cyclic_policy_controls
 from .swingset import estimate_swingset_joint_torques as estimate_swingset_joint_torques
 from .swingset import optimize_cyclic_policy as optimize_cyclic_policy
-from .swingset import optimize_cyclic_policy_iterative as optimize_cyclic_policy_iterative
+from .swingset import (
+    optimize_cyclic_policy_iterative as optimize_cyclic_policy_iterative,
+)
 from .swingset import simulate_swingset as simulate_swingset
 from .swingset import simulate_swingset_controls as simulate_swingset_controls
 from .swingset_forces import SwingForceField as SwingForceField
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/models/bilateral_3d.py b/src/movement_optimizer/models/bilateral_3d.py
index 983d7c8d83..27bf73cb4a 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/models/bilateral_3d.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/models/bilateral_3d.py
@@ -180,7 +180,10 @@ def _sagittal_step(
         """
         # Performance optimization: Skip intermediate array allocation
         return np.array(
-            [origin_xz[0] + length * np.sin(angle), origin_xz[1] + length * np.cos(angle)]
+            [
+                origin_xz[0] + length * np.sin(angle),
+                origin_xz[1] + length * np.cos(angle),
+            ]
         )
 
     def forward_kinematics(self, pose: Bilateral3DPose) -> dict[str, NDArray]:
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/models/chain_dynamics.py b/src/movement_optimizer/models/chain_dynamics.py
index 49829c4929..1674a7bae8 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/models/chain_dynamics.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/models/chain_dynamics.py
@@ -195,7 +195,9 @@ def initial_catenary_angles(segment_count: int, sag_rad: float) -> FloatArray:
     return np.linspace(-sag_rad, sag_rad, segment_count, dtype=np.float64)
 
 
-def initial_tip_kick_velocities(segment_count: int, amplitude_rad_s: float) -> FloatArray:
+def initial_tip_kick_velocities(
+    segment_count: int, amplitude_rad_s: float
+) -> FloatArray:
     """Return a smooth initial angular-velocity profile concentrated at the tip.
 
     Preconditions:
@@ -231,8 +233,12 @@ def random_wadded_chain_state(
         raise ValueError("velocity_span_rad_s must be non-negative")
     rng = np.random.default_rng(seed)
     angles = rng.uniform(-angle_span_rad, angle_span_rad, config.segment_count)
-    velocities = rng.uniform(-velocity_span_rad_s, velocity_span_rad_s, config.segment_count)
-    return ChainState(angles.astype(np.float64), velocities.astype(np.float64)).validated(config)
+    velocities = rng.uniform(
+        -velocity_span_rad_s, velocity_span_rad_s, config.segment_count
+    )
+    return ChainState(
+        angles.astype(np.float64), velocities.astype(np.float64)
+    ).validated(config)
 
 
 def _angular_acceleration(
@@ -266,7 +272,11 @@ def _angular_acceleration(
     )
     bend_damping_torque = config.bend_damping * neighbor_velocity_sum
     return (
-        gravity_torque + damping_torque + coupling_torque + bend_damping_torque + torques
+        gravity_torque
+        + damping_torque
+        + coupling_torque
+        + bend_damping_torque
+        + torques
     ) / inertia
 
 
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/models/chain_forces.py b/src/movement_optimizer/models/chain_forces.py
index b4006a9d14..dca8cdde6f 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/models/chain_forces.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/models/chain_forces.py
@@ -60,7 +60,9 @@ class ChainForceHistory:
 
 def _gravity_vector(config: ChainConfig) -> FloatArray:
     """Per-link weight vector (points toward +y, the model's downward axis)."""
-    return np.asarray([0.0, config.link_mass_kg * config.gravity_m_s2], dtype=np.float64)
+    return np.asarray(
+        [0.0, config.link_mass_kg * config.gravity_m_s2], dtype=np.float64
+    )
 
 
 def _midpoint_velocities(config: ChainConfig, rollout: ChainRollout) -> FloatArray:
@@ -72,7 +74,9 @@ def _midpoint_velocities(config: ChainConfig, rollout: ChainRollout) -> FloatArr
     return np.stack(per_state)
 
 
-def link_accelerations(config: ChainConfig, rollout: ChainRollout, dt_s: float) -> FloatArray:
+def link_accelerations(
+    config: ChainConfig, rollout: ChainRollout, dt_s: float
+) -> FloatArray:
     """Return ``(T, N, 2)`` link-midpoint linear accelerations via finite difference.
 
     Preconditions:
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/models/lagrangian_balance.py b/src/movement_optimizer/models/lagrangian_balance.py
index 83ec2a36b1..b98133550a 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/models/lagrangian_balance.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/models/lagrangian_balance.py
@@ -111,7 +111,9 @@ def residual(angle: float) -> float:
     return q
 
 
-def _standing_balanced(dyn: _DynamicsWithBody, bar_mass: float, exercise_type: str) -> NDArray:
+def _standing_balanced(
+    dyn: _DynamicsWithBody, bar_mass: float, exercise_type: str
+) -> NDArray:
     """Find a near-standing pose with COM at inner BOS center.
 
     Adjusts shin angle (joint 0) to shift COM forward over mid-foot.
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/models/lagrangian_dynamics.py b/src/movement_optimizer/models/lagrangian_dynamics.py
index ec8706c4f0..77b3e12f3c 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/models/lagrangian_dynamics.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/models/lagrangian_dynamics.py
@@ -375,7 +375,9 @@ def _batch_gravity_torques(self, q: NDArray) -> NDArray:
             supine=self.supine,
         )
 
-    def _numpy_inverse_dynamics_batch(self, q: NDArray, qd: NDArray, qdd: NDArray) -> NDArray:
+    def _numpy_inverse_dynamics_batch(
+        self, q: NDArray, qd: NDArray, qdd: NDArray
+    ) -> NDArray:
         """NumPy fallback — delegates to :func:`lagrangian_batch.numpy_inverse_dynamics_batch`."""
         return numpy_inverse_dynamics_batch(
             q,
@@ -409,7 +411,9 @@ def inverse_dynamics_batch(self, q: NDArray, qd: NDArray, qdd: NDArray) -> NDArr
             Rust and NumPy paths have the same asymptotic complexity.
         """
         self._require_finite_batch_inputs(q, qd, qdd)
-        self._check_coriolis_slow_assumption(float(np.max(np.abs(qd))) if qd.size else 0.0)
+        self._check_coriolis_slow_assumption(
+            float(np.max(np.abs(qd))) if qd.size else 0.0
+        )
         try:
             from movement_optimizer_core import inverse_dynamics_batch_rs  # type: ignore[import-not-found]  # noqa: I001
 
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/models/lagrangian_kinematics.py b/src/movement_optimizer/models/lagrangian_kinematics.py
index 61dddab0d0..5ae315759c 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/models/lagrangian_kinematics.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/models/lagrangian_kinematics.py
@@ -131,14 +131,21 @@ def _numpy_com_x_batch(
         c3x = hip_x + d[2] * sq[:, 2]
 
         total_mass = b.body_mass + bar_mass
-        numerator = b.m_feet * b.foot_com_x + self.m[0] * c1x + self.m[1] * c2x + self.m[2] * c3x
+        numerator = (
+            b.m_feet * b.foot_com_x
+            + self.m[0] * c1x
+            + self.m[1] * c2x
+            + self.m[2] * c3x
+        )
 
         if exercise_type in ("squat", "full_squat"):
             if hasattr(b, "squat_bar_depth") and (
                 b.squat_bar_depth != 0.0 or b.squat_bar_height != 0.0
             ):
                 bar_x = (
-                    shoulder_x - b.squat_bar_height * sq[:, 2] - b.squat_bar_depth * np.cos(q[:, 2])
+                    shoulder_x
+                    - b.squat_bar_height * sq[:, 2]
+                    - b.squat_bar_depth * np.cos(q[:, 2])
                 )
             else:
                 bar_x = shoulder_x
@@ -269,8 +276,18 @@ def com_position(
 
         total_mass = b.body_mass + bar_mass
 
-        num_x = b.m_feet * b.foot_com_x + self.m[0] * c1_x + self.m[1] * c2_x + self.m[2] * c3_x
-        num_y = b.m_feet * b.foot_com_y + self.m[0] * c1_y + self.m[1] * c2_y + self.m[2] * c3_y
+        num_x = (
+            b.m_feet * b.foot_com_x
+            + self.m[0] * c1_x
+            + self.m[1] * c2_x
+            + self.m[2] * c3_x
+        )
+        num_y = (
+            b.m_feet * b.foot_com_y
+            + self.m[0] * c1_y
+            + self.m[1] * c2_y
+            + self.m[2] * c3_y
+        )
 
         if exercise_type in ("squat", "full_squat"):
             bar_pos = self.bar_position(q, exercise_type)
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/models/swingset.py b/src/movement_optimizer/models/swingset.py
index d2ca3ac2d2..5fdb506c77 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/models/swingset.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/models/swingset.py
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@
 
 FloatArray: TypeAlias = NDArray[np.float64]
 Policy: TypeAlias = Callable[["SwingSetState", float], "SwingControlAction"]
-ProgressCallback: TypeAlias = Callable[[int, int, float, "CyclicPolicyParameters"], None]
+ProgressCallback: TypeAlias = Callable[
+    [int, int, float, "CyclicPolicyParameters"], None
+]
 
 DEFAULT_CHAIN_SEGMENTS: Final[int] = 14
 DEFAULT_CHAIN_LENGTH_M: Final[float] = 2.4
@@ -309,8 +311,12 @@ class CyclicPolicySearchSpace:
 
     def __post_init__(self) -> None:
         _require_range("frequency_hz", self.frequency_hz_min, self.frequency_hz_max)
-        _require_range("hip_rate_rad_s", self.hip_rate_min_rad_s, self.hip_rate_max_rad_s)
-        _require_range("torso_rate_rad_s", self.torso_rate_min_rad_s, self.torso_rate_max_rad_s)
+        _require_range(
+            "hip_rate_rad_s", self.hip_rate_min_rad_s, self.hip_rate_max_rad_s
+        )
+        _require_range(
+            "torso_rate_rad_s", self.torso_rate_min_rad_s, self.torso_rate_max_rad_s
+        )
         _require_range("knee_ratio", self.knee_ratio_min, self.knee_ratio_max)
         for name, value in (
             ("frequency_samples", self.frequency_samples),
@@ -350,7 +356,9 @@ def __post_init__(self) -> None:
         if phase_lower < 0.0:
             raise ValueError("phase_rad_min must be non-negative")
         if phase_upper < phase_lower:
-            raise ValueError("phase_rad_max must be greater than or equal to phase_rad_min")
+            raise ValueError(
+                "phase_rad_max must be greater than or equal to phase_rad_min"
+            )
 
     def as_list(self) -> list[tuple[float, float]]:
         """Return bounds ordered to match the optimizer parameter vector."""
@@ -460,7 +468,11 @@ def _arm_elbow_point(
     forearm_length = config.forearm.length_m
     delta = hand - shoulder
     distance = float(np.linalg.norm(delta))
-    unit = delta / distance if distance > 1e-9 else np.asarray([0.0, 1.0], dtype=np.float64)
+    unit = (
+        delta / distance
+        if distance > 1e-9
+        else np.asarray([0.0, 1.0], dtype=np.float64)
+    )
     minimum_reach = abs(upper_length - forearm_length) + 1e-9
     maximum_reach = upper_length + forearm_length - 1e-9
     effective_distance = _clamp(distance, minimum_reach, maximum_reach)
@@ -489,7 +501,9 @@ def _elbow_offset_bias(elbow_bias_rad: float) -> float:
         ``elbow_bias_rad`` is finite.
     """
 
-    clamped = constrain_swing_pose(SwingPose(elbow_angle_rad=elbow_bias_rad)).elbow_angle_rad
+    clamped = constrain_swing_pose(
+        SwingPose(elbow_angle_rad=elbow_bias_rad)
+    ).elbow_angle_rad
     lower, upper = SWING_ELBOW_LIMITS_RAD
     span = upper - lower
     if span <= 0.0:
@@ -641,7 +655,9 @@ def _policy(_state: SwingSetState, time_s: float) -> SwingControlAction:
             torso_lean_rate_rad_s=-parameters.torso_rate_amplitude_rad_s * driver,
             hip_rate_rad_s=parameters.hip_rate_amplitude_rad_s * driver,
             knee_rate_rad_s=(
-                -parameters.knee_rate_ratio * parameters.hip_rate_amplitude_rad_s * driver
+                -parameters.knee_rate_ratio
+                * parameters.hip_rate_amplitude_rad_s
+                * driver
             ),
             shoulder_rate_rad_s=-0.1 * driver,
             elbow_rate_rad_s=0.12 * driver,
@@ -666,7 +682,9 @@ def cyclic_policy_controls(
         raise ValueError("steps must be at least 1")
     _require_positive("dt_s", dt_s)
     times = np.arange(steps, dtype=np.float64) * dt_s
-    driver = np.sin(2.0 * np.pi * parameters.frequency_hz * times + parameters.phase_rad)
+    driver = np.sin(
+        2.0 * np.pi * parameters.frequency_hz * times + parameters.phase_rad
+    )
     return np.column_stack(
         (
             -parameters.torso_rate_amplitude_rad_s * driver,
@@ -710,7 +728,9 @@ def simulate_swingset_controls(
         or control_array.shape[1] != CONTROL_DIMENSION
         or not np.all(np.isfinite(control_array))
     ):
-        raise ValueError("controls must have shape (N >= 1, 5) and contain finite values")
+        raise ValueError(
+            "controls must have shape (N >= 1, 5) and contain finite values"
+        )
     _require_positive("dt_s", dt_s)
     states = [replace(initial_state, pose=constrain_swing_pose(initial_state.pose))]
     snapshots = [build_swingset_snapshot(config, initial_state.pose)]
@@ -805,7 +825,9 @@ def optimize_cyclic_policy(
             best_params = parameters
             best_rollout = rollout
             best_score = score
-        if best_rollout is None:  # pragma: no cover - defensive guard for malformed searches.
+        if (
+            best_rollout is None
+        ):  # pragma: no cover - defensive guard for malformed searches.
             raise RuntimeError("Policy search did not evaluate a rollout")
         trace.append(
             CyclicPolicyTraceSample(
@@ -818,7 +840,9 @@ def optimize_cyclic_policy(
         )
         if progress_callback is not None:
             progress_callback(index, len(candidates), best_score, best_params)
-    if best_rollout is None:  # pragma: no cover - defensive guard for malformed searches.
+    if (
+        best_rollout is None
+    ):  # pragma: no cover - defensive guard for malformed searches.
         raise RuntimeError("Policy search did not evaluate a rollout")
     return CyclicPolicySearchResult(
         best_params,
@@ -830,7 +854,9 @@ def optimize_cyclic_policy(
     )
 
 
-def _params_from_vector(vector: FloatArray, bounds: CyclicPolicyBounds) -> CyclicPolicyParameters:
+def _params_from_vector(
+    vector: FloatArray, bounds: CyclicPolicyBounds
+) -> CyclicPolicyParameters:
     """Build clamped policy parameters from an optimizer vector.
 
     Clamping matters because the local-refinement stage (Nelder-Mead) is not
@@ -838,7 +864,8 @@ def _params_from_vector(vector: FloatArray, bounds: CyclicPolicyBounds) -> Cycli
     """
     limits = bounds.as_list()
     clamped = [
-        _clamp(float(value), low, high) for value, (low, high) in zip(vector, limits, strict=True)
+        _clamp(float(value), low, high)
+        for value, (low, high) in zip(vector, limits, strict=True)
     ]
     return CyclicPolicyParameters(
         frequency_hz=clamped[0],
@@ -963,7 +990,9 @@ def _objective(vector: FloatArray) -> float:
             options={"maxfev": budget - eval_count, "xatol": 1e-4, "fatol": 1e-6},
         )
 
-    if best_rollout is None or best_params is None:  # pragma: no cover - budget>=1 guarantees one.
+    if (
+        best_rollout is None or best_params is None
+    ):  # pragma: no cover - budget>=1 guarantees one.
         raise RuntimeError("Iterative policy search did not evaluate a rollout")
     return CyclicPolicySearchResult(
         best_params,
@@ -994,7 +1023,9 @@ def estimate_swingset_joint_torques(
         return np.zeros((0, CONTROL_DIMENSION), dtype=np.float64)
     inertias = _policy_joint_inertias(config)
     accelerations = (
-        np.gradient(controls, dt_s, axis=0) if controls.shape[0] > 1 else np.zeros_like(controls)
+        np.gradient(controls, dt_s, axis=0)
+        if controls.shape[0] > 1
+        else np.zeros_like(controls)
     )
     damping = 0.08 * inertias * controls
     return accelerations * inertias + damping
@@ -1004,12 +1035,14 @@ def _policy_joint_inertias(config: SwingSetConfig) -> FloatArray:
     torso = config.torso.mass_kg * config.torso.length_m**2 / 3.0
     hip = 2.0 * (
         config.thigh.mass_kg * config.thigh.length_m**2 / 3.0
-        + config.shank.mass_kg * (config.thigh.length_m + 0.5 * config.shank.length_m) ** 2
+        + config.shank.mass_kg
+        * (config.thigh.length_m + 0.5 * config.shank.length_m) ** 2
     )
     knee = 2.0 * config.shank.mass_kg * config.shank.length_m**2 / 3.0
     shoulder = 2.0 * (
         config.upper_arm.mass_kg * config.upper_arm.length_m**2 / 3.0
-        + config.forearm.mass_kg * (config.upper_arm.length_m + 0.5 * config.forearm.length_m) ** 2
+        + config.forearm.mass_kg
+        * (config.upper_arm.length_m + 0.5 * config.forearm.length_m) ** 2
     )
     elbow = 2.0 * config.forearm.mass_kg * config.forearm.length_m**2 / 3.0
     return np.asarray([torso, hip, knee, shoulder, elbow], dtype=np.float64)
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/models/swingset_forces.py b/src/movement_optimizer/models/swingset_forces.py
index 8a653352e1..ca3d4f9261 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/models/swingset_forces.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/models/swingset_forces.py
@@ -122,7 +122,9 @@ def swing_force_fields(
         torque_index = min(frame_index, torques.shape[0] - 1)
         chain_tension = mass * accelerations[frame_index] - gravity_vec
         joint_points = {
-            joint: np.asarray(snapshot.points[_JOINT_POINT_KEYS[joint]], dtype=np.float64)
+            joint: np.asarray(
+                snapshot.points[_JOINT_POINT_KEYS[joint]], dtype=np.float64
+            )
             for joint in SWING_POLICY_JOINT_NAMES
         }
         fields.append(
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/persistence.py b/src/movement_optimizer/persistence.py
index a785d728a0..9c82b07317 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/persistence.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/persistence.py
@@ -109,7 +109,9 @@ class InvalidStateFileError(ValueError):
 def _require_mapping(data: Any, context: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """Return ``data`` as a dict or raise with a descriptive context."""
     if not isinstance(data, dict):
-        raise InvalidStateFileError(f"{context}: expected JSON object, got {type(data).__name__}")
+        raise InvalidStateFileError(
+            f"{context}: expected JSON object, got {type(data).__name__}"
+        )
     return data
 
 
@@ -142,7 +144,9 @@ def _require_type(value: Any, expected: type | tuple[type, ...], field: str) ->
 def _require_range(value: float, bounds: tuple[float, float], field: str) -> None:
     low, high = bounds
     if not (low <= value <= high):
-        raise InvalidStateFileError(f"field '{field}': value {value} out of range [{low}, {high}]")
+        raise InvalidStateFileError(
+            f"field '{field}': value {value} out of range [{low}, {high}]"
+        )
 
 
 def _validate_schema_version(data: dict[str, Any], context: str) -> None:
@@ -185,7 +189,9 @@ def _validate_metadata_block(metadata: Any, context: str) -> None:
     }
     for key, expected in required_types.items():
         if key not in meta_dict:
-            raise InvalidStateFileError(f"{context}: missing required metadata key '{key}'")
+            raise InvalidStateFileError(
+                f"{context}: missing required metadata key '{key}'"
+            )
         # ``success`` is bool and must be checked separately to avoid the
         # numeric-bool guard in ``_require_type``.
         if expected is bool:
@@ -267,7 +273,9 @@ def _validate_app_state_schema(data: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
             )
         sub = _require_mapping(payload, f"results.{etype}")
         if "arrays" not in sub or "metadata" not in sub:
-            raise InvalidStateFileError(f"results.{etype}: must contain 'arrays' and 'metadata'")
+            raise InvalidStateFileError(
+                f"results.{etype}: must contain 'arrays' and 'metadata'"
+            )
         _validate_arrays_block(sub["arrays"], f"results.{etype}")
         _validate_metadata_block(sub["metadata"], f"results.{etype}")
 
@@ -398,7 +406,9 @@ def save_app_state(
         slider_values maps slider_name -> float value.
     """
     state_path = (
-        load_app_paths().state_file if state_dir is None else Path(state_dir) / "last_state.json"
+        load_app_paths().state_file
+        if state_dir is None
+        else Path(state_dir) / "last_state.json"
     )
     state_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
 
@@ -426,7 +436,9 @@ def load_app_state(*, state_dir: str | Path | None = None) -> dict[str, Any] | N
     state is incompatible rather than being silently discarded.
     """
     state_path = (
-        load_app_paths().state_file if state_dir is None else Path(state_dir) / "last_state.json"
+        load_app_paths().state_file
+        if state_dir is None
+        else Path(state_dir) / "last_state.json"
     )
 
     if not state_path.exists():
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/rendering.py b/src/movement_optimizer/rendering.py
index 54e752e25c..24904fda96 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/rendering.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/rendering.py
@@ -232,7 +232,9 @@ def draw_ghost(
     HEAD_RADIUS = 0.10  # metres
 
     @classmethod
-    def draw_segments(cls, ax: Axes, joints: dict[str, NDArray], body_height: float = 1.75) -> None:
+    def draw_segments(
+        cls, ax: Axes, joints: dict[str, NDArray], body_height: float = 1.75
+    ) -> None:
         pts = [joints["ankle"], joints["knee"], joints["hip"], joints["shoulder"]]
         for k in range(3):
             ax.plot(
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/result_analysis.py b/src/movement_optimizer/result_analysis.py
index da3d032b99..07eec3c1fd 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/result_analysis.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/result_analysis.py
@@ -79,7 +79,9 @@ def recommendations(self) -> list[str]:
         """Return result-driven recommendations for the exported report."""
         recommendations: list[str] = []
         if not self.result.success:
-            recommendations.append("Review optimization settings; the solver did not converge.")
+            recommendations.append(
+                "Review optimization settings; the solver did not converge."
+            )
         if self.result.n_joint_limit_violations > 0:
             recommendations.append(
                 "Review joint limits; the trajectory exceeded configured bounds."
@@ -95,10 +97,14 @@ def recommendations(self) -> list[str]:
         ]
         if high_torque_joints:
             joined = ", ".join(high_torque_joints)
-            recommendations.append(f"Review load selection; peak torque is high at: {joined}.")
+            recommendations.append(
+                f"Review load selection; peak torque is high at: {joined}."
+            )
 
         if not recommendations:
-            recommendations.append("No immediate issues detected in the exported result.")
+            recommendations.append(
+                "No immediate issues detected in the exported result."
+            )
         return recommendations
 
     def com_range_cm(self) -> float:
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/strength.py b/src/movement_optimizer/strength.py
index 54ba53e4fc..cc120407af 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/strength.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/strength.py
@@ -66,7 +66,9 @@ def torque_angle_factor(self, q: float | NDArray) -> NDArray:
             raise ValueError("q must not contain NaN values")
         return np.exp(-(((q_arr - self.q_optimal) / self.angle_width) ** 2))
 
-    def torque_velocity_factor(self, qd: float | NDArray, torque_sign: float = -1.0) -> NDArray:
+    def torque_velocity_factor(
+        self, qd: float | NDArray, torque_sign: float = -1.0
+    ) -> NDArray:
         """Hill-type force-velocity scaling factor.
 
         Branch selection is based on whether the muscle is shortening
@@ -97,7 +99,9 @@ def torque_velocity_factor(self, qd: float | NDArray, torque_sign: float = -1.0)
 
     def available_torque(self, q: float | NDArray, qd: float | NDArray) -> NDArray:
         """Maximum torque the joint can produce at given angle and velocity."""
-        return self.tau_max * self.torque_angle_factor(q) * self.torque_velocity_factor(qd)
+        return (
+            self.tau_max * self.torque_angle_factor(q) * self.torque_velocity_factor(qd)
+        )
 
 
 class JointTorqueSet:
@@ -152,10 +156,14 @@ def available_torques_batch(self, q: NDArray, qd: NDArray) -> NDArray:
         """Compute available torque at each joint for N poses."""
         result = np.empty((q.shape[0], len(self.joint_names)))
         for index, name in enumerate(self.joint_names):
-            result[:, index] = self._models[name].available_torque(q[:, index], qd[:, index])
+            result[:, index] = self._models[name].available_torque(
+                q[:, index], qd[:, index]
+            )
         return result
 
-    def torque_utilization(self, q: NDArray, qd: NDArray, required_torques: NDArray) -> NDArray:
+    def torque_utilization(
+        self, q: NDArray, qd: NDArray, required_torques: NDArray
+    ) -> NDArray:
         """Ratio of required torque to available torque."""
         available = self.available_torques_batch(q, qd)
         safe_available = np.maximum(available, 1e-10)
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_anim_renderer.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_anim_renderer.py
index 763d9723fc..1a62487761 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_anim_renderer.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_anim_renderer.py
@@ -91,7 +91,9 @@ def test_draw_anim_frame_deadlift(self, mock_ax, mock_dynamics, dummy_result, bo
         mock_ax.clear.assert_called_once()
         mock_ax.set_title.assert_called_once()
 
-    def test_draw_anim_frame_bench_press(self, mock_ax, mock_dynamics, dummy_result, body):
+    def test_draw_anim_frame_bench_press(
+        self, mock_ax, mock_dynamics, dummy_result, body
+    ):
         draw_anim_frame(
             mock_ax,
             5,
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_bench_press.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_bench_press.py
index 05b09d31d3..944e0e8065 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_bench_press.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_bench_press.py
@@ -78,17 +78,17 @@ def test_bench_start_is_lockout(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
         """q_start should have shoulder near 0 degrees (arms vertical/lockout)."""
         _dyn, qs, _qe, _qb, _q_via = make_bench_press_config(default_body, 60.0)
         shoulder_deg = np.degrees(qs[0])
-        assert abs(shoulder_deg) < 5, (
-            f"At lockout shoulder should be near 0 deg, got {shoulder_deg:.1f}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            abs(shoulder_deg) < 5
+        ), f"At lockout shoulder should be near 0 deg, got {shoulder_deg:.1f}"
 
     def test_bench_via_is_chest(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
         """q_via should have shoulder near 80 degrees (upper arm horizontal)."""
         _dyn, _qs, _qe, _qb, q_via = make_bench_press_config(default_body, 60.0)
         shoulder_deg = np.degrees(q_via[0])
-        assert 70 < shoulder_deg < 95, (
-            f"At chest touch shoulder should be ~80 deg, got {shoulder_deg:.1f}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            70 < shoulder_deg < 95
+        ), f"At chest touch shoulder should be ~80 deg, got {shoulder_deg:.1f}"
 
     def test_bench_full_rep(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
         """q_start should equal q_end (full rep returns to lockout)."""
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_benchmarks.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_benchmarks.py
index e5228e7105..ffa80171e3 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_benchmarks.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_benchmarks.py
@@ -73,8 +73,12 @@ def test_single_inverse_dynamics_speed(self, default_body: BodyModel):
         for _ in range(10):
             dyn.inverse_dynamics(q, qd, qdd)
 
-        per_call_ms = _measure_ms(lambda: dyn.inverse_dynamics(q, qd, qdd), iterations=1000)
-        assert per_call_ms < 2.0, f"Single ID call took {per_call_ms:.3f}ms median (limit: 2ms)"
+        per_call_ms = _measure_ms(
+            lambda: dyn.inverse_dynamics(q, qd, qdd), iterations=1000
+        )
+        assert (
+            per_call_ms < 2.0
+        ), f"Single ID call took {per_call_ms:.3f}ms median (limit: 2ms)"
 
     def test_batch_inverse_dynamics_speed(self, default_body: BodyModel):
         """Batch inverse dynamics (100 timesteps) should complete in < 50ms (median).
@@ -94,8 +98,12 @@ def test_batch_inverse_dynamics_speed(self, default_body: BodyModel):
         for _ in range(5):
             dyn.inverse_dynamics_batch(q, qd, qdd)
 
-        per_call_ms = _measure_ms(lambda: dyn.inverse_dynamics_batch(q, qd, qdd), iterations=100)
-        assert per_call_ms < 50.0, f"Batch ID (N=100) took {per_call_ms:.3f}ms median (limit: 50ms)"
+        per_call_ms = _measure_ms(
+            lambda: dyn.inverse_dynamics_batch(q, qd, qdd), iterations=100
+        )
+        assert (
+            per_call_ms < 50.0
+        ), f"Batch ID (N=100) took {per_call_ms:.3f}ms median (limit: 50ms)"
 
 
 class TestMassMatrixBenchmark:
@@ -109,7 +117,9 @@ def test_mass_matrix_speed(self, default_body: BodyModel):
             dyn.mass_matrix(q)
 
         per_call_ms = _measure_ms(lambda: dyn.mass_matrix(q), iterations=1000)
-        assert per_call_ms < 1.0, f"Mass matrix took {per_call_ms:.3f}ms median (limit: 1ms)"
+        assert (
+            per_call_ms < 1.0
+        ), f"Mass matrix took {per_call_ms:.3f}ms median (limit: 1ms)"
 
 
 class TestForwardKinematicsBenchmark:
@@ -134,7 +144,9 @@ def test_body_model_construction_speed(self):
             BodyModel(75.0, 1.75)
 
         per_call_ms = _measure_ms(lambda: BodyModel(75.0, 1.75), iterations=1000)
-        assert per_call_ms < 2.0, f"BodyModel init took {per_call_ms:.3f}ms median (limit: 2ms)"
+        assert (
+            per_call_ms < 2.0
+        ), f"BodyModel init took {per_call_ms:.3f}ms median (limit: 2ms)"
 
 
 # ===========================================================================
@@ -207,9 +219,13 @@ def test_batch_id_typical_grid_under_budget(self, default_body: BodyModel):
         for _ in range(5):
             dyn.inverse_dynamics_batch(q, qd, qdd)
 
-        per_call_ms = _measure_ms(lambda: dyn.inverse_dynamics_batch(q, qd, qdd), iterations=200)
+        per_call_ms = _measure_ms(
+            lambda: dyn.inverse_dynamics_batch(q, qd, qdd), iterations=200
+        )
         logger.info("batch ID (N=%d) median %.4f ms", n, per_call_ms)
-        assert per_call_ms < 25.0, f"Batch ID (N={n}) took {per_call_ms:.3f}ms median (limit: 25ms)"
+        assert (
+            per_call_ms < 25.0
+        ), f"Batch ID (N={n}) took {per_call_ms:.3f}ms median (limit: 25ms)"
 
     def test_batch_id_scales_subquadratic(self, default_body: BodyModel):
         """Doubling N should not multiply batch-ID time by more than 4x.
@@ -226,7 +242,9 @@ def time_batch(n: int) -> float:
             qdd = rng.uniform(-5.0, 5.0, (n, 3))
             for _ in range(5):
                 dyn.inverse_dynamics_batch(q, qd, qdd)
-            return _measure_ms(lambda: dyn.inverse_dynamics_batch(q, qd, qdd), iterations=200)
+            return _measure_ms(
+                lambda: dyn.inverse_dynamics_batch(q, qd, qdd), iterations=200
+            )
 
         t_small = time_batch(50)
         t_large = time_batch(200)
@@ -257,7 +275,9 @@ def test_compute_cost_under_budget(self, default_body: BodyModel):
 
         per_call_ms = _measure_ms(lambda: opt._compute_cost(x0), iterations=200)
         logger.info("_compute_cost (n_eval=20) median %.4f ms", per_call_ms)
-        assert per_call_ms < 5.0, f"_compute_cost took {per_call_ms:.3f}ms median (limit: 5ms)"
+        assert (
+            per_call_ms < 5.0
+        ), f"_compute_cost took {per_call_ms:.3f}ms median (limit: 5ms)"
 
 
 class TestEndToEndOptimizer:
@@ -274,7 +294,9 @@ def test_small_problem_under_10s(self, default_body: BodyModel):
         opt = _make_squat_optimizer(default_body, n_eval=20, n_starts=2)
         elapsed = _best_of(lambda: opt.optimize(), trials=2)
         logger.info("end-to-end optimize (n_eval=20, n_starts=2) %.3f s", elapsed)
-        assert elapsed < 10.0, f"Optimizer took {elapsed:.2f}s for a small problem (limit: 10s)"
+        assert (
+            elapsed < 10.0
+        ), f"Optimizer took {elapsed:.2f}s for a small problem (limit: 10s)"
 
 
 class TestOptimizerScaling:
@@ -303,7 +325,9 @@ def run_at(n_eval: int) -> float:
 
         t_small = run_at(10)
         t_large = run_at(20)
-        logger.info("optimizer scaling: n_eval=10 %.3fs, n_eval=20 %.3fs", t_small, t_large)
+        logger.info(
+            "optimizer scaling: n_eval=10 %.3fs, n_eval=20 %.3fs", t_small, t_large
+        )
         # Floor plus absolute cap prevent division blow-up when both runs are
         # very fast (sub-second) and scheduler noise dominates the ratio.
         baseline = max(t_small, 0.05)
@@ -346,7 +370,9 @@ def test_cache_hit_much_faster_than_miss(self, default_body: BodyModel):
         )
         per_hit_s = per_hit_ms / 1000.0
         ratio = t_miss / per_hit_s if per_hit_s > 0 else float("inf")
-        logger.info("cache miss %.4fs vs hit %.6fs (ratio %.0fx)", t_miss, per_hit_s, ratio)
+        logger.info(
+            "cache miss %.4fs vs hit %.6fs (ratio %.0fx)", t_miss, per_hit_s, ratio
+        )
 
         # Absolute upper bound on a single hit lookup so we catch the case
         # where a hit becomes unexpectedly expensive (e.g. deep copy added
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_bilateral_3d.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_bilateral_3d.py
index 6c6be4aec5..20332f462d 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_bilateral_3d.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_bilateral_3d.py
@@ -63,7 +63,9 @@ def test_t_pose_ankles_on_ground(self, model: Bilateral3DModel) -> None:
         assert fk["left_ankle"][2] == pytest.approx(0.0)
         assert fk["right_ankle"][2] == pytest.approx(0.0)
 
-    def test_t_pose_shoulder_height_equals_sum_of_segments(self, model: Bilateral3DModel) -> None:
+    def test_t_pose_shoulder_height_equals_sum_of_segments(
+        self, model: Bilateral3DModel
+    ) -> None:
         fk = model.forward_kinematics(model.t_pose())
         expected_height = model.L_shin + model.L_thigh + model.L_torso
         assert fk["shoulder"][2] == pytest.approx(expected_height)
@@ -85,7 +87,9 @@ def test_t_pose_pelvis_midway(self, model: Bilateral3DModel) -> None:
 class TestKneeFlexion:
     """Flexing only the knee should produce a known-position check."""
 
-    def test_90deg_knee_flex_drops_hip_by_thigh_length(self, model: Bilateral3DModel) -> None:
+    def test_90deg_knee_flex_drops_hip_by_thigh_length(
+        self, model: Bilateral3DModel
+    ) -> None:
         # Flex the left knee 90deg forward: ankle stays, shin stays vertical,
         # thigh now horizontal (pointing +x).  So left_hip should be at
         # (L_thigh, +half_w, L_shin) -- the thigh rotated from "up" to "forward".
@@ -101,7 +105,9 @@ def test_90deg_knee_flex_drops_hip_by_thigh_length(self, model: Bilateral3DModel
         np.testing.assert_allclose(fk["left_hip"], expected, atol=1e-10)
 
         # Right hip untouched
-        expected_right = np.array([0.0, -0.5 * model.stance_width_m, model.L_shin + model.L_thigh])
+        expected_right = np.array(
+            [0.0, -0.5 * model.stance_width_m, model.L_shin + model.L_thigh]
+        )
         np.testing.assert_allclose(fk["right_hip"], expected_right, atol=1e-10)
 
 
@@ -142,13 +148,17 @@ def xz(p3: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
 
 
 class TestInputValidation:
-    def test_forward_kinematics_rejects_raw_tuple(self, model: Bilateral3DModel) -> None:
+    def test_forward_kinematics_rejects_raw_tuple(
+        self, model: Bilateral3DModel
+    ) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="Bilateral3DPose"):
             model.forward_kinematics((0.0, 0.0, 0.0))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
 
 class TestSegmentPairs:
-    def test_segment_pairs_reference_valid_joints(self, model: Bilateral3DModel) -> None:
+    def test_segment_pairs_reference_valid_joints(
+        self, model: Bilateral3DModel
+    ) -> None:
         fk = model.forward_kinematics(model.t_pose())
         for a, b in model.segment_pairs():
             assert a in fk, f"unknown joint {a}"
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_chain_forces.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_chain_forces.py
index 13eeacd87d..cdaed04cf4 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_chain_forces.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_chain_forces.py
@@ -82,7 +82,12 @@ def test_chain_force_field_shapes_and_gravity() -> None:
     config, rollout = _make_rollout()
     field = chain_force_field(config, rollout, _DT, frame_index=2)
     assert isinstance(field, ChainForceField)
-    for array in (field.midpoints_m, field.gravity_n, field.tension_n, field.net_force_n):
+    for array in (
+        field.midpoints_m,
+        field.gravity_n,
+        field.tension_n,
+        field.net_force_n,
+    ):
         assert array.shape == (_SEGMENTS, 2)
         assert np.all(np.isfinite(array))
     expected = config.link_mass_kg * config.gravity_m_s2
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_cli.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_cli.py
index f28bf66eb1..802601b5a6 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_cli.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_cli.py
@@ -139,7 +139,9 @@ def optimize(self):
 
 
 class TestMain:
-    def test_main_writes_output_file(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path):
+    def test_main_writes_output_file(
+        self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path: Path
+    ):
         result = make_test_result(cost=12.3)
         _FakeOptimizer.init_calls = []
         _FakeOptimizer.next_result = result
@@ -150,7 +152,9 @@ def test_main_writes_output_file(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path
             np.ones(3),
             np.zeros((3, 2)),
         )
-        monkeypatch.setitem(cli.EXERCISE_FACTORIES, "squat", lambda body, bar_mass: fake_config)
+        monkeypatch.setitem(
+            cli.EXERCISE_FACTORIES, "squat", lambda body, bar_mass: fake_config
+        )
         monkeypatch.setattr(cli, "TrajectoryOptimizer", _FakeOptimizer)
 
         output_path = tmp_path / "result.json"
@@ -164,7 +168,9 @@ def test_main_writes_output_file(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch, tmp_path
         assert _FakeOptimizer.init_calls[-1]["kwargs"]["duration"] == 2.0
         assert _FakeOptimizer.init_calls[-1]["kwargs"]["q_via"] is None
 
-    def test_main_emits_summary_for_multiphase_lift(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch):
+    def test_main_emits_summary_for_multiphase_lift(
+        self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch
+    ):
         result = make_test_result(cost=7.5)
         result.success = False
         _FakeOptimizer.init_calls = []
@@ -180,9 +186,13 @@ def test_main_emits_summary_for_multiphase_lift(self, monkeypatch: pytest.Monkey
         )
         emitted: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
 
-        monkeypatch.setitem(cli.EXERCISE_FACTORIES, "clean", lambda body, bar_mass: fake_config)
+        monkeypatch.setitem(
+            cli.EXERCISE_FACTORIES, "clean", lambda body, bar_mass: fake_config
+        )
         monkeypatch.setattr(cli, "TrajectoryOptimizer", _FakeOptimizer)
-        monkeypatch.setattr(cli, "_emit_cli_summary", lambda summary: emitted.append(summary))
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            cli, "_emit_cli_summary", lambda summary: emitted.append(summary)
+        )
 
         exit_code = cli.main(["--exercise", "clean", "--duration", "1.0", "--verbose"])
 
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_edge_cases.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_edge_cases.py
index 3ececa19ad..e6d8794ec6 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_edge_cases.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_edge_cases.py
@@ -92,12 +92,12 @@ def _assert_result_finite(result: OptimizationResult, n_eval: int) -> None:
 def _assert_inner_bos(result: OptimizationResult, body: BodyModel) -> None:
     """COM must respect the inner-BOS hard constraint (with loose slack)."""
     com_x = result.com[:, 0]
-    assert np.all(com_x >= body.inner_heel - _BOS_TOL_M), (
-        f"COM below inner_heel: min={com_x.min():.4f}, bound={body.inner_heel:.4f}"
-    )
-    assert np.all(com_x <= body.inner_toe + _BOS_TOL_M), (
-        f"COM above inner_toe: max={com_x.max():.4f}, bound={body.inner_toe:.4f}"
-    )
+    assert np.all(
+        com_x >= body.inner_heel - _BOS_TOL_M
+    ), f"COM below inner_heel: min={com_x.min():.4f}, bound={body.inner_heel:.4f}"
+    assert np.all(
+        com_x <= body.inner_toe + _BOS_TOL_M
+    ), f"COM above inner_toe: max={com_x.max():.4f}, bound={body.inner_toe:.4f}"
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -248,9 +248,9 @@ def test_identical_start_and_end_angles(self) -> None:
         _assert_result_finite(result, opt.n_eval)
         # Each joint should travel less than ~3 degrees from the constant pose.
         max_travel_rad = float(np.max(np.abs(result.q - qs)))
-        assert max_travel_rad < np.radians(15.0), (
-            f"Zero-ROM trajectory drifted {np.degrees(max_travel_rad):.2f} deg"
-        )
+        assert max_travel_rad < np.radians(
+            15.0
+        ), f"Zero-ROM trajectory drifted {np.degrees(max_travel_rad):.2f} deg"
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -267,7 +267,9 @@ def test_single_start(self) -> None:
         _assert_result_finite(result, opt.n_eval)
         assert result.success
 
-    @pytest.mark.xfail(reason="SLSQP multistart convergence is unstable on some platforms")
+    @pytest.mark.xfail(
+        reason="SLSQP multistart convergence is unstable on some platforms"
+    )
     def test_many_multistarts(self) -> None:
         """A larger n_starts exercises the parallel path and must succeed."""
         body = BodyModel(75.0, 1.75)
@@ -335,7 +337,16 @@ def test_too_few_waypoints_raises(self) -> None:
         dyn, qs, qe, qb = make_squat_config(body, 60.0)
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match=r">= 4 waypoints"):
             TrajectoryOptimizer(
-                body, dyn, "squat", 60.0, qs, qe, qb, n_waypoints=3, n_eval=20, n_starts=1
+                body,
+                dyn,
+                "squat",
+                60.0,
+                qs,
+                qe,
+                qb,
+                n_waypoints=3,
+                n_eval=20,
+                n_starts=1,
             )
 
     def test_minimum_waypoints_accepted(self) -> None:
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_exercise_tab.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_exercise_tab.py
index 1416f607ea..07fc426e4a 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_exercise_tab.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_exercise_tab.py
@@ -239,7 +239,9 @@ def test_draw_anim_frame_passes_tab_name(self, mock_anim_renderer) -> None:
         assert "Deadlift" in call_args
 
     @patch("movement_optimizer.gui.exercise_tab.anim_renderer")
-    def test_draw_anim_frame_passes_correct_frame_index(self, mock_anim_renderer) -> None:
+    def test_draw_anim_frame_passes_correct_frame_index(
+        self, mock_anim_renderer
+    ) -> None:
         from movement_optimizer.gui.exercise_tab import ExerciseTab
 
         tab = ExerciseTab("Squat")
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_exercises.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_exercises.py
index 864f1ea5b7..6a0842d0ca 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_exercises.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_exercises.py
@@ -85,7 +85,9 @@ def test_jerk_start_at_rack(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
     def test_jerk_end_overhead(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
         dyn, _qs, qe, _qb, _q_via = make_jerk_config(default_body, 60.0)
         # End: torso near vertical (bar overhead)
-        assert abs(qe[2]) < np.radians(10), "Jerk end: torso must be near vertical (overhead)"
+        assert abs(qe[2]) < np.radians(
+            10
+        ), "Jerk end: torso must be near vertical (overhead)"
         # Shoulder should be near standing height (overhead lockout)
         fk = dyn.forward_kinematics(qe)
         shoulder_h = fk["shoulder"][1]
@@ -115,11 +117,15 @@ def test_snatch_start_near_floor(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
     def test_snatch_end_overhead(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
         dyn, _qs, qe, _qb, _q_via = make_snatch_config(default_body, 60.0)
         # End: torso near vertical (bar overhead)
-        assert abs(qe[2]) < np.radians(10), "Snatch end: torso must be near vertical (overhead)"
+        assert abs(qe[2]) < np.radians(
+            10
+        ), "Snatch end: torso must be near vertical (overhead)"
         fk = dyn.forward_kinematics(qe)
         shoulder_h = fk["shoulder"][1]
         total_h = default_body.L.sum()
-        assert shoulder_h > total_h * 0.90, "Snatch end: shoulder must be high (overhead)"
+        assert (
+            shoulder_h > total_h * 0.90
+        ), "Snatch end: shoulder must be high (overhead)"
 
     def test_snatch_has_via_points(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
         _dyn, _qs, _qe, _qb, q_via = make_snatch_config(default_body, 60.0)
@@ -131,7 +137,9 @@ def test_snatch_via_is_overhead_squat(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
         assert q_via[1] < np.radians(-60), "Snatch via: should be deep squat"
         # Torso relatively upright for overhead position
         # balance_pose may adjust the torso angle to maintain COM balance
-        assert abs(q_via[2]) < np.radians(80), "Snatch via: torso should be reasonably upright"
+        assert abs(q_via[2]) < np.radians(
+            80
+        ), "Snatch via: torso should be reasonably upright"
 
 
 # ------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -179,7 +187,9 @@ def test_bench_no_com_constraint(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
             n_waypoints=8,
         )
         constraints = opt._build_constraints()
-        assert len(constraints) == 1, "Bench press should keep only the joint-limit constraint"
+        assert (
+            len(constraints) == 1
+        ), "Bench press should keep only the joint-limit constraint"
         assert constraints[0]["fun"] is joint_limit_constraint_values
 
 
@@ -208,8 +218,12 @@ def _check_com_in_inner_bos(
 
     def test_clean_endpoints_balanced(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
         dyn, qs, qe, _qb, _q_via = make_clean_config(default_body, 60.0)
-        self._check_com_in_inner_bos(default_body, dyn, qs, "deadlift", 60.0, "clean start")
-        self._check_com_in_inner_bos(default_body, dyn, qe, "deadlift", 60.0, "clean end")
+        self._check_com_in_inner_bos(
+            default_body, dyn, qs, "deadlift", 60.0, "clean start"
+        )
+        self._check_com_in_inner_bos(
+            default_body, dyn, qe, "deadlift", 60.0, "clean end"
+        )
 
     def test_jerk_endpoints_balanced(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
         dyn, qs, qe, _qb, _q_via = make_jerk_config(default_body, 60.0)
@@ -218,5 +232,7 @@ def test_jerk_endpoints_balanced(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
 
     def test_snatch_endpoints_balanced(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
         dyn, qs, qe, _qb, _q_via = make_snatch_config(default_body, 60.0)
-        self._check_com_in_inner_bos(default_body, dyn, qs, "deadlift", 60.0, "snatch start")
+        self._check_com_in_inner_bos(
+            default_body, dyn, qs, "deadlift", 60.0, "snatch start"
+        )
         self._check_com_in_inner_bos(default_body, dyn, qe, "squat", 60.0, "snatch end")
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_export.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_export.py
index f3869d3793..00b44d35c6 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_export.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_export.py
@@ -257,7 +257,9 @@ def test_summary_contains_torque_statistics(self, tmp_path):
         export_to_excel(r, str(path))
         wb = openpyxl.load_workbook(str(path))
         ws = wb["Summary"]
-        all_values = [str(cell.value) for row in ws.iter_rows() for cell in row if cell.value]
+        all_values = [
+            str(cell.value) for row in ws.iter_rows() for cell in row if cell.value
+        ]
         assert any("Peak" in v for v in all_values)
 
     def test_statistics_sheet_contains_recommendations(self, tmp_path):
@@ -270,7 +272,9 @@ def test_statistics_sheet_contains_recommendations(self, tmp_path):
         export_to_excel(r, str(path))
         wb = openpyxl.load_workbook(str(path))
         ws = wb["Statistics"]
-        all_values = [str(cell.value) for row in ws.iter_rows() for cell in row if cell.value]
+        all_values = [
+            str(cell.value) for row in ws.iter_rows() for cell in row if cell.value
+        ]
         assert "Recommendations" in all_values
 
     def test_raises_on_none_result(self, tmp_path):
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_export_excel.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_export_excel.py
index 6f078ecf9e..64c5d9eb8b 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_export_excel.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_export_excel.py
@@ -36,7 +36,9 @@ def test_summary_sheet_has_non_empty_data(self, tmp_path):
         wb = openpyxl.load_workbook(str(path))
         ws = wb["Summary"]
         non_empty_rows = [
-            row for row in ws.iter_rows(values_only=True) if any(v is not None for v in row)
+            row
+            for row in ws.iter_rows(values_only=True)
+            if any(v is not None for v in row)
         ]
         assert len(non_empty_rows) > 0
 
@@ -92,7 +94,11 @@ def test_optional_metadata_written_to_summary(self, tmp_path):
         path = tmp_path / "meta.xlsx"
 
         export_to_excel(
-            result, path, exercise_name="Deadlift", body_mass_kg=80.0, body_height_m=1.82
+            result,
+            path,
+            exercise_name="Deadlift",
+            body_mass_kg=80.0,
+            body_height_m=1.82,
         )
 
         wb = openpyxl.load_workbook(str(path))
@@ -111,7 +117,9 @@ def test_statistics_sheet_contains_required_metrics(self, tmp_path):
 
         wb = openpyxl.load_workbook(str(path))
         ws = wb["Statistics"]
-        values = [cell for row in ws.iter_rows(values_only=True) for cell in row if cell]
+        values = [
+            cell for row in ws.iter_rows(values_only=True) for cell in row if cell
+        ]
         assert "Mean (N*m)" in values
         assert "Std dev (N*m)" in values
         assert "Min (N*m)" in values
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_gait_sts.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_gait_sts.py
index 80ac6e244c..80706f0e6b 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_gait_sts.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_gait_sts.py
@@ -73,7 +73,9 @@ def test_spatiotemporal_basic(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
         assert result["walking_speed_m_s"] == pytest.approx(0.7, rel=1e-6)
         assert result["cycle_duration_s"] == pytest.approx(1.0, rel=1e-6)
         assert 0.0 < result["stance_phase_pct"] < 100.0
-        assert result["stance_phase_pct"] + result["swing_phase_pct"] == pytest.approx(100.0)
+        assert result["stance_phase_pct"] + result["swing_phase_pct"] == pytest.approx(
+            100.0
+        )
 
     def test_symmetry_index_identical(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
         analyzer = GaitAnalyzer(default_body)
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_help_dialog.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_help_dialog.py
index c96cde95c7..c86ecbd842 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_help_dialog.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_help_dialog.py
@@ -16,9 +16,13 @@ def test_help_center_exposes_required_offline_topics(qapp) -> None:
 
     assert len(HELP_TOPICS) >= 5
     assert dialog.tabs.count() >= 5
-    assert {"getting_started", "parameters", "results", "troubleshooting", "glossary"} <= set(
-        HELP_TOPICS
-    )
+    assert {
+        "getting_started",
+        "parameters",
+        "results",
+        "troubleshooting",
+        "glossary",
+    } <= set(HELP_TOPICS)
 
 
 def test_help_center_can_select_each_topic(qapp) -> None:
@@ -34,10 +38,15 @@ def test_help_center_contains_glossary_terms(qapp) -> None:
 
     assert len(GLOSSARY) >= 7
     assert {"COM", "BOS", "Torque", "ROM"} <= set(GLOSSARY)
-    assert dialog.tabs.tabText(dialog.tabs.currentIndex()) == HELP_TOPICS["glossary"].title
+    assert (
+        dialog.tabs.tabText(dialog.tabs.currentIndex()) == HELP_TOPICS["glossary"].title
+    )
 
 
 def test_parameter_help_dialog_opens_parameter_topic(qapp) -> None:
     dialog = ParameterHelpDialog()
 
-    assert dialog.tabs.tabText(dialog.tabs.currentIndex()) == HELP_TOPICS["parameters"].title
+    assert (
+        dialog.tabs.tabText(dialog.tabs.currentIndex())
+        == HELP_TOPICS["parameters"].title
+    )
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_hypothesis.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_hypothesis.py
index 166cac0cbd..a71413bfdc 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_hypothesis.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_hypothesis.py
@@ -24,7 +24,9 @@
     build_splines,
     eval_trajectory,
 )
-from movement_optimizer.trajectory.optimizer_constraints import joint_limit_constraint_values
+from movement_optimizer.trajectory.optimizer_constraints import (
+    joint_limit_constraint_values,
+)
 from movement_optimizer.trajectory.optimizer_cost import (
     compute_torque_cost,
     compute_torque_rate_cost,
@@ -86,7 +88,9 @@ def test_body_model_rejects_nonpositive_mass(self, body_mass: float):
         to=st.floats(min_value=0.5, max_value=2.0),
     )
     @settings(max_examples=100)
-    def test_segment_multipliers_preserve_proportionality(self, ll: float, ul: float, to: float):
+    def test_segment_multipliers_preserve_proportionality(
+        self, ll: float, ul: float, to: float
+    ):
         """Segment lengths should scale linearly with multipliers."""
         base = BodyModel(75.0, 1.75)
         scaled = BodyModel(
@@ -222,7 +226,9 @@ def test_constant_in_bounds_spline_satisfies_joint_constraints(
         def build_splines_fn(flat_x: np.ndarray):
             return build_splines(flat_x, q, q, None, t_ctrl, n_waypoints, 3)
 
-        constraints = joint_limit_constraint_values(x, build_splines_fn, t_eval, q_bounds)
+        constraints = joint_limit_constraint_values(
+            x, build_splines_fn, t_eval, q_bounds
+        )
 
         assert constraints.shape == (2 * len(t_eval) * 3,)
         assert np.all(constraints >= -1e-10)
@@ -231,12 +237,18 @@ def build_splines_fn(flat_x: np.ndarray):
 class TestOptimizationCostProperties:
     @given(
         values=st.lists(
-            st.floats(min_value=-200.0, max_value=200.0, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False),
+            st.floats(
+                min_value=-200.0, max_value=200.0, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False
+            ),
             min_size=6,
             max_size=30,
         ),
-        dt=st.floats(min_value=0.01, max_value=1.0, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False),
-        scale=st.floats(min_value=0.0, max_value=5.0, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False),
+        dt=st.floats(
+            min_value=0.01, max_value=1.0, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False
+        ),
+        scale=st.floats(
+            min_value=0.0, max_value=5.0, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False
+        ),
     )
     @settings(max_examples=75)
     def test_torque_cost_scales_quadratically(
@@ -252,17 +264,29 @@ def test_torque_cost_scales_quadratically(
         base_cost = compute_torque_cost(torques, dt)
         scaled_cost = compute_torque_cost(scale * torques, dt)
 
-        np.testing.assert_allclose(scaled_cost, scale**2 * base_cost, rtol=1e-12, atol=1e-9)
+        np.testing.assert_allclose(
+            scaled_cost, scale**2 * base_cost, rtol=1e-12, atol=1e-9
+        )
 
     @given(
         row=st.tuples(
-            st.floats(min_value=-200.0, max_value=200.0, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False),
-            st.floats(min_value=-200.0, max_value=200.0, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False),
-            st.floats(min_value=-200.0, max_value=200.0, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False),
+            st.floats(
+                min_value=-200.0, max_value=200.0, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False
+            ),
+            st.floats(
+                min_value=-200.0, max_value=200.0, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False
+            ),
+            st.floats(
+                min_value=-200.0, max_value=200.0, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False
+            ),
         ),
         n_eval=st.integers(min_value=2, max_value=20),
-        dt=st.floats(min_value=0.01, max_value=1.0, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False),
-        weight=st.floats(min_value=0.0, max_value=10.0, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False),
+        dt=st.floats(
+            min_value=0.01, max_value=1.0, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False
+        ),
+        weight=st.floats(
+            min_value=0.0, max_value=10.0, allow_nan=False, allow_infinity=False
+        ),
     )
     @settings(max_examples=75)
     def test_torque_rate_cost_zero_for_constant_torque(
@@ -320,7 +344,9 @@ class TestTrajectoryOptimizerProperties:
         bar_mass=st.floats(min_value=0.0, max_value=200.0),
     )
     @settings(max_examples=50)
-    def test_optimizer_produces_finite_cost(self, body_mass: float, height: float, bar_mass: float):
+    def test_optimizer_produces_finite_cost(
+        self, body_mass: float, height: float, bar_mass: float
+    ):
         """Optimizer should always produce a finite cost for valid inputs."""
         from movement_optimizer.models.exercise_configs import make_squat_config
         from movement_optimizer.trajectory import TrajectoryOptimizer
@@ -350,7 +376,9 @@ def test_optimizer_produces_finite_cost(self, body_mass: float, height: float, b
         q2=st.floats(min_value=-1.0, max_value=1.0),
     )
     @settings(max_examples=50)
-    def test_cost_at_start_equals_end_for_static_pose(self, q0: float, q1: float, q2: float):
+    def test_cost_at_start_equals_end_for_static_pose(
+        self, q0: float, q1: float, q2: float
+    ):
         """Cost should be consistent for static start/end poses."""
         from movement_optimizer.models.exercise_configs import make_squat_config
         from movement_optimizer.trajectory import TrajectoryOptimizer
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_import.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_import.py
index ffcdad7138..c6470a10c4 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_import.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_import.py
@@ -62,7 +62,9 @@ def test_legacy_file_without_format_version_emits_warning(self, tmp_path, caplog
         path = tmp_path / "legacy.json"
         path.write_text(json.dumps(data), encoding="utf-8")
 
-        with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING, logger="movement_optimizer.import_results"):
+        with caplog.at_level(
+            logging.WARNING, logger="movement_optimizer.import_results"
+        ):
             result = import_result_from_json(path)
 
         assert result["cost"] == 99.0
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_install_nightly_system_deps.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_install_nightly_system_deps.py
index 56663837d2..c862abf9f0 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_install_nightly_system_deps.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_install_nightly_system_deps.py
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ def _completed_process(
     stdout: str = "",
     stderr: str = "",
 ) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[str]:
-    return subprocess.CompletedProcess(command, returncode, stdout=stdout, stderr=stderr)
+    return subprocess.CompletedProcess(
+        command, returncode, stdout=stdout, stderr=stderr
+    )
 
 
 def test_run_with_lock_retries_retries_until_dpkg_lock_clears() -> None:
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_issue_217_decompose.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_issue_217_decompose.py
index 1c3ca99abe..c4bd21e455 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_issue_217_decompose.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_issue_217_decompose.py
@@ -178,7 +178,9 @@ def test_4tuple_unpacks_all_fields(self) -> None:
         qe = np.array([0.4, 0.5, 0.6])
         qb = np.zeros((3, 2))
         dyn = object()
-        out_dyn, out_qs, out_qe, out_qb, out_via = _unpack_exercise_config((dyn, qs, qe, qb))
+        out_dyn, out_qs, out_qe, out_qb, out_via = _unpack_exercise_config(
+            (dyn, qs, qe, qb)
+        )
         assert out_dyn is dyn
         assert np.array_equal(out_qs, qs)
         assert np.array_equal(out_qe, qe)
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_issue_222_decompose.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_issue_222_decompose.py
index 0435f421c6..cccdd7d0e0 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_issue_222_decompose.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_issue_222_decompose.py
@@ -145,7 +145,9 @@ def test_writes_json_to_file(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         assert written["exercise"] == "squat"
         assert written["cost"] == pytest.approx(5.0)
 
-    def test_emits_summary_when_no_output(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
+    def test_emits_summary_when_no_output(
+        self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch
+    ) -> None:
         from conftest import make_test_result
 
         result = make_test_result(cost=7.7)
@@ -204,7 +206,9 @@ def test_consistent_with_inverse_dynamics_single_timestep(self) -> None:
         d01 = q[:, 0] - q[:, 1]
         d02 = q[:, 0] - q[:, 2]
         d12 = q[:, 1] - q[:, 2]
-        tau_inertia = dyn._batch_inertia_torques(qdd, np.cos(d01), np.cos(d02), np.cos(d12))
+        tau_inertia = dyn._batch_inertia_torques(
+            qdd, np.cos(d01), np.cos(d02), np.cos(d12)
+        )
         tau_gravity = dyn._batch_gravity_torques(q)
         tau_total = tau_inertia + tau_gravity
         tau_ref = dyn.inverse_dynamics_batch(q, qd, qdd)
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_issue_247_split_optimizer.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_issue_247_split_optimizer.py
index 3c5085fcb7..20b5481e6c 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_issue_247_split_optimizer.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_issue_247_split_optimizer.py
@@ -12,10 +12,17 @@
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
-from movement_optimizer.models import BodyModel, make_bench_press_config, make_squat_config
+from movement_optimizer.models import (
+    BodyModel,
+    make_bench_press_config,
+    make_squat_config,
+)
 from movement_optimizer.trajectory import TrajectoryOptimizer
 from movement_optimizer.trajectory.optimizer_bench import compute_bench_bar_cost
-from movement_optimizer.trajectory.optimizer_spline import build_splines, eval_trajectory
+from movement_optimizer.trajectory.optimizer_spline import (
+    build_splines,
+    eval_trajectory,
+)
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Fixtures
@@ -105,12 +112,12 @@ def test_splines_satisfy_boundary_conditions(self, squat_spline_args) -> None:
         q_start_eval = spline(t0)
         q_end_eval = spline(tf)
         for j in range(a["n_dof"]):
-            assert abs(float(q_start_eval[j]) - a["q_start"][j]) < 1e-10, (
-                f"DOF {j}: spline does not pass through q_start"
-            )
-            assert abs(float(q_end_eval[j]) - a["q_end"][j]) < 1e-10, (
-                f"DOF {j}: spline does not pass through q_end"
-            )
+            assert (
+                abs(float(q_start_eval[j]) - a["q_start"][j]) < 1e-10
+            ), f"DOF {j}: spline does not pass through q_start"
+            assert (
+                abs(float(q_end_eval[j]) - a["q_end"][j]) < 1e-10
+            ), f"DOF {j}: spline does not pass through q_end"
 
     def test_splines_with_via_point(self) -> None:
         """Via-point variant must also honour boundary conditions."""
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_joint_limits.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_joint_limits.py
index 5aea81d59c..9b76604792 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_joint_limits.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_joint_limits.py
@@ -115,7 +115,9 @@ def test_custom_limits(self) -> None:
     def test_bench_press_limits(self) -> None:
         """Bench press joints should have their own limits."""
         q = np.array([np.radians(100), 0.0, np.radians(20)])
-        q_clamped = clamp_joint_angles(q, BENCH_PRESS_JOINT_LIMITS, BENCH_PRESS_JOINT_NAMES)
+        q_clamped = clamp_joint_angles(
+            q, BENCH_PRESS_JOINT_LIMITS, BENCH_PRESS_JOINT_NAMES
+        )
         for i, name in enumerate(BENCH_PRESS_JOINT_NAMES):
             lo, hi = BENCH_PRESS_JOINT_LIMITS[name]
             assert lo - 1e-10 <= q_clamped[i] <= hi + 1e-10
@@ -296,7 +298,9 @@ def test_set_invalid_joint_raises(self, default_torque_set: JointTorqueSet) -> N
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unknown joint"):
             default_torque_set.set_max_torque("nonexistent", 100.0)
 
-    def test_set_negative_torque_raises(self, default_torque_set: JointTorqueSet) -> None:
+    def test_set_negative_torque_raises(
+        self, default_torque_set: JointTorqueSet
+    ) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="tau_max"):
             default_torque_set.set_max_torque("knee", -10.0)
 
@@ -307,7 +311,9 @@ def test_available_torques_shape(self, default_torque_set: JointTorqueSet) -> No
         assert result.shape == (3,)
         assert np.all(result > 0)
 
-    def test_available_torques_batch_shape(self, default_torque_set: JointTorqueSet) -> None:
+    def test_available_torques_batch_shape(
+        self, default_torque_set: JointTorqueSet
+    ) -> None:
         n = 10
         q = np.tile([0.0, -0.5, 0.5], (n, 1))
         qd = np.zeros((n, 3))
@@ -341,7 +347,9 @@ def test_find_sticking_point(self, default_torque_set: JointTorqueSet) -> None:
         torques = np.ones((n, 3)) * 10.0
         torques[3, 1] = 500.0  # knee at step 3
 
-        time_idx, joint_name, peak_util = default_torque_set.find_sticking_point(q, qd, torques)
+        time_idx, joint_name, peak_util = default_torque_set.find_sticking_point(
+            q, qd, torques
+        )
         assert time_idx == 3
         assert joint_name == "knee"
         assert peak_util > 1.0  # should be overloaded
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_main_window.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_main_window.py
index b7e5924bca..2402dbcc93 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_main_window.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_main_window.py
@@ -147,7 +147,11 @@ def stall_label_set_visible(self, v: bool) -> None:
         pass
 
     def get_optimization_params(self) -> tuple[float, float, float]:
-        return (self.bar_slider.value(), self.dur_slider.value(), self.smooth_slider.value())
+        return (
+            self.bar_slider.value(),
+            self.dur_slider.value(),
+            self.smooth_slider.value(),
+        )
 
     def get_segment_multipliers(self) -> dict[str, float]:
         return {
@@ -201,7 +205,9 @@ def draw_all_plots(
     ) -> None:
         self.draw_all_plots_calls.append((result, body, bar, exercise_type))
 
-    def draw_anim_frame(self, fi: int, result: Any, dyn: Any, body: Any, etype: str) -> None:
+    def draw_anim_frame(
+        self, fi: int, result: Any, dyn: Any, body: Any, etype: str
+    ) -> None:
         self.draw_anim_frame_calls.append((fi, result, dyn, body, etype))
 
 
@@ -219,7 +225,9 @@ def __init__(self) -> None:
         from movement_optimizer.gui.exercise_state import ExerciseRuntimeState
         from movement_optimizer.trajectory import SolutionCache
 
-        self.exercise_states = [ExerciseRuntimeState() for _name, _etype in self.EXERCISE_CONFIGS]
+        self.exercise_states = [
+            ExerciseRuntimeState() for _name, _etype in self.EXERCISE_CONFIGS
+        ]
         self.sidebar = _FakeSidebar()
         self.status_label = _FakeLabel()
         self.exercise_tabs = [_FakeTab() for _ in self.EXERCISE_CONFIGS]
@@ -493,7 +501,14 @@ def test_squat_returns_correct_etype(self) -> None:
         from movement_optimizer.gui.optimization_mixin import OptimizationMixin
 
         window = _FakeWindow()
-        _body, _dyn, etype, _bar, _dur, _smoothness = OptimizationMixin._resolve_exercise_params(
+        (
+            _body,
+            _dyn,
+            etype,
+            _bar,
+            _dur,
+            _smoothness,
+        ) = OptimizationMixin._resolve_exercise_params(
             window,
             0,  # type: ignore
         )  # type: ignore[arg-type]
@@ -503,7 +518,14 @@ def test_deadlift_returns_correct_etype(self) -> None:
         from movement_optimizer.gui.optimization_mixin import OptimizationMixin
 
         window = _FakeWindow()
-        _body, _dyn, etype, _bar, _dur, _smoothness = OptimizationMixin._resolve_exercise_params(
+        (
+            _body,
+            _dyn,
+            etype,
+            _bar,
+            _dur,
+            _smoothness,
+        ) = OptimizationMixin._resolve_exercise_params(
             window,
             2,  # type: ignore
         )  # type: ignore[arg-type]
@@ -528,7 +550,14 @@ def test_bar_value_from_slider(self) -> None:
 
         window = _FakeWindow()
         window.sidebar.bar_slider.current = 100.0
-        _body, _dyn, _etype, bar, _dur, _smoothness = OptimizationMixin._resolve_exercise_params(
+        (
+            _body,
+            _dyn,
+            _etype,
+            bar,
+            _dur,
+            _smoothness,
+        ) = OptimizationMixin._resolve_exercise_params(
             window,
             0,  # type: ignore
         )  # type: ignore[arg-type]
@@ -540,7 +569,14 @@ def test_full_squat_minimum_duration_enforced(self) -> None:
 
         window = _FakeWindow()
         window.sidebar.dur_slider.current = 1.0
-        _body, _dyn, _etype, _bar, dur, _smoothness = OptimizationMixin._resolve_exercise_params(
+        (
+            _body,
+            _dyn,
+            _etype,
+            _bar,
+            dur,
+            _smoothness,
+        ) = OptimizationMixin._resolve_exercise_params(
             window,
             1,  # type: ignore
         )  # type: ignore[arg-type]
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_models.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_models.py
index 6e00fd0c3e..1dee618029 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_models.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_models.py
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ def test_negative_bar_height_raises(self) -> None:
     def test_mass_fractions_sum_to_one(self) -> None:
         """MASS_FRAC values must sum to exactly 1.0 (issue #125)."""
         total = sum(MASS_FRAC.values())
-        assert total == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=1e-9), (
-            f"MASS_FRAC values sum to {total}, expected 1.0"
-        )
+        assert total == pytest.approx(
+            1.0, abs=1e-9
+        ), f"MASS_FRAC values sum to {total}, expected 1.0"
 
     def test_mass_fractions_sum(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
         total = default_body.m_feet + default_body.m_squat.sum()
@@ -84,7 +84,9 @@ def test_inner_bos_is_60_percent(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
         b = default_body
         full_span = b.toe_x - b.heel_x
         inner_span = b.inner_toe - b.inner_heel
-        np.testing.assert_allclose(inner_span / full_span, BOS_INNER_FRACTION, atol=1e-10)
+        np.testing.assert_allclose(
+            inner_span / full_span, BOS_INNER_FRACTION, atol=1e-10
+        )
 
     def test_inner_center_between_bounds(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> None:
         b = default_body
@@ -213,7 +215,9 @@ def test_deadlift_bar_below_shoulder(self, deadlift_dynamics) -> None:
         bp = dyn.bar_position(qs, "deadlift")
         assert bp[1] < fk["shoulder"][1]
 
-    def test_deadlift_start_bar_near_ground(self, deadlift_dynamics, default_body) -> None:
+    def test_deadlift_start_bar_near_ground(
+        self, deadlift_dynamics, default_body
+    ) -> None:
         dyn, qs, _, _ = deadlift_dynamics
         bp = dyn.bar_position(qs, "deadlift")
         assert abs(bp[1] - PLATE_RADIUS_STD_M) < 0.15
@@ -237,7 +241,9 @@ def test_batch_torques_match_loop(self, squat_dynamics) -> None:
         qd = np.random.default_rng(43).normal(0, 0.5, (n, 3))
         qdd = np.random.default_rng(44).normal(0, 1.0, (n, 3))
 
-        loop_torques = np.array([dyn.inverse_dynamics(q[i], qd[i], qdd[i]) for i in range(n)])
+        loop_torques = np.array(
+            [dyn.inverse_dynamics(q[i], qd[i], qdd[i]) for i in range(n)]
+        )
         batch_torques = dyn.inverse_dynamics_batch(q, qd, qdd)
         np.testing.assert_allclose(batch_torques, loop_torques, rtol=1e-10)
 
@@ -280,12 +286,12 @@ def test_squat_endpoints_com_in_inner_bos(self, default_body) -> None:
         com_start = dyn.com_position(qs, "squat", 60.0)[0]
         com_end = dyn.com_position(qe, "squat", 60.0)[0]
         b = default_body
-        assert b.inner_heel <= com_start <= b.inner_toe, (
-            f"Start COM {com_start:.4f} outside inner BOS [{b.inner_heel:.4f}, {b.inner_toe:.4f}]"
-        )
-        assert b.inner_heel <= com_end <= b.inner_toe, (
-            f"End COM {com_end:.4f} outside inner BOS [{b.inner_heel:.4f}, {b.inner_toe:.4f}]"
-        )
+        assert (
+            b.inner_heel <= com_start <= b.inner_toe
+        ), f"Start COM {com_start:.4f} outside inner BOS [{b.inner_heel:.4f}, {b.inner_toe:.4f}]"
+        assert (
+            b.inner_heel <= com_end <= b.inner_toe
+        ), f"End COM {com_end:.4f} outside inner BOS [{b.inner_heel:.4f}, {b.inner_toe:.4f}]"
 
     def test_full_squat_via_com_in_inner_bos(self, default_body) -> None:
         """Via-point should have COM in the inner 60% zone."""
@@ -294,9 +300,9 @@ def test_full_squat_via_com_in_inner_bos(self, default_body) -> None:
         dyn, _, _, _, q_via = make_full_squat_config(default_body, 60.0)
         com_via = dyn.com_position(q_via, "full_squat", 60.0)[0]
         b = default_body
-        assert b.inner_heel <= com_via <= b.inner_toe, (
-            f"Via COM {com_via:.4f} outside inner BOS [{b.inner_heel:.4f}, {b.inner_toe:.4f}]"
-        )
+        assert (
+            b.inner_heel <= com_via <= b.inner_toe
+        ), f"Via COM {com_via:.4f} outside inner BOS [{b.inner_heel:.4f}, {b.inner_toe:.4f}]"
 
     def test_deadlift_endpoints_com_in_inner_bos(self, default_body) -> None:
         """Deadlift start and end should have COM in the inner 60% zone."""
@@ -306,12 +312,12 @@ def test_deadlift_endpoints_com_in_inner_bos(self, default_body) -> None:
         com_start = dyn.com_position(qs, "deadlift", 60.0)[0]
         com_end = dyn.com_position(qe, "deadlift", 60.0)[0]
         b = default_body
-        assert b.inner_heel <= com_start <= b.inner_toe, (
-            f"Start COM {com_start:.4f} outside inner BOS [{b.inner_heel:.4f}, {b.inner_toe:.4f}]"
-        )
-        assert b.inner_heel <= com_end <= b.inner_toe, (
-            f"End COM {com_end:.4f} outside inner BOS [{b.inner_heel:.4f}, {b.inner_toe:.4f}]"
-        )
+        assert (
+            b.inner_heel <= com_start <= b.inner_toe
+        ), f"Start COM {com_start:.4f} outside inner BOS [{b.inner_heel:.4f}, {b.inner_toe:.4f}]"
+        assert (
+            b.inner_heel <= com_end <= b.inner_toe
+        ), f"End COM {com_end:.4f} outside inner BOS [{b.inner_heel:.4f}, {b.inner_toe:.4f}]"
 
 
 class TestLegAbductionCorrection:
@@ -343,8 +349,12 @@ def test_standing_height_decreases(self) -> None:
         """FK shoulder height at standing decreases with abduction."""
         body_0 = BodyModel(75.0, 1.75, abduction_angle=0.0)
         body_30 = BodyModel(75.0, 1.75, abduction_angle=30.0)
-        dyn_0 = LagrangianDynamics(body_0, body_0.m_squat.copy(), body_0.I_squat.copy(), 0.0)
-        dyn_30 = LagrangianDynamics(body_30, body_30.m_squat.copy(), body_30.I_squat.copy(), 0.0)
+        dyn_0 = LagrangianDynamics(
+            body_0, body_0.m_squat.copy(), body_0.I_squat.copy(), 0.0
+        )
+        dyn_30 = LagrangianDynamics(
+            body_30, body_30.m_squat.copy(), body_30.I_squat.copy(), 0.0
+        )
         fk_0 = dyn_0.forward_kinematics(np.zeros(3))
         fk_30 = dyn_30.forward_kinematics(np.zeros(3))
         # With abduction, projected leg lengths are shorter, so shoulder is lower
@@ -354,8 +364,12 @@ def test_com_y_decreases(self) -> None:
         """COM y-position decreases with abduction at standing."""
         body_0 = BodyModel(75.0, 1.75, abduction_angle=0.0)
         body_30 = BodyModel(75.0, 1.75, abduction_angle=30.0)
-        dyn_0 = LagrangianDynamics(body_0, body_0.m_squat.copy(), body_0.I_squat.copy(), 0.0)
-        dyn_30 = LagrangianDynamics(body_30, body_30.m_squat.copy(), body_30.I_squat.copy(), 0.0)
+        dyn_0 = LagrangianDynamics(
+            body_0, body_0.m_squat.copy(), body_0.I_squat.copy(), 0.0
+        )
+        dyn_30 = LagrangianDynamics(
+            body_30, body_30.m_squat.copy(), body_30.I_squat.copy(), 0.0
+        )
         com_0 = dyn_0.com_position(np.zeros(3), "squat", 0.0)
         com_30 = dyn_30.com_position(np.zeros(3), "squat", 0.0)
         assert com_30[1] < com_0[1]
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_motion_analysis_panel.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_motion_analysis_panel.py
index 58f5a42ada..707273e734 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_motion_analysis_panel.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_motion_analysis_panel.py
@@ -164,8 +164,12 @@ def test_panel_mode_suppresses_data_axis_legends(self, chain_history) -> None:
         plotters = (
             lambda ax: plot_chain_tension(ax, chain_history, legend=False),
             lambda ax: plot_chain_curvature(ax, chain_history, legend=False),
-            lambda ax: plot_chain_energy(ax, np.linspace(0, 1, _T), np.zeros(_T), legend=False),
-            lambda ax: plot_chain_tip_speed(ax, np.linspace(0, 1, _T), np.zeros(_T), legend=False),
+            lambda ax: plot_chain_energy(
+                ax, np.linspace(0, 1, _T), np.zeros(_T), legend=False
+            ),
+            lambda ax: plot_chain_tip_speed(
+                ax, np.linspace(0, 1, _T), np.zeros(_T), legend=False
+            ),
         )
         for plotter in plotters:
             figure = Figure()
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_motion_analysis_panel_legends.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_motion_analysis_panel_legends.py
index 8ee9f832c1..b037301b99 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_motion_analysis_panel_legends.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_motion_analysis_panel_legends.py
@@ -126,13 +126,17 @@ def test_swingset_minimum_layout_preserves_curve_height(qapp, swing_history) ->
     panel.draw()
     panel.canvas.draw()
     renderer = panel.canvas.get_renderer()
-    data_heights = [axes.get_window_extent(renderer).height for axes in panel.axes.values()]
+    data_heights = [
+        axes.get_window_extent(renderer).height for axes in panel.axes.values()
+    ]
 
     assert min(data_heights) >= 210.0
     _assert_panel_legends_do_not_cover_plots(panel)
 
 
-def test_swingset_live_tab_layout_preserves_usable_plot_width(qapp, swing_history) -> None:
+def test_swingset_live_tab_layout_preserves_usable_plot_width(
+    qapp, swing_history
+) -> None:
     from movement_optimizer.gui.motion_analysis_panel import MotionAnalysisPanel
 
     panel = MotionAnalysisPanel(
@@ -149,7 +153,9 @@ def test_swingset_live_tab_layout_preserves_usable_plot_width(qapp, swing_histor
     )
     panel.draw()
     renderer = panel.canvas.get_renderer()
-    data_widths = [axes.get_window_extent(renderer).width for axes in panel.axes.values()]
+    data_widths = [
+        axes.get_window_extent(renderer).width for axes in panel.axes.values()
+    ]
 
     assert min(data_widths) >= 300.0
     _assert_panel_legends_do_not_cover_plots(
@@ -181,7 +187,8 @@ def test_swingset_legends_are_docked_in_reserved_rows(qapp, swing_history) -> No
         assert legend_box.x0 >= figure_box.x0 - 1.0
         assert legend_box.x1 <= figure_box.x1 + 1.0
         assert not any(
-            legend_box.overlaps(axes.get_window_extent(renderer)) for axes in panel.axes.values()
+            legend_box.overlaps(axes.get_window_extent(renderer))
+            for axes in panel.axes.values()
         )
 
 
@@ -217,7 +224,9 @@ def test_swingset_docked_legends_clear_minimum_plot_size(qapp, swing_history) ->
     assert all(axes.get_legend() is None for axes in panel.axes.values())
 
 
-def test_swingset_docked_legends_clear_compressed_plot_size(qapp, swing_history) -> None:
+def test_swingset_docked_legends_clear_compressed_plot_size(
+    qapp, swing_history
+) -> None:
     from movement_optimizer.gui.motion_analysis_panel import MotionAnalysisPanel
 
     panel = MotionAnalysisPanel(
@@ -231,7 +240,9 @@ def test_swingset_docked_legends_clear_compressed_plot_size(qapp, swing_history)
     assert all(axes.get_legend() is None for axes in panel.axes.values())
 
 
-def test_draw_enforces_minimum_render_size_before_docking_legends(qapp, swing_history) -> None:
+def test_draw_enforces_minimum_render_size_before_docking_legends(
+    qapp, swing_history
+) -> None:
     from movement_optimizer.gui.motion_analysis_panel import MotionAnalysisPanel
 
     panel = MotionAnalysisPanel(
@@ -252,7 +263,9 @@ def test_draw_enforces_minimum_render_size_before_docking_legends(qapp, swing_hi
 def test_chain_legends_are_docked_outside_data_axes(qapp, chain_history) -> None:
     from movement_optimizer.gui.motion_analysis_panel import MotionAnalysisPanel
 
-    panel = MotionAnalysisPanel(["tension", "curvature", "energy", "tip_speed"], rows=2, cols=2)
+    panel = MotionAnalysisPanel(
+        ["tension", "curvature", "energy", "tip_speed"], rows=2, cols=2
+    )
     plot_chain_tension(panel.axes["tension"], chain_history)
     plot_chain_curvature(panel.axes["curvature"], chain_history)
     plot_chain_energy(panel.axes["energy"], np.linspace(0, 1, _T), np.zeros(_T))
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_motion_tabs.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_motion_tabs.py
index 736efbe135..1940aa7abd 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_motion_tabs.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_motion_tabs.py
@@ -25,7 +25,10 @@
 )
 
 from movement_optimizer.gui import motion_tabs, motion_tabs_chain, policy_worker
-from movement_optimizer.gui.app_icon import movement_optimizer_icon, movement_optimizer_icon_path
+from movement_optimizer.gui.app_icon import (
+    movement_optimizer_icon,
+    movement_optimizer_icon_path,
+)
 from movement_optimizer.gui.main_window import MainWindow
 from movement_optimizer.gui.motion_tabs import (
     ChainDynamicsTab,
@@ -36,7 +39,9 @@
 from movement_optimizer.gui.policy_trace_canvas import PolicyTraceCanvas
 
 
-def _wait_for_policy_worker(qapp, swingset: SwingsetTab, timeout_s: float = 10.0) -> None:
+def _wait_for_policy_worker(
+    qapp, swingset: SwingsetTab, timeout_s: float = 10.0
+) -> None:
     deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout_s
     while swingset._policy_worker is not None and time.monotonic() < deadline:
         qapp.processEvents()
@@ -70,7 +75,9 @@ def _assert_reserved_legend_rows_do_not_cover_plots(panel) -> None:
 def test_main_window_preserves_barbell_tabs_and_adds_motion_tabs(qapp) -> None:
     window = MainWindow()
 
-    tab_names = [window.tabs.tabText(index).strip() for index in range(window.tabs.count())]
+    tab_names = [
+        window.tabs.tabText(index).strip() for index in range(window.tabs.count())
+    ]
 
     assert tab_names[:7] == [
         "Bottoms Up Squat",
@@ -216,7 +223,9 @@ def test_swingset_tab_exposes_policy_tuning_and_progress(qapp) -> None:
         "phase_samples",
     ):
         assert key in swingset._controls
-    swingset.iterative_checkbox.setChecked(False)  # exercise the grid-search fallback path.
+    swingset.iterative_checkbox.setChecked(
+        False
+    )  # exercise the grid-search fallback path.
     swingset._controls["cycles"].set_value(1)
     swingset._controls["freq_samples"].set_value(2)
     swingset._controls["hip_samples"].set_value(1)
@@ -240,7 +249,9 @@ def test_swingset_policy_terminology_is_not_walking(qapp) -> None:
     swingset = SwingsetTab()
 
     visible_text = " ".join(
-        widget.text() for widget in swingset.findChildren((QLabel, QPushButton)) if widget.text()
+        widget.text()
+        for widget in swingset.findChildren((QLabel, QPushButton))
+        if widget.text()
     )
 
     assert "walking" not in visible_text.lower()
@@ -255,7 +266,9 @@ def test_motion_tab_parameter_panels_are_scrollable_and_not_compressed(qapp) ->
         assert scroll_area is not None
         assert scroll_area.widgetResizable()
         assert tab.control_panel_visible()
-        assert all(line_edit.minimumHeight() >= 28 for line_edit in tab.findChildren(QLineEdit))
+        assert all(
+            line_edit.minimumHeight() >= 28 for line_edit in tab.findChildren(QLineEdit)
+        )
 
         tab.set_control_panel_visible(False)
         assert not tab.control_panel_visible()
@@ -272,7 +285,9 @@ def test_swingset_optimize_policy_action_is_sticky_above_scroll_area(qapp) -> No
     assert swingset.optimize_button.property("class") == "primary"
     assert swingset.optimize_button.minimumHeight() >= 48
     assert swingset.optimize_button.minimumWidth() >= 220
-    assert swingset.optimize_button not in scroll_area.widget().findChildren(QPushButton)
+    assert swingset.optimize_button not in scroll_area.widget().findChildren(
+        QPushButton
+    )
 
 
 def test_swingset_autoplay_after_policy_optimization_is_configurable(qapp) -> None:
@@ -298,7 +313,9 @@ def test_swingset_autoplay_after_policy_optimization_is_configurable(qapp) -> No
 def test_swingset_policy_trace_canvas_accepts_optimization_samples(qapp) -> None:
     swingset = SwingsetTab()
     swingset.autoplay_checkbox.setChecked(False)
-    swingset.iterative_checkbox.setChecked(False)  # exercise the grid-search fallback path.
+    swingset.iterative_checkbox.setChecked(
+        False
+    )  # exercise the grid-search fallback path.
     swingset._controls["cycles"].set_value(1)
     swingset._controls["freq_samples"].set_value(2)
     swingset._controls["hip_samples"].set_value(1)
@@ -325,7 +342,9 @@ def test_swingset_policy_trace_canvas_handles_sparse_series(qapp) -> None:
     pixmap = QPixmap(120, 80)
     painter = QPainter(pixmap)
     try:
-        swingset.policy_trace_canvas._draw_normalized_series(painter, "missing", QColor("white"), 1)
+        swingset.policy_trace_canvas._draw_normalized_series(
+            painter, "missing", QColor("white"), 1
+        )
     finally:
         painter.end()
 
@@ -584,7 +603,9 @@ def test_chain_rollout_keeps_physical_anchor_fixed(qapp) -> None:
     np.testing.assert_allclose(chain._rollout.positions[:, 0, :], 0.0)
 
 
-def test_chain_tab_reports_invalid_inputs_and_covers_playback_branches(qapp, monkeypatch) -> None:
+def test_chain_tab_reports_invalid_inputs_and_covers_playback_branches(
+    qapp, monkeypatch
+) -> None:
     chain = ChainDynamicsTab()
     chain.autoplay_checkbox.setChecked(False)
     chain.tie_segments.setChecked(False)
@@ -649,10 +670,13 @@ def test_swingset_iterative_optimize_populates_panel_and_overlays(qapp) -> None:
     assert 0 < swingset.policy_trace_canvas.sample_count() <= 50
     # Analysis plots populated.
     assert swingset.analysis_panel.axes["torques"].get_lines()
-    assert all(axes.get_legend() is None for axes in swingset.analysis_panel.axes.values())
+    assert all(
+        axes.get_legend() is None for axes in swingset.analysis_panel.axes.values()
+    )
     assert swingset.analysis_panel._figure_legend is None
     assert any(
-        axes.get_legend() is not None for axes in swingset.analysis_panel.legend_axes.values()
+        axes.get_legend() is not None
+        for axes in swingset.analysis_panel.legend_axes.values()
     )
     # Force overlay drawn (all toggles default-on).
     assert swingset.canvas._overlay.arrows or swingset.canvas._overlay.com_markers
@@ -712,7 +736,9 @@ def test_swingset_playback_uses_cached_force_fields(qapp, monkeypatch) -> None:
     _wait_for_policy_worker(qapp, swingset)
 
     def fail_recompute(*_args, **_kwargs):
-        raise AssertionError("playback must not recompute rollout-wide swing force fields")
+        raise AssertionError(
+            "playback must not recompute rollout-wide swing force fields"
+        )
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(motion_tabs, "swing_force_fields", fail_recompute)
 
@@ -739,7 +765,10 @@ def test_chain_simulate_populates_panel_and_overlays(qapp) -> None:
     assert chain.analysis_panel.axes["tension"].get_lines()
     assert all(axes.get_legend() is None for axes in chain.analysis_panel.axes.values())
     assert chain.analysis_panel._figure_legend is None
-    assert any(axes.get_legend() is not None for axes in chain.analysis_panel.legend_axes.values())
+    assert any(
+        axes.get_legend() is not None
+        for axes in chain.analysis_panel.legend_axes.values()
+    )
     assert chain.canvas._overlay.arrows
 
 
@@ -781,7 +810,9 @@ def test_chain_playback_uses_cached_force_fields(qapp, monkeypatch) -> None:
     chain._simulate()
 
     def fail_recompute(*_args, **_kwargs):
-        raise AssertionError("playback must not recompute rollout-wide chain force fields")
+        raise AssertionError(
+            "playback must not recompute rollout-wide chain force fields"
+        )
 
     monkeypatch.setattr(motion_tabs_chain, "chain_force_fields", fail_recompute)
 
@@ -974,6 +1005,8 @@ def test_policy_trace_iteration_label_stays_below_plot_area(qapp) -> None:
 
     label_rect = trace._iteration_label_rect()
 
-    assert label_rect.top() >= trace._plot_bottom() + trace._AXIS_LABEL_TOP_PADDING_PX - 1
+    assert (
+        label_rect.top() >= trace._plot_bottom() + trace._AXIS_LABEL_TOP_PADDING_PX - 1
+    )
     assert trace._plot_bottom() - trace._top_margin() >= trace._MINIMUM_PLOT_HEIGHT_PX
     trace.grab()  # repaint with bottom-axis label must not raise
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_optimization_mixin.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_optimization_mixin.py
index dfca8ca92e..93cc8c7d1c 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_optimization_mixin.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_optimization_mixin.py
@@ -65,7 +65,9 @@ def test_on_cancelled_resets_state(window) -> None:
 
 def test_on_err_with_structured_and_plain_errors(window) -> None:
     window._opt_running = True
-    window._on_err(OptimizationError("boom", error_code="OPT_X", suggestion="try again"))
+    window._on_err(
+        OptimizationError("boom", error_code="OPT_X", suggestion="try again")
+    )
     assert "OPT_X" in window.status_label.text()
     window._on_err("plain failure")
     assert "plain failure" in window.status_label.text()
@@ -116,7 +118,9 @@ def test_completed_single_exercise_autoplays_when_enabled(window, monkeypatch) -
 
 def test_finish_or_chain_advances_then_chain(window, monkeypatch) -> None:
     calls: list[tuple[int, list[int] | None]] = []
-    monkeypatch.setattr(window, "_run_exercise", lambda idx, rest=None: calls.append((idx, rest)))
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        window, "_run_exercise", lambda idx, rest=None: calls.append((idx, rest))
+    )
     window._finish_or_chain([1, 2], "msg")
     assert calls == [(1, [2])]
 
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_parameter_sidebar.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_parameter_sidebar.py
index ef7feeb259..8f49e55bd1 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_parameter_sidebar.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_parameter_sidebar.py
@@ -32,7 +32,9 @@ def test_action_handlers_connect_and_emit(sidebar) -> None:
         "compare_trials_requested",
         "clear_comparison_requested",
     ]
-    sidebar.connect_action_handlers({name: (lambda n=name: fired.append(n)) for name in names})
+    sidebar.connect_action_handlers(
+        {name: (lambda n=name: fired.append(n)) for name in names}
+    )
     for name in names:
         getattr(sidebar, name).emit()
     assert set(fired) == set(names)
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_plot_renderer.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_plot_renderer.py
index 4de8313f64..49b2bcbadd 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_plot_renderer.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_plot_renderer.py
@@ -72,7 +72,9 @@ def test_plot_angles(self, mock_ax, dummy_result):
         plot_angles(mock_ax, dummy_result)
         assert mock_ax.plot.call_count == 3
         mock_ax.set_title.assert_called_once_with(
-            "Joint Angles", color=mock_ax.set_title.call_args[1].get("color"), fontsize=10
+            "Joint Angles",
+            color=mock_ax.set_title.call_args[1].get("color"),
+            fontsize=10,
         )
 
     def test_plot_torques(self, mock_ax, dummy_result):
@@ -117,7 +119,9 @@ def test_plot_com_balance(self, mock_ax, dummy_result, body):
     def test_plot_spine_loads(self, mock_ax, dummy_result, body):
         ax_comp = MagicMock()
         ax_shear = MagicMock()
-        plot_spine_loads(ax_comp, ax_shear, dummy_result, body, bar_mass=20.0, name="squat")
+        plot_spine_loads(
+            ax_comp, ax_shear, dummy_result, body, bar_mass=20.0, name="squat"
+        )
 
         ax_comp.plot.assert_called_once()
         ax_comp.axhline.assert_called_once()
@@ -200,6 +204,8 @@ def test_bottoms_up_squat_is_aliased_to_squat(self, dummy_result, body):
 
         ax_comp = MagicMock()
         ax_shear = MagicMock()
-        plot_spine_loads(ax_comp, ax_shear, dummy_result, body, 60.0, "Bottoms Up Squat")
+        plot_spine_loads(
+            ax_comp, ax_shear, dummy_result, body, 60.0, "Bottoms Up Squat"
+        )
         assert ax_comp.plot.called
         assert ax_shear.plot.called
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_rust_parity_com_x.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_rust_parity_com_x.py
index 962fff7670..a6ea9a0629 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_rust_parity_com_x.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_rust_parity_com_x.py
@@ -42,7 +42,9 @@ def _make_deadlift_dynamics() -> LagrangianDynamics:
     """Deadlift dynamics (arm mass folded into the load, no bar offset)."""
     body = BodyModel(75.0, 1.75)
     load = body.m_arms + 100.0
-    return LagrangianDynamics(body, body.m_deadlift.copy(), body.I_deadlift.copy(), load)
+    return LagrangianDynamics(
+        body, body.m_deadlift.copy(), body.I_deadlift.copy(), load
+    )
 
 
 def _random_q(rng: np.random.Generator, n: int) -> np.ndarray:
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_scipy_dependency_contract.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_scipy_dependency_contract.py
index 8f43d5880d..3e1a4ff50b 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_scipy_dependency_contract.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_scipy_dependency_contract.py
@@ -14,8 +14,12 @@
 
 
 def test_scipy_dependency_has_no_legacy_1_16_ceiling() -> None:
-    pyproject = tomllib.loads((REPO_ROOT / "pyproject.toml").read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
-    scipy_specs = [dep for dep in pyproject["project"]["dependencies"] if dep.startswith("scipy")]
+    pyproject = tomllib.loads(
+        (REPO_ROOT / "pyproject.toml").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    )
+    scipy_specs = [
+        dep for dep in pyproject["project"]["dependencies"] if dep.startswith("scipy")
+    ]
 
     assert scipy_specs == ["scipy>=1.10"]
 
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_shared_theme_dependency.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_shared_theme_dependency.py
index 0472753200..b594050f12 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_shared_theme_dependency.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_shared_theme_dependency.py
@@ -34,7 +34,15 @@ def test_shared_theme_public_surface_is_importable() -> None:
     # The themes we map onto must exist with the keys the Palette consumes.
     assert "Dark" in BUILTIN_THEMES
     assert "Light" in BUILTIN_THEMES
-    required = {"bg", "group_bg", "input_bg", "text", "text_secondary", "accent", "button_hover"}
+    required = {
+        "bg",
+        "group_bg",
+        "input_bg",
+        "text",
+        "text_secondary",
+        "accent",
+        "button_hover",
+    }
     assert required.issubset(set(THEME_COLOR_KEYS))
     assert required.issubset(set(BUILTIN_THEMES["Dark"]))
 
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_spine_loads.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_spine_loads.py
index cdc0a367b4..81726deb01 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_spine_loads.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_spine_loads.py
@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@ def squat_dyn(default_body: BodyModel):
 class TestStandingCompression:
     """At standing (q=0, qd=0, qdd=0) compression should equal gravity on mass above L5."""
 
-    def test_standing_compression_equals_gravity(self, default_body: BodyModel, squat_dyn) -> None:
+    def test_standing_compression_equals_gravity(
+        self, default_body: BodyModel, squat_dyn
+    ) -> None:
         q = np.zeros(3)
         qd = np.zeros(3)
         qdd = np.zeros(3)
@@ -41,7 +43,9 @@ def test_standing_compression_equals_gravity(self, default_body: BodyModel, squa
         expected = (m_above + bar_mass) * default_body.g
         np.testing.assert_allclose(comp, expected, rtol=1e-6)
 
-    def test_standing_compression_no_bar(self, default_body: BodyModel, squat_dyn) -> None:
+    def test_standing_compression_no_bar(
+        self, default_body: BodyModel, squat_dyn
+    ) -> None:
         q = np.zeros(3)
         qd = np.zeros(3)
         qdd = np.zeros(3)
@@ -68,7 +72,9 @@ def test_standing_shear_near_zero(self, default_body: BodyModel, squat_dyn) -> N
 class TestForwardLean:
     """With torso lean, shear increases and compression decreases."""
 
-    def test_shear_increases_with_lean(self, default_body: BodyModel, squat_dyn) -> None:
+    def test_shear_increases_with_lean(
+        self, default_body: BodyModel, squat_dyn
+    ) -> None:
         qd = np.zeros(3)
         qdd = np.zeros(3)
         bar_mass = 60.0
@@ -76,12 +82,16 @@ def test_shear_increases_with_lean(self, default_body: BodyModel, squat_dyn) ->
         q_upright = np.array([0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
         q_leaned = np.array([0.0, 0.0, np.radians(30)])
 
-        shear_upright = spinal_shear(q_upright, qd, qdd, default_body, bar_mass, "squat")
+        shear_upright = spinal_shear(
+            q_upright, qd, qdd, default_body, bar_mass, "squat"
+        )
         shear_leaned = spinal_shear(q_leaned, qd, qdd, default_body, bar_mass, "squat")
 
         assert abs(shear_leaned) > abs(shear_upright)  # type: ignore
 
-    def test_shear_proportional_to_sin(self, default_body: BodyModel, squat_dyn) -> None:
+    def test_shear_proportional_to_sin(
+        self, default_body: BodyModel, squat_dyn
+    ) -> None:
         qd = np.zeros(3)
         qdd = np.zeros(3)
         bar_mass = 60.0
@@ -94,7 +104,9 @@ def test_shear_proportional_to_sin(self, default_body: BodyModel, squat_dyn) ->
         expected = (m_above + bar_mass) * default_body.g * np.sin(angle)
         np.testing.assert_allclose(shear, expected, rtol=1e-6)
 
-    def test_compression_decreases_with_lean(self, default_body: BodyModel, squat_dyn) -> None:
+    def test_compression_decreases_with_lean(
+        self, default_body: BodyModel, squat_dyn
+    ) -> None:
         qd = np.zeros(3)
         qdd = np.zeros(3)
         bar_mass = 60.0
@@ -102,12 +114,18 @@ def test_compression_decreases_with_lean(self, default_body: BodyModel, squat_dy
         q_upright = np.array([0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
         q_leaned = np.array([0.0, 0.0, np.radians(30)])
 
-        comp_upright = spinal_compression(q_upright, qd, qdd, default_body, bar_mass, "squat")
-        comp_leaned = spinal_compression(q_leaned, qd, qdd, default_body, bar_mass, "squat")
+        comp_upright = spinal_compression(
+            q_upright, qd, qdd, default_body, bar_mass, "squat"
+        )
+        comp_leaned = spinal_compression(
+            q_leaned, qd, qdd, default_body, bar_mass, "squat"
+        )
 
         assert comp_leaned < comp_upright
 
-    def test_compression_cos_component(self, default_body: BodyModel, squat_dyn) -> None:
+    def test_compression_cos_component(
+        self, default_body: BodyModel, squat_dyn
+    ) -> None:
         qd = np.zeros(3)
         qdd = np.zeros(3)
         bar_mass = 60.0
@@ -155,7 +173,10 @@ def test_batch_matches_loop(self, default_body: BodyModel, squat_dyn) -> None:
 
         batch_comp = spinal_compression(q, qd, qdd, default_body, 60.0, "squat")
         loop_comp = np.array(
-            [spinal_compression(q[i], qd[i], qdd[i], default_body, 60.0, "squat") for i in range(n)]
+            [
+                spinal_compression(q[i], qd[i], qdd[i], default_body, 60.0, "squat")
+                for i in range(n)
+            ]
         )
         np.testing.assert_allclose(batch_comp, loop_comp, rtol=1e-10)
 
@@ -220,7 +241,9 @@ def test_shear_exceeds_static_during_motion(self, default_body: BodyModel) -> No
         q = np.array([0.0, 0.0, angle])
         bar_mass = 60.0
 
-        static_shear = spinal_shear(q, np.zeros(3), np.zeros(3), default_body, bar_mass, "squat")
+        static_shear = spinal_shear(
+            q, np.zeros(3), np.zeros(3), default_body, bar_mass, "squat"
+        )
         dynamic_shear = spinal_shear(
             q,
             np.array([0.0, 0.0, 3.0]),
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_subprocess_usage.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_subprocess_usage.py
index fcbeec55b8..71fedee661 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_subprocess_usage.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_subprocess_usage.py
@@ -6,7 +6,11 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 PROJECT_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
-PYTHON_SOURCES = (PROJECT_ROOT / "scripts", PROJECT_ROOT / "src", PROJECT_ROOT / "tests")
+PYTHON_SOURCES = (
+    PROJECT_ROOT / "scripts",
+    PROJECT_ROOT / "src",
+    PROJECT_ROOT / "tests",
+)
 
 
 def _subprocess_calls(tree: ast.AST) -> list[ast.Call]:
@@ -36,7 +40,9 @@ def test_subprocess_calls_do_not_use_shell_true() -> None:
                         and isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Constant)
                         and keyword.value.value is True
                     ):
-                        offenders.append(f"{source.relative_to(PROJECT_ROOT)}:{call.lineno}")
+                        offenders.append(
+                            f"{source.relative_to(PROJECT_ROOT)}:{call.lineno}"
+                        )
 
     assert offenders == []
 
@@ -50,7 +56,11 @@ def test_subprocess_calls_use_sequence_arguments() -> None:
                 if not call.args:
                     continue
                 first_arg = call.args[0]
-                if isinstance(first_arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(first_arg.value, str):
-                    offenders.append(f"{source.relative_to(PROJECT_ROOT)}:{call.lineno}")
+                if isinstance(first_arg, ast.Constant) and isinstance(
+                    first_arg.value, str
+                ):
+                    offenders.append(
+                        f"{source.relative_to(PROJECT_ROOT)}:{call.lineno}"
+                    )
 
     assert offenders == []
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_swingset_chain_models.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_swingset_chain_models.py
index 87f0c9c747..b893ab6c67 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_swingset_chain_models.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_swingset_chain_models.py
@@ -108,7 +108,9 @@ def test_chain_simulation_damps_energy() -> None:
     assert len(rollout.states) == 25
     assert rollout.positions.shape == (25, 7, 2)
     assert np.all(np.isfinite(rollout.energy_j))
-    assert total_energy(config, rollout.states[-1]) == pytest.approx(rollout.energy_j[-1])
+    assert total_energy(config, rollout.states[-1]) == pytest.approx(
+        rollout.energy_j[-1]
+    )
     link_lengths = np.linalg.norm(np.diff(rollout.positions, axis=1), axis=2)
     np.testing.assert_allclose(link_lengths, config.segment_length_m)
 
@@ -146,13 +148,15 @@ def test_chain_single_segment_gravity_matches_slender_rod_pendulum() -> None:
     )
     angle = 0.2
     dt_s = 1e-4
-    state = ChainState(np.asarray([angle], dtype=np.float64), np.zeros(1, dtype=np.float64))
+    state = ChainState(
+        np.asarray([angle], dtype=np.float64), np.zeros(1, dtype=np.float64)
+    )
 
     stepped = step_chain(config, state, dt_s=dt_s)
 
-    expected_acceleration = -(3.0 * config.gravity_m_s2 / (2.0 * config.segment_length_m)) * np.sin(
-        angle
-    )
+    expected_acceleration = -(
+        3.0 * config.gravity_m_s2 / (2.0 * config.segment_length_m)
+    ) * np.sin(angle)
     observed_acceleration = stepped.angular_velocities_rad_s[0] / dt_s
     assert observed_acceleration == pytest.approx(expected_acceleration, rel=0.02)
 
@@ -181,8 +185,12 @@ def test_chain_downstream_load_slows_top_link_gravity() -> None:
     stepped = step_chain(config, state, dt_s=dt_s)
     acceleration = stepped.angular_velocities_rad_s / dt_s
 
-    single_link = -(3.0 * config.gravity_m_s2 / (2.0 * config.segment_length_m)) * np.sin(angle)
-    assert acceleration[0] == pytest.approx(single_link / config.segment_count, rel=0.03)
+    single_link = -(
+        3.0 * config.gravity_m_s2 / (2.0 * config.segment_length_m)
+    ) * np.sin(angle)
+    assert acceleration[0] == pytest.approx(
+        single_link / config.segment_count, rel=0.03
+    )
     assert acceleration[-1] == pytest.approx(single_link, rel=0.03)
 
 
@@ -197,13 +205,17 @@ def test_chain_tip_kick_velocities_increase_toward_tip() -> None:
 def test_chain_random_wadded_start_is_deterministic_and_validated() -> None:
     config = ChainConfig(segment_count=5)
 
-    first = random_wadded_chain_state(config, angle_span_rad=np.pi, velocity_span_rad_s=0.4, seed=7)
+    first = random_wadded_chain_state(
+        config, angle_span_rad=np.pi, velocity_span_rad_s=0.4, seed=7
+    )
     second = random_wadded_chain_state(
         config, angle_span_rad=np.pi, velocity_span_rad_s=0.4, seed=7
     )
 
     np.testing.assert_allclose(first.angles_rad, second.angles_rad)
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(first.angular_velocities_rad_s, second.angular_velocities_rad_s)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(
+        first.angular_velocities_rad_s, second.angular_velocities_rad_s
+    )
     assert first.angles_rad.shape == (5,)
     assert np.max(np.abs(first.angles_rad)) <= np.pi
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="angle_span_rad"):
@@ -232,7 +244,9 @@ def test_chain_simulation_validates_rollout_inputs() -> None:
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="dt_s"):
         step_chain(config, initial, dt_s=0.0)
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="incompatible"):
-        simulate_chain(config, initial, steps=2, dt_s=0.01, torque_history_nm=np.zeros((2, 2)))
+        simulate_chain(
+            config, initial, steps=2, dt_s=0.01, torque_history_nm=np.zeros((2, 2))
+        )
 
 
 def test_swingset_snapshot_models_body_chain_and_mass() -> None:
@@ -276,7 +290,9 @@ def test_swingset_elbow_branch_does_not_mirror_when_control_crosses_zero() -> No
         elbow = snapshot.points["elbow"]
         hand_delta = hand - shoulder
         elbow_delta = elbow - shoulder
-        branch_signs.append(float(hand_delta[0] * elbow_delta[1] - hand_delta[1] * elbow_delta[0]))
+        branch_signs.append(
+            float(hand_delta[0] * elbow_delta[1] - hand_delta[1] * elbow_delta[0])
+        )
         elbow_points.append(elbow)
 
     # The elbow must never mirror to the far branch as the requested flexion
@@ -284,7 +300,9 @@ def test_swingset_elbow_branch_does_not_mirror_when_control_crosses_zero() -> No
     assert min(branch_signs) > 0.0
     # No discontinuous jump (a mirror flip would be a large step); the elbow
     # moves smoothly across the swept range.
-    max_step = max(float(np.linalg.norm(end - start)) for start, end in pairwise(elbow_points))
+    max_step = max(
+        float(np.linalg.norm(end - start)) for start, end in pairwise(elbow_points)
+    )
     assert max_step < 0.1
 
 
@@ -458,7 +476,9 @@ def test_cyclic_policy_controls_match_callback_policy() -> None:
 def test_swingset_cyclic_policy_search_selects_height_objective() -> None:
     result = optimize_cyclic_policy(SwingSetConfig(), steps=40, dt_s=0.02)
 
-    assert result.objective_height_m == pytest.approx(result.rollout.metrics.max_height_gain_m)
+    assert result.objective_height_m == pytest.approx(
+        result.rollout.metrics.max_height_gain_m
+    )
     assert result.objective_height_m > 0.0
     assert result.parameters.frequency_hz > 0.0
 
@@ -486,7 +506,9 @@ def test_swingset_policy_search_reports_progress_and_uses_cycles() -> None:
         cycles=2.0,
         dt_s=0.02,
         search_space=search_space,
-        progress_callback=lambda done, total, score, _params: progress.append((done, total, score)),
+        progress_callback=lambda done, total, score, _params: progress.append(
+            (done, total, score)
+        ),
     )
 
     assert result.evaluated_candidates == 4
@@ -537,7 +559,9 @@ def test_swingset_joint_torque_estimator_validates_control_history() -> None:
 def test_swingset_rollout_validates_inputs() -> None:
     config = SwingSetConfig()
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="steps"):
-        simulate_swingset(config, SwingSetState.rest(), 0, 0.02, heuristic_pumping_policy)
+        simulate_swingset(
+            config, SwingSetState.rest(), 0, 0.02, heuristic_pumping_policy
+        )
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="dt_s"):
         step_swingset(config, SwingSetState.rest(), SwingControlAction(), dt_s=0.0)
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="steps"):
@@ -568,7 +592,9 @@ def test_iterative_optimizer_is_deterministic() -> None:
     first = optimize_cyclic_policy_iterative(config, steps=40, budget=60, seed=7)
     second = optimize_cyclic_policy_iterative(config, steps=40, budget=60, seed=7)
     assert first.objective_height_m == pytest.approx(second.objective_height_m)
-    assert first.parameters.frequency_hz == pytest.approx(second.parameters.frequency_hz)
+    assert first.parameters.frequency_hz == pytest.approx(
+        second.parameters.frequency_hz
+    )
     assert first.parameters.phase_rad == pytest.approx(second.parameters.phase_rad)
     assert len(first.trace) == len(second.trace)
 
@@ -583,7 +609,9 @@ def test_iterative_optimizer_honors_budget(budget: int) -> None:
 
 def test_iterative_optimizer_matches_or_beats_grid() -> None:
     config = SwingSetConfig()
-    grid = optimize_cyclic_policy(config, steps=80, search_space=CyclicPolicySearchSpace())
+    grid = optimize_cyclic_policy(
+        config, steps=80, search_space=CyclicPolicySearchSpace()
+    )
     iterative = optimize_cyclic_policy_iterative(config, steps=80, budget=400, seed=0)
     assert iterative.objective_height_m >= grid.objective_height_m - 0.05
 
@@ -602,7 +630,9 @@ def test_iterative_optimizer_progress_callback_contract() -> None:
     config = SwingSetConfig()
     calls: list[tuple[int, int, float]] = []
 
-    def _record(completed: int, total: int, best: float, params: CyclicPolicyParameters) -> None:
+    def _record(
+        completed: int, total: int, best: float, params: CyclicPolicyParameters
+    ) -> None:
         calls.append((completed, total, best))
         assert isinstance(params, CyclicPolicyParameters)
 
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_swingset_forces.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_swingset_forces.py
index 5772a3403d..e68a4be29c 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_swingset_forces.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_swingset_forces.py
@@ -74,7 +74,9 @@ def test_swing_chain_tension_uses_acceleration_not_velocity() -> None:
     )
     linear_com_rollout = dataclasses.replace(rollout, snapshots=snapshots)
 
-    field = swing_force_field(config, linear_com_rollout, DEFAULT_POLICY_DT_S, frame_index=10)
+    field = swing_force_field(
+        config, linear_com_rollout, DEFAULT_POLICY_DT_S, frame_index=10
+    )
 
     np.testing.assert_allclose(field.chain_tension_n, -field.gravity_n, atol=1e-9)
 
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_thread_safety.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_thread_safety.py
index 032dc7e34a..a42c6ebd77 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_thread_safety.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_thread_safety.py
@@ -225,9 +225,9 @@ def runner() -> None:
         t.start()
         t.join(timeout=2.0)
 
-        assert not t.is_alive(), (
-            "Re-entrant lock acquisition deadlocked -- _opt_lock must be an RLock"
-        )
+        assert (
+            not t.is_alive()
+        ), "Re-entrant lock acquisition deadlocked -- _opt_lock must be an RLock"
         assert not errors, f"Runner raised: {errors!r}"
         assert completed.is_set()
         assert harness.exercise_states[0].anim_frame == 7
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_trajectory_generation.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_trajectory_generation.py
index ce92e1a950..819c100d5e 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_trajectory_generation.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_trajectory_generation.py
@@ -96,7 +96,9 @@ def test_via_point_trajectory(self, full_squat_optimizer) -> None:
         splines = opt.build_splines(wp.flatten())
         q, _, _, _ = opt.eval_trajectory(splines)
         mid = len(q) // 2
-        assert q[mid, 1] < np.radians(-60), "Thigh should flex significantly at midpoint"
+        assert q[mid, 1] < np.radians(
+            -60
+        ), "Thigh should flex significantly at midpoint"
 
 
 # ==============================================================
@@ -158,7 +160,9 @@ def test_balance_cost_inside_is_centering_only(self, squat_optimizer) -> None:
         opt, body, _, _, _ = squat_optimizer
         center = body.inner_center
         com_x = np.full(20, center)
-        cost = compute_balance_cost(com_x, opt.inner_center, opt.dt, opt.balance_center_weight)
+        cost = compute_balance_cost(
+            com_x, opt.inner_center, opt.dt, opt.balance_center_weight
+        )
         # Should be zero since COM == center
         assert cost < 1e-10
 
@@ -194,7 +198,9 @@ def test_total_cost_is_sum(self, squat_optimizer) -> None:
             + compute_endpoint_damping_cost(
                 qd, qdd, opt.dt, opt.endpoint_weight, opt._n_damp, opt._damp_weights
             )
-            + compute_balance_cost(com_x, opt.inner_center, opt.dt, opt.balance_center_weight)
+            + compute_balance_cost(
+                com_x, opt.inner_center, opt.dt, opt.balance_center_weight
+            )
         )
         computed = opt._compute_cost(x)
         np.testing.assert_allclose(computed, total, rtol=1e-10)
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_trajectory_optimization.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_trajectory_optimization.py
index ef96e3e124..e704147c31 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_trajectory_optimization.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_trajectory_optimization.py
@@ -51,15 +51,17 @@ def test_precondition_objective_finite(self, squat_optimizer) -> None:
         opt, _, _, _, _ = squat_optimizer
         wp = opt._initial_guess()
         cost = opt._compute_cost(wp.flatten())
-        assert cost < float("inf"), "Precondition violated: initial objective is not finite"
+        assert cost < float(
+            "inf"
+        ), "Precondition violated: initial objective is not finite"
 
     def test_postcondition_kkt_within_tol(self, squat_optimizer) -> None:
         opt, _, _, _, _ = squat_optimizer
         # We assume the optimization result includes 'success' which means KKT conditions are within tolerance
         result = opt.optimize()
-        assert result.success, (
-            "Postcondition violated: optimization did not satisfy KKT within tolerance"
-        )
+        assert (
+            result.success
+        ), "Postcondition violated: optimization did not satisfy KKT within tolerance"
 
     def test_cost_decreases(self) -> None:
         """With enough waypoints, optimization should reduce cost."""
@@ -134,12 +136,12 @@ def test_com_stays_in_inner_bos(self) -> None:
         )
         result = opt.optimize()
         com_x = result.com[:, 0]
-        assert np.all(com_x >= body.inner_heel - 0.01), (
-            f"COM below inner_heel: min={com_x.min():.4f}, bound={body.inner_heel:.4f}"
-        )
-        assert np.all(com_x <= body.inner_toe + 0.01), (
-            f"COM above inner_toe: max={com_x.max():.4f}, bound={body.inner_toe:.4f}"
-        )
+        assert np.all(
+            com_x >= body.inner_heel - 0.01
+        ), f"COM below inner_heel: min={com_x.min():.4f}, bound={body.inner_heel:.4f}"
+        assert np.all(
+            com_x <= body.inner_toe + 0.01
+        ), f"COM above inner_toe: max={com_x.max():.4f}, bound={body.inner_toe:.4f}"
         assert result.success, "Optimization should report success with COM in bounds"
 
 
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_vector_overlay.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_vector_overlay.py
index e2ee9855a2..84560a1007 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_vector_overlay.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tests/test_vector_overlay.py
@@ -26,7 +26,9 @@
 _MID = _SIZE // 2
 
 
-def _flipping_projector(scale: float = 20.0) -> Callable[[tuple[float, float]], QPointF]:
+def _flipping_projector(
+    scale: float = 20.0,
+) -> Callable[[tuple[float, float]], QPointF]:
     # Mimics the canvas projector's Y handling: larger world-y -> smaller screen-y.
     def _project(point: tuple[float, float]) -> QPointF:
         x, y = point
@@ -89,14 +91,18 @@ def test_auto_scale_factor_rejects_nonpositive_target(style: VectorStyle) -> Non
 
 def test_draw_force_arrows_renders_pixels(qapp, style: VectorStyle) -> None:
     arrows = [ForceArrow((0.0, 0.0), (1.0, 0.0), style)]
-    image = _render(lambda p: draw_force_arrows(p, _flipping_projector(), arrows, scale=1.0))
+    image = _render(
+        lambda p: draw_force_arrows(p, _flipping_projector(), arrows, scale=1.0)
+    )
     assert _colored_pixels(image)
 
 
 def test_draw_force_arrows_respects_projector_y_flip(qapp, style: VectorStyle) -> None:
     # A +y world vector must render ABOVE the origin (smaller screen-y).
     up = [ForceArrow((0.0, 0.0), (0.0, 1.0), style)]
-    image = _render(lambda p: draw_force_arrows(p, _flipping_projector(), up, scale=1.0))
+    image = _render(
+        lambda p: draw_force_arrows(p, _flipping_projector(), up, scale=1.0)
+    )
     ys = [y for _x, y in _colored_pixels(image)]
     assert min(ys) < _MID  # reached above the origin row
 
@@ -104,31 +110,45 @@ def test_draw_force_arrows_respects_projector_y_flip(qapp, style: VectorStyle) -
 def test_draw_force_arrows_rejects_nonpositive_scale(qapp, style: VectorStyle) -> None:
     arrows = [ForceArrow((0.0, 0.0), (1.0, 0.0), style)]
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="scale"):
-        _render(lambda p: draw_force_arrows(p, _flipping_projector(), arrows, scale=0.0))
+        _render(
+            lambda p: draw_force_arrows(p, _flipping_projector(), arrows, scale=0.0)
+        )
 
 
 def test_draw_force_arrows_rejects_nonfinite_scale(qapp, style: VectorStyle) -> None:
     arrows = [ForceArrow((0.0, 0.0), (1.0, 0.0), style)]
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="scale"):
-        _render(lambda p: draw_force_arrows(p, _flipping_projector(), arrows, scale=float("inf")))
+        _render(
+            lambda p: draw_force_arrows(
+                p, _flipping_projector(), arrows, scale=float("inf")
+            )
+        )
 
 
 def test_draw_force_arrows_skips_zero_length(qapp, style: VectorStyle) -> None:
     arrows = [ForceArrow((0.0, 0.0), (0.0, 0.0), style)]
-    image = _render(lambda p: draw_force_arrows(p, _flipping_projector(), arrows, scale=1.0))
+    image = _render(
+        lambda p: draw_force_arrows(p, _flipping_projector(), arrows, scale=1.0)
+    )
     assert not _colored_pixels(image)  # no shaft, no head
 
 
 def test_draw_torque_arcs_renders(qapp, style: VectorStyle) -> None:
     arcs = [TorqueArc((0.0, 0.0), 12.0, style), TorqueArc((0.5, 0.0), -8.0, style)]
-    image = _render(lambda p: draw_torque_arcs(p, _flipping_projector(), arcs, reference_nm=12.0))
+    image = _render(
+        lambda p: draw_torque_arcs(p, _flipping_projector(), arcs, reference_nm=12.0)
+    )
     assert _colored_pixels(image)
 
 
-def test_draw_torque_arcs_rejects_nonpositive_reference(qapp, style: VectorStyle) -> None:
+def test_draw_torque_arcs_rejects_nonpositive_reference(
+    qapp, style: VectorStyle
+) -> None:
     arcs = [TorqueArc((0.0, 0.0), 1.0, style)]
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="reference_nm"):
-        _render(lambda p: draw_torque_arcs(p, _flipping_projector(), arcs, reference_nm=0.0))
+        _render(
+            lambda p: draw_torque_arcs(p, _flipping_projector(), arcs, reference_nm=0.0)
+        )
 
 
 def test_draw_com_markers_renders(qapp, style: VectorStyle) -> None:
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/theme_bridge.py b/src/movement_optimizer/theme_bridge.py
index 7a318d69bd..ae31e15687 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/theme_bridge.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/theme_bridge.py
@@ -20,8 +20,12 @@
     from shared.python.theme import BUILTIN_THEMES as _SHARED_THEMES
     from shared.python.theme import ThemedWindowMixin as _SharedThemedWindowMixin
     from shared.python.theme import get_theme_manager as _shared_get_theme_manager
-    from shared.python.theme.matplotlib_style import apply_plot_theme as _shared_apply_plot_theme
-    from shared.python.theme.matplotlib_style import get_chart_color as _shared_get_chart_color
+    from shared.python.theme.matplotlib_style import (
+        apply_plot_theme as _shared_apply_plot_theme,
+    )
+    from shared.python.theme.matplotlib_style import (
+        get_chart_color as _shared_get_chart_color,
+    )
 
     SHARED_THEME_AVAILABLE = True
     BUILTIN_THEMES: Mapping[str, Mapping[str, str]] = _SHARED_THEMES
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/tool_pack.py b/src/movement_optimizer/tool_pack.py
index eb59011f49..284f45dedf 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/tool_pack.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/tool_pack.py
@@ -42,7 +42,9 @@ def _load_manifest_text() -> str:
         repo_manifest = parent / _MANIFEST_FILENAME
         if repo_manifest.is_file():
             return repo_manifest.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
-    raise FileNotFoundError(f"{_MANIFEST_FILENAME} not found alongside movement_optimizer.")
+    raise FileNotFoundError(
+        f"{_MANIFEST_FILENAME} not found alongside movement_optimizer."
+    )
 
 
 def manifest() -> dict[str, Any]:
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/trajectory/optimizer.py b/src/movement_optimizer/trajectory/optimizer.py
index 0caf2b28f5..a251f9783f 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/trajectory/optimizer.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/trajectory/optimizer.py
@@ -129,7 +129,12 @@ def __init__(
         self.n_dof = n_dof
         self.body, self.dynamics = body, dynamics
         self.exercise_type, self.bar_mass = exercise_type, bar_mass
-        self.q_start, self.q_end, self.q_bounds, self.q_via = q_start, q_end, q_bounds, q_via
+        self.q_start, self.q_end, self.q_bounds, self.q_via = (
+            q_start,
+            q_end,
+            q_bounds,
+            q_via,
+        )
         self.duration, self.n_waypoints, self.n_eval = duration, n_waypoints, n_eval
         self.progress_cb, self.n_starts = progress_cb, n_starts
         self.cancel_event = cancel_event or threading.Event()
@@ -144,7 +149,9 @@ def __init__(
         self.balance_center_weight = BALANCE_CENTER_WEIGHT
         self._setup_time_grids()
         self.dt = duration / (n_eval - 1)
-        self._n_damp = max(ENDPOINT_DAMP_MIN_SAMPLES, int(n_eval * ENDPOINT_DAMP_SAMPLE_FRACTION))
+        self._n_damp = max(
+            ENDPOINT_DAMP_MIN_SAMPLES, int(n_eval * ENDPOINT_DAMP_SAMPLE_FRACTION)
+        )
         self._damp_weights = 1.0 - np.arange(self._n_damp) / self._n_damp
         self._progress = ProgressTracker(progress_cb=progress_cb)
         self._progress_lock = self._progress.lock()
@@ -175,7 +182,9 @@ def build_splines(self, x: NDArray) -> CubicSpline:
             self.n_dof,
         )
 
-    def eval_trajectory(self, splines: CubicSpline) -> tuple[NDArray, NDArray, NDArray, NDArray]:
+    def eval_trajectory(
+        self, splines: CubicSpline
+    ) -> tuple[NDArray, NDArray, NDArray, NDArray]:
         """Evaluate position, velocity, acceleration, jerk at eval grid.
 
         Delegates to :func:`optimizer_spline.eval_trajectory`.
@@ -345,7 +354,9 @@ def _optimize_single_start(self) -> OptimizationResult:
         """Run single-start path and package its result."""
         self._progress.reset()
         wp0 = self._initial_guess()
-        out = self._minimize_single(wp0.flatten(), self.cost, max_iter=MAX_ITER_PER_START * 2)
+        out = self._minimize_single(
+            wp0.flatten(), self.cost, max_iter=MAX_ITER_PER_START * 2
+        )
         if self.cancel_event.is_set():
             metrics.increment(
                 "trajectory_optimization_cancelled_total",
@@ -357,7 +368,9 @@ def _optimize_single_start(self) -> OptimizationResult:
         self._record_result_metrics(result, mode="single")
         return result
 
-    def _finalize_parallel_results(self, results: list[tuple[Any, int]]) -> OptimizationResult:
+    def _finalize_parallel_results(
+        self, results: list[tuple[Any, int]]
+    ) -> OptimizationResult:
         """Select the best result, log summary, and package output."""
         if not results:
             raise CancelledError("All optimization starts were cancelled")
@@ -385,11 +398,15 @@ def _record_result_metrics(self, result: OptimizationResult, *, mode: str) -> No
             exercise_type=self.exercise_type,
             mode=mode,
         )
-        metrics.observe("trajectory_optimization_elapsed_seconds", result.elapsed_s, **labels)
+        metrics.observe(
+            "trajectory_optimization_elapsed_seconds", result.elapsed_s, **labels
+        )
         metrics.observe("trajectory_optimization_cost", result.cost, **labels)
         metrics.observe("trajectory_optimization_evaluations", result.n_evals, **labels)
 
-    def _check_solution_feasibility(self, res: Any, q: NDArray, com_x: NDArray) -> tuple[bool, int]:
+    def _check_solution_feasibility(
+        self, res: Any, q: NDArray, com_x: NDArray
+    ) -> tuple[bool, int]:
         """Assess cost finiteness, COM bounds, and joint-limit violations.
 
         SLSQP can report ``success`` while sitting on a point that the
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/trajectory/optimizer_cost.py b/src/movement_optimizer/trajectory/optimizer_cost.py
index cd21a5b1a5..2ab1642331 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/trajectory/optimizer_cost.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/trajectory/optimizer_cost.py
@@ -111,7 +111,9 @@ def compute_endpoint_damping_cost(
     return weight * float(cost) * dt
 
 
-def compute_balance_cost(com_x: NDArray, center: float, dt: float, weight: float) -> float:
+def compute_balance_cost(
+    com_x: NDArray, center: float, dt: float, weight: float
+) -> float:
     """Soft centering preference — penalise COM deviation from the inner BOS center.
 
     Preconditions:
diff --git a/src/movement_optimizer/trajectory/optimizer_parallel.py b/src/movement_optimizer/trajectory/optimizer_parallel.py
index dc4ac3d6c2..2b897cfd4f 100644
--- a/src/movement_optimizer/trajectory/optimizer_parallel.py
+++ b/src/movement_optimizer/trajectory/optimizer_parallel.py
@@ -113,7 +113,9 @@ def run_parallel_starts(
         optimizer work performed by each submitted start.
     """
     with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=n_workers) as pool:
-        pending: set[Future] = {pool.submit(run_single_fn, seed) for seed in range(n_starts)}
+        pending: set[Future] = {
+            pool.submit(run_single_fn, seed) for seed in range(n_starts)
+        }
         return collect_future_results(pending, cancel_check, record_progress)
 
 
diff --git a/src/ode_solver/web/src/components/ODESolverCalculator.tsx b/src/ode_solver/web/src/components/ODESolverCalculator.tsx
index 409ef86a09..45cafa4c59 100644
--- a/src/ode_solver/web/src/components/ODESolverCalculator.tsx
+++ b/src/ode_solver/web/src/components/ODESolverCalculator.tsx
@@ -314,7 +314,13 @@ export function ODESolverCalculator() {
 
       <div className="grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-3 gap-6">
         {/* Input Panel */}
-        <div className="space-y-4">
+        <form
+          className="space-y-4"
+          onSubmit={(e) => {
+            e.preventDefault()
+            solve()
+          }}
+        >
           {/* Preset Selector */}
           <div className="bg-slate-800 rounded-lg p-4">
             <h2 className="text-lg font-semibold text-white mb-4">Preset Examples</h2>
@@ -432,8 +438,8 @@ export function ODESolverCalculator() {
           </div>
 
           <button
-            onClick={solve}
-            className="w-full bg-blue-600 hover:bg-blue-700 text-white font-semibold py-3 px-4 rounded-lg transition-colors"
+            type="submit"
+            className="w-full bg-blue-600 hover:bg-blue-700 text-white font-semibold py-3 px-4 rounded-lg transition-colors focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-blue-500 focus-visible:ring-offset-2 focus-visible:ring-offset-slate-900"
           >
             Solve ODE System
           </button>
@@ -443,7 +449,7 @@ export function ODESolverCalculator() {
               {error}
             </div>
           )}
-        </div>
+        </form>
 
         {/* Results Panel */}
         <div className="lg:col-span-2 space-y-4">
diff --git a/src/p1am_control_system/backend/modbus_client.py b/src/p1am_control_system/backend/modbus_client.py
index 0d5daf4329..15049798fa 100644
--- a/src/p1am_control_system/backend/modbus_client.py
+++ b/src/p1am_control_system/backend/modbus_client.py
@@ -153,7 +153,9 @@ async def read_tags(self) -> dict[str, float] | None:
                     high = response.registers[i * 2 + 1]
                     tags[f"TAG_{i}"] = registers_to_float(low, high)
                 return tags
-            except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - any I/O failure drops the connection; poll loop reconnects
+            except (
+                Exception
+            ) as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - any I/O failure drops the connection; poll loop reconnects
                 logger.error(f"Exception during tag read: {e}")
                 self._connected = False
                 return None
@@ -288,7 +290,9 @@ async def write_routing(self, config: RoutingConfig) -> bool:
                 )
                 return True
 
-            except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - any I/O failure drops the connection; poll loop reconnects
+            except (
+                Exception
+            ) as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - any I/O failure drops the connection; poll loop reconnects
                 logger.error(f"Exception writing configuration to PLC: {e}")
                 self._connected = False
                 return False
@@ -313,7 +317,9 @@ async def save_to_flash(self) -> bool:
                     return False
                 logger.info("Triggered Save to Flash Modbus Coil.")
                 return True
-            except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - any I/O failure drops the connection; poll loop reconnects
+            except (
+                Exception
+            ) as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - any I/O failure drops the connection; poll loop reconnects
                 logger.error(f"Exception saving config to PLC flash: {e}")
                 self._connected = False
                 return False
@@ -359,7 +365,9 @@ async def trigger_estop(self) -> bool:
                 else:
                     logger.error("E-stop: one or more zeroing writes FAILED — retry.")
                 return all_ok
-            except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - any I/O failure drops the connection; poll loop reconnects
+            except (
+                Exception
+            ) as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - any I/O failure drops the connection; poll loop reconnects
                 logger.error(f"Exception during E-stop Modbus execution: {e}")
                 self._connected = False
                 return False
@@ -389,7 +397,9 @@ async def clear_estop(self) -> bool:
                     return False
                 logger.warning("E-stop reset coil written to PLC successfully.")
                 return True
-            except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - any I/O failure drops the connection; poll loop reconnects
+            except (
+                Exception
+            ) as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - any I/O failure drops the connection; poll loop reconnects
                 logger.error(f"Exception during E-stop reset Modbus execution: {e}")
                 self._connected = False
                 return False
@@ -440,7 +450,9 @@ async def write_pid_setpoint(self, pid_index: int, value: float) -> bool:
                         value,
                         resp,
                     )
-                except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001 - any I/O failure drops the connection; poll loop reconnects
+                except (
+                    Exception
+                ) as exc:  # noqa: BLE001 - any I/O failure drops the connection; poll loop reconnects
                     logger.error(
                         "write_pid_setpoint(%d, %f) exception: %s",
                         pid_index,
@@ -497,7 +509,9 @@ async def write_coil(self, address: int, value: bool) -> bool:
                     if not resp.isError():
                         return True
                     logger.error("write_coil(%d, %s) failed: %s", address, value, resp)
-                except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001 - any I/O failure drops the connection; poll loop reconnects
+                except (
+                    Exception
+                ) as exc:  # noqa: BLE001 - any I/O failure drops the connection; poll loop reconnects
                     logger.error(
                         "write_coil(%d, %s) exception: %s", address, value, exc
                     )
@@ -546,7 +560,9 @@ async def write_tag(self, tag_name: str, value: float) -> bool:
                     f"Directly wrote {value} to tag {tag_name} at register {address}."
                 )
                 return True
-            except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - any I/O failure drops the connection; poll loop reconnects
+            except (
+                Exception
+            ) as e:  # noqa: BLE001 - any I/O failure drops the connection; poll loop reconnects
                 logger.error(f"Exception during direct tag write for {tag_name}: {e}")
                 self._connected = False
                 return False
diff --git a/src/p1am_control_system/desktop/plot_compat.py b/src/p1am_control_system/desktop/plot_compat.py
index dd27fb0768..d3e33c30a7 100644
--- a/src/p1am_control_system/desktop/plot_compat.py
+++ b/src/p1am_control_system/desktop/plot_compat.py
@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@ class _FallbackPyQtGraph:
         PlotWidget = _FallbackPlotWidget
 
         @staticmethod
-        def mkPen(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> tuple[tuple[Any, ...], dict[str, Any]]:  # noqa: N802
+        def mkPen(
+            *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> tuple[tuple[Any, ...], dict[str, Any]]:  # noqa: N802
             return args, kwargs
 
     pg = _FallbackPyQtGraph()
diff --git a/src/p1am_control_system/desktop/sidebar.py b/src/p1am_control_system/desktop/sidebar.py
index 1e4c78159a..4b5b91ac45 100644
--- a/src/p1am_control_system/desktop/sidebar.py
+++ b/src/p1am_control_system/desktop/sidebar.py
@@ -293,12 +293,12 @@ def _apply_changes(self) -> None:
 
             # Update safety limits
             if tag_id < len(self.routing_config.interlocks):
-                self.routing_config.interlocks[
-                    tag_id
-                ].low_limit = self.spin_low_limit.value()
-                self.routing_config.interlocks[
-                    tag_id
-                ].high_limit = self.spin_high_limit.value()
+                self.routing_config.interlocks[tag_id].low_limit = (
+                    self.spin_low_limit.value()
+                )
+                self.routing_config.interlocks[tag_id].high_limit = (
+                    self.spin_high_limit.value()
+                )
 
             # Update PID loop configs
             if self.pid_group.isVisible() and self.pid_loop_index >= 0:
diff --git a/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/components/data_explorer/plots/LinePlot.tsx b/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/components/data_explorer/plots/LinePlot.tsx
index 57eea9d420..73b30a81c0 100644
--- a/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/components/data_explorer/plots/LinePlot.tsx
+++ b/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/components/data_explorer/plots/LinePlot.tsx
@@ -64,7 +64,8 @@ function buildPath(
   px: (v: number) => number,
   py: (v: number) => number,
 ): string {
-  const segments: string[] = [];
+  // ⚡ Bolt Optimization: Avoid allocating string arrays for SVG paths
+  let d = "";
   let penDown = false;
   for (const [dx, dy] of points) {
     if (!Number.isFinite(dx) || !Number.isFinite(dy)) {
@@ -72,10 +73,11 @@ function buildPath(
       continue;
     }
     const cmd = penDown ? "L" : "M";
-    segments.push(`${cmd}${px(dx)},${py(dy)}`);
+    if (d.length > 0) d += " ";
+    d += `${cmd}${px(dx)},${py(dy)}`;
     penDown = true;
   }
-  return segments.join(" ");
+  return d;
 }
 
 /** Multi-series line plot. Forwards a ref to the root `<svg>`. */
diff --git a/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/components/data_explorer/plots/ScatterPlot.tsx b/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/components/data_explorer/plots/ScatterPlot.tsx
index a39963c235..001346157d 100644
--- a/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/components/data_explorer/plots/ScatterPlot.tsx
+++ b/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/components/data_explorer/plots/ScatterPlot.tsx
@@ -119,17 +119,19 @@ function buildPath(
   px: (v: number) => number,
   py: (v: number) => number,
 ): string {
-  const segments: string[] = [];
+  // ⚡ Bolt Optimization: Avoid allocating string arrays for SVG paths
+  let d = "";
   let penDown = false;
   for (const [dx, dy] of points) {
     if (!Number.isFinite(dx) || !Number.isFinite(dy)) {
       penDown = false;
       continue;
     }
-    segments.push(`${penDown ? "L" : "M"}${px(dx)},${py(dy)}`);
+    if (d.length > 0) d += " ";
+    d += `${penDown ? "L" : "M"}${px(dx)},${py(dy)}`;
     penDown = true;
   }
-  return segments.join(" ");
+  return d;
 }
 
 /** Scatter plot with optional trendline. Forwards a ref to the root `<svg>`. */
diff --git a/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/components/data_explorer/plots/SpectrumPlot.tsx b/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/components/data_explorer/plots/SpectrumPlot.tsx
index b78cc0aad9..8c1f9457ff 100644
--- a/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/components/data_explorer/plots/SpectrumPlot.tsx
+++ b/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/components/data_explorer/plots/SpectrumPlot.tsx
@@ -50,8 +50,9 @@ function buildPath(
   px: (v: number) => number,
   py: (v: number) => number,
 ): string {
+  // ⚡ Bolt Optimization: Avoid allocating string arrays for SVG paths
   const n = Math.min(freqs.length, power.length);
-  const segments: string[] = [];
+  let d = "";
   let penDown = false;
   for (let i = 0; i < n; i += 1) {
     const f = freqs[i];
@@ -65,10 +66,11 @@ function buildPath(
       penDown = false;
       continue;
     }
-    segments.push(`${penDown ? "L" : "M"}${px(f)},${py(p)}`);
+    if (d.length > 0) d += " ";
+    d += `${penDown ? "L" : "M"}${px(f)},${py(p)}`;
     penDown = true;
   }
-  return segments.join(" ");
+  return d;
 }
 
 /** Frequency-spectrum plot. Forwards a ref to the root `<svg>`. */
diff --git a/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/lib/chartSnapshot.ts b/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/lib/chartSnapshot.ts
index 016b70ae09..4854c0a98c 100644
--- a/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/lib/chartSnapshot.ts
+++ b/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/lib/chartSnapshot.ts
@@ -287,11 +287,25 @@ export function downloadCsv(
     throw new TypeError("downloadCsv: rows must be an array of arrays");
   }
   assertNonEmptyString(filename, "downloadCsv", "filename");
-  const lines = [headers.map(escapeCsvValue).join(",")];
-  for (const row of rows) {
-    lines.push(row.map(escapeCsvValue).join(","));
+
+  // ⚡ Bolt Optimization: Replace intermediate array allocations (.map().join())
+  // with a single-pass string concatenation loop to reduce garbage collection
+  // overhead during large CSV exports.
+  let csvString = "";
+  for (let i = 0; i < headers.length; i++) {
+    if (i > 0) csvString += ",";
+    csvString += escapeCsvValue(headers[i]);
+  }
+  for (let i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
+    csvString += "\r\n";
+    const row = rows[i];
+    for (let j = 0; j < row.length; j++) {
+      if (j > 0) csvString += ",";
+      csvString += escapeCsvValue(row[j]);
+    }
   }
-  const blob = new Blob([lines.join("\r\n")], {
+
+  const blob = new Blob([csvString], {
     type: "text/csv;charset=utf-8",
   });
   triggerDownload(blob, filename);
diff --git a/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/lib/explorer/csv.ts b/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/lib/explorer/csv.ts
index 8c8562ac8b..02830cfe46 100644
--- a/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/lib/explorer/csv.ts
+++ b/src/p1am_control_system/frontend/src/lib/explorer/csv.ts
@@ -177,8 +177,11 @@ export function parseCsv(text: string): CsvTable {
   const colCount = header.length;
 
   // Materialize each source column's raw cells (padding short rows).
-  // ⚡ Bolt Optimization: Replace dataRows.map() per column with a single-pass loop
-  const rawColumns: string[][] = Array.from({ length: colCount }, () => new Array(dataRows.length));
+  // ⚡ Bolt Optimization: Avoid Array.from({ length }) overhead by using new Array + for-loop
+  const rawColumns: string[][] = new Array(colCount);
+  for (let c = 0; c < colCount; c += 1) {
+    rawColumns[c] = new Array(dataRows.length);
+  }
   for (let r = 0; r < dataRows.length; r += 1) {
     const row = dataRows[r];
     for (let c = 0; c < colCount; c += 1) {
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/pendulum-core/python/physics_native.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/pendulum-core/python/physics_native.py
index 3f5a7e21df..95fe803be4 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/pendulum-core/python/physics_native.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/pendulum-core/python/physics_native.py
@@ -152,7 +152,9 @@ def mass_matrix(self, q: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
             raise ValueError(f"q must have shape (2,), got {q.shape}")
         if self.use_native:
             try:
-                result = pendulum_core.py_double_mass_matrix(q.tolist(), self.params.to_rust())
+                result = pendulum_core.py_double_mass_matrix(
+                    q.tolist(), self.params.to_rust()
+                )
                 return _float64_array(result)
             except (RuntimeError, AttributeError, TypeError) as e:
                 logger.warning(
@@ -318,7 +320,9 @@ def __init__(
             if not isinstance(val, (int, float)):
                 raise TypeError(f"{name} must be a number, got {type(val).__name__}")
         if not isinstance(m_clubhead, (int, float)):
-            raise TypeError(f"m_clubhead must be a number, got {type(m_clubhead).__name__}")
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"m_clubhead must be a number, got {type(m_clubhead).__name__}"
+            )
         if m_clubhead < 0:
             raise ValueError(f"m_clubhead must be non-negative, got {m_clubhead}")
         if not isinstance(g, (int, float)):
@@ -438,7 +442,9 @@ def mass_matrix(self, q: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
             raise ValueError(f"q must have shape (8,), got {q.shape}")
         if self.use_native:
             try:
-                result = pendulum_core.py_golfer_mass_matrix(q.tolist(), self.params.to_rust())
+                result = pendulum_core.py_golfer_mass_matrix(
+                    q.tolist(), self.params.to_rust()
+                )
                 return _float64_array(result)
             except (RuntimeError, AttributeError, TypeError) as e:
                 logger.error(
@@ -468,7 +474,9 @@ def gravity_vector(self, q: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
                 )
                 return _float64_array(result)
             except (RuntimeError, AttributeError, TypeError) as e:
-                logger.warning("Rust golfer gravity_vector call failed (%s)", type(e).__name__)
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Rust golfer gravity_vector call failed (%s)", type(e).__name__
+                )
 
         # Golfer NumPy fallback is not implemented (see module docstring; native-only, GH#3294).
         raise NotImplementedError(
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/__main__.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/__main__.py
index 2862dd911f..08d677b719 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/__main__.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/__main__.py
@@ -30,7 +30,9 @@ class _WheelBlockFilter(QObject):
     range and the value survives across launches via QSettings.
     """
 
-    def eventFilter(self, obj: QObject | None, event: QEvent | None) -> bool:  # noqa: N802
+    def eventFilter(
+        self, obj: QObject | None, event: QEvent | None
+    ) -> bool:  # noqa: N802
         if event is not None and event.type() == QEvent.Type.Wheel:
             wheel: QWheelEvent = event  # type: ignore[assignment]
             # Ctrl+Wheel → font zoom (delegated to MainWindow for bounds + persist)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/constraint_solver.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/constraint_solver.py
index 7d15f0bac6..0ef9192513 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/constraint_solver.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/constraint_solver.py
@@ -111,7 +111,9 @@ def _solve_constrained_dynamics(
         if not (np.all(np.isfinite(qddot))):
             raise ValueError(f"qddot has non-finite values: {qddot}")
         if not (np.all(np.isfinite(lambda_forces))):
-            raise ValueError(f"Constraint forces have non-finite values: {lambda_forces}")
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Constraint forces have non-finite values: {lambda_forces}"
+            )
         return qddot, lambda_forces
 
     # Compute dynamic terms
@@ -209,7 +211,9 @@ def constraint_forces(
         raise ValueError(f"state must have shape ({2 * N_DOF},), got {state.shape}")
     if not isinstance(t, (int, float)):
         raise TypeError(f"t must be a number, got {type(t).__name__}")
-    _, lambda_forces = _solve_constrained_dynamics(state, t, params, torque_func, alpha, beta)
+    _, lambda_forces = _solve_constrained_dynamics(
+        state, t, params, torque_func, alpha, beta
+    )
     return lambda_forces
 
 
@@ -334,7 +338,9 @@ def project_to_constraints(
     if not (tol > 0):
         raise ValueError(f"tol must be positive, got {tol}")
 
-    native_projection = _native_backend.golfer_project_to_constraints(q, params, max_iter, tol)
+    native_projection = _native_backend.golfer_project_to_constraints(
+        q, params, max_iter, tol
+    )
     if native_projection is not None:
         residual = float(np.linalg.norm(constraint_vector(native_projection, params)))
         if residual < tol:
@@ -347,7 +353,9 @@ def project_to_constraints(
             return q
         Phi_q = constraint_jacobian(q, params)
         # Use pseudoinverse for robustness
-        dq = Phi_q.T @ np.linalg.solve(Phi_q @ Phi_q.T + 1e-12 * np.eye(N_CONSTRAINTS), Phi)
+        dq = Phi_q.T @ np.linalg.solve(
+            Phi_q @ Phi_q.T + 1e-12 * np.eye(N_CONSTRAINTS), Phi
+        )
         q -= dq
 
     residual = float(np.linalg.norm(constraint_vector(q, params)))
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/counterfactual.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/counterfactual.py
index c53961f119..d4ae823766 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/counterfactual.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/counterfactual.py
@@ -129,7 +129,9 @@ def zero_torque_joint_forces_double(
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
-def _zero_torque_qddot_triple(state: np.ndarray, params: TriplePendulumParams) -> np.ndarray:
+def _zero_torque_qddot_triple(
+    state: np.ndarray, params: TriplePendulumParams
+) -> np.ndarray:
     """Compute angular accel under zero driving torque for triple pendulum.
 
     Preconditions
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/data_extractor.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/data_extractor.py
index 544779cfb7..eddd81ac40 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/data_extractor.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/data_extractor.py
@@ -79,7 +79,9 @@ def _make_velocity_extractor(key: str) -> Extractor:
 
     def _extract(result: Any) -> np.ndarray:
         n = result.n_steps
-        return np.array([result.joint_velocities_at(i)[key] for i in range(n)], dtype=float)
+        return np.array(
+            [result.joint_velocities_at(i)[key] for i in range(n)], dtype=float
+        )
 
     return _extract
 
@@ -127,7 +129,9 @@ def _make_base_force_extractor(component: str) -> Extractor:
 
     def _extract(result: Any) -> np.ndarray:
         n = result.n_steps
-        return np.array([result.base_force_at(i)[component] for i in range(n)], dtype=float)
+        return np.array(
+            [result.base_force_at(i)[component] for i in range(n)], dtype=float
+        )
 
     return _extract
 
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/dynamics_quantities.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/dynamics_quantities.py
index 5775e936b4..eeb8726d33 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/dynamics_quantities.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/dynamics_quantities.py
@@ -107,7 +107,9 @@ def angular_power_series(
     if not (torques.ndim == 1):
         raise ValueError(f"torques must be 1-D, got {torques.ndim}-D")
     if not (torques.shape == angular_velocities.shape):
-        raise ValueError(f"Shape mismatch: {torques.shape} vs {angular_velocities.shape}")
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Shape mismatch: {torques.shape} vs {angular_velocities.shape}"
+        )
     if not (np.all(np.isfinite(torques))):
         raise ValueError("torques must be all finite")
     if not (np.all(np.isfinite(angular_velocities))):
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/golfer_dynamics.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/golfer_dynamics.py
index 6e1053193b..32430a3af4 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/golfer_dynamics.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/golfer_dynamics.py
@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@
 from .physics_golfer import GolferParams, N_DOF, State
 
 
-def _mass_point_positions(q: np.ndarray, p: GolferParams) -> list[tuple[float, Callable]]:
+def _mass_point_positions(
+    q: np.ndarray, p: GolferParams
+) -> list[tuple[float, Callable]]:
     """Return list of (mass, position_function) for all point masses."""
     if not isinstance(q, np.ndarray):
         raise TypeError("q must be a numpy ndarray")
@@ -133,7 +135,9 @@ def __init__(self, q: np.ndarray) -> None:
         self.cos_club = np.cos(q[7])
 
 
-def _hub_and_shoulder_jacobians(p: GolferParams, tc: _TrigCache) -> dict[str, np.ndarray]:
+def _hub_and_shoulder_jacobians(
+    p: GolferParams, tc: _TrigCache
+) -> dict[str, np.ndarray]:
     """Compute Jacobians for hub, right shoulder, and left shoulder."""
     if p is None:
         raise ValueError("p must be provided")
@@ -190,7 +194,9 @@ def _right_arm_chain_jacobian(
     return J_re, J_rh, J_rh
 
 
-def _left_arm_chain_jacobian(p: GolferParams, tc: _TrigCache) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
+def _left_arm_chain_jacobian(
+    p: GolferParams, tc: _TrigCache
+) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
     """Compute Jacobians for LE, LH along the left arm kinematic chain."""
     # LE (left elbow): depends on q[0], q[4]
     if p is None:
@@ -482,4 +488,6 @@ def total_energy(state: State, p: GolferParams) -> float:
 
     q = state[:N_DOF]
     qdot = state[N_DOF:]
-    return total_energy_from_parts(kinetic_energy(q, qdot, p), potential_energy(state, p))
+    return total_energy_from_parts(
+        kinetic_energy(q, qdot, p), potential_energy(state, p)
+    )
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/golfer_kinematics.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/golfer_kinematics.py
index 0a0a6c4145..d37be07b94 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/golfer_kinematics.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/golfer_kinematics.py
@@ -106,7 +106,9 @@ def _absolute_angles(theta_hub: float, relative_angles: list[float]) -> list[flo
     return result
 
 
-def forward_kinematics(q: np.ndarray, p: GolferParams) -> dict[str, tuple[float, float]]:
+def forward_kinematics(
+    q: np.ndarray, p: GolferParams
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, float]]:
     """Compute all joint positions in world frame.
 
     Parameters
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/analysis_tab.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/analysis_tab.py
index 97c6add473..11ad32cb05 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/analysis_tab.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/analysis_tab.py
@@ -319,8 +319,12 @@ def _on_plot_2d(self) -> None:
         from ..data_extractor import extract_series
 
         try:
-            x_vals, x_desc, x_unit = extract_series(self._result, x_key, self._model_type)
-            y_vals, y_desc, y_unit = extract_series(self._result, y_key, self._model_type)
+            x_vals, x_desc, x_unit = extract_series(
+                self._result, x_key, self._model_type
+            )
+            y_vals, y_desc, y_unit = extract_series(
+                self._result, y_key, self._model_type
+            )
         except (KeyError, AttributeError) as exc:
             logger.error("Failed to extract series: %s", exc)
             return
@@ -510,7 +514,9 @@ def _evaluator_double(self, z_key: str) -> Any:
         if z_key == "potential_energy":
 
             def _eval(angles: dict) -> float:
-                state = np.array([angles.get("theta1", 0.0), angles.get("phi", 0.0), 0.0, 0.0])
+                state = np.array(
+                    [angles.get("theta1", 0.0), angles.get("phi", 0.0), 0.0, 0.0]
+                )
                 return potential_energy(state, params)
 
             return _eval
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/base_pendulum_widget.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/base_pendulum_widget.py
index 78f7dffe37..f9d0c4b1c6 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/base_pendulum_widget.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/base_pendulum_widget.py
@@ -402,9 +402,9 @@ def mousePressEvent(self, event: object) -> None:
         if not isinstance(event, QMouseEvent):
             return
         if event.button() == Qt.MouseButton.LeftButton:
-            if hasattr(self, "_handle_zoom_button_click") and self._handle_zoom_button_click(
-                event.pos()
-            ):
+            if hasattr(
+                self, "_handle_zoom_button_click"
+            ) and self._handle_zoom_button_click(event.pos()):
                 return
             self._drag_start = event.pos()
             self._drag_pan_start = (self._pan_x, self._pan_y)
@@ -536,7 +536,9 @@ def _world_to_pixel(self, x_world: float, y_world: float) -> QPointF:
     # Off-screen detection / recovery overlay
     # ------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    def _world_points_in_view(self, points: list[tuple[float, float]]) -> tuple[bool, QPointF]:
+    def _world_points_in_view(
+        self, points: list[tuple[float, float]]
+    ) -> tuple[bool, QPointF]:
         """Check if any of the given world points lies inside the widget.
 
         Returns ``(any_visible, centroid_pixel)`` where the centroid is
@@ -558,7 +560,9 @@ def _world_points_in_view(self, points: list[tuple[float, float]]) -> tuple[bool
                 any_visible = True
         return any_visible, QPointF(sum_x / n, sum_y / n)
 
-    def _draw_offscreen_indicator(self, painter: QPainter, system_centroid: QPointF) -> None:
+    def _draw_offscreen_indicator(
+        self, painter: QPainter, system_centroid: QPointF
+    ) -> None:
         """Draw a banner + arrow when the system is fully off-screen.
 
         Always-visible recovery affordance: tells the user where to look
@@ -1020,7 +1024,9 @@ def _draw_shadow_projection(
     # Image export (#1779)
     # ------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    def export_image(self, file_path: str, width: int = 1920, height: int = 1080) -> None:
+    def export_image(
+        self, file_path: str, width: int = 1920, height: int = 1080
+    ) -> None:
         """Export the current visualization as a high-resolution image.
 
         Supports PNG, SVG, and PDF formats based on file extension.
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/clipboard_utils.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/clipboard_utils.py
index 602164a71c..4ae5fcccad 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/clipboard_utils.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/clipboard_utils.py
@@ -36,7 +36,9 @@ def matrix_to_tsv(data: np.ndarray) -> str:
     return result
 
 
-def series_to_tsv(x: np.ndarray, y: np.ndarray, x_label: str = "x", y_label: str = "y") -> str:
+def series_to_tsv(
+    x: np.ndarray, y: np.ndarray, x_label: str = "x", y_label: str = "y"
+) -> str:
     """Convert two 1D arrays to tab-separated text with header.
 
     Pre: x.shape == y.shape, both 1D
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_utils.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_utils.py
index 2580b3598f..a65ca0ad1a 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_utils.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_utils.py
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@
 
 # ── UnitAwareInput availability (DRY: single check shared by all widgets) ──
 HAS_UNIT_AWARE_INPUT = (
-    importlib.util.find_spec("upstream_drift_tools.ui.widgets.unit_aware_input") is not None
+    importlib.util.find_spec("upstream_drift_tools.ui.widgets.unit_aware_input")
+    is not None
 )
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -238,7 +239,9 @@ def parse_coeffs(widget: LabeledInput, name: str) -> list[float]:
         parts = widget.value.split(",")
         return [float(p.strip()) for p in parts if p.strip()]
     except ValueError:
-        raise ValueError(f"Cannot parse '{name}' coefficients: '{widget.value}'") from None
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Cannot parse '{name}' coefficients: '{widget.value}'"
+        ) from None
 
 
 def parse_coeffs_lenient(widget: LabeledInput) -> list[float]:
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_widget.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_widget.py
index e7ac2f5bb8..709d6365a6 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_widget.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_widget.py
@@ -274,8 +274,12 @@ def _build_joint_limits_section(self) -> QGroupBox:
         self.chk_limits = QCheckBox("Enable joint limits")
         self.chk_limits.setStyleSheet(STYLE_CHECK)
         layout.addWidget(self.chk_limits)
-        self.inp_theta1_min = LabeledInput("θ1 min°", "-180", "Min shoulder angle (deg)", lw)
-        self.inp_theta1_max = LabeledInput("θ1 max°", "180", "Max shoulder angle (deg)", lw)
+        self.inp_theta1_min = LabeledInput(
+            "θ1 min°", "-180", "Min shoulder angle (deg)", lw
+        )
+        self.inp_theta1_max = LabeledInput(
+            "θ1 max°", "180", "Max shoulder angle (deg)", lw
+        )
         layout.addLayout(_row(self.inp_theta1_min, self.inp_theta1_max))
         self.inp_phi_min = LabeledInput("φ min°", "-90", "Min wrist angle (deg)", lw)
         self.inp_phi_max = LabeledInput("φ max°", "90", "Max wrist angle (deg)", lw)
@@ -382,7 +386,9 @@ def _build_ic_section(self) -> QGroupBox:
                 row.addWidget(widget)
                 layout.addLayout(row)
         else:
-            self.inp_dtheta1 = LabeledInput("dθ1", "0", "Arm angular velocity rad/s", lw)
+            self.inp_dtheta1 = LabeledInput(
+                "dθ1", "0", "Arm angular velocity rad/s", lw
+            )
             self.inp_dphi = LabeledInput("dφ", "0", "Club angular velocity rad/s", lw)
             layout.addLayout(_row(self.inp_theta1, self.inp_phi))
             layout.addLayout(_row(self.inp_dtheta1, self.inp_dphi))
@@ -394,7 +400,9 @@ def _build_torque_section(self) -> QGroupBox:
         layout = QVBoxLayout(box)
         layout.setContentsMargins(4, 12, 4, 4)
         layout.setSpacing(3)
-        self.inp_tau_shoulder = LabeledInput("Shoulder", "-25, 10", "τ(t)=c0+c1·t+…", 56)
+        self.inp_tau_shoulder = LabeledInput(
+            "Shoulder", "-25, 10", "τ(t)=c0+c1·t+…", 56
+        )
         self.inp_tau_wrist = LabeledInput("Wrist", "0", "τ(t)=c0+c1·t+…", 56)
         layout.addWidget(self.inp_tau_shoulder)
         layout.addWidget(self.inp_tau_wrist)
@@ -512,7 +520,9 @@ def _apply_preset(self, name: str) -> None:
             raise ValueError("name must be provided")
         if name not in self.PRESETS:
             return
-        theta1, phi, dth, dph, tau_sh, tau_wr, tend, m1, m2, mClub, L1, L2 = self.PRESETS[name]
+        theta1, phi, dth, dph, tau_sh, tau_wr, tend, m1, m2, mClub, L1, L2 = (
+            self.PRESETS[name]
+        )
         self.inp_theta1.set_value(str(theta1))
         self.inp_phi.set_value(str(phi))
         self.inp_tau_shoulder.set_value(tau_sh)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_widget_base.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_widget_base.py
index ccd4d5930e..2ccec6fd30 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_widget_base.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_widget_base.py
@@ -77,9 +77,7 @@
     "QPushButton:hover{background:#32326a;}"
 )
 
-STYLE_COMBO = (
-    "background:#2a2a38;color:#e0e0f0;border:1px solid #505068;border-radius:3px;padding:4px;"
-)
+STYLE_COMBO = "background:#2a2a38;color:#e0e0f0;border:1px solid #505068;border-radius:3px;padding:4px;"
 
 
 class ControlsWidgetBase(QWidget):
@@ -269,7 +267,10 @@ def _parse_torque_limits(self) -> list[float] | None:
 
         if not hasattr(self, "chk_clamp") or not self.chk_clamp.isChecked():
             return None
-        return [parse_float(inp, f"Max torque {i}") for i, inp in enumerate(self.clamp_inputs)]
+        return [
+            parse_float(inp, f"Max torque {i}")
+            for i, inp in enumerate(self.clamp_inputs)
+        ]
 
     def _parse_joint_limits(self) -> tuple[list[float], list[float], float] | None:
         """Parse joint limit values.
@@ -361,7 +362,9 @@ def _on_torque_imported(self, joint: str, coeffs: list[float]) -> None:
         inputs = self._get_torque_inputs()
         key = joint.lower()
         valid_keys = {k.lower() for k in inputs}
-        assert key in valid_keys, f"Unknown joint '{joint}', expected one of {valid_keys}"
+        assert (
+            key in valid_keys
+        ), f"Unknown joint '{joint}', expected one of {valid_keys}"
         assert len(coeffs) >= 1, "Coefficients list must not be empty"
 
         coeffs_str = ", ".join(f"{c:.4g}" for c in coeffs)
@@ -391,9 +394,9 @@ def set_slider_range(self, max_val: int) -> None:
 
     def set_slider_value(self, val: int) -> None:
         """Pre: 0 <= val <= slider.maximum()"""
-        assert 0 <= val <= self.slider.maximum(), (
-            f"Slider value {val} out of range [0, {self.slider.maximum()}]"
-        )
+        assert (
+            0 <= val <= self.slider.maximum()
+        ), f"Slider value {val} out of range [0, {self.slider.maximum()}]"
         self.slider.blockSignals(True)
         self.slider.setValue(val)
         self.slider.blockSignals(False)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_widget_golfer.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_widget_golfer.py
index 3eb228dc2d..5da57642d8 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_widget_golfer.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_widget_golfer.py
@@ -220,7 +220,9 @@ def _build_mass_section(self) -> QGroupBox:
                 row.addWidget(w)
                 layout.addLayout(row)
         else:
-            self.inp_m_hub = LabeledInput("Standoff", "0.001", "Standoff mass (massless)")
+            self.inp_m_hub = LabeledInput(
+                "Standoff", "0.001", "Standoff mass (massless)"
+            )
             self.inp_m_r_upper = LabeledInput("R Upper", "3.5", "Right upper arm")
             self.inp_m_r_fore = LabeledInput("R Fore", "2.0", "Right forearm")
             self.inp_m_l_upper = LabeledInput("L Upper", "3.5", "Left upper arm")
@@ -280,7 +282,9 @@ def _build_length_section(self) -> QGroupBox:
                 row.addWidget(w)
                 layout.addLayout(row)
         else:
-            self.inp_L_hub = LabeledInput("Standoff", "0.15", "Standoff length (COM offset)")
+            self.inp_L_hub = LabeledInput(
+                "Standoff", "0.15", "Standoff length (COM offset)"
+            )
             self.inp_L_r_upper = LabeledInput("R Upper", "0.35", "Right upper arm")
             self.inp_L_r_fore = LabeledInput("R Fore", "0.30", "Right forearm")
             self.inp_L_l_upper = LabeledInput("L Upper", "0.35", "Left upper arm")
@@ -303,8 +307,12 @@ def _build_geometry_section(self) -> QGroupBox:
         layout = QVBoxLayout(box)
         layout.setContentsMargins(4, 12, 4, 4)
         layout.setSpacing(3)
-        self.inp_d_rs = LabeledInput("d_RS (m)", "0.20", "Hub bar to right shoulder offset")
-        self.inp_d_ls = LabeledInput("d_LS (m)", "0.20", "Hub bar to left shoulder offset")
+        self.inp_d_rs = LabeledInput(
+            "d_RS (m)", "0.20", "Hub bar to right shoulder offset"
+        )
+        self.inp_d_ls = LabeledInput(
+            "d_LS (m)", "0.20", "Hub bar to left shoulder offset"
+        )
         self.inp_grip_right = LabeledInput(
             "Grip R (m)", "0.05", "Right hand grip from club base"
         )
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_widget_triple.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_widget_triple.py
index 6f62fc37f4..8f330f4bab 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_widget_triple.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/controls_widget_triple.py
@@ -211,8 +211,12 @@ def _build_physics_section(self) -> QGroupBox:
             self.inp_L1 = LabeledInput(
                 "L1 (m) — Hub", "0.20", "Length of segment 1: Hub (sternum → shoulder)"
             )
-            self.inp_L2 = LabeledInput("L2 (m) — Arm", "0.65", "Length of segment 2: Arm")
-            self.inp_L3 = LabeledInput("L3 (m) — Club", "1.10", "Length of segment 3: Club")
+            self.inp_L2 = LabeledInput(
+                "L2 (m) — Arm", "0.65", "Length of segment 2: Arm"
+            )
+            self.inp_L3 = LabeledInput(
+                "L3 (m) — Club", "1.10", "Length of segment 3: Club"
+            )
             for w in [
                 self.inp_m1,
                 self.inp_m2,
@@ -264,8 +268,12 @@ def _build_torque_section(self) -> QGroupBox:
         self.inp_tau_shoulder = LabeledInput(
             "Shoulder", "-25, 10", "τ(t) = c0 + c1*t + c2*t^2 + ..."
         )
-        self.inp_tau_elbow = LabeledInput("Elbow", "0", "τ(t) = c0 + c1*t + c2*t^2 + ...")
-        self.inp_tau_wrist = LabeledInput("Wrist", "0", "τ(t) = c0 + c1*t + c2*t^2 + ...")
+        self.inp_tau_elbow = LabeledInput(
+            "Elbow", "0", "τ(t) = c0 + c1*t + c2*t^2 + ..."
+        )
+        self.inp_tau_wrist = LabeledInput(
+            "Wrist", "0", "τ(t) = c0 + c1*t + c2*t^2 + ..."
+        )
         layout.addWidget(self.inp_tau_shoulder)
         layout.addWidget(self.inp_tau_elbow)
         layout.addWidget(self.inp_tau_wrist)
@@ -364,12 +372,24 @@ def get_params(self) -> dict:
         L1 = self._uai_or_parse(self.inp_L1, "L1")
         L2 = self._uai_or_parse(self.inp_L2, "L2")
         L3 = self._uai_or_parse(self.inp_L3, "L3")
-        b1 = require_non_negative(parse_float(getattr(self, "inp_b1", None), "b1"), "b1")
-        b2 = require_non_negative(parse_float(getattr(self, "inp_b2", None), "b2"), "b2")
-        b3 = require_non_negative(parse_float(getattr(self, "inp_b3", None), "b3"), "b3")
-        mu1 = require_non_negative(parse_float(getattr(self, "inp_mu1", None), "μ1"), "μ1")
-        mu2 = require_non_negative(parse_float(getattr(self, "inp_mu2", None), "μ2"), "μ2")
-        mu3 = require_non_negative(parse_float(getattr(self, "inp_mu3", None), "μ3"), "μ3")
+        b1 = require_non_negative(
+            parse_float(getattr(self, "inp_b1", None), "b1"), "b1"
+        )
+        b2 = require_non_negative(
+            parse_float(getattr(self, "inp_b2", None), "b2"), "b2"
+        )
+        b3 = require_non_negative(
+            parse_float(getattr(self, "inp_b3", None), "b3"), "b3"
+        )
+        mu1 = require_non_negative(
+            parse_float(getattr(self, "inp_mu1", None), "μ1"), "μ1"
+        )
+        mu2 = require_non_negative(
+            parse_float(getattr(self, "inp_mu2", None), "μ2"), "μ2"
+        )
+        mu3 = require_non_negative(
+            parse_float(getattr(self, "inp_mu3", None), "μ3"), "μ3"
+        )
         require_positive(m1, "m1")
         require_positive(m2, "m2")
         require_positive(m3, "m3")
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/diagnostics.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/diagnostics.py
index ed22743d43..ccba5b4f5a 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/diagnostics.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/diagnostics.py
@@ -403,9 +403,13 @@ def _populate(self) -> None:
 
         error_count = self._tracker.error_count
         total = len(self._tracker.events)
-        self._count_label.setText(f"{total} events total • {error_count} errors/critical")
+        self._count_label.setText(
+            f"{total} events total • {error_count} errors/critical"
+        )
 
-    def _on_row_selected(self, row: int, _col: int, _prev_row: int, _prev_col: int) -> None:
+    def _on_row_selected(
+        self, row: int, _col: int, _prev_row: int, _prev_col: int
+    ) -> None:
         """Show details for the selected event."""
         # Events are displayed newest-first (reversed)
         if 0 <= row < len(self._displayed_events):
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/golfer_pendulum_widget.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/golfer_pendulum_widget.py
index e5e09ba7fc..2c088f0ed8 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/golfer_pendulum_widget.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/golfer_pendulum_widget.py
@@ -326,7 +326,9 @@ def _draw_golfer(self, painter: QPainter) -> None:
             self._draw_3d_segment(painter, ls, le, 12, 9, self.COLOR_LEFT_ARM)
             self._draw_3d_segment(painter, le, lh, 9, 6, self.COLOR_LEFT_ARM)
             # Club shaft — tapered from grip to head
-            self._draw_3d_segment(painter, club_base, club_tip, 10, 4, self.COLOR_CLUB_SHAFT)
+            self._draw_3d_segment(
+                painter, club_base, club_tip, 10, 4, self.COLOR_CLUB_SHAFT
+            )
         else:
             # Original flat-line rendering
             # Standoff (origin -> hub) — massless, COM offset adjustment
@@ -542,7 +544,10 @@ def _draw_torque_vectors(self, painter: QPainter) -> None:
         for i, jname in enumerate(joint_keys):
             if i >= len(torque_list):
                 break
-            if self._visible_segments is not None and jname not in self._visible_segments:
+            if (
+                self._visible_segments is not None
+                and jname not in self._visible_segments
+            ):
                 continue
             jp = pos.get(jname)
             if jp is None:
@@ -675,7 +680,10 @@ def _draw_ellipsoids_at_frame(self, painter: QPainter) -> None:
         }
 
         for name, ell in data.items():
-            if self._visible_segments is not None and name not in self._visible_segments:
+            if (
+                self._visible_segments is not None
+                and name not in self._visible_segments
+            ):
                 continue
             world_pos = endpoint_map.get(name)
             if world_pos is None:
@@ -725,7 +733,9 @@ def _draw_ellipsoids_at_frame(self, painter: QPainter) -> None:
                         QPointF(cx_px + dx_line, cy_px + dy_line),
                     )
                     painter.setFont(QFont("Monospace", 7))
-                    painter.drawText(QPointF(cx_px + dx_line + 4, cy_px + dy_line), "F\u221e")
+                    painter.drawText(
+                        QPointF(cx_px + dx_line + 4, cy_px + dy_line), "F\u221e"
+                    )
 
     def _draw_ellipse_axes(
         self,
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/main_window.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/main_window.py
index b902064918..8136da00f9 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/main_window.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/main_window.py
@@ -256,7 +256,9 @@ def adjust_global_font_zoom(cls, delta_steps: int) -> int:
         Returns the resulting (clamped) offset.
         """
         try:
-            current = int(QSettings(_SETTINGS_ORG, _SETTINGS_APP).value("font_zoom_pt", 0))
+            current = int(
+                QSettings(_SETTINGS_ORG, _SETTINGS_APP).value("font_zoom_pt", 0)
+            )
         except (TypeError, ValueError):
             current = 0
         return cls._apply_offset_to_app_font(current + int(delta_steps))
@@ -440,7 +442,9 @@ def _on_shortcut_toggle_3d(self) -> None:
         widget = panel.pendulum_widget
         new_state = not widget._3d_mode
         widget.set_3d_mode(new_state)
-        self.statusBar().showMessage(f"3D mode {'enabled' if new_state else 'disabled'}", 2000)
+        self.statusBar().showMessage(
+            f"3D mode {'enabled' if new_state else 'disabled'}", 2000
+        )
 
     def _on_shortcut_toggle_forces(self) -> None:
         """F key: toggle force vector display."""
@@ -448,7 +452,9 @@ def _on_shortcut_toggle_forces(self) -> None:
         widget = panel.pendulum_widget
         new_state = not widget._show_forces
         widget.set_show_forces(new_state)
-        self.statusBar().showMessage(f"Forces {'shown' if new_state else 'hidden'}", 2000)
+        self.statusBar().showMessage(
+            f"Forces {'shown' if new_state else 'hidden'}", 2000
+        )
 
     def _on_shortcut_toggle_gravity(self) -> None:
         """G key: toggle gravity display indicator."""
@@ -517,7 +523,9 @@ def _wire_analysis_tab(self) -> None:
         for idx, panel in enumerate(self._panels):
             model_type = model_map[idx]
 
-            def _on_finished(_p: SimulationPanel = panel, _mt: str = model_type) -> None:
+            def _on_finished(
+                _p: SimulationPanel = panel, _mt: str = model_type
+            ) -> None:
                 result = _p._result
                 if result is not None:
                     self._analysis_tab.set_result(result, model_type=_mt)
@@ -724,7 +732,11 @@ def _on_theme_changed(self, name: str) -> None:
         self.status.showMessage(f"Theme changed to: {name}", 3000)
 
     def _open_theme_manager(self) -> None:
-        if not _THEME_AVAILABLE or self._theme_manager is None or ThemeManagerDialog is None:
+        if (
+            not _THEME_AVAILABLE
+            or self._theme_manager is None
+            or ThemeManagerDialog is None
+        ):
             from PyQt6.QtWidgets import QMessageBox
 
             QMessageBox.information(
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/matrix_widget_base.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/matrix_widget_base.py
index 8eb1dfd9f7..9f399135d1 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/matrix_widget_base.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/matrix_widget_base.py
@@ -114,7 +114,9 @@ def paintEvent(self, event: object) -> None:
         if self._result is None:
             painter.setPen(self.COLOR_LABEL)
             painter.setFont(QFont("Sans", 11))
-            painter.drawText(self.rect(), Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignCenter, "No simulation loaded")
+            painter.drawText(
+                self.rect(), Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignCenter, "No simulation loaded"
+            )
             painter.end()
             return
 
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/optimization_widget.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/optimization_widget.py
index 4246abe63e..5208bf4b2a 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/optimization_widget.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/optimization_widget.py
@@ -135,10 +135,14 @@ def _cmaes_step(
 
     # Learning rates
     c_sigma = (mu_eff + 2.0) / (n + mu_eff + 5.0)
-    d_sigma = 1.0 + 2.0 * max(0.0, math.sqrt((mu_eff - 1.0) / (n + 1.0)) - 1.0) + c_sigma
+    d_sigma = (
+        1.0 + 2.0 * max(0.0, math.sqrt((mu_eff - 1.0) / (n + 1.0)) - 1.0) + c_sigma
+    )
     c_c = (4.0 + mu_eff / n) / (n + 4.0 + 2.0 * mu_eff / n)
     c1 = 2.0 / ((n + 1.3) ** 2 + mu_eff)
-    c_mu_lr = min(1.0 - c1, 2.0 * (mu_eff - 2.0 + 1.0 / mu_eff) / ((n + 2.0) ** 2 + mu_eff))
+    c_mu_lr = min(
+        1.0 - c1, 2.0 * (mu_eff - 2.0 + 1.0 / mu_eff) / ((n + 2.0) ** 2 + mu_eff)
+    )
 
     # Sample population
     try:
@@ -186,9 +190,9 @@ def _cmaes_step(
         else 0.0
     )
 
-    p_c_new = (1.0 - c_c) * state.p_c + h_sigma * math.sqrt(c_c * (2.0 - c_c) * mu_eff) * (
-        new_mean - old_mean
-    ) / state.sigma
+    p_c_new = (1.0 - c_c) * state.p_c + h_sigma * math.sqrt(
+        c_c * (2.0 - c_c) * mu_eff
+    ) * (new_mean - old_mean) / state.sigma
 
     # Update covariance matrix
     artmp = (selected - old_mean) / state.sigma
@@ -262,7 +266,9 @@ def __init__(
         self._n_iterations = n_iterations
         self._method = method
         self._warm_start = warm_start
-        self._population_size = population_size or max(10, 4 + int(3 * np.log(n_params)))
+        self._population_size = population_size or max(
+            10, 4 + int(3 * np.log(n_params))
+        )
         self._plateau_patience = plateau_patience
         self._use_native_batch = use_native_batch
         self._native_config = native_batch_config or {}
@@ -333,7 +339,9 @@ def _run_cmaes(self) -> None:
         self.finished.emit(
             {
                 "coeffs": (
-                    state.best_solution if state.best_solution is not None else state.mean
+                    state.best_solution
+                    if state.best_solution is not None
+                    else state.mean
                 ),
                 "speed": -state.best_fitness,
                 "history": history,
@@ -491,7 +499,9 @@ def _build_ui_header(self, layout: QVBoxLayout) -> None:
         layout.addWidget(title)
 
         backend_lbl = QLabel(
-            "[Rust] parallel batch enabled" if _HAS_NATIVE_BATCH else "[Python] sequential"
+            "[Rust] parallel batch enabled"
+            if _HAS_NATIVE_BATCH
+            else "[Python] sequential"
         )
         backend_lbl.setStyleSheet(
             f"color:{'#60c060' if _HAS_NATIVE_BATCH else '#c0a060'};font-size:9px;"
@@ -509,7 +519,9 @@ def _build_ui_config_group(self) -> QGroupBox:
         obj_row = QHBoxLayout()
         obj_row.addWidget(QLabel("Objective:"))
         self._cmb_objective = QComboBox()
-        self._cmb_objective.addItems(["Max Tip Speed", "Max Height", "Min Control Effort"])
+        self._cmb_objective.addItems(
+            ["Max Tip Speed", "Max Height", "Min Control Effort"]
+        )
         obj_row.addWidget(self._cmb_objective)
         cfg_lay.addLayout(obj_row)
 
@@ -558,7 +570,9 @@ def _build_ui_config_group(self) -> QGroupBox:
         self._spin_patience = QSpinBox()
         self._spin_patience.setRange(5, 200)
         self._spin_patience.setValue(20)
-        self._spin_patience.setToolTip("Stop if no improvement for this many generations")
+        self._spin_patience.setToolTip(
+            "Stop if no improvement for this many generations"
+        )
         pat_row.addWidget(self._spin_patience)
         cfg_lay.addLayout(pat_row)
 
@@ -698,7 +712,9 @@ def _on_run(self) -> None:
         if not self._refresh_bound_objective():
             return
         if self._objective_fn is None:
-            self.append_status_message("⚠ No objective function set. Run a simulation first.")
+            self.append_status_message(
+                "⚠ No objective function set. Run a simulation first."
+            )
             return
 
         n_params = self._n_torque_params * self._spin_degree.value()
@@ -716,7 +732,9 @@ def _on_run(self) -> None:
 
         self._log.clear()
         self._log.append(f"Starting {method} optimization...")
-        self._log.append(f"  Params: {n_params}, Generations: {n_iters}, Pop: {pop_size}")
+        self._log.append(
+            f"  Params: {n_params}, Generations: {n_iters}, Pop: {pop_size}"
+        )
         if _HAS_NATIVE_BATCH and self._chk_native.isChecked():
             self._log.append("  Backend: [Rust] parallel (rayon)")
         else:
@@ -796,7 +814,9 @@ def _on_finished(self, result: Any) -> None:
         if self._convergence_history:
             n_gens = len(self._convergence_history)
             best = min(self._convergence_history)
-            self.append_status_message(f"  Generations: {n_gens}, Best loss: {best:.6f}")
+            self.append_status_message(
+                f"  Generations: {n_gens}, Best loss: {best:.6f}"
+            )
 
         if coeffs is not None:
             self.append_status_message(
@@ -818,4 +838,6 @@ def _on_error(self, msg: str) -> None:
     def _on_apply(self) -> None:
         if self._result is not None:
             self.optimized_coefficients.emit(self._result)
-            self.append_status_message("\n✓ Applied optimized coefficients to controls.")
+            self.append_status_message(
+                "\n✓ Applied optimized coefficients to controls."
+            )
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/overlay_state.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/overlay_state.py
index f0be7905e1..41cb6d75b2 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/overlay_state.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/overlay_state.py
@@ -117,7 +117,9 @@ def apply_toolstrip_overlay_state(
     for src_attr, dst_setter, extract in _OVERLAY_BINDINGS:
         src = getattr(toolstrip, src_attr, None)
         if src is None:
-            logger.debug("toolstrip has no attribute %r; skipping %s", src_attr, dst_setter)
+            logger.debug(
+                "toolstrip has no attribute %r; skipping %s", src_attr, dst_setter
+            )
             continue
         setter = getattr(pendulum, dst_setter, None)
         if setter is None:
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/panel_builders.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/panel_builders.py
index e3ed5aaff2..c0b6e29bea 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/panel_builders.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/panel_builders.py
@@ -377,7 +377,9 @@ def _wire_panel_sim_signals(
         )
         # Reset toolstrip play button when playback ends
         panel.playback_ended.connect(
-            lambda _p=panel: ts.btn_play.setChecked(False) if _p is active_panel_fn() else None
+            lambda _p=panel: (
+                ts.btn_play.setChecked(False) if _p is active_panel_fn() else None
+            )
         )
 
 
@@ -977,12 +979,18 @@ def _fwd_overlay(attr: str, value: object) -> None:
         if hasattr(pw, attr):
             getattr(pw, attr)(value)
 
-    ts.torque_vectors_toggled.connect(lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_show_torque_vectors", v))
-    ts.moment_of_force_toggled.connect(lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_show_moment_of_force", v))
+    ts.torque_vectors_toggled.connect(
+        lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_show_torque_vectors", v)
+    )
+    ts.moment_of_force_toggled.connect(
+        lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_show_moment_of_force", v)
+    )
     ts.sum_moments_toggled.connect(lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_show_sum_moments", v))
     ts.force_scale_changed.connect(lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_force_scale", v))
     ts.mob_scale_changed.connect(lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_mob_ellipsoid_scale", v))
-    ts.force_ell_scale_changed.connect(lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_force_ellipsoid_scale", v))
+    ts.force_ell_scale_changed.connect(
+        lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_force_ellipsoid_scale", v)
+    )
     ts.azimuth_changed.connect(lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_view_azimuth", v))
     ts.tilt_changed.connect(lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_tilt_angle", v))
     ts.reset_view_requested.connect(
@@ -1024,7 +1032,9 @@ def wire_toolstrip(main_window: Any) -> None:
     )
 
     # ── Simulation action signals → active panel only ──────────────
-    ts.run_requested.connect(lambda: main_window._active_panel().controls.run_requested.emit())
+    ts.run_requested.connect(
+        lambda: main_window._active_panel().controls.run_requested.emit()
+    )
     ts.reset_requested.connect(
         lambda: main_window._active_panel().controls.reset_requested.emit()
     )
@@ -1034,7 +1044,9 @@ def wire_toolstrip(main_window: Any) -> None:
     ts.speed_changed.connect(
         lambda val: main_window._active_panel().controls.speed_changed.emit(val)
     )
-    ts.frame_scrubbed.connect(lambda idx: main_window._active_panel().scrub_to_frame(idx))
+    ts.frame_scrubbed.connect(
+        lambda idx: main_window._active_panel().scrub_to_frame(idx)
+    )
 
     # ── Export actions (#1141) → active panel's controls ──────────
     ts.export_data_requested.connect(
@@ -1121,9 +1133,15 @@ def _fwd_overlay(attr: str, value: object) -> None:
             getattr(pw, attr)(value)
 
     ts.forces_toggled.connect(lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_show_forces", v))
-    ts.zero_torque_toggled.connect(lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_show_zero_torque_forces", v))
-    ts.mob_ellipsoid_toggled.connect(lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_show_mob_ellipsoids", v))
-    ts.force_ellipsoid_toggled.connect(lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_show_force_ellipsoids", v))
+    ts.zero_torque_toggled.connect(
+        lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_show_zero_torque_forces", v)
+    )
+    ts.mob_ellipsoid_toggled.connect(
+        lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_show_mob_ellipsoids", v)
+    )
+    ts.force_ellipsoid_toggled.connect(
+        lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_show_force_ellipsoids", v)
+    )
     ts.com_toggled.connect(lambda v: _fwd_overlay("set_show_com", v))
 
     # ── 3D segment rendering (#1155) ──────────────────────────────
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/pendulum_widget.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/pendulum_widget.py
index 9a5ca00b39..d5604f6c49 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/pendulum_widget.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/pendulum_widget.py
@@ -582,7 +582,10 @@ def _draw_torque_vectors(self, painter: QPainter) -> None:
         for i, jname in enumerate(joint_names):
             if i >= len(torque_list):
                 break
-            if self._visible_segments is not None and jname not in self._visible_segments:
+            if (
+                self._visible_segments is not None
+                and jname not in self._visible_segments
+            ):
                 continue
             jp = pos.get(jname)
             if jp is None:
@@ -661,7 +664,10 @@ def _draw_moment_of_force(self, painter: QPainter) -> None:
             joint_names.append("wrist")
 
         for jname in joint_names:
-            if self._visible_segments is not None and jname not in self._visible_segments:
+            if (
+                self._visible_segments is not None
+                and jname not in self._visible_segments
+            ):
                 continue
             jp = pos.get(jname)
             if jp is None:
@@ -738,7 +744,10 @@ def _draw_ellipsoids_at_frame(self, painter: QPainter) -> None:
             }
 
         for name, ell in data.items():
-            if self._visible_segments is not None and name not in self._visible_segments:
+            if (
+                self._visible_segments is not None
+                and name not in self._visible_segments
+            ):
                 continue
             world_pos = endpoint_map.get(name)
             if world_pos is None:
@@ -790,7 +799,9 @@ def _draw_ellipsoids_at_frame(self, painter: QPainter) -> None:
                         QPointF(cx_px + dx_line, cy_px + dy_line),
                     )
                     painter.setFont(QFont("Monospace", 7))
-                    painter.drawText(QPointF(cx_px + dx_line + 4, cy_px + dy_line), "F∞")
+                    painter.drawText(
+                        QPointF(cx_px + dx_line + 4, cy_px + dy_line), "F∞"
+                    )
 
     def _draw_ellipse_axes(
         self,
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/side_panel_tabs.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/side_panel_tabs.py
index 6741c1529d..6a8b843407 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/side_panel_tabs.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/side_panel_tabs.py
@@ -73,7 +73,9 @@ def __init__(
         parent: QWidget | None = None,
     ) -> None:
         if not settings_key or not settings_key.strip():
-            raise ValueError(f"settings_key must be a non-empty string, got {settings_key!r}")
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"settings_key must be a non-empty string, got {settings_key!r}"
+            )
         super().__init__(parent)
         self._settings_key: str = settings_key
         # Insertion-ordered: label → wrapped scroll area
@@ -124,7 +126,9 @@ def add_panel(
         if widget is None:
             raise ValueError("widget must not be None")
         if label in self._panels:
-            raise ValueError(f"duplicate label {label!r} — already used by another panel")
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"duplicate label {label!r} — already used by another panel"
+            )
 
         wrapper = self._wrap(widget)
         index = self.addTab(wrapper, label)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/simulation_panel.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/simulation_panel.py
index 1d5f7c10f5..fd1a5cf32a 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/simulation_panel.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/simulation_panel.py
@@ -270,7 +270,9 @@ def _connect_signals(self) -> None:
             self.controls.force_scale_changed.connect(self.pendulum.set_force_scale)
 
         # Wire real-time rotation controls (#1146)
-        if hasattr(self.controls, "tilt_changed") and hasattr(self.pendulum, "set_tilt_angle"):
+        if hasattr(self.controls, "tilt_changed") and hasattr(
+            self.pendulum, "set_tilt_angle"
+        ):
             self.controls.tilt_changed.connect(self.pendulum.set_tilt_angle)
         if hasattr(self.controls, "azimuth_changed") and hasattr(
             self.pendulum, "set_view_azimuth"
@@ -306,7 +308,9 @@ def _on_run(self) -> None:
             p = self.controls.get_params()
         except ValueError as e:
             logger.warning("Parameter validation failed: %s", e)
-            get_tracker().record_exception("simulation", e, context="Parameter validation")
+            get_tracker().record_exception(
+                "simulation", e, context="Parameter validation"
+            )
             QMessageBox.warning(self, "Input Error", str(e))
             return
 
@@ -327,7 +331,9 @@ def _on_run(self) -> None:
             torque_func = self._torque_builder(p)
         except (ValueError, TypeError, KeyError) as e:
             logger.warning("State/torque build failed: %s", e, exc_info=True)
-            get_tracker().record_exception("simulation", e, context="State/torque build")
+            get_tracker().record_exception(
+                "simulation", e, context="State/torque build"
+            )
             QMessageBox.warning(self, "Build Error", str(e))
             return
 
@@ -646,7 +652,9 @@ def _fmt_coeffs(arr: np.ndarray) -> str:
             # Triple: split into 3 groups (shoulder, elbow, wrist)
             n_third = len(coeffs) // 3
             self.controls.inp_tau_shoulder.set_value(_fmt_coeffs(coeffs[:n_third]))
-            self.controls.inp_tau_elbow.set_value(_fmt_coeffs(coeffs[n_third : 2 * n_third]))
+            self.controls.inp_tau_elbow.set_value(
+                _fmt_coeffs(coeffs[n_third : 2 * n_third])
+            )
             self.controls.inp_tau_wrist.set_value(_fmt_coeffs(coeffs[2 * n_third :]))
             logger.info("Applied triple pendulum optimizer coefficients")
 
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/simulation_panel/_lifecycle_mixin.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/simulation_panel/_lifecycle_mixin.py
index 8c8162a12c..829292c4ce 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/simulation_panel/_lifecycle_mixin.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/simulation_panel/_lifecycle_mixin.py
@@ -65,7 +65,9 @@ def _on_run(self) -> None:
             p = self.controls.get_params()
         except ValueError as e:
             logger.warning("Parameter validation failed: %s", e)
-            get_tracker().record_exception("simulation", e, context="Parameter validation")
+            get_tracker().record_exception(
+                "simulation", e, context="Parameter validation"
+            )
             QMessageBox.warning(self, "Input Error", str(e))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
             return
 
@@ -86,7 +88,9 @@ def _on_run(self) -> None:
             torque_func = self._torque_builder(p)
         except (ValueError, TypeError, KeyError) as e:
             logger.warning("State/torque build failed: %s", e, exc_info=True)
-            get_tracker().record_exception("simulation", e, context="State/torque build")
+            get_tracker().record_exception(
+                "simulation", e, context="State/torque build"
+            )
             QMessageBox.warning(self, "Build Error", str(e))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
             return
 
@@ -277,7 +281,9 @@ def _fmt_coeffs(arr: np.ndarray) -> str:
             # Triple: split into 3 groups (shoulder, elbow, wrist)
             n_third = len(coeffs) // 3
             self.controls.inp_tau_shoulder.set_value(_fmt_coeffs(coeffs[:n_third]))
-            self.controls.inp_tau_elbow.set_value(_fmt_coeffs(coeffs[n_third : 2 * n_third]))
+            self.controls.inp_tau_elbow.set_value(
+                _fmt_coeffs(coeffs[n_third : 2 * n_third])
+            )
             self.controls.inp_tau_wrist.set_value(_fmt_coeffs(coeffs[2 * n_third :]))
             _log.info("Applied triple pendulum optimizer coefficients")
 
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/simulation_panel/_simulation_panel.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/simulation_panel/_simulation_panel.py
index 7339a52a4b..c499874dc0 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/simulation_panel/_simulation_panel.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/simulation_panel/_simulation_panel.py
@@ -235,7 +235,9 @@ def _connect_signals(self) -> None:
             self.controls.force_scale_changed.connect(self.pendulum.set_force_scale)
 
         # Wire real-time rotation controls (#1146)
-        if hasattr(self.controls, "tilt_changed") and hasattr(self.pendulum, "set_tilt_angle"):
+        if hasattr(self.controls, "tilt_changed") and hasattr(
+            self.pendulum, "set_tilt_angle"
+        ):
             self.controls.tilt_changed.connect(self.pendulum.set_tilt_angle)
         if hasattr(self.controls, "azimuth_changed") and hasattr(
             self.pendulum, "set_view_azimuth"
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/theme_defaults.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/theme_defaults.py
index 0a0cf95b2d..8cc7a66044 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/theme_defaults.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/theme_defaults.py
@@ -77,7 +77,9 @@ def ensure_default_theme_seeded() -> str:
         if not has_initial_flag:
             settings.setValue(_INITIAL_FLAG_KEY, "1")
             settings.sync()
-        active = str(existing_theme) if existing_theme is not None else DEFAULT_THEME_NAME
+        active = (
+            str(existing_theme) if existing_theme is not None else DEFAULT_THEME_NAME
+        )
         logger.debug(
             "Theme already initialised (theme=%s, flag=%s); not seeding",
             active,
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/toolstrip_widget.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/toolstrip_widget.py
index 0fc7373900..93ea6ae256 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/toolstrip_widget.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/toolstrip_widget.py
@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@
 # Stylesheet constants
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-_STYLE_STRIP = "QWidget#toolstrip {background: #16162e;border-bottom: 1px solid #2a2a50;}"
+_STYLE_STRIP = (
+    "QWidget#toolstrip {background: #16162e;border-bottom: 1px solid #2a2a50;}"
+)
 _BTN_RUN = (
     "QPushButton{"
     "background:#1e5c30;color:#a8f0b8;border:none;border-radius:5px;"
@@ -203,9 +205,9 @@ def _make_scale_slider(
     if style is None:
         raise ValueError("style must be provided")
     assert divisor > 0, f"divisor must be > 0, got {divisor}"
-    assert max_val > 0 and default > 0 and default <= max_val, (
-        f"invalid slider bounds: default={default}, max_val={max_val}"
-    )
+    assert (
+        max_val > 0 and default > 0 and default <= max_val
+    ), f"invalid slider bounds: default={default}, max_val={max_val}"
     s = QSlider(Qt.Orientation.Horizontal)
     s.setRange(1, max_val)
     s.setValue(default)
@@ -638,7 +640,9 @@ def _build_mobility_ellipsoids_row(self) -> QHBoxLayout:
 
         # Mobility ellipsoids: divisor=100 → raw 1..1000 maps to 0.01×..10×
         # so the user can shrink them to 1/100th of unity when joints crowd.
-        self._sld_mob = _make_scale_slider(_SLIDER_MOB, default=100, max_val=1000, divisor=100)
+        self._sld_mob = _make_scale_slider(
+            _SLIDER_MOB, default=100, max_val=1000, divisor=100
+        )
         self._sld_mob.setToolTip("Mobility ellipsoid display scale (0.01× – 10×)")
         self._sld_mob.valueChanged.connect(self._on_mob_scale)
 
@@ -667,7 +671,9 @@ def _build_force_ellipsoids_row(self) -> QHBoxLayout:
         self._lbl_force_ell_scale = QLabel("1.0×")
         self._lbl_force_ell_scale.setStyleSheet(_VAL_LBL)
 
-        return _overlay_row(self.chk_force_ell, self._sld_force_ell, self._lbl_force_ell_scale)
+        return _overlay_row(
+            self.chk_force_ell, self._sld_force_ell, self._lbl_force_ell_scale
+        )
 
     def _build_segment_visibility_row(self) -> QHBoxLayout:
         """Row D: Per-segment visibility sub-checkboxes (#1100, #1101, #1102)."""
@@ -919,7 +925,9 @@ def _on_segment_toggled(self) -> None:
         If all segments are checked, emit None (show all).
         Otherwise emit the set of checked segment names.
         """
-        checked = {name for name, chk in self._segment_checks.items() if chk.isChecked()}
+        checked = {
+            name for name, chk in self._segment_checks.items() if chk.isChecked()
+        }
         if len(checked) == len(self._segment_checks):
             self.segment_visibility_changed.emit(None)  # all visible
         else:
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/torque_history_widget.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/torque_history_widget.py
index 5a4851cd85..15bf0e8c20 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/torque_history_widget.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/torque_history_widget.py
@@ -161,7 +161,9 @@ def _build_ui(self) -> None:
         self._outer_layout.addWidget(title)
 
         if not _HAS_PYQTGRAPH:
-            fallback = QLabel("Install pyqtgraph for torque plots:\n  pip install pyqtgraph")
+            fallback = QLabel(
+                "Install pyqtgraph for torque plots:\n  pip install pyqtgraph"
+            )
             fallback.setAlignment(Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignCenter)
             fallback.setStyleSheet("color: #808090; font-size: 11px;")
             self._outer_layout.addWidget(fallback)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/torque_preview_widget.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/torque_preview_widget.py
index e66f66eb8a..10832718ea 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/torque_preview_widget.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/gui/torque_preview_widget.py
@@ -45,7 +45,9 @@ def set_profiles(
         """
         if profiles is None:
             raise ValueError("profiles must be provided")
-        self._profiles = [(name, list(coeffs), color) for name, coeffs, color in profiles]
+        self._profiles = [
+            (name, list(coeffs), color) for name, coeffs, color in profiles
+        ]
         self._clamp_limits = list(clamp_limits) if clamp_limits else []
         self.update()
 
@@ -62,7 +64,9 @@ def paintEvent(self, event: object) -> None:
         if not self._profiles:
             painter.setPen(self.COLOR_TEXT)
             painter.setFont(QFont("Sans", 9))
-            painter.drawText(self.rect(), Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignCenter, "Torque preview")
+            painter.drawText(
+                self.rect(), Qt.AlignmentFlag.AlignCenter, "Torque preview"
+            )
             painter.end()
             return
 
@@ -103,7 +107,9 @@ def paintEvent(self, event: object) -> None:
                 for lv in [limit, -limit]:
                     y = qrect.bottom() - (lv - v_min) / (v_max - v_min) * qrect.height()
                     if qrect.top() <= y <= qrect.bottom():
-                        painter.drawLine(QPointF(qrect.left(), y), QPointF(qrect.right(), y))
+                        painter.drawLine(
+                            QPointF(qrect.left(), y), QPointF(qrect.right(), y)
+                        )
 
         for idx, ((_, values), (__, ___, color)) in enumerate(
             zip(series, self._profiles, strict=True)
@@ -117,7 +123,10 @@ def paintEvent(self, event: object) -> None:
                 points: list[QPointF] = []
                 for i, val in enumerate(values):
                     x = qrect.left() + (t[i] / self._t_end) * qrect.width()
-                    y = qrect.bottom() - (val - v_min) / (v_max - v_min) * qrect.height()
+                    y = (
+                        qrect.bottom()
+                        - (val - v_min) / (v_max - v_min) * qrect.height()
+                    )
                     points.append(QPointF(x, y))
                 for i in range(1, len(points)):
                     painter.drawLine(points[i - 1], points[i])
@@ -128,7 +137,10 @@ def paintEvent(self, event: object) -> None:
                 points = []
                 for i, val in enumerate(clamped):
                     x = qrect.left() + (t[i] / self._t_end) * qrect.width()
-                    y = qrect.bottom() - (val - v_min) / (v_max - v_min) * qrect.height()
+                    y = (
+                        qrect.bottom()
+                        - (val - v_min) / (v_max - v_min) * qrect.height()
+                    )
                     points.append(QPointF(x, y))
                 for i in range(1, len(points)):
                     painter.drawLine(points[i - 1], points[i])
@@ -139,7 +151,10 @@ def paintEvent(self, event: object) -> None:
                 points = []
                 for i, val in enumerate(values):
                     x = qrect.left() + (t[i] / self._t_end) * qrect.width()
-                    y = qrect.bottom() - (val - v_min) / (v_max - v_min) * qrect.height()
+                    y = (
+                        qrect.bottom()
+                        - (val - v_min) / (v_max - v_min) * qrect.height()
+                    )
                     points.append(QPointF(x, y))
                 for i in range(1, len(points)):
                     painter.drawLine(points[i - 1], points[i])
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/jacobians_golfer.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/jacobians_golfer.py
index 6d6256fa7d..f1275d58c6 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/jacobians_golfer.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/jacobians_golfer.py
@@ -123,7 +123,9 @@ def delta_matrix(q: np.ndarray, p: GolferParams) -> np.ndarray:
     return np.linalg.pinv(M)
 
 
-def ztcf_matrix(q: np.ndarray, p: GolferParams, joint_name: str = "club_tip") -> np.ndarray:
+def ztcf_matrix(
+    q: np.ndarray, p: GolferParams, joint_name: str = "club_tip"
+) -> np.ndarray:
     """Compute the Zero-Torque Constraint Force transfer matrix.
 
     Maps applied joint torques to endpoint forces via:
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/joint_moments.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/joint_moments.py
index 5797f53a60..c875896afb 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/joint_moments.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/joint_moments.py
@@ -68,7 +68,9 @@ def moment_of_force(
     """
     if joint_position is None:
         raise ValueError("joint_position must be provided")
-    r = np.asarray(distal_com_position, dtype=float) - np.asarray(joint_position, dtype=float)
+    r = np.asarray(distal_com_position, dtype=float) - np.asarray(
+        joint_position, dtype=float
+    )
     return cross_2d(r, np.asarray(net_force, dtype=float))
 
 
@@ -139,7 +141,9 @@ def double_pendulum_moments(
 
     # Shoulder: moment about arm COM
     m_shoulder = moment_of_force(shoulder, arm_com, f_shoulder)
-    total_shoulder = total_moment_at_joint(applied_torques[0], shoulder, arm_com, f_shoulder)
+    total_shoulder = total_moment_at_joint(
+        applied_torques[0], shoulder, arm_com, f_shoulder
+    )
 
     # Wrist: moment about shaft COM
     m_wrist = moment_of_force(wrist, shaft_com, f_wrist)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/model_registry.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/model_registry.py
index 8b07ff191d..29cbe096e9 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/model_registry.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/model_registry.py
@@ -88,7 +88,9 @@ def get_model(name: str) -> ModelConfig:
     Raises: KeyError if not found.
     """
     if name not in _registry:
-        raise KeyError(f"Model {name!r} not registered. Available: {list(_registry.keys())}")
+        raise KeyError(
+            f"Model {name!r} not registered. Available: {list(_registry.keys())}"
+        )
     return _registry[name]
 
 
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/native_backend.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/native_backend.py
index 9b0de07bf5..083ccd4933 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/native_backend.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/native_backend.py
@@ -579,7 +579,9 @@ def golfer_constrained_dynamics(
     """Return native golfer accelerations and multipliers when supported."""
     if q is None:
         raise ValueError("q must be provided")
-    if not golfer_native_enabled() or not golfer_native_constraint_dynamics_supported(params):
+    if not golfer_native_enabled() or not golfer_native_constraint_dynamics_supported(
+        params
+    ):
         return None
 
     try:
@@ -693,17 +695,21 @@ def batch_evaluate_double(
     """
     if params is None:
         raise ValueError("params must be provided")
-    if _pendulum_core is None or not hasattr(_pendulum_core, "py_batch_evaluate_double"):
+    if _pendulum_core is None or not hasattr(
+        _pendulum_core, "py_batch_evaluate_double"
+    ):
         return None
 
     try:
-        result: list[tuple[float, float, bool]] = _pendulum_core.py_batch_evaluate_double(
-            _to_rust_double_params(params),
-            coeffs_batch,
-            n_coeffs_per_joint,
-            q0,
-            qdot0,
-            t_end,
+        result: list[tuple[float, float, bool]] = (
+            _pendulum_core.py_batch_evaluate_double(
+                _to_rust_double_params(params),
+                coeffs_batch,
+                n_coeffs_per_joint,
+                q0,
+                qdot0,
+                t_end,
+            )
         )
         return result
     except (RuntimeError, AttributeError, TypeError) as exc:  # pragma: no cover
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/optimizer_gpu.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/optimizer_gpu.py
index 6704a7a918..2b7165f17b 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/optimizer_gpu.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/optimizer_gpu.py
@@ -224,9 +224,9 @@ def loss_fn(coeffs):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
             logger.info("Iteration %d/%d: loss = %.6f", i + 1, n_iterations, loss_val)
 
     optimal_coeffs = torque_coeffs.reshape(7, n_coeffs_per_joint)
-    assert len(history) == n_iterations, (
-        f"Expected {n_iterations} history entries, got {len(history)}"
-    )
+    assert (
+        len(history) == n_iterations
+    ), f"Expected {n_iterations} history entries, got {len(history)}"
     assert optimal_coeffs.shape == (7, n_coeffs_per_joint)
 
     return optimal_coeffs, history
@@ -287,7 +287,9 @@ def optimize_simple_torque_profile(
     @jax.jit
     @jax.value_and_grad
     def loss_fn(coeffs):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
-        return clubhead_speed_objective(coeffs, params, initial_state, t_end, alpha, beta, dt)
+        return clubhead_speed_objective(
+            coeffs, params, initial_state, t_end, alpha, beta, dt
+        )
 
     history = []
 
@@ -340,7 +342,9 @@ def compute_gradient_via_finite_difference(
     assert eps > 0, f"eps must be positive, got {eps}"
     grad = jnp.zeros(7)
 
-    f0 = clubhead_speed_objective(torque_coeffs, params, initial_state, t_end, alpha, beta, dt)
+    f0 = clubhead_speed_objective(
+        torque_coeffs, params, initial_state, t_end, alpha, beta, dt
+    )
 
     for i in range(7):
         torque_plus = torque_coeffs.at[i].add(eps)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/perturbation_analysis.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/perturbation_analysis.py
index a6f6fb608d..2b465310d1 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/perturbation_analysis.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/perturbation_analysis.py
@@ -110,7 +110,9 @@ def generate_noise(
             f"Unknown noise type: {noise_type!r}. Must be 'white', 'pink', or 'brown'."
         )
 
-    assert noise.shape == (n_samples,), f"Expected shape ({n_samples},), got {noise.shape}"
+    assert noise.shape == (
+        n_samples,
+    ), f"Expected shape ({n_samples},), got {noise.shape}"
     return noise
 
 
@@ -150,7 +152,9 @@ def perturb_torque_coeffs(
     if not (noise_amplitude >= 0):
         raise ValueError("DbC Blocked: Precondition failed.")
     if noise_type not in {"white", "pink", "brown"}:
-        raise ValueError(f"noise_type must be 'white', 'pink', or 'brown'; got {noise_type!r}")
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"noise_type must be 'white', 'pink', or 'brown'; got {noise_type!r}"
+        )
 
     if noise_amplitude == 0.0:
         return [list(c) for c in coeffs]
@@ -196,9 +200,9 @@ class PerturbationConfig:
 
     def __post_init__(self) -> None:
         assert self.n_trials > 0, f"n_trials must be positive, got {self.n_trials}"
-        assert self.noise_amplitude >= 0, (
-            f"noise_amplitude must be non-negative, got {self.noise_amplitude}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            self.noise_amplitude >= 0
+        ), f"noise_amplitude must be non-negative, got {self.noise_amplitude}"
         assert self.noise_type in {
             "white",
             "pink",
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/physics.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/physics.py
index 46948b294a..4d0656dac4 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/physics.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/physics.py
@@ -261,7 +261,9 @@ def gravity_vector(theta1: float, phi: float, params: PendulumParams) -> np.ndar
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
-def friction_torque_vector(dtheta1: float, dphi: float, params: PendulumParams) -> np.ndarray:
+def friction_torque_vector(
+    dtheta1: float, dphi: float, params: PendulumParams
+) -> np.ndarray:
     """Compute dissipative torque vector (viscous + Coulomb).
 
     Pre: dtheta1, dphi finite.
@@ -494,7 +496,9 @@ def equations_of_motion(
 
     tau_limits = np.zeros(2)
     if limits is not None:
-        tau_limits = joint_limit_torque(phi, dphi, limits, theta1=theta1, dtheta1=dtheta1)
+        tau_limits = joint_limit_torque(
+            phi, dphi, limits, theta1=theta1, dtheta1=dtheta1
+        )
 
     rhs = tau_drive + tau_friction + tau_limits - C - G
     cond = np.linalg.cond(M)
@@ -595,15 +599,28 @@ def base_force(state: State, qddot: np.ndarray, params: PendulumParams) -> dict:
     awy = params.L1 * (np.sin(theta1) * qdd1 + np.cos(theta1) * dtheta1**2)
 
     # Tip acceleration (clubhead)
-    atx = awx + params.L2 * (np.cos(abs_angle2) * ddabs2 - np.sin(abs_angle2) * dabs2**2)
-    aty = awy + params.L2 * (np.sin(abs_angle2) * ddabs2 + np.cos(abs_angle2) * dabs2**2)
+    atx = awx + params.L2 * (
+        np.cos(abs_angle2) * ddabs2 - np.sin(abs_angle2) * dabs2**2
+    )
+    aty = awy + params.L2 * (
+        np.sin(abs_angle2) * ddabs2 + np.cos(abs_angle2) * dabs2**2
+    )
 
     # Shaft COM at L2/2 from wrist
-    asx = awx + (params.L2 / 2) * (np.cos(abs_angle2) * ddabs2 - np.sin(abs_angle2) * dabs2**2)
-    asy = awy + (params.L2 / 2) * (np.sin(abs_angle2) * ddabs2 + np.cos(abs_angle2) * dabs2**2)
+    asx = awx + (params.L2 / 2) * (
+        np.cos(abs_angle2) * ddabs2 - np.sin(abs_angle2) * dabs2**2
+    )
+    asy = awy + (params.L2 / 2) * (
+        np.sin(abs_angle2) * ddabs2 + np.cos(abs_angle2) * dabs2**2
+    )
 
     fx = params.m1 * ax1 + params.m2 * asx + params.mClub * atx
-    fy = params.m1 * ay1 + params.m2 * asy + params.mClub * aty - (params.m1 + me) * params.g
+    fy = (
+        params.m1 * ay1
+        + params.m2 * asy
+        + params.mClub * aty
+        - (params.m1 + me) * params.g
+    )
 
     return {
         "fx": float(fx),
@@ -664,7 +681,9 @@ def control_vector(
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
-def linear_accelerations(state: State, qddot: np.ndarray, params: PendulumParams) -> dict:
+def linear_accelerations(
+    state: State, qddot: np.ndarray, params: PendulumParams
+) -> dict:
     """Compute linear accelerations of joints in world coordinates."""
     if not (state.shape == (4,) and qddot.shape == (2,)):
         raise ValueError("state must be (4,) and qddot must be (2,)")
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/physics_golfer_jax.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/physics_golfer_jax.py
index 0e116e286a..6cdb13fdb1 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/physics_golfer_jax.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/physics_golfer_jax.py
@@ -287,8 +287,12 @@ def forward_kinematics_jax(q: JaxArray, p: GolferParamsJAX) -> dict[str, JaxArra
     perp_x = jnp.cos(th_hub)
     perp_y = jnp.sin(th_hub)
 
-    rs, re, rh = _right_arm_fk_jax(p, hub_x, hub_y, perp_x, perp_y, th_hub, alpha_rs, alpha_re)
-    ls, le, lh = _left_arm_fk_jax(p, hub_x, hub_y, perp_x, perp_y, th_hub, alpha_ls, alpha_le)
+    rs, re, rh = _right_arm_fk_jax(
+        p, hub_x, hub_y, perp_x, perp_y, th_hub, alpha_rs, alpha_re
+    )
+    ls, le, lh = _left_arm_fk_jax(
+        p, hub_x, hub_y, perp_x, perp_y, th_hub, alpha_ls, alpha_le
+    )
     club_base, grip_left, club_tip = _club_fk_jax(p, rh[0], rh[1], th_club)
 
     return {
@@ -337,18 +341,28 @@ def _right_arm_jacobians_jax(
 
     # RE (Right Elbow): from RS along right upper arm
     J_re = jnp.zeros((2, N_DOF))
-    J_re = J_re.at[0, 0].set(p.L_hub * cos_hub - p.d_rs * sin_hub + p.L_r_upper * cos_rs)
-    J_re = J_re.at[1, 0].set(p.L_hub * sin_hub + p.d_rs * cos_hub + p.L_r_upper * sin_rs)
+    J_re = J_re.at[0, 0].set(
+        p.L_hub * cos_hub - p.d_rs * sin_hub + p.L_r_upper * cos_rs
+    )
+    J_re = J_re.at[1, 0].set(
+        p.L_hub * sin_hub + p.d_rs * cos_hub + p.L_r_upper * sin_rs
+    )
     J_re = J_re.at[0, 1].set(p.L_r_upper * cos_rs)
     J_re = J_re.at[1, 1].set(p.L_r_upper * sin_rs)
 
     # RH (Right Hand): from RS along right upper + forearm
     J_rh = jnp.zeros((2, N_DOF))
     J_rh = J_rh.at[0, 0].set(
-        p.L_hub * cos_hub - p.d_rs * sin_hub + p.L_r_upper * cos_rs + p.L_r_fore * cos_re
+        p.L_hub * cos_hub
+        - p.d_rs * sin_hub
+        + p.L_r_upper * cos_rs
+        + p.L_r_fore * cos_re
     )
     J_rh = J_rh.at[1, 0].set(
-        p.L_hub * sin_hub + p.d_rs * cos_hub + p.L_r_upper * sin_rs + p.L_r_fore * sin_re
+        p.L_hub * sin_hub
+        + p.d_rs * cos_hub
+        + p.L_r_upper * sin_rs
+        + p.L_r_fore * sin_re
     )
     J_rh = J_rh.at[0, 1].set(p.L_r_upper * cos_rs + p.L_r_fore * cos_re)
     J_rh = J_rh.at[1, 1].set(p.L_r_upper * sin_rs + p.L_r_fore * sin_re)
@@ -379,18 +393,28 @@ def _left_arm_jacobians_jax(
 
     # LE (Left Elbow): from LS along left upper arm
     J_le = jnp.zeros((2, N_DOF))
-    J_le = J_le.at[0, 0].set(p.L_hub * cos_hub + p.d_ls * sin_hub + p.L_l_upper * cos_ls)
-    J_le = J_le.at[1, 0].set(p.L_hub * sin_hub - p.d_ls * cos_hub + p.L_l_upper * sin_ls)
+    J_le = J_le.at[0, 0].set(
+        p.L_hub * cos_hub + p.d_ls * sin_hub + p.L_l_upper * cos_ls
+    )
+    J_le = J_le.at[1, 0].set(
+        p.L_hub * sin_hub - p.d_ls * cos_hub + p.L_l_upper * sin_ls
+    )
     J_le = J_le.at[0, 4].set(p.L_l_upper * cos_ls)
     J_le = J_le.at[1, 4].set(p.L_l_upper * sin_ls)
 
     # LH (Left Hand): from LS along left upper + forearm
     J_lh = jnp.zeros((2, N_DOF))
     J_lh = J_lh.at[0, 0].set(
-        p.L_hub * cos_hub + p.d_ls * sin_hub + p.L_l_upper * cos_ls + p.L_l_fore * cos_le
+        p.L_hub * cos_hub
+        + p.d_ls * sin_hub
+        + p.L_l_upper * cos_ls
+        + p.L_l_fore * cos_le
     )
     J_lh = J_lh.at[1, 0].set(
-        p.L_hub * sin_hub - p.d_ls * cos_hub + p.L_l_upper * sin_ls + p.L_l_fore * sin_le
+        p.L_hub * sin_hub
+        - p.d_ls * cos_hub
+        + p.L_l_upper * sin_ls
+        + p.L_l_fore * sin_le
     )
     J_lh = J_lh.at[0, 4].set(p.L_l_upper * cos_ls + p.L_l_fore * cos_le)
     J_lh = J_lh.at[1, 4].set(p.L_l_upper * sin_ls + p.L_l_fore * sin_le)
@@ -418,10 +442,16 @@ def _club_jacobians_jax(
     """
     # Shared right-hand column values
     rh_col0_x = (
-        p.L_hub * cos_hub - p.d_rs * sin_hub + p.L_r_upper * cos_rs + p.L_r_fore * cos_re
+        p.L_hub * cos_hub
+        - p.d_rs * sin_hub
+        + p.L_r_upper * cos_rs
+        + p.L_r_fore * cos_re
     )
     rh_col0_y = (
-        p.L_hub * sin_hub + p.d_rs * cos_hub + p.L_r_upper * sin_rs + p.L_r_fore * sin_re
+        p.L_hub * sin_hub
+        + p.d_rs * cos_hub
+        + p.L_r_upper * sin_rs
+        + p.L_r_fore * sin_re
     )
     rh_col1_x = p.L_r_upper * cos_rs + p.L_r_fore * cos_re
     rh_col1_y = p.L_r_upper * sin_rs + p.L_r_fore * sin_re
@@ -492,10 +522,16 @@ def _right_arm_base_jacobian(
     J = jnp.zeros((2, N_DOF))
     # DOF 0: hub rotation affects the entire chain
     J = J.at[0, 0].set(
-        p.L_hub * cos_hub - p.d_rs * sin_hub + p.L_r_upper * cos_rs + p.L_r_fore * cos_re
+        p.L_hub * cos_hub
+        - p.d_rs * sin_hub
+        + p.L_r_upper * cos_rs
+        + p.L_r_fore * cos_re
     )
     J = J.at[1, 0].set(
-        p.L_hub * sin_hub + p.d_rs * cos_hub + p.L_r_upper * sin_rs + p.L_r_fore * sin_re
+        p.L_hub * sin_hub
+        + p.d_rs * cos_hub
+        + p.L_r_upper * sin_rs
+        + p.L_r_fore * sin_re
     )
     # DOF 1: right-shoulder flexion/extension
     J = J.at[0, 1].set(p.L_r_upper * cos_rs + p.L_r_fore * cos_re)
@@ -524,10 +560,16 @@ def _left_arm_base_jacobian(
     J = jnp.zeros((2, N_DOF))
     # DOF 0: hub rotation affects the entire left chain
     J = J.at[0, 0].set(
-        p.L_hub * cos_hub + p.d_ls * sin_hub + p.L_l_upper * cos_ls + p.L_l_fore * cos_le
+        p.L_hub * cos_hub
+        + p.d_ls * sin_hub
+        + p.L_l_upper * cos_ls
+        + p.L_l_fore * cos_le
     )
     J = J.at[1, 0].set(
-        p.L_hub * sin_hub - p.d_ls * cos_hub + p.L_l_upper * sin_ls + p.L_l_fore * sin_le
+        p.L_hub * sin_hub
+        - p.d_ls * cos_hub
+        + p.L_l_upper * sin_ls
+        + p.L_l_fore * sin_le
     )
     # DOF 4: left-shoulder flexion/extension
     J = J.at[0, 4].set(p.L_l_upper * cos_ls + p.L_l_fore * cos_le)
@@ -664,12 +706,14 @@ def coriolis_jax(q: JaxArray, qdot: JaxArray, p: GolferParamsJAX) -> JaxArray:
     M0 = mass_matrix_jax(q, p)
 
     basis = jnp.eye(N_DOF)
-    dM = jax.vmap(lambda direction: (mass_matrix_jax(q + eps * direction, p) - M0) / eps)(
-        basis
-    )
+    dM = jax.vmap(
+        lambda direction: (mass_matrix_jax(q + eps * direction, p) - M0) / eps
+    )(basis)
     dM = jnp.transpose(dM, (1, 2, 0))
 
-    christoffel = 0.5 * (dM + jnp.transpose(dM, (0, 2, 1)) - jnp.transpose(dM, (1, 2, 0)))
+    christoffel = 0.5 * (
+        dM + jnp.transpose(dM, (0, 2, 1)) - jnp.transpose(dM, (1, 2, 0))
+    )
     return jnp.einsum("ijk,j,k->i", christoffel, qdot, qdot)
 
 
@@ -810,7 +854,8 @@ def constraint_jacobian_jax(q: JaxArray, p: GolferParamsJAX) -> JaxArray:
 
     # dPhi[2]/dq: perpendicular distance constraint
     Phi_q = Phi_q.at[2, :].set(
-        club_perp[0] * (J_lh[0, :] - J_rh[0, :]) + club_perp[1] * (J_lh[1, :] - J_rh[1, :])
+        club_perp[0] * (J_lh[0, :] - J_rh[0, :])
+        + club_perp[1] * (J_lh[1, :] - J_rh[1, :])
     )
     # d(club_perp)/dq_7: (-sin(th_club), cos(th_club))
     d_club_perp_dth = jnp.array([-sin_club, cos_club])
@@ -818,7 +863,8 @@ def constraint_jacobian_jax(q: JaxArray, p: GolferParamsJAX) -> JaxArray:
 
     # dPhi[3]/dq: along-club distance constraint
     Phi_q = Phi_q.at[3, :].set(
-        club_dir[0] * (J_lh[0, :] - J_rh[0, :]) + club_dir[1] * (J_lh[1, :] - J_rh[1, :])
+        club_dir[0] * (J_lh[0, :] - J_rh[0, :])
+        + club_dir[1] * (J_lh[1, :] - J_rh[1, :])
     )
     # d(club_dir)/dq_7: (cos(th_club), sin(th_club))
     d_club_dir_dth = jnp.array([cos_club, sin_club])
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/physics_triple.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/physics_triple.py
index 3e7c7dec84..54899b41d0 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/physics_triple.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/physics_triple.py
@@ -185,7 +185,9 @@ def mass_matrix(phi1: float, phi2: float, params: TriplePendulumParams) -> np.nd
     return M
 
 
-def mass_matrix_components(phi1: float, phi2: float, params: TriplePendulumParams) -> dict:
+def mass_matrix_components(
+    phi1: float, phi2: float, params: TriplePendulumParams
+) -> dict:
     """Return individual mass matrix terms with labels.
 
     Returns
@@ -476,7 +478,9 @@ def forward_kinematics(
     """
     if theta1 is None:
         raise ValueError("theta1 must be provided")
-    native_positions = _native_backend.triple_forward_kinematics(theta1, phi1, phi2, params)
+    native_positions = _native_backend.triple_forward_kinematics(
+        theta1, phi1, phi2, params
+    )
     if native_positions is not None:
         return native_positions
 
@@ -559,7 +563,9 @@ def linear_accelerations(
     }
 
 
-def net_joint_forces(state: State, qddot: np.ndarray, params: TriplePendulumParams) -> dict:
+def net_joint_forces(
+    state: State, qddot: np.ndarray, params: TriplePendulumParams
+) -> dict:
     """Compute net joint forces (proximal on distal) in world coordinates.
 
     Returns
@@ -621,7 +627,9 @@ def potential_energy(state: State, params: TriplePendulumParams) -> float:
     V = (
         -m1 * g * L1 * np.cos(theta1)
         - m2 * g * (L1 * np.cos(theta1) + L2 * np.cos(abs_angle2))
-        - m3 * g * (L1 * np.cos(theta1) + L2 * np.cos(abs_angle2) + L3 * np.cos(abs_angle3))
+        - m3
+        * g
+        * (L1 * np.cos(theta1) + L2 * np.cos(abs_angle2) + L3 * np.cos(abs_angle3))
     )
 
     return float(V)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/simulation.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/simulation.py
index 4cead3b042..88bfe3c629 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/simulation.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/simulation.py
@@ -224,7 +224,9 @@ def run_simulation(
         qdot0 = initial_state[2:4].tolist()
         t_span = (0.0, t_end)
         max_steps = int(max(t_end / dt * 10, 100000))
-        res = simulate_double(params, q0, qdot0, coeffs, n_coeffs_per_joint, t_span, max_steps)
+        res = simulate_double(
+            params, q0, qdot0, coeffs, n_coeffs_per_joint, t_span, max_steps
+        )
         if res is not None:
             t_res, states_res = res
             if len(t_res) >= 2:
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/simulation_golfer.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/simulation_golfer.py
index 734853c7d7..bca4f507aa 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/simulation_golfer.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/simulation_golfer.py
@@ -98,7 +98,9 @@ def positions_at(self, idx: int) -> dict:
         self._check_idx(idx)
         return forward_kinematics(self.q_at(idx), self.params)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
 
-    def torques_at(self, idx: int) -> tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float, float]:
+    def torques_at(
+        self, idx: int
+    ) -> tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float, float]:
         """Applied driving torques at time index."""
         if idx is None:
             raise ValueError("idx must be provided")
@@ -129,7 +131,9 @@ def constraint_forces_at(self, idx: int) -> np.ndarray:
         if idx is None:
             raise ValueError("idx must be provided")
         self._check_idx(idx)
-        return constraint_forces(self.states[idx], self.t[idx], self.params, self.torque_func)
+        return constraint_forces(
+            self.states[idx], self.t[idx], self.params, self.torque_func
+        )
 
     def constraint_violation_at(self, idx: int) -> float:
         """Constraint violation magnitude at time index."""
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/simulation_result_base.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/simulation_result_base.py
index 29459e5f02..15dbc08896 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/simulation_result_base.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/simulation_result_base.py
@@ -77,13 +77,17 @@ def all_energies(self) -> dict[str, np.ndarray]:
         energy_at = getattr(self, "energy_at")
         first = energy_at(0)
         return {
-            key: np.asarray([energy_at(i)[key] for i in range(self.n_steps)], dtype=float)
+            key: np.asarray(
+                [energy_at(i)[key] for i in range(self.n_steps)], dtype=float
+            )
             for key in first
         }
 
     def all_accelerations(self) -> np.ndarray:
         accelerations_at = getattr(self, "accelerations_at")
-        return np.asarray([accelerations_at(i) for i in range(self.n_steps)], dtype=float)
+        return np.asarray(
+            [accelerations_at(i) for i in range(self.n_steps)], dtype=float
+        )
 
     def all_torques(self) -> np.ndarray:
         torques_at = getattr(self, "torques_at")
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/torque_utils.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/torque_utils.py
index 5a3f5726bd..cc3813440c 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/torque_utils.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/src/double_pendulum_golf/torque_utils.py
@@ -56,7 +56,9 @@ def make_polynomial_torque(
     polys: list[np.ndarray] = []
     for i, coeffs in enumerate(coeffs_per_joint):
         if not (len(coeffs) >= 1):
-            raise ValueError(f"Need at least one coefficient for joint {i}, got {len(coeffs)}")
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Need at least one coefficient for joint {i}, got {len(coeffs)}"
+            )
         # Reverse: our convention is [c0, c1, c2, ...] (ascending),
         # np.polyval expects [cN, ..., c1, c0] (descending).
         polys.append(np.array(coeffs[::-1]))
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_analysis_tab.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_analysis_tab.py
index ead705920b..6a4f99748b 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_analysis_tab.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_analysis_tab.py
@@ -30,7 +30,9 @@ def test_det_of_identity(self) -> None:
 
     def test_det_of_known_matrix(self) -> None:
         """det([[2,0],[0,3]]) = 6.0."""
-        evaluator = _make_det_evaluator(lambda angles: np.array([[2.0, 0.0], [0.0, 3.0]]))
+        evaluator = _make_det_evaluator(
+            lambda angles: np.array([[2.0, 0.0], [0.0, 3.0]])
+        )
         assert evaluator({}) == pytest.approx(6.0)
 
     def test_det_passes_angles_to_fn(self) -> None:
@@ -56,7 +58,9 @@ def test_cond_of_identity(self) -> None:
 
     def test_cond_of_diagonal(self) -> None:
         """cond(diag(1, 10)) = 10.0."""
-        evaluator = _make_cond_evaluator(lambda angles: np.array([[1.0, 0.0], [0.0, 10.0]]))
+        evaluator = _make_cond_evaluator(
+            lambda angles: np.array([[1.0, 0.0], [0.0, 10.0]])
+        )
         assert evaluator({}) == pytest.approx(10.0, rel=1e-6)
 
     def test_cond_passes_angles_to_fn(self) -> None:
@@ -253,5 +257,7 @@ def test_analysis_tab_plot_2d_errors(qapp, monkeypatch) -> Any:
     def mock_extract(*args) -> Any:
         raise KeyError()
 
-    monkeypatch.setattr("double_pendulum_golf.data_extractor.extract_series", mock_extract)
+    monkeypatch.setattr(
+        "double_pendulum_golf.data_extractor.extract_series", mock_extract
+    )
     tab._on_plot_2d()
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_analytical_jacobians.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_analytical_jacobians.py
index 500c249e93..b5f0ad9e95 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_analytical_jacobians.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_analytical_jacobians.py
@@ -101,9 +101,9 @@ def hub_pos(qq):
 
             J_numerical = _numerical_jacobian_point(hub_pos, q)
 
-            assert np.allclose(J_analytical, J_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4), (
-                f"Hub Jacobian mismatch at q={q}"
-            )
+            assert np.allclose(
+                J_analytical, J_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4
+            ), f"Hub Jacobian mismatch at q={q}"
 
     def test_re_jacobian_vs_numerical(self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]) -> None:
         """RE Jacobian (depends on q[0], q[1])."""
@@ -118,9 +118,9 @@ def re_pos(qq):
 
             J_numerical = _numerical_jacobian_point(re_pos, q)
 
-            assert np.allclose(J_analytical, J_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4), (
-                f"RE Jacobian mismatch at q={q}"
-            )
+            assert np.allclose(
+                J_analytical, J_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4
+            ), f"RE Jacobian mismatch at q={q}"
 
     def test_rh_jacobian_vs_numerical(self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]) -> None:
         """RH Jacobian (depends on q[0], q[1], q[2])."""
@@ -135,9 +135,9 @@ def rh_pos(qq):
 
             J_numerical = _numerical_jacobian_point(rh_pos, q)
 
-            assert np.allclose(J_analytical, J_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4), (
-                f"RH Jacobian mismatch at q={q}"
-            )
+            assert np.allclose(
+                J_analytical, J_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4
+            ), f"RH Jacobian mismatch at q={q}"
 
     def test_le_jacobian_vs_numerical(self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]) -> None:
         """LE Jacobian (depends on q[0], q[4])."""
@@ -152,9 +152,9 @@ def le_pos(qq):
 
             J_numerical = _numerical_jacobian_point(le_pos, q)
 
-            assert np.allclose(J_analytical, J_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4), (
-                f"LE Jacobian mismatch at q={q}"
-            )
+            assert np.allclose(
+                J_analytical, J_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4
+            ), f"LE Jacobian mismatch at q={q}"
 
     def test_lh_jacobian_vs_numerical(self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]) -> None:
         """LH Jacobian (depends on q[0], q[4], q[5])."""
@@ -169,11 +169,13 @@ def lh_pos(qq):
 
             J_numerical = _numerical_jacobian_point(lh_pos, q)
 
-            assert np.allclose(J_analytical, J_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4), (
-                f"LH Jacobian mismatch at q={q}"
-            )
+            assert np.allclose(
+                J_analytical, J_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4
+            ), f"LH Jacobian mismatch at q={q}"
 
-    def test_club_com_jacobian_vs_numerical(self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]) -> None:
+    def test_club_com_jacobian_vs_numerical(
+        self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]
+    ) -> None:
         """Club COM Jacobian (depends on q[0], q[1], q[2], q[3], q[7])."""
         from double_pendulum_golf.physics_golfer import analytical_fk_jacobians
 
@@ -188,11 +190,13 @@ def club_com_pos(qq):
 
             J_numerical = _numerical_jacobian_point(club_com_pos, q)
 
-            assert np.allclose(J_analytical, J_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4), (
-                f"Club COM Jacobian mismatch at q={q}"
-            )
+            assert np.allclose(
+                J_analytical, J_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4
+            ), f"Club COM Jacobian mismatch at q={q}"
 
-    def test_club_tip_jacobian_vs_numerical(self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]) -> None:
+    def test_club_tip_jacobian_vs_numerical(
+        self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]
+    ) -> None:
         """Club tip Jacobian (depends on q[0], q[1], q[2], q[3], q[7])."""
         from double_pendulum_golf.physics_golfer import analytical_fk_jacobians
 
@@ -205,9 +209,9 @@ def club_tip_pos(qq):
 
             J_numerical = _numerical_jacobian_point(club_tip_pos, q)
 
-            assert np.allclose(J_analytical, J_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4), (
-                f"Club tip Jacobian mismatch at q={q}"
-            )
+            assert np.allclose(
+                J_analytical, J_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4
+            ), f"Club tip Jacobian mismatch at q={q}"
 
 
 class TestAnalyticalMassMatrix:
@@ -220,7 +224,9 @@ def test_module_exports_analytical_mass_matrix(self) -> None:
         assert hasattr(physics_golfer, "analytical_mass_matrix")
         assert callable(physics_golfer.analytical_mass_matrix)
 
-    def test_analytical_mass_matrix_parity(self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]) -> None:
+    def test_analytical_mass_matrix_parity(
+        self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]
+    ) -> None:
         """Analytical mass matrix matches numerical at 20 configs."""
         from double_pendulum_golf.physics_golfer import analytical_mass_matrix
 
@@ -228,9 +234,9 @@ def test_analytical_mass_matrix_parity(self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]) ->
             M_analytical = analytical_mass_matrix(q, _PARAMS)
             M_numerical = numerical_mass_matrix(q, _PARAMS)
 
-            assert np.allclose(M_analytical, M_numerical, atol=1e-6, rtol=1e-4), (
-                f"Mass matrix mismatch at q={q}"
-            )
+            assert np.allclose(
+                M_analytical, M_numerical, atol=1e-6, rtol=1e-4
+            ), f"Mass matrix mismatch at q={q}"
 
     def test_mass_matrix_symmetric(self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]) -> None:
         """Analytical mass matrix is symmetric."""
@@ -270,11 +276,13 @@ def test_analytical_coriolis_parity(self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]) -> Non
             C_analytical = analytical_coriolis(q, qdot, _PARAMS)
             C_numerical = numerical_coriolis(q, qdot, _PARAMS)
 
-            assert np.allclose(C_analytical, C_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-3), (
-                f"Coriolis mismatch at q={q}, qdot={qdot}"
-            )
+            assert np.allclose(
+                C_analytical, C_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-3
+            ), f"Coriolis mismatch at q={q}, qdot={qdot}"
 
-    def test_coriolis_zero_at_zero_velocity(self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]) -> None:
+    def test_coriolis_zero_at_zero_velocity(
+        self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]
+    ) -> None:
         """Coriolis is zero when velocity is zero."""
         from double_pendulum_golf.physics_golfer import analytical_coriolis
 
@@ -302,9 +310,9 @@ def test_analytical_gravity_parity(self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]) -> None
             G_analytical = analytical_gravity_vector(q, _PARAMS)
             G_numerical = numerical_gravity(q, _PARAMS)
 
-            assert np.allclose(G_analytical, G_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4), (
-                f"Gravity mismatch at q={q}"
-            )
+            assert np.allclose(
+                G_analytical, G_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4
+            ), f"Gravity mismatch at q={q}"
 
 
 class TestAnalyticalConstraintJacobian:
@@ -317,7 +325,9 @@ def test_module_exports_analytical_constraint_jac(self) -> None:
         assert hasattr(physics_golfer, "analytical_constraint_jacobian")
         assert callable(physics_golfer.analytical_constraint_jacobian)
 
-    def test_analytical_constraint_jac_parity(self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]) -> None:
+    def test_analytical_constraint_jac_parity(
+        self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]
+    ) -> None:
         """Analytical constraint Jacobian matches numerical at 20 configs."""
         from double_pendulum_golf.physics_golfer import (
             analytical_constraint_jacobian,
@@ -327,9 +337,9 @@ def test_analytical_constraint_jac_parity(self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray])
             Phi_q_analytical = analytical_constraint_jacobian(q, _PARAMS)
             Phi_q_numerical = numerical_constraint_jac(q, _PARAMS)
 
-            assert np.allclose(Phi_q_analytical, Phi_q_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4), (
-                f"Constraint Jacobian mismatch at q={q}"
-            )
+            assert np.allclose(
+                Phi_q_analytical, Phi_q_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-4
+            ), f"Constraint Jacobian mismatch at q={q}"
 
     def test_constraint_jac_shape(self) -> None:
         """Constraint Jacobian has shape (4, 8)."""
@@ -364,9 +374,9 @@ def test_analytical_bias_parity(self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]) -> None:
             gamma_analytical = analytical_constraint_acceleration_bias(q, qdot, _PARAMS)
             gamma_numerical = numerical_bias(q, qdot, _PARAMS)
 
-            assert np.allclose(gamma_analytical, gamma_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-3), (
-                f"Bias mismatch at q={q}, qdot={qdot}"
-            )
+            assert np.allclose(
+                gamma_analytical, gamma_numerical, atol=1e-5, rtol=1e-3
+            ), f"Bias mismatch at q={q}, qdot={qdot}"
 
     def test_bias_zero_at_zero_velocity(self, test_configs: list[np.ndarray]) -> None:
         """Bias is zero when velocity is zero."""
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_club_forces.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_club_forces.py
index f3c43d7e34..11ff2c37bb 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_club_forces.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_club_forces.py
@@ -370,7 +370,9 @@ def test_delta_zero_torque_zero_forces(self, default_params):
         # So F = m*0 - m*(0, -g) = (0, m*g)
         # Net force should be +(m_rh + m_lh)*g in the y direction
         net_fy = result["net_force"][1]
-        expected_fy = (default_params.m_r_fore + default_params.m_l_fore) * default_params.g
+        expected_fy = (
+            default_params.m_r_fore + default_params.m_l_fore
+        ) * default_params.g
         assert net_fy == pytest.approx(expected_fy, rel=0.01)
 
 
@@ -431,16 +433,22 @@ def test_delta_state_wrong_type(self, default_params):
         from double_pendulum_golf.club_forces import delta_club_decomposition
 
         with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="state must be a numpy ndarray"):
-            delta_club_decomposition(state=list(range(16)), tau=np.zeros(8), p=default_params)
+            delta_club_decomposition(
+                state=list(range(16)), tau=np.zeros(8), p=default_params
+            )
 
     def test_delta_tau_wrong_type(self, default_params):
         from double_pendulum_golf.club_forces import delta_club_decomposition
 
         with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="tau must be a numpy ndarray"):
-            delta_club_decomposition(state=np.zeros(16), tau=[0.0] * 8, p=default_params)
+            delta_club_decomposition(
+                state=np.zeros(16), tau=[0.0] * 8, p=default_params
+            )
 
     def test_delta_tau_wrong_shape(self, default_params):
         from double_pendulum_golf.club_forces import delta_club_decomposition
 
         with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="tau must have shape"):
-            delta_club_decomposition(state=np.zeros(16), tau=np.zeros(4), p=default_params)
+            delta_club_decomposition(
+                state=np.zeros(16), tau=np.zeros(4), p=default_params
+            )
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_club_forces_extended.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_club_forces_extended.py
index 035e8ce763..b047bba2fd 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_club_forces_extended.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_club_forces_extended.py
@@ -66,7 +66,9 @@ class TestOverallClubDecomposition:
     Uses real constrained dynamics with zero torques — simplest valid case.
     """
 
-    def test_returns_required_keys(self, params: GolferParams, zero_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_returns_required_keys(
+        self, params: GolferParams, zero_state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         result = overall_club_decomposition(zero_state, 0.0, params, zero_torque)
         for key in (
             "net_force",
@@ -78,7 +80,9 @@ def test_returns_required_keys(self, params: GolferParams, zero_state: np.ndarra
         ):
             assert key in result, f"Missing key: {key}"
 
-    def test_net_force_is_array(self, params: GolferParams, zero_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_net_force_is_array(
+        self, params: GolferParams, zero_state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         result = overall_club_decomposition(zero_state, 0.0, params, zero_torque)
         assert isinstance(result["net_force"], np.ndarray)
         assert result["net_force"].shape == (2,)
@@ -89,11 +93,15 @@ def test_action_point_is_finite(
         result = overall_club_decomposition(zero_state, 0.0, params, zero_torque)
         assert np.all(np.isfinite(result["action_point"]))
 
-    def test_couple_is_finite(self, params: GolferParams, zero_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_couple_is_finite(
+        self, params: GolferParams, zero_state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         result = overall_club_decomposition(zero_state, 0.0, params, zero_torque)
         assert np.isfinite(result["couple"])
 
-    def test_all_values_finite(self, params: GolferParams, zero_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_all_values_finite(
+        self, params: GolferParams, zero_state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         result = overall_club_decomposition(zero_state, 0.0, params, zero_torque)
         for key, val in result.items():
             if isinstance(val, np.ndarray):
@@ -103,15 +111,25 @@ def test_all_values_finite(self, params: GolferParams, zero_state: np.ndarray) -
 
     def test_alpha_midpoint(self, params: GolferParams, zero_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
         """alpha=0 gives midpoint between grip positions."""
-        result = overall_club_decomposition(zero_state, 0.0, params, zero_torque, alpha=0.0)
+        result = overall_club_decomposition(
+            zero_state, 0.0, params, zero_torque, alpha=0.0
+        )
         assert result["action_point"].shape == (2,)
 
-    def test_alpha_right_grip(self, params: GolferParams, zero_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
-        result = overall_club_decomposition(zero_state, 0.0, params, zero_torque, alpha=-1.0)
+    def test_alpha_right_grip(
+        self, params: GolferParams, zero_state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
+        result = overall_club_decomposition(
+            zero_state, 0.0, params, zero_torque, alpha=-1.0
+        )
         assert all(np.isfinite(result["action_point"]))
 
-    def test_alpha_left_grip(self, params: GolferParams, zero_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
-        result = overall_club_decomposition(zero_state, 0.0, params, zero_torque, alpha=1.0)
+    def test_alpha_left_grip(
+        self, params: GolferParams, zero_state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
+        result = overall_club_decomposition(
+            zero_state, 0.0, params, zero_torque, alpha=1.0
+        )
         assert all(np.isfinite(result["action_point"]))
 
 
@@ -181,7 +199,9 @@ def test_applied_torques_preserved(
         )
         joints = ["hub", "rs", "re", "rh", "ls", "le", "lh"]
         for i, joint in enumerate(joints):
-            assert result[f"{joint}_applied_torque"] == pytest.approx(applied_torques[i])
+            assert result[f"{joint}_applied_torque"] == pytest.approx(
+                applied_torques[i]
+            )
 
     def test_all_values_finite(
         self, full_positions: dict, full_forces: dict, applied_torques: tuple
@@ -218,15 +238,21 @@ def test_fewer_than_7_torques_raises(
         self, full_positions: dict, full_forces: dict
     ) -> None:
         with pytest.raises((ValueError, TypeError, AssertionError), match="Need >= 7"):
-            golfer_pendulum_moments(full_positions, full_forces, (1.0, 2.0, 3.0), object())
+            golfer_pendulum_moments(
+                full_positions, full_forces, (1.0, 2.0, 3.0), object()
+            )
 
-    def test_exactly_7_torques_ok(self, full_positions: dict, full_forces: dict) -> None:
+    def test_exactly_7_torques_ok(
+        self, full_positions: dict, full_forces: dict
+    ) -> None:
         torques = (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0)
         result = golfer_pendulum_moments(full_positions, full_forces, torques, object())
         assert len(result) == 21
 
     def test_zero_forces_moment_of_force_is_zero(self, full_positions: dict) -> None:
-        forces = {joint: (0.0, 0.0) for joint in ("hub", "rs", "re", "rh", "ls", "le", "lh")}
+        forces = {
+            joint: (0.0, 0.0) for joint in ("hub", "rs", "re", "rh", "ls", "le", "lh")
+        }
         torques = (1.0,) * 7
         result = golfer_pendulum_moments(full_positions, forces, torques, object())
         for joint in ("hub", "rs", "re", "rh", "ls", "le", "lh"):
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_constraint_solver.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_constraint_solver.py
index c61c15ff71..7e46f97b85 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_constraint_solver.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_constraint_solver.py
@@ -56,7 +56,9 @@ def golfer_params() -> GolferParams:
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def zero_torque() -> Callable[[float], tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float, float]]:
+def zero_torque() -> (
+    Callable[[float], tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float, float]]
+):
     """Zero torque function for all joints."""
     return lambda t: (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
 
@@ -77,18 +79,18 @@ def test_zero_config_projects(self, golfer_params: GolferParams) -> None:
         q = np.zeros(N_DOF)
         q_proj = project_to_constraints(q, golfer_params)
         phi = constraint_vector(q_proj, golfer_params)
-        assert np.linalg.norm(phi) < 1e-6, (
-            f"Constraint violation after projection: {np.linalg.norm(phi)}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            np.linalg.norm(phi) < 1e-6
+        ), f"Constraint violation after projection: {np.linalg.norm(phi)}"
 
     def test_arbitrary_config_projects(self, golfer_params: GolferParams) -> None:
         rng = np.random.default_rng(123)
         q = rng.uniform(-0.5, 0.5, size=N_DOF)
         q_proj = project_to_constraints(q, golfer_params)
         phi = constraint_vector(q_proj, golfer_params)
-        assert np.linalg.norm(phi) < 1e-4, (
-            f"Constraint violation after projection: {np.linalg.norm(phi)}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            np.linalg.norm(phi) < 1e-4
+        ), f"Constraint violation after projection: {np.linalg.norm(phi)}"
 
     def test_idempotent(self, golfer_params: GolferParams) -> None:
         q = np.zeros(N_DOF)
@@ -107,7 +109,9 @@ def stuck_constraint(_q: np.ndarray, _params: GolferParams) -> np.ndarray:
         def constant_jacobian(_q: np.ndarray, _params: GolferParams) -> np.ndarray:
             return np.eye(N_CONSTRAINTS, N_DOF)
 
-        monkeypatch.setattr(constraint_solver_module, "constraint_vector", stuck_constraint)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            constraint_solver_module, "constraint_vector", stuck_constraint
+        )
         monkeypatch.setattr(
             constraint_solver_module,
             "constraint_jacobian",
@@ -133,9 +137,9 @@ def test_velocity_satisfies_constraint(self, golfer_params: GolferParams) -> Non
         qdot_proj = project_velocity(q, qdot, golfer_params)
         Phi_q = constraint_jacobian(q, golfer_params)
         violation = Phi_q @ qdot_proj
-        assert np.linalg.norm(violation) < 1e-6, (
-            f"Velocity constraint violation: {np.linalg.norm(violation)}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            np.linalg.norm(violation) < 1e-6
+        ), f"Velocity constraint violation: {np.linalg.norm(violation)}"
 
 
 class TestConstrainedAccelerations:
@@ -144,7 +148,9 @@ class TestConstrainedAccelerations:
     def test_finite_at_rest(
         self,
         golfer_params: GolferParams,
-        zero_torque: Callable[[float], tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float, float]],
+        zero_torque: Callable[
+            [float], tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float, float]
+        ],
     ) -> None:
         state = _make_consistent_state(golfer_params)
         qddot = constrained_accelerations(state, 0.0, golfer_params, zero_torque)
@@ -154,7 +160,9 @@ def test_finite_at_rest(
     def test_shape(
         self,
         golfer_params: GolferParams,
-        zero_torque: Callable[[float], tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float, float]],
+        zero_torque: Callable[
+            [float], tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float, float]
+        ],
     ) -> None:
         state = _make_consistent_state(golfer_params)
         qddot = constrained_accelerations(state, 0.0, golfer_params, zero_torque)
@@ -167,7 +175,9 @@ class TestConstraintForces:
     def test_shape(
         self,
         golfer_params: GolferParams,
-        zero_torque: Callable[[float], tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float, float]],
+        zero_torque: Callable[
+            [float], tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float, float]
+        ],
     ) -> None:
         state = _make_consistent_state(golfer_params)
         lam = constraint_forces(state, 0.0, golfer_params, zero_torque)
@@ -181,7 +191,9 @@ class TestNativeConstraintBackend:
     def test_constrained_dynamics_prefers_native_backend(
         self,
         golfer_params: GolferParams,
-        zero_torque: Callable[[float], tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float, float]],
+        zero_torque: Callable[
+            [float], tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float, float]
+        ],
         monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
     ) -> None:
         native_qddot = np.full(N_DOF, 3.0)
@@ -255,7 +267,9 @@ class TestEquationsOfMotion:
     def test_shape(
         self,
         golfer_params: GolferParams,
-        zero_torque: Callable[[float], tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float, float]],
+        zero_torque: Callable[
+            [float], tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float, float]
+        ],
     ) -> None:
         state = _make_consistent_state(golfer_params)
         state_dot = equations_of_motion(state, 0.0, golfer_params, zero_torque)
@@ -265,7 +279,9 @@ def test_shape(
     def test_velocity_in_derivative(
         self,
         golfer_params: GolferParams,
-        zero_torque: Callable[[float], tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float, float]],
+        zero_torque: Callable[
+            [float], tuple[float, float, float, float, float, float, float]
+        ],
     ) -> None:
         state = _make_consistent_state(golfer_params)
         state_dot = equations_of_motion(state, 0.0, golfer_params, zero_torque)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_counterfactual.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_counterfactual.py
index fdebb5b74e..d8ea10b859 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_counterfactual.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_counterfactual.py
@@ -47,7 +47,9 @@ def double_state() -> np.ndarray:
 @pytest.fixture()
 def triple_state() -> np.ndarray:
     """Triple pendulum state: [theta1, phi1, phi2, dtheta1, dphi1, dphi2]."""
-    return np.array([np.radians(45.0), np.radians(-30.0), np.radians(20.0), 0.5, -0.3, 0.2])
+    return np.array(
+        [np.radians(45.0), np.radians(-30.0), np.radians(20.0), 0.5, -0.3, 0.2]
+    )
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -83,9 +85,9 @@ def test_zero_velocity_zero_torque_matches_static_gravity(
         fx, fy = result["shoulder"]
         expected_fy = (double_params.m1 + double_params.m2) * double_params.g
         assert abs(fx) < 1e-8, f"No horizontal force at rest, got fx={fx}"
-        assert abs(fy - expected_fy) < 1e-4, (
-            f"Shoulder fy={fy:.4f}, expected {expected_fy:.4f}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            abs(fy - expected_fy) < 1e-4
+        ), f"Shoulder fy={fy:.4f}, expected {expected_fy:.4f}"
 
     def test_differs_from_driven_forces_when_torque_nonzero(
         self, double_state: np.ndarray, double_params: PendulumParams
@@ -110,9 +112,9 @@ def torque_func(t: float) -> tuple[float, float]:
 
         # With 50 Nm at shoulder, forces should differ meaningfully
         diff_shoulder = abs(actual["shoulder"][1] - counterfactual["shoulder"][1])
-        assert diff_shoulder > 1.0, (
-            f"Expected driven vs zero-torque to differ; got diff={diff_shoulder:.3f}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            diff_shoulder > 1.0
+        ), f"Expected driven vs zero-torque to differ; got diff={diff_shoulder:.3f}"
 
     def test_zero_gravity_hanging_position(self, double_params: PendulumParams) -> None:
         """With g=0, zero-torque counterfactual gives near-zero forces at rest."""
@@ -127,9 +129,9 @@ def test_zero_gravity_hanging_position(self, double_params: PendulumParams) -> N
         result = zero_torque_joint_forces_double(state, params_no_g)
         for key in ("shoulder", "wrist"):
             fx, fy = result[key]
-            assert abs(fx) < 1e-8 and abs(fy) < 1e-8, (
-                f"No gravity + no motion → zero force at {key}, got ({fx:.2e},{fy:.2e})"
-            )
+            assert (
+                abs(fx) < 1e-8 and abs(fy) < 1e-8
+            ), f"No gravity + no motion → zero force at {key}, got ({fx:.2e},{fy:.2e})"
 
     def test_invalid_state_shape_raises(self, double_params: PendulumParams) -> None:
         """Non-(4,) state must raise AssertionError."""
@@ -139,7 +141,9 @@ def test_invalid_state_shape_raises(self, double_params: PendulumParams) -> None
     def test_nonfinite_state_raises(self, double_params: PendulumParams) -> None:
         """NaN state must raise AssertionError."""
         with pytest.raises((ValueError, TypeError)):
-            zero_torque_joint_forces_double(np.array([np.nan, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]), double_params)
+            zero_torque_joint_forces_double(
+                np.array([np.nan, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]), double_params
+            )
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -163,11 +167,13 @@ def test_forces_are_finite(
         result = zero_torque_joint_forces_triple(triple_state, triple_params)
         for key in ("shoulder", "wrist1", "wrist2"):
             fx, fy = result[key]
-            assert np.isfinite(fx) and np.isfinite(fy), (
-                f"{key} forces not finite: ({fx}, {fy})"
-            )
+            assert np.isfinite(fx) and np.isfinite(
+                fy
+            ), f"{key} forces not finite: ({fx}, {fy})"
 
-    def test_static_hanging_shoulder_force(self, triple_params: TriplePendulumParams) -> None:
+    def test_static_hanging_shoulder_force(
+        self, triple_params: TriplePendulumParams
+    ) -> None:
         """At rest hanging straight down, shoulder force ≈ (m1+m2+m3)*g."""
         state = np.zeros(6)
         result = zero_torque_joint_forces_triple(state, triple_params)
@@ -178,6 +184,8 @@ def test_static_hanging_shoulder_force(self, triple_params: TriplePendulumParams
         assert abs(fx) < 1e-8
         assert abs(fy - expected_fy) < 1e-4, f"fy={fy}, expected {expected_fy}"
 
-    def test_invalid_state_shape_raises(self, triple_params: TriplePendulumParams) -> None:
+    def test_invalid_state_shape_raises(
+        self, triple_params: TriplePendulumParams
+    ) -> None:
         with pytest.raises((ValueError, TypeError)):
             zero_torque_joint_forces_triple(np.zeros(5), triple_params)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_default_dark_theme_and_button_width.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_default_dark_theme_and_button_width.py
index f291a46172..f7945a4bba 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_default_dark_theme_and_button_width.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_default_dark_theme_and_button_width.py
@@ -66,12 +66,12 @@ def test_first_launch_writes_dark_default(self, qapp) -> None:
         ensure_default_theme_seeded()
 
         s = QSettings("D-sorganization", "PendulumSimulator")
-        assert s.value(_INITIAL_FLAG) is not None, (
-            "first_launch_initialized flag should be set after seeding"
-        )
-        assert s.value(_THEME_KEY) == "Dark", (
-            f"Default theme should be 'Dark', got {s.value(_THEME_KEY)!r}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            s.value(_INITIAL_FLAG) is not None
+        ), "first_launch_initialized flag should be set after seeding"
+        assert (
+            s.value(_THEME_KEY) == "Dark"
+        ), f"Default theme should be 'Dark', got {s.value(_THEME_KEY)!r}"
 
     def test_existing_user_preference_is_not_overwritten(self, qapp) -> None:
         """If a user already chose 'Light', do not stomp it."""
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ def test_existing_user_preference_is_not_overwritten(self, qapp) -> None:
 
         ensure_default_theme_seeded()
 
-        assert s.value(_THEME_KEY) == "Light", (
-            "User-chosen 'Light' theme must not be overwritten"
-        )
+        assert (
+            s.value(_THEME_KEY) == "Light"
+        ), "User-chosen 'Light' theme must not be overwritten"
 
     def test_seeding_is_idempotent(self, qapp) -> None:
         """Calling ensure_default_theme_seeded twice does not flip
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_diagnostics.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_diagnostics.py
index 990e480f12..1c954e8d88 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_diagnostics.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_diagnostics.py
@@ -34,7 +34,9 @@ def test_singleton_get_tracker(self) -> Any:
         assert t1 is t2
 
     def test_record_event(self, temp_tracker) -> Any:
-        temp_tracker.record("test_cat", "test msg", severity="warning", extra={"k": "v"})
+        temp_tracker.record(
+            "test_cat", "test msg", severity="warning", extra={"k": "v"}
+        )
         assert len(temp_tracker.events) == 1
         event = temp_tracker.events[0]
         assert event.category == "test_cat"
@@ -147,7 +149,9 @@ def test_copy_details(self, temp_tracker, qtbot) -> Any:
 
         viewer._table.setCurrentCell(0, 0)
 
-        with patch("double_pendulum_golf.gui.diagnostics.QApplication.clipboard") as mock_clip:
+        with patch(
+            "double_pendulum_golf.gui.diagnostics.QApplication.clipboard"
+        ) as mock_clip:
             mock_cb = MagicMock()
             mock_clip.return_value = mock_cb
             viewer._copy_details()
@@ -179,7 +183,9 @@ def test_hook_records_event(self, temp_tracker) -> Any:
 
 class TestDiagnosticsGaps:
     def test_show_viewer(self, temp_tracker) -> Any:
-        with patch("double_pendulum_golf.gui.diagnostics.DiagnosticsViewer.exec") as mock_exec:
+        with patch(
+            "double_pendulum_golf.gui.diagnostics.DiagnosticsViewer.exec"
+        ) as mock_exec:
             temp_tracker.show_viewer()
             mock_exec.assert_called_once()
 
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_dynamics_quantities.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_dynamics_quantities.py
index 07a9685d92..93d6efdff5 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_dynamics_quantities.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_dynamics_quantities.py
@@ -58,19 +58,19 @@ class TestLinearPowerAt:
     """Unit tests for single-timestep linear power."""
 
     def test_aligned_force_velocity(self):
-        assert linear_power_at(np.array([1.0, 0.0]), np.array([3.0, 0.0])) == pytest.approx(
-            3.0
-        )
+        assert linear_power_at(
+            np.array([1.0, 0.0]), np.array([3.0, 0.0])
+        ) == pytest.approx(3.0)
 
     def test_orthogonal_force_velocity(self):
-        assert linear_power_at(np.array([1.0, 0.0]), np.array([0.0, 1.0])) == pytest.approx(
-            0.0
-        )
+        assert linear_power_at(
+            np.array([1.0, 0.0]), np.array([0.0, 1.0])
+        ) == pytest.approx(0.0)
 
     def test_2d_dot_product(self):
-        assert linear_power_at(np.array([2.0, 3.0]), np.array([4.0, 5.0])) == pytest.approx(
-            23.0
-        )
+        assert linear_power_at(
+            np.array([2.0, 3.0]), np.array([4.0, 5.0])
+        ) == pytest.approx(23.0)
 
     def test_wrong_shape_raises(self):
         with pytest.raises((ValueError, TypeError), match="force must be shape"):
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_ellipsoid_scale_and_emoji.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_ellipsoid_scale_and_emoji.py
index 4aefacdc45..548a19e279 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_ellipsoid_scale_and_emoji.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_ellipsoid_scale_and_emoji.py
@@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ def test_force_ell_slider_min_emits_one_hundredth(self, qapp) -> None:
         ts.force_ell_scale_changed.connect(captured.append)
         ts._sld_force_ell.setValue(ts._sld_force_ell.minimum())
         assert captured, "force_ell_scale_changed never fired"
-        assert captured[-1] <= 0.01 + 1e-9, (
-            f"Force ellipsoid slider floor is {captured[-1]}; should be ≤ 0.01"
-        )
+        assert (
+            captured[-1] <= 0.01 + 1e-9
+        ), f"Force ellipsoid slider floor is {captured[-1]}; should be ≤ 0.01"
 
     def test_default_value_still_emits_one_x(self, qapp) -> None:
         """The default slider position must still emit 1.0×, so existing
@@ -84,9 +84,9 @@ def test_default_value_still_emits_one_x(self, qapp) -> None:
         ts._sld_mob.setValue(default + 1)
         ts._sld_mob.setValue(default)
         assert captured, "mob_scale_changed did not fire on default"
-        assert captured[-1] == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=0.05), (
-            f"Default mob scale should be ~1.0×, got {captured[-1]}"
-        )
+        assert captured[-1] == pytest.approx(
+            1.0, abs=0.05
+        ), f"Default mob scale should be ~1.0×, got {captured[-1]}"
 
 
 # ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_friction.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_friction.py
index f5ad7a6015..f7087e0087 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_friction.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_friction.py
@@ -125,25 +125,33 @@ def test_viscous_magnitude_linear(self, damped_params: PendulumParams) -> None:
         expected_tau_f1 = -damped_params.b1 * dtheta1
         assert np.isclose(tf[0], expected_tau_f1)
 
-    def test_coulomb_has_constant_magnitude(self, frictional_params: PendulumParams) -> None:
+    def test_coulomb_has_constant_magnitude(
+        self, frictional_params: PendulumParams
+    ) -> None:
         """Coulomb friction magnitude is mu regardless of velocity magnitude."""
         for speed in [0.1, 1.0, 10.0, 100.0]:
-            tf = friction_torque_vector(dtheta1=speed, dphi=speed, params=frictional_params)
-            assert np.isclose(abs(tf[0]), frictional_params.mu1), (
-                f"Expected |tau_f1|={frictional_params.mu1}, got {abs(tf[0])} at speed={speed}"
+            tf = friction_torque_vector(
+                dtheta1=speed, dphi=speed, params=frictional_params
             )
+            assert np.isclose(
+                abs(tf[0]), frictional_params.mu1
+            ), f"Expected |tau_f1|={frictional_params.mu1}, got {abs(tf[0])} at speed={speed}"
 
     def test_coulomb_zero_at_rest(self, frictional_params: PendulumParams) -> None:
         """np.sign(0) == 0, so Coulomb friction is zero when stationary."""
         tf = friction_torque_vector(dtheta1=0.0, dphi=0.0, params=frictional_params)
         assert np.allclose(tf, [0.0, 0.0])
 
-    def test_combined_friction_superposition(self, combined_params: PendulumParams) -> None:
+    def test_combined_friction_superposition(
+        self, combined_params: PendulumParams
+    ) -> None:
         """Combined damping+friction = viscous + Coulomb separately."""
         dtheta1, dphi = 1.5, -0.8
         tf = friction_torque_vector(dtheta1, dphi, combined_params)
 
-        expected_1 = -combined_params.b1 * dtheta1 - combined_params.mu1 * np.sign(dtheta1)
+        expected_1 = -combined_params.b1 * dtheta1 - combined_params.mu1 * np.sign(
+            dtheta1
+        )
         expected_2 = -combined_params.b2 * dphi - combined_params.mu2 * np.sign(dphi)
         assert np.isclose(tf[0], expected_1)
         assert np.isclose(tf[1], expected_2)
@@ -182,9 +190,9 @@ def test_undamped_conserves_energy_approximately(
         e_start = total_energy(result.states[0], base_params)
         e_end = total_energy(result.states[-1], base_params)
         # Allow ~1% drift from numerical integration
-        assert abs(e_end - e_start) / max(abs(e_start), 1e-9) < 0.01, (
-            f"Energy drift too large: {e_start:.4f} → {e_end:.4f}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            abs(e_end - e_start) / max(abs(e_start), 1e-9) < 0.01
+        ), f"Energy drift too large: {e_start:.4f} → {e_end:.4f}"
 
     def test_damped_pendulum_loses_energy(self, damped_params: PendulumParams) -> None:
         """With viscous damping, total energy must decrease over time."""
@@ -203,9 +211,9 @@ def test_damped_pendulum_loses_energy(self, damped_params: PendulumParams) -> No
 
         e_start = total_energy(result.states[0], damped_params)
         e_end = total_energy(result.states[-1], damped_params)
-        assert e_end < e_start, (
-            f"Damped pendulum energy should decrease: {e_start:.4f} → {e_end:.4f}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            e_end < e_start
+        ), f"Damped pendulum energy should decrease: {e_start:.4f} → {e_end:.4f}"
 
     def test_friction_does_not_blow_up(self, combined_params: PendulumParams) -> None:
         """Simulation with both friction types must remain numerically stable."""
@@ -221,9 +229,9 @@ def test_friction_does_not_blow_up(self, combined_params: PendulumParams) -> Non
         )
 
         assert result.n_steps >= 2
-        assert all(np.isfinite(result.states.flatten())), (
-            "Simulation with combined friction/damping produced non-finite states"
-        )
+        assert all(
+            np.isfinite(result.states.flatten())
+        ), "Simulation with combined friction/damping produced non-finite states"
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -259,7 +267,9 @@ def test_total_torques_equals_drive_plus_friction(
         total = friction_result.total_torques_at(idx)
         assert np.allclose(total, drive + friction)
 
-    def test_no_dissipation_zero_friction_torques(self, base_params: PendulumParams) -> None:
+    def test_no_dissipation_zero_friction_torques(
+        self, base_params: PendulumParams
+    ) -> None:
         state0 = np.array([np.radians(45), 0.0, 1.0, 0.0])
         result = run_simulation(
             params=base_params,
@@ -270,6 +280,6 @@ def test_no_dissipation_zero_friction_torques(self, base_params: PendulumParams)
         )
         for i in range(0, result.n_steps, 20):
             tf = result.friction_torques_at(i)
-            assert np.allclose(tf, [0.0, 0.0]), (
-                f"Expected zero friction torques at step {i}, got {tf}"
-            )
+            assert np.allclose(
+                tf, [0.0, 0.0]
+            ), f"Expected zero friction torques at step {i}, got {tf}"
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_friction_triple.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_friction_triple.py
index 1c25429db4..ae300a72ac 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_friction_triple.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_friction_triple.py
@@ -295,7 +295,9 @@ def test_combined_friction_superposition(
         dtheta1, dphi1, dphi2 = 1.5, -0.8, 0.3
         tf = friction_torque_vector(dtheta1, dphi1, dphi2, combined_params)
 
-        expected_1 = -combined_params.b1 * dtheta1 - combined_params.mu1 * np.sign(dtheta1)
+        expected_1 = -combined_params.b1 * dtheta1 - combined_params.mu1 * np.sign(
+            dtheta1
+        )
         expected_2 = -combined_params.b2 * dphi1 - combined_params.mu2 * np.sign(dphi1)
         expected_3 = -combined_params.b3 * dphi2 - combined_params.mu3 * np.sign(dphi2)
         assert np.isclose(tf[0], expected_1)
@@ -345,9 +347,9 @@ def test_undamped_conserves_energy_approximately(
         e_start = total_energy(result.states[0], base_params)
         e_end = total_energy(result.states[-1], base_params)
         # Allow ~2% drift for chaotic triple pendulum
-        assert abs(e_end - e_start) / max(abs(e_start), 1e-9) < 0.02, (
-            f"Energy drift too large: {e_start:.4f} → {e_end:.4f}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            abs(e_end - e_start) / max(abs(e_start), 1e-9) < 0.02
+        ), f"Energy drift too large: {e_start:.4f} → {e_end:.4f}"
 
     def test_damped_pendulum_loses_energy(
         self,
@@ -369,16 +371,18 @@ def test_damped_pendulum_loses_energy(
 
         e_start = total_energy(result.states[0], damped_params)
         e_end = total_energy(result.states[-1], damped_params)
-        assert e_end < e_start, (
-            f"Damped pendulum energy should decrease: {e_start:.4f} → {e_end:.4f}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            e_end < e_start
+        ), f"Damped pendulum energy should decrease: {e_start:.4f} → {e_end:.4f}"
 
     def test_friction_does_not_blow_up(
         self,
         combined_params: TriplePendulumParams,
     ) -> None:
         """Simulation with both friction types must remain numerically stable."""
-        state0 = np.array([np.radians(90), np.radians(-45), np.radians(30), 0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
+        state0 = np.array(
+            [np.radians(90), np.radians(-45), np.radians(30), 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+        )
         torque_func = make_polynomial_torque([-15.0, 5.0], [0.0], [0.0])
 
         result = run_simulation(
@@ -390,9 +394,9 @@ def test_friction_does_not_blow_up(
         )
 
         assert result.n_steps >= 2
-        assert all(np.isfinite(result.states.flatten())), (
-            "Simulation with combined friction/damping produced non-finite states"
-        )
+        assert all(
+            np.isfinite(result.states.flatten())
+        ), "Simulation with combined friction/damping produced non-finite states"
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -472,7 +476,9 @@ class TestMassMatrixCorrectness:
     def equal_params(self) -> TriplePendulumParams:
         return TriplePendulumParams(m1=1.0, m2=1.0, m3=1.0, L1=1.0, L2=1.0, L3=1.0)
 
-    def test_symmetric_at_random_angles(self, equal_params: TriplePendulumParams) -> None:
+    def test_symmetric_at_random_angles(
+        self, equal_params: TriplePendulumParams
+    ) -> None:
         rng = np.random.default_rng(42)
         for _ in range(20):
             phi1, phi2 = rng.uniform(-np.pi, np.pi, size=2)
@@ -487,7 +493,9 @@ def test_positive_definite_at_random_angles(
             phi1, phi2 = rng.uniform(-np.pi, np.pi, size=2)
             M = mass_matrix(phi1, phi2, equal_params)
             eigvals = np.linalg.eigvalsh(M)
-            assert all(eigvals > 0), f"Not positive definite at phi1={phi1}, phi2={phi2}"
+            assert all(
+                eigvals > 0
+            ), f"Not positive definite at phi1={phi1}, phi2={phi2}"
 
     def test_aligned_configuration_known_value(self) -> None:
         """When phi1=phi2=0 (all segments aligned), M has a known closed form."""
@@ -550,9 +558,11 @@ def test_conservative_energy_conservation(self, state0: np.ndarray) -> None:
             rtol=1e-10,
             atol=1e-12,
         )
-        energies = [total_energy(result.states[i], params) for i in range(result.n_steps)]
+        energies = [
+            total_energy(result.states[i], params) for i in range(result.n_steps)
+        ]
         e0 = energies[0]
         max_drift = max(abs(e - e0) for e in energies)
-        assert max_drift < 1e-6, (
-            f"Energy drift {max_drift:.2e} exceeds 1e-6 for state0={state0}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            max_drift < 1e-6
+        ), f"Energy drift {max_drift:.2e} exceeds 1e-6 for state0={state0}"
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_dynamics_extended.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_dynamics_extended.py
index 263abcab6b..fe1598a17e 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_dynamics_extended.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_dynamics_extended.py
@@ -293,7 +293,9 @@ def test_symmetric(self, params: GolferParams) -> None:
                 M = analytical_mass_matrix(q, params)
             np.testing.assert_allclose(M, M.T, atol=1e-8)
 
-    def test_positive_semidefinite(self, params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_positive_semidefinite(
+        self, params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         with patch(
             "double_pendulum_golf.golfer_dynamics._native_backend.golfer_mass_matrix",
             return_value=None,
@@ -440,7 +442,9 @@ def test_zero_at_rest(
             T = kinetic_energy(zero_q, zero_qdot, params)
         assert T == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=1e-12)
 
-    def test_positive_with_velocity(self, params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_positive_with_velocity(
+        self, params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         qdot = np.ones(N_DOF) * 0.5
         with patch(
             "double_pendulum_golf.golfer_dynamics._native_backend.golfer_mass_matrix",
@@ -462,7 +466,9 @@ def test_scales_quadratically_with_speed(
             T2 = kinetic_energy(zero_q, 2 * qdot, params)
         assert T2 == pytest.approx(4 * T1, rel=1e-6)
 
-    def test_type_error_non_array_q(self, params: GolferParams, zero_qdot: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_type_error_non_array_q(
+        self, params: GolferParams, zero_qdot: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         with pytest.raises(TypeError):
             kinetic_energy([0.0] * N_DOF, zero_qdot, params)
 
@@ -490,7 +496,9 @@ def test_returns_float(self, params: GolferParams, full_state: np.ndarray) -> No
         V = potential_energy(full_state, params)
         assert isinstance(V, float)
 
-    def test_different_configurations_give_different_pe(self, params: GolferParams) -> None:
+    def test_different_configurations_give_different_pe(
+        self, params: GolferParams
+    ) -> None:
         q1 = np.zeros(N_DOF)
         state1 = np.concatenate([q1, np.zeros(N_DOF)])
         q2 = np.zeros(N_DOF)
@@ -554,7 +562,9 @@ def test_total_is_T_plus_V(self, params: GolferParams) -> None:
 
 
 class TestMassPointPositions:
-    def test_returns_seven_points(self, params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_returns_seven_points(
+        self, params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         points = _mass_point_positions(zero_q, params)
         assert len(points) == 7
 
@@ -564,14 +574,18 @@ def test_all_callable(self, params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray) -> None:
             result = pos_func(zero_q)
             assert len(result) == 2
 
-    def test_masses_match_params(self, params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_masses_match_params(
+        self, params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         points = _mass_point_positions(zero_q, params)
         masses = [m for m, _ in points]
         assert params.m_hub in masses
         assert params.m_r_upper in masses
         assert params.m_club in masses
 
-    def test_all_positions_finite(self, params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_all_positions_finite(
+        self, params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         points = _mass_point_positions(zero_q, params)
         for _, pos_func in points:
             x, y = pos_func(zero_q)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_ellipsoids.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_ellipsoids.py
index 4d3ec77f67..514803bd00 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_ellipsoids.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_ellipsoids.py
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ def test_nonzero_configuration(self, default_golfer_params):
         result = ellipsoids_golfer(q, default_golfer_params)
         assert len(result) > 0
         for name, ell in result.items():
-            assert np.all(np.isfinite(ell["mob_semi_axes"])), (
-                f"{name}: non-finite mob_semi_axes"
-            )
+            assert np.all(
+                np.isfinite(ell["mob_semi_axes"])
+            ), f"{name}: non-finite mob_semi_axes"
 
     def test_handles_full_state_vector(self, default_golfer_params):
         """Should accept q with shape (16,) and use only first 8."""
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_kinematics.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_kinematics.py
index bc7bd40382..c9e1a7dfa6 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_kinematics.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_kinematics.py
@@ -120,7 +120,9 @@ def test_pi_half_hub_to_the_left(self, sym_params: GolferParams) -> None:
         assert x == pytest.approx(-sym_params.L_hub, abs=1e-10)
         assert abs(y) < 1e-10
 
-    def test_hub_distance_from_origin_equals_L_hub(self, sym_params: GolferParams) -> None:
+    def test_hub_distance_from_origin_equals_L_hub(
+        self, sym_params: GolferParams
+    ) -> None:
         """Distance |hub| must equal L_hub for all angles."""
         for theta in np.linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 20):
             x, y = _hub_position(theta, sym_params)
@@ -141,7 +143,9 @@ def test_returns_tuple_of_two_floats(self, sym_params: GolferParams) -> None:
 
 
 class TestShoulderPosition:
-    def test_distance_from_hub_equals_d_shoulder(self, sym_params: GolferParams) -> None:
+    def test_distance_from_hub_equals_d_shoulder(
+        self, sym_params: GolferParams
+    ) -> None:
         hub = (0.0, sym_params.L_hub)
         for d in [0.15, 0.20, 0.25]:
             rs = _shoulder_position(hub, 0.0, d, +1.0)
@@ -274,9 +278,9 @@ def test_all_positions_finite(self, sym_params: GolferParams) -> None:
             q = rng.uniform(-np.pi / 2, np.pi / 2, N_DOF)
             pos = self._fk(q, sym_params)
             for key, (x, y) in pos.items():
-                assert np.isfinite(x) and np.isfinite(y), (
-                    f"Non-finite position for joint {key!r}: ({x}, {y})"
-                )
+                assert np.isfinite(x) and np.isfinite(
+                    y
+                ), f"Non-finite position for joint {key!r}: ({x}, {y})"
 
     def test_origin_always_zero(self, sym_params: GolferParams) -> None:
         for q in [np.zeros(N_DOF), np.ones(N_DOF) * 0.3]:
@@ -355,7 +359,9 @@ def test_extended_state_is_truncated(self, sym_params: GolferParams) -> None:
             assert pos_ext[key][0] == pytest.approx(pos_short[key][0], abs=1e-10)
             assert pos_ext[key][1] == pytest.approx(pos_short[key][1], abs=1e-10)
 
-    def test_scapula_keys_present_when_nonzero(self, scapula_params: GolferParams) -> None:
+    def test_scapula_keys_present_when_nonzero(
+        self, scapula_params: GolferParams
+    ) -> None:
         """When L_rscap > 0, 'rscap' and 'lscap' should appear in the result."""
         q = np.zeros(N_DOF)
         pos = self._fk(q, scapula_params)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_model.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_model.py
index 604cef1692..adfad92267 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_model.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_model.py
@@ -197,9 +197,9 @@ def test_friction_opposes_velocity(self, default_params: GolferParams) -> None:
         # For each DOF with nonzero damping, sign(tau) = -sign(qdot)
         for i in range(N_DOF - 1):  # Skip club DOF (no damping)
             if abs(qdot[i]) > 0 and abs(tau[i]) > 0:
-                assert np.sign(tau[i]) == -np.sign(qdot[i]), (
-                    f"Friction at DOF {i} does not oppose velocity"
-                )
+                assert np.sign(tau[i]) == -np.sign(
+                    qdot[i]
+                ), f"Friction at DOF {i} does not oppose velocity"
 
     def test_zero_velocity_zero_friction(self, default_params: GolferParams) -> None:
         """Zero velocity must produce zero friction torque."""
@@ -257,9 +257,9 @@ def test_mass_matrix_psd(
 
         M = analytical_mass_matrix(random_state, default_params)
         eigenvalues = np.linalg.eigvalsh(M)
-        assert np.all(eigenvalues >= -1e-10), (
-            f"Negative eigenvalue in mass matrix: {eigenvalues}"
-        )
+        assert np.all(
+            eigenvalues >= -1e-10
+        ), f"Negative eigenvalue in mass matrix: {eigenvalues}"
 
     def test_mass_matrix_shape(
         self, default_params: GolferParams, zero_state: np.ndarray
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_moments.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_moments.py
index 49ceb17b72..8b28b93221 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_moments.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_moments.py
@@ -74,9 +74,9 @@ def test_total_equals_applied_plus_moment(self, sample_positions, sample_forces)
             applied = result[f"{jname}_applied_torque"]
             moment = result[f"{jname}_moment_of_force"]
             total = result[f"{jname}_total_moment"]
-            assert total == pytest.approx(applied + moment), (
-                f"{jname}: total {total} != applied {applied} + moment {moment}"
-            )
+            assert total == pytest.approx(
+                applied + moment
+            ), f"{jname}: total {total} != applied {applied} + moment {moment}"
 
     def test_too_few_torques_raises(self, sample_positions, sample_forces):
         """Must have at least 7 applied torques."""
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_topology.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_topology.py
index 69d854e889..f2c25e1ff4 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_topology.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_golfer_topology.py
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ class TestStandoffMassless:
 
     def test_standoff_mass_near_zero(self, address_params: GolferParams) -> None:
         """Standoff mass must be near zero (< 0.01 kg)."""
-        assert address_params.m_hub < 0.01, (
-            f"Standoff mass should be near-zero, got {address_params.m_hub}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            address_params.m_hub < 0.01
+        ), f"Standoff mass should be near-zero, got {address_params.m_hub}"
 
     def test_standoff_mass_positive(self, address_params: GolferParams) -> None:
         """Standoff mass must be positive (required by solver numerics)."""
@@ -78,7 +78,9 @@ def test_standoff_has_length(self, address_params: GolferParams) -> None:
 class TestUpperBodyMass:
     """Upper body (scapula) segments should have significant mass (~2x arms)."""
 
-    def test_right_upper_body_heavier_than_arms(self, address_params: GolferParams) -> None:
+    def test_right_upper_body_heavier_than_arms(
+        self, address_params: GolferParams
+    ) -> None:
         """Right upper body mass should be >= right arm total."""
         right_arm_total = address_params.m_r_upper + address_params.m_r_fore
         assert address_params.m_rscap >= right_arm_total, (
@@ -86,7 +88,9 @@ def test_right_upper_body_heavier_than_arms(self, address_params: GolferParams)
             f"right arm total ({right_arm_total} kg)"
         )
 
-    def test_left_upper_body_heavier_than_arms(self, address_params: GolferParams) -> None:
+    def test_left_upper_body_heavier_than_arms(
+        self, address_params: GolferParams
+    ) -> None:
         """Left upper body mass should be >= left arm total."""
         left_arm_total = address_params.m_l_upper + address_params.m_l_fore
         assert address_params.m_lscap >= left_arm_total, (
@@ -124,7 +128,9 @@ def test_total_mass_reasonable(self, address_params: GolferParams) -> None:
             + address_params.m_clubhead
         )
         # Upper body + arms + club: roughly 10-40 kg is reasonable
-        assert 10.0 < total < 40.0, f"Total mass {total:.1f} kg should be in 10-40 kg range"
+        assert (
+            10.0 < total < 40.0
+        ), f"Total mass {total:.1f} kg should be in 10-40 kg range"
 
     def test_standoff_negligible_fraction(self, address_params: GolferParams) -> None:
         """Standoff mass should be < 0.1% of total system mass."""
@@ -140,7 +146,9 @@ def test_standoff_negligible_fraction(self, address_params: GolferParams) -> Non
             + address_params.m_clubhead
         )
         fraction = address_params.m_hub / total
-        assert fraction < 0.001, f"Standoff mass fraction {fraction:.4f} should be < 0.001"
+        assert (
+            fraction < 0.001
+        ), f"Standoff mass fraction {fraction:.4f} should be < 0.001"
 
     def test_upper_body_dominates(self, address_params: GolferParams) -> None:
         """Upper body segments should be the heaviest components."""
@@ -153,12 +161,12 @@ def test_upper_body_dominates(self, address_params: GolferParams) -> None:
             address_params.m_club,
             address_params.m_clubhead,
         ]
-        assert address_params.m_rscap >= max(all_masses), (
-            "Right upper body should be the heaviest individual segment"
-        )
-        assert address_params.m_lscap >= max(all_masses), (
-            "Left upper body should be the heaviest individual segment"
-        )
+        assert address_params.m_rscap >= max(
+            all_masses
+        ), "Right upper body should be the heaviest individual segment"
+        assert address_params.m_lscap >= max(
+            all_masses
+        ), "Left upper body should be the heaviest individual segment"
 
 
 class TestGolferParamsValidation:
@@ -256,7 +264,9 @@ def test_positions_finite(self, address_params: GolferParams) -> None:
         q = np.zeros(8)
         pos = forward_kinematics(q, address_params)
         for name, xy in pos.items():
-            assert np.all(np.isfinite(xy)), f"Position {name} has non-finite values: {xy}"
+            assert np.all(
+                np.isfinite(xy)
+            ), f"Position {name} has non-finite values: {xy}"
 
     def test_scapula_positions_present(self, address_params: GolferParams) -> None:
         """When scapula lengths are nonzero, scapula positions must be in FK."""
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_gui_utilities.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_gui_utilities.py
index ec3366b33a..30e146b23f 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_gui_utilities.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_gui_utilities.py
@@ -317,7 +317,9 @@ def test_all_factors_positive(self) -> None:
 
         for cat, options in _UNIT_OPTIONS.items():
             for label, factor in options:
-                assert factor > 0, f"Non-positive factor for {cat.value}/{label}: {factor}"
+                assert (
+                    factor > 0
+                ), f"Non-positive factor for {cat.value}/{label}: {factor}"
 
 
 class TestToSiFromSi:
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_hub_and_geometry.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_hub_and_geometry.py
index d500a211e9..7a9e347ba4 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_hub_and_geometry.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_hub_and_geometry.py
@@ -176,7 +176,9 @@ def test_finite(self) -> None:
 
     def test_negative_radius_raises(self) -> None:
         with pytest.raises((ValueError, TypeError)):
-            cylinder_cross_section(np.array([0.0, 0.0]), np.array([1.0, 0.0]), radius=-0.1)
+            cylinder_cross_section(
+                np.array([0.0, 0.0]), np.array([1.0, 0.0]), radius=-0.1
+            )
 
     def test_degenerate_segment(self) -> None:
         """Zero-length segment should not crash."""
@@ -233,7 +235,9 @@ class TestTaperedCylinderCrossSection:
     def test_shape(self) -> None:
         start = np.array([0.0, 0.0])
         end = np.array([0.0, 1.0])
-        corners = tapered_cylinder_cross_section(start, end, radius_start=0.2, radius_end=0.05)
+        corners = tapered_cylinder_cross_section(
+            start, end, radius_start=0.2, radius_end=0.05
+        )
         assert corners.shape == (4, 2)
 
     def test_finite(self) -> None:
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_hypothesis_physics.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_hypothesis_physics.py
index eb8b6153e5..ae1a7741db 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_hypothesis_physics.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_hypothesis_physics.py
@@ -137,13 +137,17 @@ def test_kinetic_energy_non_negative(
 
     @given(params=double_params(), state=double_state())
     @settings(max_examples=50)
-    def test_total_energy_finite(self, params: PendulumParams, state: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_total_energy_finite(
+        self, params: PendulumParams, state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         E = total_energy(state, params)
         assert np.isfinite(E), f"Non-finite total energy: {E}"
 
     @given(params=double_params(), state=double_state())
     @settings(max_examples=50)
-    def test_total_energy_is_sum(self, params: PendulumParams, state: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_total_energy_is_sum(
+        self, params: PendulumParams, state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         T = kinetic_energy(state, params)
         V = potential_energy(state, params)
         E = total_energy(state, params)
@@ -161,15 +165,15 @@ def test_fk_segment_lengths(
 
         # Shoulder at origin, wrist distance = L1
         wrist_dist = np.linalg.norm(wrist)
-        assert np.isclose(wrist_dist, params.L1, atol=1e-8), (
-            f"Wrist distance {wrist_dist} != L1 {params.L1}"
-        )
+        assert np.isclose(
+            wrist_dist, params.L1, atol=1e-8
+        ), f"Wrist distance {wrist_dist} != L1 {params.L1}"
 
         # Wrist-to-tip distance = L2
         tip_dist = np.linalg.norm(tip - wrist)
-        assert np.isclose(tip_dist, params.L2, atol=1e-8), (
-            f"Tip distance {tip_dist} != L2 {params.L2}"
-        )
+        assert np.isclose(
+            tip_dist, params.L2, atol=1e-8
+        ), f"Tip distance {tip_dist} != L2 {params.L2}"
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -218,7 +222,9 @@ def test_total_energy_is_sum(
 
     @given(params=triple_params(), state=triple_state())
     @settings(max_examples=30)
-    def test_fk_segment_lengths(self, params: TriplePendulumParams, state: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_fk_segment_lengths(
+        self, params: TriplePendulumParams, state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         """FK inter-joint distances must match segment lengths."""
         pos = triple_fk(state[0], state[1], state[2], params)
         shoulder = np.array(pos["shoulder"])
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_issue_fixes.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_issue_fixes.py
index 0f1ce9fa7e..0523ddad58 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_issue_fixes.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_issue_fixes.py
@@ -164,7 +164,9 @@ def test_plot_data_stores(self) -> None:
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(not _has_pyqt6(), reason="PyQt6 not available in headless environment")
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not _has_pyqt6(), reason="PyQt6 not available in headless environment"
+)
 class TestBasePendulumWidget3D:
     """3D segment rendering base class methods must exist and be callable."""
 
@@ -227,7 +229,9 @@ def test_tilt_foreshortens_y(self) -> None:
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(not _has_pyqt6(), reason="PyQt6 not available in headless environment")
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not _has_pyqt6(), reason="PyQt6 not available in headless environment"
+)
 class TestFunctionGeneratorDialog:
     """Function generator dialog must be importable with correct structure."""
 
@@ -280,9 +284,9 @@ def test_no_print_in_optimizer_gpu(self) -> None:
                 stripped = line.strip()
                 if stripped.startswith("#") or stripped.startswith('"'):
                     continue
-                assert "print(" not in stripped, (
-                    f"optimizer_gpu.py line {i}: found print() call"
-                )
+                assert (
+                    "print(" not in stripped
+                ), f"optimizer_gpu.py line {i}: found print() call"
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip("optimizer_gpu not available")
 
@@ -468,7 +472,9 @@ def test_simulation_rejects_nonfinite_state(self) -> None:
     def test_noise_generator_rejects_negative_amplitude(self) -> None:
         from double_pendulum_golf.perturbation_analysis import generate_noise
 
-        with pytest.raises((ValueError, TypeError), match="amplitude must be non-negative"):
+        with pytest.raises(
+            (ValueError, TypeError), match="amplitude must be non-negative"
+        ):
             generate_noise("white", 100, -1.0)
 
     def test_noise_generator_rejects_zero_samples(self) -> None:
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_jacobians.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_jacobians.py
index 44637867bf..f93a4b0033 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_jacobians.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_jacobians.py
@@ -136,9 +136,9 @@ def test_phi_only_affects_tip_not_wrist(self, L: tuple[float, float]) -> None:
         L1, L2 = L
         for phi in [0.0, 0.3, 1.0, -0.8]:
             J_wrist = jacobian_double(0.5, phi, L1, L2)["wrist"]
-            assert np.isclose(J_wrist[0, 1], 0.0), (
-                f"J_wrist[:,1] should be zero for any phi, got {J_wrist[:, 1]}"
-            )
+            assert np.isclose(
+                J_wrist[0, 1], 0.0
+            ), f"J_wrist[:,1] should be zero for any phi, got {J_wrist[:, 1]}"
 
 
 class TestJacobianDoubleContinuity:
@@ -150,9 +150,9 @@ def test_continuity_at_various_angles(self, L: tuple[float, float]) -> None:
         for theta1 in np.linspace(-1.0, 1.0, 10):
             J0 = jacobian_double(theta1, 0.5, L1, L2)["tip"]
             J1 = jacobian_double(theta1 + eps, 0.5, L1, L2)["tip"]
-            assert np.allclose(J0, J1, atol=(L1 + L2) * eps * 2), (
-                f"Jacobian discontinuity at theta1={theta1}"
-            )
+            assert np.allclose(
+                J0, J1, atol=(L1 + L2) * eps * 2
+            ), f"Jacobian discontinuity at theta1={theta1}"
 
 
 # ============================================================================
@@ -174,7 +174,9 @@ def test_all_jacobians_shape(self, L3: tuple[float, float, float]) -> None:
 class TestJacobianTripleAnalytic:
     """Known values at canonical configurations."""
 
-    def test_straight_down_wrist1_jacobian(self, L3: tuple[float, float, float]) -> None:
+    def test_straight_down_wrist1_jacobian(
+        self, L3: tuple[float, float, float]
+    ) -> None:
         """theta1=phi1=phi2=0 → wrist1: [[L1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]."""
         L1, L2, L3_ = L3
         J = jacobian_triple(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, L1, L2, L3_)["wrist1"]
@@ -329,15 +331,17 @@ def test_each_endpoint_has_required_keys(self, L: tuple[float, float]) -> None:
             "singular_values",
         }
         for name, data in result.items():
-            assert set(data.keys()) == expected_keys, (
-                f"Missing keys in '{name}': {expected_keys - set(data.keys())}"
-            )
+            assert (
+                set(data.keys()) == expected_keys
+            ), f"Missing keys in '{name}': {expected_keys - set(data.keys())}"
 
     def test_mob_axes_positive_full_rank(self, L: tuple[float, float]) -> None:
         L1, L2 = L
         result = ellipsoids_double(1.0, 0.5, L1, L2)
         for name, data in result.items():
-            assert np.all(data["mob_semi_axes"] >= 0), f"Negative mobility axis in '{name}'"
+            assert np.all(
+                data["mob_semi_axes"] >= 0
+            ), f"Negative mobility axis in '{name}'"
 
 
 class TestEllipsoidsTriple:
@@ -348,7 +352,9 @@ def test_returns_three_endpoints(self, L3: tuple[float, float, float]) -> None:
         result = ellipsoids_triple(0.3, 0.2, 0.1, L1, L2, L3_)
         assert set(result.keys()) == {"wrist1", "wrist2", "tip"}
 
-    def test_each_endpoint_has_required_keys(self, L3: tuple[float, float, float]) -> None:
+    def test_each_endpoint_has_required_keys(
+        self, L3: tuple[float, float, float]
+    ) -> None:
         L1, L2, L3_ = L3
         result = ellipsoids_triple(0.3, 0.2, 0.1, L1, L2, L3_)
         required = {
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_jacobians_extended.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_jacobians_extended.py
index 37a675285d..cbc5419ecf 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_jacobians_extended.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_jacobians_extended.py
@@ -224,11 +224,15 @@ def test_singular_values_non_negative(self) -> None:
 
 
 class TestJacobianGolfer:
-    def test_returns_dict(self, golfer_params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_returns_dict(
+        self, golfer_params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         J = jacobian_golfer(zero_q, golfer_params)
         assert isinstance(J, dict)
 
-    def test_joint_key_shapes(self, golfer_params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_joint_key_shapes(
+        self, golfer_params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         J = jacobian_golfer(zero_q, golfer_params)
         for name, mat in J.items():
             assert mat.shape == (2, N_DOF), f"Wrong shape for joint {name}"
@@ -240,7 +244,9 @@ def test_finite(self, golfer_params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray) -> None:
 
 
 class TestEllipsoidsGolfer:
-    def test_returns_dict(self, golfer_params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_returns_dict(
+        self, golfer_params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         result = ellipsoids_golfer(zero_q, golfer_params)
         assert isinstance(result, dict)
 
@@ -272,7 +278,9 @@ def test_finite(self, golfer_params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray) -> None:
         Z = ztcf_matrix(zero_q, golfer_params)
         assert np.all(np.isfinite(Z))
 
-    def test_different_joint(self, golfer_params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_different_joint(
+        self, golfer_params: GolferParams, zero_q: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         Z_tip = ztcf_matrix(zero_q, golfer_params, joint_name="club_tip")
         Z_rh = ztcf_matrix(zero_q, golfer_params, joint_name="rh")
         # Different joints should give different matrices
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_jacobians_golfer.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_jacobians_golfer.py
index 7ace63191b..3fbaad7f62 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_jacobians_golfer.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_jacobians_golfer.py
@@ -241,17 +241,17 @@ def test_ellipsoid_data_finite(self):
         result = ellipsoids_golfer(q, p)
         for name, data in result.items():
             assert np.all(np.isfinite(data["jacobian"])), f"{name} Jacobian non-finite"
-            assert np.all(np.isfinite(data["singular_values"])), (
-                f"{name} singular values non-finite"
-            )
-            assert np.all(np.isfinite(data["mob_semi_axes"])), (
-                f"{name} mobility semi-axes non-finite"
-            )
+            assert np.all(
+                np.isfinite(data["singular_values"])
+            ), f"{name} singular values non-finite"
+            assert np.all(
+                np.isfinite(data["mob_semi_axes"])
+            ), f"{name} mobility semi-axes non-finite"
             # force_semi_axes may be None at singular configurations
             if data["force_semi_axes"] is not None:
-                assert np.all(np.isfinite(data["force_semi_axes"])), (
-                    f"{name} force semi-axes non-finite"
-                )
+                assert np.all(
+                    np.isfinite(data["force_semi_axes"])
+                ), f"{name} force semi-axes non-finite"
 
     def test_singular_values_descending(self):
         """Singular values should be in descending order."""
@@ -262,7 +262,9 @@ def test_singular_values_descending(self):
         for name, data in result.items():
             svs = data["singular_values"]
             # Check descending order
-            assert np.all(np.diff(svs) <= 0), f"{name} singular values not in descending order"
+            assert np.all(
+                np.diff(svs) <= 0
+            ), f"{name} singular values not in descending order"
 
     def test_directions_orthonormal(self):
         """Ellipsoid directions should be orthonormal."""
@@ -275,9 +277,9 @@ def test_directions_orthonormal(self):
             # Check columns are unit vectors
             for i in range(dirs.shape[1]):
                 col_norm = np.linalg.norm(dirs[:, i])
-                assert np.isclose(col_norm, 1.0, atol=1e-10), (
-                    f"{name} direction {i} not unit norm"
-                )
+                assert np.isclose(
+                    col_norm, 1.0, atol=1e-10
+                ), f"{name} direction {i} not unit norm"
 
     def test_semi_axes_positive(self):
         """Semi-axes lengths should be positive."""
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_joint_moments.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_joint_moments.py
index d96aa27589..47c7b20baf 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_joint_moments.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_joint_moments.py
@@ -23,15 +23,21 @@ class TestCross2D:
 
     def test_unit_vectors(self):
         """x × y = +1 (CCW)."""
-        assert cross_2d(np.array([1.0, 0.0]), np.array([0.0, 1.0])) == pytest.approx(1.0)
+        assert cross_2d(np.array([1.0, 0.0]), np.array([0.0, 1.0])) == pytest.approx(
+            1.0
+        )
 
     def test_antiparallel(self):
         """y × x = -1 (CW)."""
-        assert cross_2d(np.array([0.0, 1.0]), np.array([1.0, 0.0])) == pytest.approx(-1.0)
+        assert cross_2d(np.array([0.0, 1.0]), np.array([1.0, 0.0])) == pytest.approx(
+            -1.0
+        )
 
     def test_parallel(self):
         """Parallel vectors → zero cross product."""
-        assert cross_2d(np.array([3.0, 0.0]), np.array([5.0, 0.0])) == pytest.approx(0.0)
+        assert cross_2d(np.array([3.0, 0.0]), np.array([5.0, 0.0])) == pytest.approx(
+            0.0
+        )
 
     def test_wrong_shape_raises(self):
         with pytest.raises((ValueError, TypeError), match="r must be shape"):
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_main_window.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_main_window.py
index d98597c7e3..f5c366cf9a 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_main_window.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_main_window.py
@@ -156,7 +156,9 @@ def get_selection(self) -> Any:
 
         # mock extract_series
         mock_extract = MagicMock(side_effect=[([1], "X", "m"), ([2], "Y", "m")])
-        monkeypatch.setattr("double_pendulum_golf.data_extractor.extract_series", mock_extract)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            "double_pendulum_golf.data_extractor.extract_series", mock_extract
+        )
 
         # mock PopOutChart
         mock_chart_class = MagicMock()
@@ -199,7 +201,9 @@ def get_selection(self) -> Any:
         def mock_extract(*args) -> Any:
             raise KeyError("bad")
 
-        monkeypatch.setattr("double_pendulum_golf.data_extractor.extract_series", mock_extract)
+        monkeypatch.setattr(
+            "double_pendulum_golf.data_extractor.extract_series", mock_extract
+        )
 
         mock_msg = MagicMock()
         monkeypatch.setattr("PyQt6.QtWidgets.QMessageBox.warning", mock_msg)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_model_registry_gaps.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_model_registry_gaps.py
index 4d2c839427..f12abb9856 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_model_registry_gaps.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_model_registry_gaps.py
@@ -55,7 +55,9 @@ def test_overwrites_and_warns(self, caplog: pytest.LogCaptureFixture) -> None:
         cfg2 = _make_config("Second Version", n_dof=3)
 
         register_model("__test_overwrite__", cfg1)
-        with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING, logger="double_pendulum_golf.model_registry"):
+        with caplog.at_level(
+            logging.WARNING, logger="double_pendulum_golf.model_registry"
+        ):
             register_model("__test_overwrite__", cfg2)
 
         assert "Overwriting existing model registration" in caplog.text
@@ -64,7 +66,9 @@ def test_overwrites_and_warns(self, caplog: pytest.LogCaptureFixture) -> None:
 
     def test_no_warn_first_registration(self, caplog: pytest.LogCaptureFixture) -> None:
         """First registration should not warn."""
-        with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING, logger="double_pendulum_golf.model_registry"):
+        with caplog.at_level(
+            logging.WARNING, logger="double_pendulum_golf.model_registry"
+        ):
             register_model("__test_first__", _make_config())
         assert "Overwriting" not in caplog.text
 
@@ -90,7 +94,9 @@ def test_import_error_branches(
         monkeypatch.setitem(sys.modules, "double_pendulum_golf.physics_triple", None)
         monkeypatch.setitem(sys.modules, "double_pendulum_golf.physics_golfer", None)
 
-        with caplog.at_level(logging.DEBUG, logger="double_pendulum_golf.model_registry"):
+        with caplog.at_level(
+            logging.DEBUG, logger="double_pendulum_golf.model_registry"
+        ):
             model_registry._register_builtins()
 
         # All 3 modules should fail to import and log at DEBUG level
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_native_backend.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_native_backend.py
index b346780d38..5261861af9 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_native_backend.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_native_backend.py
@@ -307,7 +307,9 @@ def py_double_mass_matrix(
             return [[5.0, 2.0], [2.0, 1.0]]
 
         @staticmethod
-        def py_double_gravity_vector(q: list[float], params: tuple[float, ...]) -> list[float]:
+        def py_double_gravity_vector(
+            q: list[float], params: tuple[float, ...]
+        ) -> list[float]:
             del q, params
             return [3.0, 1.0]
 
@@ -366,7 +368,9 @@ def py_triple_mass_matrix(
             return [[14.0, 8.0, 3.0], [8.0, 5.0, 2.0], [3.0, 2.0, 1.0]]
 
         @staticmethod
-        def py_triple_gravity_vector(q: list[float], params: tuple[float, ...]) -> list[float]:
+        def py_triple_gravity_vector(
+            q: list[float], params: tuple[float, ...]
+        ) -> list[float]:
             del q, params
             return [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
 
@@ -399,7 +403,9 @@ def py_triple_forward_kinematics(
 
     mass = native_backend.triple_mass_matrix(0.0, 0.0, triple_params)
     gravity = native_backend.triple_gravity_vector(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, triple_params)
-    coriolis = native_backend.triple_coriolis_vector(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, triple_params)
+    coriolis = native_backend.triple_coriolis_vector(
+        0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, triple_params
+    )
     fk = native_backend.triple_forward_kinematics(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, triple_params)
 
     assert mass is not None
@@ -505,7 +511,9 @@ def py_golfer_project_velocity(
     q_proj = native_backend.golfer_project_to_constraints(
         np.zeros(8), golfer_params, max_iters=5, tol=1e-6
     )
-    qdot_proj = native_backend.golfer_project_velocity(np.zeros(8), np.zeros(8), golfer_params)
+    qdot_proj = native_backend.golfer_project_velocity(
+        np.zeros(8), np.zeros(8), golfer_params
+    )
 
     assert q_proj is not None
     assert qdot_proj is not None
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_native_backend_gaps.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_native_backend_gaps.py
index 472bccce65..7ac3a2e3cf 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_native_backend_gaps.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_native_backend_gaps.py
@@ -118,7 +118,9 @@ def test_with_zero_b_returns_true(self, golfer_params: GolferParams) -> None:
 
         assert golfer_native_constraint_dynamics_supported(golfer_params) is True
 
-    def test_with_nonzero_b_hub_returns_false(self, golfer_params: GolferParams) -> None:
+    def test_with_nonzero_b_hub_returns_false(
+        self, golfer_params: GolferParams
+    ) -> None:
         from double_pendulum_golf.native_backend import (
             golfer_native_constraint_dynamics_supported,
         )
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_optimizer_advanced.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_optimizer_advanced.py
index 92f9f588aa..0a39f2d548 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_optimizer_advanced.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_optimizer_advanced.py
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ def _has_optimizer() -> bool:
         return False
 
 
-pytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(not _has_optimizer(), reason="PyQt6/optimizer not available")
+pytestmark = pytest.mark.skipif(
+    not _has_optimizer(), reason="PyQt6/optimizer not available"
+)
 
 
 class TestCMAESStep:
@@ -111,7 +113,9 @@ def test_warm_start_advantage(self) -> None:
             state_cold, _ = _cmaes_step(state_cold, self._sphere, pop_size=10, rng=rng)
         rng_w = np.random.default_rng(42)
         for _ in range(20):
-            state_warm, _ = _cmaes_step(state_warm, self._sphere, pop_size=10, rng=rng_w)
+            state_warm, _ = _cmaes_step(
+                state_warm, self._sphere, pop_size=10, rng=rng_w
+            )
 
         assert state_warm.best_fitness < state_cold.best_fitness
 
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_optimizer_gpu.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_optimizer_gpu.py
index 6ce9db1111..6328e290b9 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_optimizer_gpu.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_optimizer_gpu.py
@@ -97,7 +97,9 @@ def test_gradient_via_autodiff_vs_finite_difference(
 
         # Compute gradient via autodiff
         def loss_fn(coeffs):
-            return clubhead_speed_objective(coeffs, _PARAMS, state_jax, t_end=0.5, dt=0.01)
+            return clubhead_speed_objective(
+                coeffs, _PARAMS, state_jax, t_end=0.5, dt=0.01
+            )
 
         grad_autodiff = jax.grad(loss_fn)(torque_jax)
 
@@ -114,7 +116,9 @@ def loss_fn(coeffs):
         # Normalize by max absolute value to avoid scale issues
         max_grad = np.max(np.abs(grad_fd_np))
         if max_grad > 1e-10:
-            rel_error = np.linalg.norm(grad_autodiff_np - grad_fd_np) / (max_grad + 1e-12)
+            rel_error = np.linalg.norm(grad_autodiff_np - grad_fd_np) / (
+                max_grad + 1e-12
+            )
             assert rel_error < 0.5, f"Relative error in gradient: {rel_error}"
 
 
@@ -196,7 +200,9 @@ def test_clubhead_speed_is_positive(
         assert float(speed) >= 0.0
 
     @pytest.mark.slow
-    def test_clubhead_speed_increases_with_torque(self, initial_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_clubhead_speed_increases_with_torque(
+        self, initial_state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         """Clubhead speed is higher with positive torques."""
         state_jax = jnp.array(initial_state)
 
@@ -245,4 +251,6 @@ def test_fd_gradient_is_finite(
         )
 
         grad_np = np.array(grad)
-        assert np.all(np.isfinite(grad_np)), f"Gradient has non-finite values: {grad_np}"
+        assert np.all(
+            np.isfinite(grad_np)
+        ), f"Gradient has non-finite values: {grad_np}"
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_overlay_state_sync.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_overlay_state_sync.py
index af99b0b916..a766eb0ce5 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_overlay_state_sync.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_overlay_state_sync.py
@@ -178,7 +178,9 @@ def test_force_scale_pushed(qapp) -> None:
 
     apply_toolstrip_overlay_state(ts, pw)
 
-    assert pw.calls.get("set_force_scale") == pytest.approx(_expected_scale(ts._sld_force))
+    assert pw.calls.get("set_force_scale") == pytest.approx(
+        _expected_scale(ts._sld_force)
+    )
 
 
 def test_mob_ellipsoid_scale_pushed(qapp) -> None:
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_panel_builders.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_panel_builders.py
index 2d64440472..cced2348ff 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_panel_builders.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_panel_builders.py
@@ -181,7 +181,9 @@ def test_build_triple_panel(mock_run, mock_set_perturb, qapp) -> Any:
 
     real_perturb._get_coeffs_for_preset_fn("Default")
 
-    panel.controls.PRESETS = {"Default": ["0", "0", "0", "0", "0", "0", "1.0, 2.0", "3.0", ""]}
+    panel.controls.PRESETS = {
+        "Default": ["0", "0", "0", "0", "0", "0", "1.0, 2.0", "3.0", ""]
+    }
     parsed = real_perturb._get_coeffs_for_preset_fn("Default")
     assert len(parsed) == 3
 
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_perturbation_analysis.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_perturbation_analysis.py
index e0ba5632f5..3eb0382fb2 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_perturbation_analysis.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_perturbation_analysis.py
@@ -119,7 +119,9 @@ def test_defaults(self):
         assert cfg.seed is None
 
     def test_custom(self):
-        cfg = PerturbationConfig(n_trials=50, noise_type="pink", noise_amplitude=0.2, seed=42)
+        cfg = PerturbationConfig(
+            n_trials=50, noise_type="pink", noise_amplitude=0.2, seed=42
+        )
         assert cfg.n_trials == 50
         assert cfg.noise_type == "pink"
 
@@ -199,7 +201,9 @@ def extract_fn(result):
                 "tip_position_final": np.array([1.0, -0.5]),
             }
 
-        results = batch_perturb_and_simulate(base_coeffs, config, simulate_fn, extract_fn)
+        results = batch_perturb_and_simulate(
+            base_coeffs, config, simulate_fn, extract_fn
+        )
         assert len(results) == 5
 
     def test_handles_failures_gracefully(self):
@@ -222,7 +226,9 @@ def extract_fn(result):
                 "tip_position_final": np.array([0.0, 0.0]),
             }
 
-        results = batch_perturb_and_simulate(base_coeffs, config, simulate_fn, extract_fn)
+        results = batch_perturb_and_simulate(
+            base_coeffs, config, simulate_fn, extract_fn
+        )
         assert len(results) == 2  # 3 trials, 1 failed
 
 
@@ -277,7 +283,9 @@ def extract_fn(_result):
                 "tip_position_final": np.array([0.5, -0.3]),
             }
 
-        results = batch_perturb_and_simulate(base_coeffs, config, simulate_fn, extract_fn)
+        results = batch_perturb_and_simulate(
+            base_coeffs, config, simulate_fn, extract_fn
+        )
         assert len(results) > 0
         for r in results:
             assert np.isfinite(r["tip_speed_final"]), f"Non-finite tip_speed: {r}"
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics.py
index aaa302a4d8..2a04a2028b 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics.py
@@ -46,25 +46,29 @@ def test_symmetric_at_arbitrary_angle(self, default_params: PendulumParams) -> N
 class TestMassMatrixPositiveDefinite:
     """The mass matrix must be positive definite (all eigenvalues > 0)."""
 
-    def test_positive_definite_at_various_angles(self, default_params: PendulumParams) -> None:
+    def test_positive_definite_at_various_angles(
+        self, default_params: PendulumParams
+    ) -> None:
         for phi in np.linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 50):
             M = mass_matrix(phi, default_params)
             eigenvalues = np.linalg.eigvalsh(M)
-            assert all(ev > 0 for ev in eigenvalues), (
-                f"Not positive definite at phi={phi}: eigenvalues={eigenvalues}"
-            )
+            assert all(
+                ev > 0 for ev in eigenvalues
+            ), f"Not positive definite at phi={phi}: eigenvalues={eigenvalues}"
 
 
 class TestMassMatrixCouplingMaximum:
     """Off-diagonal coupling |M12| should be maximized when segments are aligned (phi=0)."""
 
-    def test_coupling_maximized_at_alignment(self, default_params: PendulumParams) -> None:
+    def test_coupling_maximized_at_alignment(
+        self, default_params: PendulumParams
+    ) -> None:
         M12_at_zero = abs(mass_matrix(0.0, default_params)[0, 1])
         for phi in np.linspace(0.1, np.pi, 30):
             M12 = abs(mass_matrix(phi, default_params)[0, 1])
-            assert M12 <= M12_at_zero + 1e-10, (
-                f"|M12| at phi={phi:.2f} ({M12:.4f}) exceeds value at phi=0 ({M12_at_zero:.4f})"
-            )
+            assert (
+                M12 <= M12_at_zero + 1e-10
+            ), f"|M12| at phi={phi:.2f} ({M12:.4f}) exceeds value at phi=0 ({M12_at_zero:.4f})"
 
 
 class TestMassMatrixDiagonalConstant:
@@ -74,7 +78,9 @@ def test_m22_independent_of_phi(self, default_params: PendulumParams) -> None:
         M22_ref = mass_matrix(0.0, default_params)[1, 1]
         for phi in np.linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 30):
             M22 = mass_matrix(phi, default_params)[1, 1]
-            assert np.isclose(M22, M22_ref), f"M22 changed at phi={phi}: {M22} vs {M22_ref}"
+            assert np.isclose(
+                M22, M22_ref
+            ), f"M22 changed at phi={phi}: {M22} vs {M22_ref}"
 
     def test_m22_equals_expected(self, default_params: PendulumParams) -> None:
         """M22 = m2 * L2^2 for point mass at tip."""
@@ -117,7 +123,9 @@ def test_perpendicular_equal_segments(self, equal_params: PendulumParams) -> Non
 class TestCoriolisVector:
     """Tests for the Coriolis/centrifugal force computation."""
 
-    def test_zero_velocity_gives_zero_coriolis(self, default_params: PendulumParams) -> None:
+    def test_zero_velocity_gives_zero_coriolis(
+        self, default_params: PendulumParams
+    ) -> None:
         """No velocity => no velocity-dependent forces."""
         C = coriolis_vector(0.5, 0.0, 0.0, default_params)
         assert np.allclose(C, [0.0, 0.0])
@@ -322,15 +330,21 @@ def test_full_penetration_no_blend(self):
 
         # pen >= transition → blend=1 → smooth=1 → full penalty
         pen = 0.05  # exactly at transition
-        result = _hermite_penalty(pen, vel=0.0, transition=0.05, stiffness=500.0, damping=0.0)
+        result = _hermite_penalty(
+            pen, vel=0.0, transition=0.05, stiffness=500.0, damping=0.0
+        )
         assert result == pytest.approx(500.0 * 0.05, rel=1e-9)
 
     def test_large_penetration_clamps_blend(self):
         from double_pendulum_golf.physics import _hermite_penalty
 
         # pen >> transition → blend clamped at 1 → same as full penalty
-        r1 = _hermite_penalty(0.05, vel=0.0, transition=0.05, stiffness=500.0, damping=0.0)
-        r2 = _hermite_penalty(1.0, vel=0.0, transition=0.05, stiffness=500.0, damping=0.0)
+        r1 = _hermite_penalty(
+            0.05, vel=0.0, transition=0.05, stiffness=500.0, damping=0.0
+        )
+        r2 = _hermite_penalty(
+            1.0, vel=0.0, transition=0.05, stiffness=500.0, damping=0.0
+        )
         # Both have blend=1; r2 has larger pen so larger result
         assert r2 > r1
 
@@ -339,9 +353,13 @@ def test_damping_only_when_velocity_into_limit(self):
 
         # vel > 0 means moving into the limit → damping adds
         pen = 0.05
-        r_into = _hermite_penalty(pen, vel=1.0, transition=0.05, stiffness=0.0, damping=20.0)
+        r_into = _hermite_penalty(
+            pen, vel=1.0, transition=0.05, stiffness=0.0, damping=20.0
+        )
         # vel = 0 means no damping contribution
-        r_zero = _hermite_penalty(pen, vel=0.0, transition=0.05, stiffness=0.0, damping=20.0)
+        r_zero = _hermite_penalty(
+            pen, vel=0.0, transition=0.05, stiffness=0.0, damping=20.0
+        )
         assert r_into > r_zero
 
 
@@ -364,7 +382,9 @@ def limits(self):
     def test_within_limits_gives_zero(self, limits):
         from double_pendulum_golf.physics import joint_limit_torque
 
-        tau = joint_limit_torque(phi=0.0, dphi=0.0, limits=limits, theta1=0.0, dtheta1=0.0)
+        tau = joint_limit_torque(
+            phi=0.0, dphi=0.0, limits=limits, theta1=0.0, dtheta1=0.0
+        )
         np.testing.assert_allclose(tau, [0.0, 0.0], atol=1e-12)
 
     def test_exactly_at_lower_phi_limit_gives_zero(self, limits):
@@ -401,9 +421,9 @@ def test_segment_lengths_arbitrary_angle(self, default_params: PendulumParams):
                 tx, ty = pos["tip"]
                 wrist_dist = np.hypot(wx - sx, wy - sy)
                 tip_dist = np.hypot(tx - wx, ty - wy)
-                assert abs(wrist_dist - default_params.L1) < 1e-9, (
-                    f"theta1={theta1:.2f}, phi={phi:.2f}: wrist_dist={wrist_dist:.9f}"
-                )
-                assert abs(tip_dist - default_params.L2) < 1e-9, (
-                    f"theta1={theta1:.2f}, phi={phi:.2f}: tip_dist={tip_dist:.9f}"
-                )
+                assert (
+                    abs(wrist_dist - default_params.L1) < 1e-9
+                ), f"theta1={theta1:.2f}, phi={phi:.2f}: wrist_dist={wrist_dist:.9f}"
+                assert (
+                    abs(tip_dist - default_params.L2) < 1e-9
+                ), f"theta1={theta1:.2f}, phi={phi:.2f}: tip_dist={tip_dist:.9f}"
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_extended.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_extended.py
index c0eed5f10b..2dfb034aad 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_extended.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_extended.py
@@ -211,7 +211,9 @@ def test_shape(self, wide_limits: JointLimitsNDOF) -> None:
         assert tau.shape == (2,)
 
     def test_finite(self, wide_limits: JointLimitsNDOF) -> None:
-        tau = joint_limit_torque_ndof(np.array([1.0, -0.5]), np.array([0.5, 0.1]), wide_limits)
+        tau = joint_limit_torque_ndof(
+            np.array([1.0, -0.5]), np.array([0.5, 0.1]), wide_limits
+        )
         assert np.all(np.isfinite(tau))
 
 
@@ -246,7 +248,9 @@ def test_returns_dict(self, params: PendulumParams, rest_state: np.ndarray) -> N
         result = joint_velocities(rest_state, params)
         assert isinstance(result, dict)
 
-    def test_has_speed_keys(self, params: PendulumParams, rest_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_has_speed_keys(
+        self, params: PendulumParams, rest_state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         result = joint_velocities(rest_state, params)
         assert "wrist_speed" in result
         assert "tip_speed" in result
@@ -281,7 +285,9 @@ def test_returns_dict(self, params: PendulumParams, rest_state: np.ndarray) -> N
         result = base_force(rest_state, qddot, params)
         assert isinstance(result, dict)
 
-    def test_has_required_keys(self, params: PendulumParams, rest_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_has_required_keys(
+        self, params: PendulumParams, rest_state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         qddot = np.zeros(2)
         result = base_force(rest_state, qddot, params)
         assert "fx" in result
@@ -317,7 +323,9 @@ def test_finite(self, params: PendulumParams, moving_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
         qddot = ztcf_accelerations(moving_state, params)
         assert np.all(np.isfinite(qddot))
 
-    def test_zero_at_equilibrium(self, params: PendulumParams, rest_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_zero_at_equilibrium(
+        self, params: PendulumParams, rest_state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         """At equilibrium with no velocity, ZTCF accel should be zero."""
         qddot = ztcf_accelerations(rest_state, params)
         np.testing.assert_allclose(qddot, 0.0, atol=1e-10)
@@ -334,7 +342,9 @@ def test_returns_dict(self, params: PendulumParams, rest_state: np.ndarray) -> N
         result = linear_accelerations(rest_state, qddot, params)
         assert isinstance(result, dict)
 
-    def test_has_wrist_and_tip(self, params: PendulumParams, rest_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_has_wrist_and_tip(
+        self, params: PendulumParams, rest_state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         qddot = np.zeros(2)
         result = linear_accelerations(rest_state, qddot, params)
         assert "wrist" in result or "ax_wrist" in result or len(result) >= 2
@@ -360,13 +370,17 @@ def test_finite(self, params: PendulumParams, rest_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
         E = total_energy(rest_state, params)
         assert np.isfinite(E)
 
-    def test_equals_T_plus_V(self, params: PendulumParams, moving_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_equals_T_plus_V(
+        self, params: PendulumParams, moving_state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         E = total_energy(moving_state, params)
         T = kinetic_energy(moving_state, params)
         V = potential_energy(moving_state, params)
         assert E == pytest.approx(T + V, rel=1e-9)
 
-    def test_rest_equals_pe_only(self, params: PendulumParams, rest_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_rest_equals_pe_only(
+        self, params: PendulumParams, rest_state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         E = total_energy(rest_state, params)
         V = potential_energy(rest_state, params)
         assert E == pytest.approx(V, abs=1e-10)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_golfer.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_golfer.py
index 8274687bcd..23d8c4448b 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_golfer.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_golfer.py
@@ -197,9 +197,9 @@ def test_positive_semi_definite(self, golfer_params: GolferParams) -> None:
         q = np.zeros(N_DOF)
         M = mass_matrix(q, golfer_params)
         eigenvalues = np.linalg.eigvalsh(M)
-        assert np.all(eigenvalues >= -1e-10), (
-            f"M must be positive semi-definite, got eigenvalues {eigenvalues}"
-        )
+        assert np.all(
+            eigenvalues >= -1e-10
+        ), f"M must be positive semi-definite, got eigenvalues {eigenvalues}"
 
     def test_depends_on_configuration(self, golfer_params: GolferParams) -> None:
         q1 = np.zeros(N_DOF)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_golfer_jax.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_golfer_jax.py
index 9ab09af6b3..5cfabaab46 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_golfer_jax.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_golfer_jax.py
@@ -244,7 +244,9 @@ def test_gravity_vector_shape(self, random_config: np.ndarray) -> None:
         G_jax = gravity_vector_jax(q_jax, _PARAMS_JAX)
         assert G_jax.shape == (N_DOF,)
 
-    def test_gravity_vector_parity_random_configs(self, random_config: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_gravity_vector_parity_random_configs(
+        self, random_config: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         """JAX gravity vector matches numpy."""
         q_jax = jnp.array(random_config)
 
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_native_dbc.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_native_dbc.py
index 87c4cf3ad5..c8868f17bf 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_native_dbc.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_native_dbc.py
@@ -202,9 +202,13 @@ def test_no_misleading_fallback_log_for_golfer(self) -> None:
         # The double-pendulum path legitimately falls back; the golfer path must
         # not claim a fallback that does not exist. Assert the specific stale
         # golfer log string is gone.
-        assert "golfer mass_matrix call failed (%s), falling back to NumPy" not in source
+        assert (
+            "golfer mass_matrix call failed (%s), falling back to NumPy" not in source
+        )
 
-    @pytest.mark.skipif(not physics_native.HAS_NATIVE, reason="native pendulum_core not built")
+    @pytest.mark.skipif(
+        not physics_native.HAS_NATIVE, reason="native pendulum_core not built"
+    )
     def test_construction_succeeds_with_native(self) -> None:
         golfer = physics_native.Golfer(**_GOLFER_KWARGS)
         assert golfer.use_native is True
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_triple.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_triple.py
index 302426717e..758d635046 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_triple.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_triple.py
@@ -57,15 +57,17 @@ def test_symmetric_at_zero(self, triple_params: TriplePendulumParams) -> None:
             for j in range(3):
                 assert np.isclose(M[i, j], M[j, i]), f"M[{i},{j}] != M[{j},{i}]"
 
-    def test_symmetric_at_arbitrary_angles(self, triple_params: TriplePendulumParams) -> None:
+    def test_symmetric_at_arbitrary_angles(
+        self, triple_params: TriplePendulumParams
+    ) -> None:
         for phi1 in np.linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 10):
             for phi2 in np.linspace(-np.pi, np.pi, 10):
                 M = mass_matrix_triple(phi1, phi2, triple_params)
                 for i in range(3):
                     for j in range(3):
-                        assert np.isclose(M[i, j], M[j, i]), (
-                            f"Not symmetric at phi1={phi1}, phi2={phi2}"
-                        )
+                        assert np.isclose(
+                            M[i, j], M[j, i]
+                        ), f"Not symmetric at phi1={phi1}, phi2={phi2}"
 
 
 class TestTripleMassMatrixPositiveDefinite:
@@ -79,9 +81,9 @@ def test_positive_definite_at_various_angles(
             for phi2 in test_angles:
                 M = mass_matrix_triple(phi1, phi2, triple_params)
                 eigenvalues = np.linalg.eigvalsh(M)
-                assert all(ev > 0 for ev in eigenvalues), (
-                    f"Not positive definite at phi1={phi1}, phi2={phi2}"
-                )
+                assert all(
+                    ev > 0 for ev in eigenvalues
+                ), f"Not positive definite at phi1={phi1}, phi2={phi2}"
 
 
 class TestTripleCoriolisZeroAtRest:
@@ -159,7 +161,9 @@ def test_eom_produces_valid_state_derivative(
     ) -> None:
         # State: [theta1, phi1, phi2, dtheta1, dphi1, dphi2]
         state = np.array([0.1, 0.05, -0.05, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
-        state_dot = equations_of_motion_triple(state, 0.0, triple_params, triple_torque_func)
+        state_dot = equations_of_motion_triple(
+            state, 0.0, triple_params, triple_torque_func
+        )
 
         assert state_dot.shape == (6,)
         assert all(np.isfinite(state_dot)), f"Invalid values: {state_dot}"
@@ -171,7 +175,9 @@ def test_eom_at_rest_at_equilibrium(
     ) -> None:
         # At equilibrium with zero velocity, acceleration should be zero
         state = np.array([0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
-        state_dot = equations_of_motion_triple(state, 0.0, triple_params, triple_torque_func)
+        state_dot = equations_of_motion_triple(
+            state, 0.0, triple_params, triple_torque_func
+        )
 
         # Velocities should match input (first 3 elements should be all zeros)
         assert np.isclose(state_dot[0], 0.0)  # dtheta1
@@ -219,10 +225,14 @@ def test_coriolis_scales_with_velocity_squared(
         phi1, phi2 = 0.5, -0.3
 
         dtheta1_small = 0.1
-        C_small = coriolis_vector_triple(phi1, phi2, dtheta1_small, 0.1, 0.1, triple_params)
+        C_small = coriolis_vector_triple(
+            phi1, phi2, dtheta1_small, 0.1, 0.1, triple_params
+        )
 
         dtheta1_large = 0.2  # 2x larger
-        C_large = coriolis_vector_triple(phi1, phi2, dtheta1_large, 0.1, 0.1, triple_params)
+        C_large = coriolis_vector_triple(
+            phi1, phi2, dtheta1_large, 0.1, 0.1, triple_params
+        )
 
         # The change should not be linear (quadratic in velocity)
         ratio = np.linalg.norm(C_large) / np.linalg.norm(C_small)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_triple_extended.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_triple_extended.py
index 98848e1aec..43d0714e71 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_triple_extended.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_triple_extended.py
@@ -68,7 +68,9 @@ def moving_state() -> np.ndarray:
 
 
 class TestMassMatrixComponents:
-    def test_returns_dict_with_required_keys(self, params: TriplePendulumParams) -> None:
+    def test_returns_dict_with_required_keys(
+        self, params: TriplePendulumParams
+    ) -> None:
         result = mass_matrix_components(0.0, 0.0, params)
         assert isinstance(result, dict)
         for key in ("M11", "M22", "M33", "M_full"):
@@ -178,7 +180,9 @@ def test_finite_with_motion(
 
 
 class TestKineticEnergy:
-    def test_zero_at_rest(self, params: TriplePendulumParams, rest_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_zero_at_rest(
+        self, params: TriplePendulumParams, rest_state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         T = kinetic_energy(rest_state, params)
         assert T == pytest.approx(0.0, abs=1e-12)
 
@@ -187,7 +191,9 @@ def test_positive_with_velocity(self, params: TriplePendulumParams) -> None:
         T = kinetic_energy(state, params)
         assert T > 0
 
-    def test_scales_quadratically_with_velocity(self, params: TriplePendulumParams) -> None:
+    def test_scales_quadratically_with_velocity(
+        self, params: TriplePendulumParams
+    ) -> None:
         """Doubling velocity should roughly quadruple KE."""
         state_slow = np.array([0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0])
         state_fast = np.array([0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0])
@@ -195,7 +201,9 @@ def test_scales_quadratically_with_velocity(self, params: TriplePendulumParams)
         T_fast = kinetic_energy(state_fast, params)
         assert T_fast == pytest.approx(4 * T_slow, rel=1e-6)
 
-    def test_finite(self, params: TriplePendulumParams, moving_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_finite(
+        self, params: TriplePendulumParams, moving_state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         assert np.isfinite(kinetic_energy(moving_state, params))
 
 
@@ -249,7 +257,9 @@ def test_equals_T_plus_V_with_motion(
         V = potential_energy(moving_state, params)
         assert E == pytest.approx(T + V, rel=1e-8)
 
-    def test_finite(self, params: TriplePendulumParams, moving_state: np.ndarray) -> None:
+    def test_finite(
+        self, params: TriplePendulumParams, moving_state: np.ndarray
+    ) -> None:
         assert np.isfinite(total_energy(moving_state, params))
 
     def test_more_than_potential_alone(
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_triple_gaps.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_triple_gaps.py
index 54b157734c..76f7bcaf2b 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_triple_gaps.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_physics_triple_gaps.py
@@ -43,11 +43,15 @@ def test_with_torque_limits_clamps(
         def huge_torque(t):
             return (1e6, 1e6, 1e6)
 
-        state_dot = equations_of_motion(state, 0.0, params, huge_torque, torque_limits=limits)
+        state_dot = equations_of_motion(
+            state, 0.0, params, huge_torque, torque_limits=limits
+        )
         assert state_dot.shape == (6,)
         assert np.all(np.isfinite(state_dot))
 
-    def test_with_large_limits_passes_through(self, params: TriplePendulumParams) -> None:
+    def test_with_large_limits_passes_through(
+        self, params: TriplePendulumParams
+    ) -> None:
         """With infinite limits, torques pass through unchanged."""
         state = np.array([0.1, 0.05, -0.05, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
         limits = np.array([np.inf, np.inf, np.inf])
@@ -55,7 +59,9 @@ def test_with_large_limits_passes_through(self, params: TriplePendulumParams) ->
         def tau_fn(t):
             return (5.0, -3.0, 2.0)
 
-        state_dot = equations_of_motion(state, 0.0, params, tau_fn, torque_limits=limits)
+        state_dot = equations_of_motion(
+            state, 0.0, params, tau_fn, torque_limits=limits
+        )
         assert state_dot.shape == (6,)
         assert np.all(np.isfinite(state_dot))
 
@@ -64,7 +70,9 @@ def test_no_torque_limits_same_as_none(
     ) -> None:
         """Without limits, result should match None path."""
         state = np.array([0.1, 0.05, -0.05, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
-        sd_no_limits = equations_of_motion(state, 0.0, params, zero_torque, torque_limits=None)
+        sd_no_limits = equations_of_motion(
+            state, 0.0, params, zero_torque, torque_limits=None
+        )
         assert np.all(np.isfinite(sd_no_limits))
 
 
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_side_panel_tabs.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_side_panel_tabs.py
index cdcaee6c6b..b5e8cb304a 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_side_panel_tabs.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_side_panel_tabs.py
@@ -98,9 +98,9 @@ def test_each_panel_is_wrapped_in_scroll_area(qapp) -> Any:
     tabs.add_panel("Plots", QLabel("b"))
     for i in range(tabs.count()):
         wrapper = tabs.widget(i)
-        assert isinstance(wrapper, QScrollArea), (
-            f"Tab {i} is {type(wrapper).__name__}, expected QScrollArea"
-        )
+        assert isinstance(
+            wrapper, QScrollArea
+        ), f"Tab {i} is {type(wrapper).__name__}, expected QScrollArea"
 
 
 def test_added_widget_reachable_through_panel_widget(qapp) -> Any:
@@ -184,7 +184,9 @@ def test_restore_state_with_no_saved_value_is_noop(qapp) -> Any:
 
 def test_restore_state_with_obsolete_label_falls_back(qapp) -> Any:
     """Saved label that no longer exists keeps the default tab."""
-    QSettings("D-sorganization", "PendulumSimulator").setValue(_TEST_KEY, "ObsoleteLabel")
+    QSettings("D-sorganization", "PendulumSimulator").setValue(
+        _TEST_KEY, "ObsoleteLabel"
+    )
     tabs = SidePanelTabs(settings_key=_TEST_KEY)
     tabs.add_panel("Setup", QLabel("a"))
     tabs.add_panel("Plots", QLabel("b"))
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation.py
index 97beaf2c31..5e10f3aa97 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation.py
@@ -134,7 +134,9 @@ def test_native_backend_integration(self, default_params: PendulumParams) -> Non
             assert len(result.t) == 10
             assert np.isclose(result.t[1] - result.t[0], 0.1)
 
-    def test_native_backend_too_few_points(self, default_params: PendulumParams) -> None:
+    def test_native_backend_too_few_points(
+        self, default_params: PendulumParams
+    ) -> None:
         import unittest.mock as mock
 
         with (
@@ -209,13 +211,16 @@ def test_energy_conserved_free_pendulum(
         )
         E0 = total_energy(result.states[0], equal_params)
         energies = np.array(
-            [total_energy(result.states[i], equal_params) for i in range(result.n_steps)]
+            [
+                total_energy(result.states[i], equal_params)
+                for i in range(result.n_steps)
+            ]
         )
         max_drift = np.max(np.abs(energies - E0))
         relative_drift = max_drift / abs(E0) if abs(E0) > 1e-10 else max_drift
-        assert relative_drift < 1e-3, (
-            f"Energy drift {relative_drift:.2e} exceeds 0.1% threshold"
-        )
+        assert (
+            relative_drift < 1e-3
+        ), f"Energy drift {relative_drift:.2e} exceeds 0.1% threshold"
 
 
 class TestSimulationAccessors:
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_gaps.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_gaps.py
index 7c3ccdd151..3a515ead95 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_gaps.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_gaps.py
@@ -124,7 +124,9 @@ def golfer_params() -> GolferParams:
 
 
 class TestGolferSimulationWithJointLimits:
-    def test_limits_code_path_via_direct_call(self, golfer_params: GolferParams) -> None:
+    def test_limits_code_path_via_direct_call(
+        self, golfer_params: GolferParams
+    ) -> None:
         """Directly test the limits branch in the ode_rhs closure.
 
         Instead of running the full simulation (which can hit singular matrices
@@ -186,7 +188,9 @@ def test_simulation_runs_below_abort_threshold(
     ) -> None:
         """Normal simulation should not trigger constraint abort logging."""
         initial_state = np.zeros(2 * N_DOF)
-        with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING, logger="double_pendulum_golf.simulation_golfer"):
+        with caplog.at_level(
+            logging.WARNING, logger="double_pendulum_golf.simulation_golfer"
+        ):
             result = run_golfer_sim(
                 golfer_params,
                 initial_state,
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_golfer.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_golfer.py
index 80bb734b21..17d6cf47c3 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_golfer.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_golfer.py
@@ -100,7 +100,9 @@ def test_constant_torque(self) -> None:
         assert result == (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0)
 
     def test_linear_torque(self) -> None:
-        tf = make_polynomial_torque([0.0, 1.0], [0.0], [0.0], [0.0], [0.0], [0.0], [0.0])
+        tf = make_polynomial_torque(
+            [0.0, 1.0], [0.0], [0.0], [0.0], [0.0], [0.0], [0.0]
+        )
         result = tf(2.0)
         assert abs(result[0] - 2.0) < 1e-10
 
@@ -121,7 +123,9 @@ def test_states_shape(self, sim_result: GolferSimulationResult) -> None:
         assert sim_result.states.shape[1] == 2 * N_DOF
 
     def test_time_monotonic(self, sim_result: GolferSimulationResult) -> None:
-        assert np.all(np.diff(sim_result.t) > 0), "Time must be monotonically increasing"
+        assert np.all(
+            np.diff(sim_result.t) > 0
+        ), "Time must be monotonically increasing"
 
     def test_constraint_bounded(self, sim_result: GolferSimulationResult) -> None:
         for i in range(sim_result.n_steps):
@@ -154,16 +158,20 @@ def test_run_with_joint_limits(self) -> None:
 class TestConstraintViolationPostcondition:
     """Constraint monitoring postcondition: drift must stay within abort threshold."""
 
-    def test_violation_below_abort_threshold(self, sim_result: GolferSimulationResult) -> None:
+    def test_violation_below_abort_threshold(
+        self, sim_result: GolferSimulationResult
+    ) -> None:
         """All trajectory steps must have constraint violation below abort threshold."""
         abort_tol = 1e-2
         for i in range(sim_result.n_steps):
             v = constraint_violation(sim_result.states[i], _GOLFER_PARAMS)
-            assert v < abort_tol, (
-                f"Constraint violation {v:.3e} at step {i} exceeds abort threshold {abort_tol:.3e}"
-            )
+            assert (
+                v < abort_tol
+            ), f"Constraint violation {v:.3e} at step {i} exceeds abort threshold {abort_tol:.3e}"
 
-    def test_violation_finite_at_all_steps(self, sim_result: GolferSimulationResult) -> None:
+    def test_violation_finite_at_all_steps(
+        self, sim_result: GolferSimulationResult
+    ) -> None:
         """Constraint violation must be finite at every trajectory step."""
         for i in range(sim_result.n_steps):
             v = constraint_violation(sim_result.states[i], _GOLFER_PARAMS)
@@ -220,7 +228,9 @@ def test_mass_matrix_at(self, sim_result: GolferSimulationResult) -> None:
         M = sim_result.mass_matrix_at(0)
         assert M.shape == (N_DOF, N_DOF)
 
-    def test_all_positions_and_energies(self, sim_result: GolferSimulationResult) -> None:
+    def test_all_positions_and_energies(
+        self, sim_result: GolferSimulationResult
+    ) -> None:
         positions = sim_result.all_positions()
         energies = sim_result.all_energies()
         assert len(positions) == sim_result.n_steps
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_golfer_drift.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_golfer_drift.py
index 9a10f2f8ba..100266389e 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_golfer_drift.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_golfer_drift.py
@@ -55,7 +55,9 @@ def test_warn_during_integration_line266(
         initial_state = np.concatenate([q0, np.zeros(N_DOF)])
 
         # Always return a value above warn threshold → exercises line 266
-        with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING, logger="double_pendulum_golf.simulation_golfer"):
+        with caplog.at_level(
+            logging.WARNING, logger="double_pendulum_golf.simulation_golfer"
+        ):
             with patch(
                 "double_pendulum_golf.simulation_golfer.constraint_violation",
                 return_value=1e-3,  # > _CONSTRAINT_WARN_TOL (1e-4)
@@ -82,7 +84,9 @@ def test_abort_threshold_log_line296(
         initial_state = np.concatenate([q0, np.zeros(N_DOF)])
 
         # Always return a value above abort threshold
-        with caplog.at_level(logging.ERROR, logger="double_pendulum_golf.simulation_golfer"):
+        with caplog.at_level(
+            logging.ERROR, logger="double_pendulum_golf.simulation_golfer"
+        ):
             with patch(
                 "double_pendulum_golf.simulation_golfer.constraint_violation",
                 return_value=0.5,  # >> _CONSTRAINT_ABORT_TOL (1e-2)
@@ -108,7 +112,9 @@ def test_warn_threshold_postcondition_line302(
         initial_state = np.concatenate([q0, np.zeros(N_DOF)])
 
         # Always return a value between warn and abort thresholds
-        with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING, logger="double_pendulum_golf.simulation_golfer"):
+        with caplog.at_level(
+            logging.WARNING, logger="double_pendulum_golf.simulation_golfer"
+        ):
             with patch(
                 "double_pendulum_golf.simulation_golfer.constraint_violation",
                 return_value=5e-3,  # > WARN (1e-4), < ABORT (1e-2)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_golfer_extended.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_golfer_extended.py
index 16bef8e3d8..1098ea3f52 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_golfer_extended.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_golfer_extended.py
@@ -143,7 +143,9 @@ def test_constraint_forces_at_finite(self, result: GolferSimulationResult) -> No
         cf = result.constraint_forces_at(0)
         assert np.all(np.isfinite(cf))
 
-    def test_constraint_violation_at_finite(self, result: GolferSimulationResult) -> None:
+    def test_constraint_violation_at_finite(
+        self, result: GolferSimulationResult
+    ) -> None:
         cv = result.constraint_violation_at(0)
         assert np.isfinite(cv)
 
@@ -184,7 +186,9 @@ def test_friction_torques_at_shape(self, result: GolferSimulationResult) -> None
         tf = result.friction_torques_at(0)
         assert tf.shape == (N_DOF,)
 
-    def test_friction_torques_zero_at_rest(self, result: GolferSimulationResult) -> None:
+    def test_friction_torques_zero_at_rest(
+        self, result: GolferSimulationResult
+    ) -> None:
         """At zero velocity, friction should be zero."""
         tf = result.friction_torques_at(0)
         np.testing.assert_allclose(tf, 0.0, atol=1e-14)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_panel.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_panel.py
index d94865ce5b..dd28724c74 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_panel.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_panel.py
@@ -264,7 +264,9 @@ def test_export_data(qapp, mock_sim_kwargs, tmp_path) -> Any:
     panel = SimulationPanel(**mock_sim_kwargs)
 
     # show message if no result
-    with patch("double_pendulum_golf.gui.simulation_panel.QMessageBox.information") as info:
+    with patch(
+        "double_pendulum_golf.gui.simulation_panel.QMessageBox.information"
+    ) as info:
         panel._on_export_data()
         info.assert_called_once()
 
@@ -358,7 +360,9 @@ def test_apply_optimized_coefficients(qapp, mock_sim_kwargs) -> Any:
     panel_triple.controls.inp_tau_shoulder = MagicMock()
     panel_triple.controls.inp_tau_elbow = MagicMock()
     panel_triple.controls.inp_tau_wrist = MagicMock()
-    panel_triple._apply_optimized_coefficients({"coeffs": [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]})
+    panel_triple._apply_optimized_coefficients(
+        {"coeffs": [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]}
+    )
 
     # Test golfer
     mock_sim_kwargs["controls"] = MockControlsGolfer()
@@ -374,7 +378,9 @@ def test_patched_on_run_optimizer(qapp, mock_sim_kwargs) -> Any:
     panel = SimulationPanel(**mock_sim_kwargs)
 
     panel.optimizer.bind_objective_builder.assert_called_once()
-    params_getter, objective_builder = panel.optimizer.bind_objective_builder.call_args[0]
+    params_getter, objective_builder = panel.optimizer.bind_objective_builder.call_args[
+        0
+    ]
 
     assert params_getter is panel.controls.get_params
     assert objective_builder is panel.objective_builder
@@ -426,7 +432,9 @@ def test_plots_tab_present_when_torque_history_supplied(qapp, mock_sim_kwargs) -
     panel = SimulationPanel(**mock_sim_kwargs)
     labels = panel._side_tabs.panel_labels()
     assert SimulationPanel.TAB_PLOTS in labels
-    assert panel._side_tabs.panel_widget(SimulationPanel.TAB_PLOTS) is panel.torque_history
+    assert (
+        panel._side_tabs.panel_widget(SimulationPanel.TAB_PLOTS) is panel.torque_history
+    )
 
 
 def test_plots_tab_absent_when_torque_history_omitted(qapp, mock_sim_kwargs) -> Any:
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_triple.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_triple.py
index 8280e633ac..a2ea8c4df1 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_triple.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_triple.py
@@ -142,7 +142,9 @@ def test_energy_conserved_free_pendulum(
         and that energy drift stays below 2% for a 1-second free-pendulum run.
         The 2% bound is appropriate for DOP853 on a chaotic triple pendulum.
         """
-        state0 = np.array([np.radians(45), np.radians(30), np.radians(-15), 0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
+        state0 = np.array(
+            [np.radians(45), np.radians(30), np.radians(-15), 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+        )
         result = run_simulation(
             triple_params,
             state0,
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_triple_extended.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_triple_extended.py
index b592b9d3ba..fb6e41c056 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_triple_extended.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_simulation_triple_extended.py
@@ -46,7 +46,9 @@ def result(
 ) -> TripleSimulationResult:
     """Run a short simulation and cache the result for all tests in the module."""
     initial_state = np.array([0.1, 0.05, -0.05, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
-    return run_simulation(params, initial_state, t_end=0.1, torque_func=torque_func, dt=0.01)
+    return run_simulation(
+        params, initial_state, t_end=0.1, torque_func=torque_func, dt=0.01
+    )
 
 
 class TestRunSimulation:
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_swing_comparison_dialog.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_swing_comparison_dialog.py
index 39b77ec6ed..74abe147b5 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_swing_comparison_dialog.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_swing_comparison_dialog.py
@@ -270,7 +270,9 @@ def test_run_flow(self, dialog):
             }
             dialog._on_preset_done("Preset A", summary)
 
-            with patch("double_pendulum_golf.gui.swing_comparison_dialog._HAS_MPL", False):
+            with patch(
+                "double_pendulum_golf.gui.swing_comparison_dialog._HAS_MPL", False
+            ):
                 dialog._on_all_done([("Preset A", summary)])
 
             from double_pendulum_golf.gui.swing_comparison_dialog import _HAS_MPL
@@ -300,7 +302,9 @@ def test_export(self, dialog, tmp_path):
         dialog._results = [("Preset A", summary)]
 
         # no path
-        with patch("PyQt6.QtWidgets.QFileDialog.getSaveFileName", return_value=("", "")):
+        with patch(
+            "PyQt6.QtWidgets.QFileDialog.getSaveFileName", return_value=("", "")
+        ):
             dialog._on_export()
 
         csv_file = tmp_path / "test.csv"
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_toolstrip_elements.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_toolstrip_elements.py
index 896edcad1f..5d5971351b 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_toolstrip_elements.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_toolstrip_elements.py
@@ -65,19 +65,19 @@ class TestPlaybackSlider:
 
     def test_frame_slider_exists(self, toolstrip: ToolStrip) -> None:
         """ToolStrip must have a _frame_slider attribute that is a QSlider."""
-        assert hasattr(toolstrip, "_frame_slider"), (
-            "ToolStrip is missing _frame_slider attribute"
-        )
-        assert isinstance(toolstrip._frame_slider, QSlider), (
-            f"_frame_slider is {type(toolstrip._frame_slider)}, expected QSlider"
-        )
+        assert hasattr(
+            toolstrip, "_frame_slider"
+        ), "ToolStrip is missing _frame_slider attribute"
+        assert isinstance(
+            toolstrip._frame_slider, QSlider
+        ), f"_frame_slider is {type(toolstrip._frame_slider)}, expected QSlider"
 
     def test_frame_slider_is_child(self, toolstrip: ToolStrip) -> None:
         """Frame slider must be a descendant widget of the ToolStrip."""
         all_sliders = toolstrip.findChildren(QSlider)
-        assert toolstrip._frame_slider in all_sliders, (
-            "Frame slider is not a child widget of ToolStrip"
-        )
+        assert (
+            toolstrip._frame_slider in all_sliders
+        ), "Frame slider is not a child widget of ToolStrip"
 
     def test_frame_slider_has_minimum_width(self, toolstrip: ToolStrip) -> None:
         """Frame slider must have a minimum width >= 200px for visibility."""
@@ -131,7 +131,9 @@ def test_moment_of_force_checkbox_exists(self, toolstrip: ToolStrip) -> None:
 
     def test_sum_moments_checkbox_exists(self, toolstrip: ToolStrip) -> None:
         """ToolStrip must have a chk_sum_moments checkbox."""
-        assert hasattr(toolstrip, "chk_sum_moments"), "ToolStrip missing chk_sum_moments"
+        assert hasattr(
+            toolstrip, "chk_sum_moments"
+        ), "ToolStrip missing chk_sum_moments"
         assert isinstance(toolstrip.chk_sum_moments, QCheckBox)
 
     def test_torque_signal_connected(self, toolstrip: ToolStrip) -> None:
@@ -166,15 +168,15 @@ class TestNoGravityCheckbox:
 
     def test_no_gravity_checkbox_in_toolstrip(self, toolstrip: ToolStrip) -> None:
         """ToolStrip must NOT have a chk_gravity attribute."""
-        assert not hasattr(toolstrip, "chk_gravity"), (
-            "chk_gravity still exists in ToolStrip — it must be removed (#1209)"
-        )
+        assert not hasattr(
+            toolstrip, "chk_gravity"
+        ), "chk_gravity still exists in ToolStrip — it must be removed (#1209)"
 
     def test_no_gravity_toggled_signal(self, toolstrip: ToolStrip) -> None:
         """ToolStrip must NOT have gravity_toggled signal."""
-        assert not hasattr(toolstrip, "gravity_toggled"), (
-            "gravity_toggled signal still exists — must be removed (#1209)"
-        )
+        assert not hasattr(
+            toolstrip, "gravity_toggled"
+        ), "gravity_toggled signal still exists — must be removed (#1209)"
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_torque_utils.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_torque_utils.py
index 2d9aa7a3c0..bd4fd4dcfb 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_torque_utils.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_torque_utils.py
@@ -57,7 +57,9 @@ def test_zero_joints_raises(self):
 
     def test_empty_coefficients_raises(self):
         """Each joint needs at least one coefficient."""
-        with pytest.raises((ValueError, TypeError), match="Need at least one coefficient"):
+        with pytest.raises(
+            (ValueError, TypeError), match="Need at least one coefficient"
+        ):
             make_polynomial_torque([])
 
     def test_returns_tuple(self):
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_ui_enhancements.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_ui_enhancements.py
index 4bfd4aea13..2ade43aeaa 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_ui_enhancements.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_ui_enhancements.py
@@ -131,7 +131,9 @@ def test_hub_rotates_correctly(self, golfer_params: GolferParams) -> None:
         assert pos["hub"][0] < 0, "Hub should be on left side at π/2"
         assert abs(pos["hub"][1]) < 1e-10
 
-    def test_analytical_jacobians_match_numerical(self, golfer_params: GolferParams) -> None:
+    def test_analytical_jacobians_match_numerical(
+        self, golfer_params: GolferParams
+    ) -> None:
         """Analytical Jacobians must match numerical finite-diff after hub reversal."""
         rng = np.random.default_rng(42)
         eps = 1e-7
@@ -149,9 +151,9 @@ def test_analytical_jacobians_match_numerical(self, golfer_params: GolferParams)
                 J_hub_num[0, j] = (fkp["hub"][0] - fk0["hub"][0]) / eps
                 J_hub_num[1, j] = (fkp["hub"][1] - fk0["hub"][1]) / eps
 
-            assert np.allclose(jacs["hub"], J_hub_num, atol=1e-4), (
-                f"Hub Jacobian mismatch:\nAnalytical:\n{jacs['hub']}\nNumerical:\n{J_hub_num}"
-            )
+            assert np.allclose(
+                jacs["hub"], J_hub_num, atol=1e-4
+            ), f"Hub Jacobian mismatch:\nAnalytical:\n{jacs['hub']}\nNumerical:\n{J_hub_num}"
 
     def test_all_analytical_jacobians_match_numerical(
         self, golfer_params: GolferParams
@@ -253,9 +255,9 @@ def test_scapula_position_is_at_bar_endpoint(
         # Scapula position should be at the original shoulder bar endpoint
         rscap = np.array(pos_scap["rscap"])
         rs_orig = np.array(pos_no["rs"])
-        assert np.allclose(rscap, rs_orig, atol=1e-10), (
-            "Scapula joint should be at original shoulder bar endpoint"
-        )
+        assert np.allclose(
+            rscap, rs_orig, atol=1e-10
+        ), "Scapula joint should be at original shoulder bar endpoint"
 
     def test_mass_matrix_still_valid_with_scapula(
         self,
@@ -310,9 +312,9 @@ def test_tilt_reduces_potential_energy(self, golfer_params: GolferParams) -> Non
         V_tilted = potential_energy_from_q(q, params_tilted)
 
         # PE should be smaller with reduced gravity
-        assert abs(V_tilted) < abs(V_full), (
-            f"Tilted PE ({V_tilted}) should be smaller than full ({V_full})"
-        )
+        assert abs(V_tilted) < abs(
+            V_full
+        ), f"Tilted PE ({V_tilted}) should be smaller than full ({V_full})"
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_ui_polish_fixes.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_ui_polish_fixes.py
index dd3bfe4427..eada9fddd1 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_ui_polish_fixes.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_ui_polish_fixes.py
@@ -125,9 +125,9 @@ def test_each_label_has_a_visible_symbol_prefix(self) -> None:
             assert stripped, f"Empty label: {label!r}"
             first = stripped[0]
             # First non-space char must be non-ASCII (a symbol/icon)
-            assert not first.isascii(), (
-                f"Label {label!r} should start with a symbol prefix, not {first!r}"
-            )
+            assert (
+                not first.isascii()
+            ), f"Label {label!r} should start with a symbol prefix, not {first!r}"
 
 
 # ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_unit_converter.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_unit_converter.py
index 40440f99d9..28b80001a3 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_unit_converter.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_unit_converter.py
@@ -82,7 +82,9 @@ def test_imperial_foot_pound_units_use_shared_constants() -> None:
     prefs = UnitPreferences()
 
     prefs.set_unit(UnitCategory.TORQUE, "lbf·ft")
-    assert to_si(1.0, UnitCategory.TORQUE, prefs) == pytest.approx(FOOT_POUND_TO_NEWTON_METER)
+    assert to_si(1.0, UnitCategory.TORQUE, prefs) == pytest.approx(
+        FOOT_POUND_TO_NEWTON_METER
+    )
     assert from_si(
         to_si(1.0, UnitCategory.TORQUE, prefs), UnitCategory.TORQUE, prefs
     ) == pytest.approx(1.0, rel=1e-12)
diff --git a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_v2_comprehensive.py b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_v2_comprehensive.py
index 72e73020ec..a1bc8dc4fe 100644
--- a/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_v2_comprehensive.py
+++ b/src/pendulum_simulator/tests/test_v2_comprehensive.py
@@ -268,9 +268,9 @@ def zero_torque(t: float) -> tuple[float, float, float]:
         E0 = total_energy(state0, params)
         E_final = total_energy(result.states[-1], params)
         # Energy should be conserved within integration tolerance
-        assert abs(E_final - E0) / max(abs(E0), 1e-10) < 0.01, (
-            f"Energy drift: E0={E0:.4f}, E_final={E_final:.4f}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            abs(E_final - E0) / max(abs(E0), 1e-10) < 0.01
+        ), f"Energy drift: E0={E0:.4f}, E_final={E_final:.4f}"
 
 
 class TestUnitConversionModule:
@@ -492,4 +492,6 @@ def test_no_print_statements_in_physics_triple(self) -> None:
 
         source = inspect.getsource(phys_t)
         matches = re.findall(r"^\s*print\s*\(", source, re.MULTILINE)
-        assert len(matches) == 0, f"Found {len(matches)} print() calls in physics_triple.py"
+        assert (
+            len(matches) == 0
+        ), f"Found {len(matches)} print() calls in physics_triple.py"
diff --git a/src/python/src/utils/error_handling.py b/src/python/src/utils/error_handling.py
index 4dac92801c..142246417b 100644
--- a/src/python/src/utils/error_handling.py
+++ b/src/python/src/utils/error_handling.py
@@ -92,7 +92,9 @@ def safe_execute(
     """
     try:
         return func(*args, **kwargs)
-    except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 — intentional catch-all; safe_execute must not propagate
+    except (
+        Exception
+    ) as e:  # noqa: BLE001 — intentional catch-all; safe_execute must not propagate
         if log_error:
             logger.error(f"Error executing {func.__name__}: {e}")
         return default
diff --git a/src/python/tests/test_python_dbc_lod.py b/src/python/tests/test_python_dbc_lod.py
index 292daecc2c..0cdc88dd5a 100644
--- a/src/python/tests/test_python_dbc_lod.py
+++ b/src/python/tests/test_python_dbc_lod.py
@@ -119,7 +119,9 @@ def _import_help_handlers() -> Any:
         module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
         spec.loader.exec_module(module)
         return module
-    except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 — test isolation: any import failure skips suite
+    except (
+        Exception
+    ) as e:  # noqa: BLE001 — test isolation: any import failure skips suite
         pytest.skip(f"help_system not importable: {e}")
 
 
diff --git a/src/rotation_converter/ui/pyqt6/main_window.py b/src/rotation_converter/ui/pyqt6/main_window.py
index f9d12248de..d372f18579 100644
--- a/src/rotation_converter/ui/pyqt6/main_window.py
+++ b/src/rotation_converter/ui/pyqt6/main_window.py
@@ -156,7 +156,9 @@ def _get_plot_colors() -> dict[str, Any]:
                 "surface": colors.get("group_bg", _DARK_SURFACE),
                 "axes": CHART_COLORS[:3] if CHART_COLORS else _AXIS_COLORS,
             }
-        except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001 — theme import is optional; fall back to defaults
+        except (
+            Exception
+        ):  # noqa: BLE001 — theme import is optional; fall back to defaults
             pass
     return {
         "bg": _DARK_BG,
@@ -338,7 +340,9 @@ def _update_outputs(self) -> None:
                 rot = Rotation.from_rotation_matrix(R)
             else:
                 return
-        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 — user input can raise any error; display it
+        except (
+            Exception
+        ) as e:  # noqa: BLE001 — user input can raise any error; display it
             self._output_text.setPlainText(f"Error: {e}")
             return
 
@@ -368,7 +372,9 @@ def _update_main_result(self, rot: Rotation) -> None:
             else:
                 res = ""
             self._main_result.setText(res)
-        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 — rotation conversion may raise any arithmetic error
+        except (
+            Exception
+        ) as e:  # noqa: BLE001 — rotation conversion may raise any arithmetic error
             self._main_result.setText(f"Error: {e}")
 
     def _display_all(self, rot: Rotation, conv: str) -> None:
@@ -390,7 +396,9 @@ def _display_all(self, rot: Rotation, conv: str) -> None:
                 e = rot.as_euler(c)
                 marker = " ◀" if c == conv else ""
                 lines.append(f"  {c}: {e[0]: .6f}  {e[1]: .6f}  {e[2]: .6f}{marker}")
-            except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001 — Euler conversion may fail for degenerate rotations
+            except (
+                Exception
+            ):  # noqa: BLE001 — Euler conversion may fail for degenerate rotations
                 lines.append(f"  {c}: (error)")
         lines += [
             "",
@@ -573,7 +581,9 @@ def _update(self) -> None:
                 T = RigidTransform.from_matrix(v.reshape(4, 4), source=src, target=tgt)
             else:
                 return
-        except Exception as e:  # noqa: BLE001 — user input can raise any error; display it
+        except (
+            Exception
+        ) as e:  # noqa: BLE001 — user input can raise any error; display it
             self._tf_output.setPlainText(f"Error: {e}")
             return
 
@@ -631,7 +641,9 @@ def _display_transform(self, T: RigidTransform) -> None:
                 f"  pitch: {screw['pitch']:.6f}",
                 f"  theta: {screw['theta']:.6f} rad",
             ]
-        except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001 — screw decomposition is optional display; skip on error
+        except (
+            Exception
+        ):  # noqa: BLE001 — screw decomposition is optional display; skip on error
             pass
 
         self._tf_output.setPlainText("\n".join(lines))
diff --git a/src/rotation_converter/ui/pyqt6/reference_frame_tab.py b/src/rotation_converter/ui/pyqt6/reference_frame_tab.py
index 560979e028..31b46f3535 100644
--- a/src/rotation_converter/ui/pyqt6/reference_frame_tab.py
+++ b/src/rotation_converter/ui/pyqt6/reference_frame_tab.py
@@ -145,7 +145,9 @@ def _compute(self) -> None:
             self._results.setPlainText(json.dumps(result.results, indent=2))
             self._markdown.setPlainText(result.explanation_markdown)
             self._latex.setPlainText(result.explanation_latex)
-        except Exception as error:  # noqa: BLE001 — user input can raise any error; display it
+        except (
+            Exception
+        ) as error:  # noqa: BLE001 — user input can raise any error; display it
             self._results.setPlainText(f"Error: {error}")
             self._markdown.clear()
             self._latex.clear()
diff --git a/src/rotation_converter/web/src/components/RotationConverter.tsx b/src/rotation_converter/web/src/components/RotationConverter.tsx
index 98a302f695..dffd1e7ead 100644
--- a/src/rotation_converter/web/src/components/RotationConverter.tsx
+++ b/src/rotation_converter/web/src/components/RotationConverter.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { useCallback, useState } from 'react';
+import { useCallback, useState, FormEvent, useId } from 'react';
 
 // Common interfaces mapping to the FastAPI Response/Request
 interface RotationRepresentations {
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ interface ConversionResponse {
 }
 
 export function RotationConverter() {
+    const id = useId();
     const [inputType, setInputType] = useState('quaternion');
     const [quaternion, setQuaternion] = useState([1, 0, 0, 0]);
     const [euler, setEuler] = useState([0, 0, 0]);
@@ -28,7 +29,8 @@ export function RotationConverter() {
     const [results, setResults] = useState<RotationRepresentations | null>(null);
     const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
 
-    const handleCalculate = useCallback(async () => {
+    const handleCalculate = useCallback(async (e?: FormEvent) => {
+        e?.preventDefault();
         setError(null);
         let payloadValue: number[] = quaternion;
 
@@ -70,18 +72,19 @@ export function RotationConverter() {
     return (
         <div className="grid grid-cols-1 lg:grid-cols-2 gap-6 p-4">
             {/* Input Panel */}
-            <div className="bg-slate-800 rounded-lg p-6 space-y-4 text-white">
+            <form onSubmit={handleCalculate} className="bg-slate-800 rounded-lg p-6 space-y-4 text-white">
                 <h2 className="text-xl font-semibold mb-4 border-b border-slate-700 pb-2">Input Orientation</h2>
 
                 {error && (
-                    <div className="bg-red-900/50 border border-red-500 rounded p-3 text-red-200 text-sm">
+                    <div role="alert" className="bg-red-900/50 border border-red-500 rounded p-3 text-red-200 text-sm">
                         {error}
                     </div>
                 )}
 
                 <div>
-                    <label className="block text-sm text-slate-300 mb-1">Input Type</label>
+                    <label htmlFor={`${id}-inputType`} className="block text-sm text-slate-300 mb-1">Input Type</label>
                     <select
+                        id={`${id}-inputType`}
                         value={inputType}
                         onChange={(e) => setInputType(e.target.value)}
                         className="w-full bg-slate-700 rounded px-3 py-2 border border-slate-600 focus:border-blue-500 focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-blue-500"
@@ -97,8 +100,9 @@ export function RotationConverter() {
                     <div className="grid grid-cols-4 gap-2">
                         {['w', 'x', 'y', 'z'].map((axis, i) => (
                             <div key={axis}>
-                                <label className="block text-xs text-slate-400 mb-1">{axis.toUpperCase()}</label>
+                                <label htmlFor={`${id}-quat-${axis}`} className="block text-xs text-slate-400 mb-1">{axis.toUpperCase()}</label>
                                 <input
+                                    id={`${id}-quat-${axis}`}
                                     type="number"
                                     value={quaternion[i]}
                                     onChange={(e) => {
@@ -117,8 +121,9 @@ export function RotationConverter() {
                 {inputType === 'euler' && (
                     <div className="space-y-4">
                         <div>
-                            <label className="block text-sm text-slate-300 mb-1">Convention</label>
+                            <label htmlFor={`${id}-eulerConv`} className="block text-sm text-slate-300 mb-1">Convention</label>
                             <input
+                                id={`${id}-eulerConv`}
                                 type="text"
                                 value={eulerConvention}
                                 onChange={(e) => setEulerConvention(e.target.value)}
@@ -129,8 +134,9 @@ export function RotationConverter() {
                         <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-2">
                             {['a', 'b', 'c'].map((label, i) => (
                                 <div key={label}>
-                                    <label className="block text-xs text-slate-400 mb-1">Axis {i + 1} (rad)</label>
+                                    <label htmlFor={`${id}-euler-${label}`} className="block text-xs text-slate-400 mb-1">Axis {i + 1} (rad)</label>
                                     <input
+                                        id={`${id}-euler-${label}`}
                                         type="number"
                                         value={euler[i]}
                                         onChange={(e) => {
@@ -151,8 +157,9 @@ export function RotationConverter() {
                     <div className="grid grid-cols-4 gap-2">
                         {['x', 'y', 'z', 'angle (rad)'].map((label, i) => (
                             <div key={label}>
-                                <label className="block text-xs text-slate-400 mb-1">{label}</label>
+                                <label htmlFor={`${id}-axisAngle-${i}`} className="block text-xs text-slate-400 mb-1">{label}</label>
                                 <input
+                                    id={`${id}-axisAngle-${i}`}
                                     type="number"
                                     value={axisAngle[i]}
                                     onChange={(e) => {
@@ -172,8 +179,9 @@ export function RotationConverter() {
                     <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-2">
                         {['rx', 'ry', 'rz'].map((label, i) => (
                             <div key={label}>
-                                <label className="block text-xs text-slate-400 mb-1">{label}</label>
+                                <label htmlFor={`${id}-rodrigues-${label}`} className="block text-xs text-slate-400 mb-1">{label}</label>
                                 <input
+                                    id={`${id}-rodrigues-${label}`}
                                     type="number"
                                     value={rodrigues[i]}
                                     onChange={(e) => {
@@ -191,13 +199,13 @@ export function RotationConverter() {
 
                 <div className="pt-4">
                     <button
-                        onClick={handleCalculate}
+                        type="submit"
                         className="w-full bg-blue-600 hover:bg-blue-700 text-white font-semibold py-2 px-4 rounded transition-colors focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-blue-500 focus-visible:ring-offset-2 focus-visible:ring-offset-slate-800"
                     >
                         Compute Equivalents
                     </button>
                 </div>
-            </div>
+            </form>
 
             {/* Results Panel */}
             <div className="bg-slate-800 rounded-lg p-6 space-y-4 text-white">
diff --git a/src/rrt_path_planner/python/src/star_wars_rrt.py b/src/rrt_path_planner/python/src/star_wars_rrt.py
index 611793c819..f0537eb8e4 100644
--- a/src/rrt_path_planner/python/src/star_wars_rrt.py
+++ b/src/rrt_path_planner/python/src/star_wars_rrt.py
@@ -785,7 +785,9 @@ def _load_ship_models(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
         try:
             models["falcon"] = trimesh.load(model_path)
             logging.info("Loaded ship model from %s", model_path)
-        except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001  # pragma: no cover - visualization-only fallback
+        except (
+            Exception
+        ) as exc:  # noqa: BLE001  # pragma: no cover - visualization-only fallback
             logging.warning("Could not load STL model %s: %s", model_path, exc)
         return models
 
diff --git a/src/shared/python/chat/_chat_dock_widget_qt.py b/src/shared/python/chat/_chat_dock_widget_qt.py
index 3794a1cf81..8f57dcd8b5 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/chat/_chat_dock_widget_qt.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/chat/_chat_dock_widget_qt.py
@@ -1091,12 +1091,12 @@ def switch_provider(
         history_before = self._message_history
         snapshot_before = list(history_before)
         self._ai_settings_controller().switch_provider(name, model, thinking_level)
-        assert self._message_history is history_before, (
-            "switch_provider invariant: _message_history must remain the same list"
-        )
-        assert self._message_history == snapshot_before, (
-            "switch_provider invariant: _message_history contents must not change"
-        )
+        assert (
+            self._message_history is history_before
+        ), "switch_provider invariant: _message_history must remain the same list"
+        assert (
+            self._message_history == snapshot_before
+        ), "switch_provider invariant: _message_history contents must not change"
 
     # ── Terminal mode ───────────────────────────────────────────────
 
diff --git a/src/shared/python/chat/_qt/ai_dropdowns.py b/src/shared/python/chat/_qt/ai_dropdowns.py
index 28b57c60f1..d6daf2c54c 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/chat/_qt/ai_dropdowns.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/chat/_qt/ai_dropdowns.py
@@ -255,9 +255,9 @@ def switch_provider(
     history_before = dock._message_history
     snapshot_before = list(history_before)
     _controller_for(dock).switch_provider(name, model, thinking_level)
-    assert dock._message_history is history_before, (
-        "switch_provider invariant: _message_history must remain the same list"
-    )
-    assert dock._message_history == snapshot_before, (
-        "switch_provider invariant: _message_history contents must not change"
-    )
+    assert (
+        dock._message_history is history_before
+    ), "switch_provider invariant: _message_history must remain the same list"
+    assert (
+        dock._message_history == snapshot_before
+    ), "switch_provider invariant: _message_history contents must not change"
diff --git a/src/shared/python/chat/_qt/styling.py b/src/shared/python/chat/_qt/styling.py
index 5635556aa6..9dc0a39de7 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/chat/_qt/styling.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/chat/_qt/styling.py
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ def get_theme_colors(
     try:
         colors: dict[str, str] = provider.get_current_colors()
         return colors
-    except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001 - defensive: a misbehaving provider must not crash the widget
+    except (
+        Exception
+    ):  # noqa: BLE001 - defensive: a misbehaving provider must not crash the widget
         colors = _DefaultDarkTheme().get_current_colors()
         return colors
diff --git a/src/shared/python/chat/condensation/condenser.py b/src/shared/python/chat/condensation/condenser.py
index e02b4d553c..25b6e9135b 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/chat/condensation/condenser.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/chat/condensation/condenser.py
@@ -74,9 +74,9 @@ def condense(
             preserved_anchors=_count_anchors(condensed),
         )
 
-        assert result.condensed_message_count >= 1, (
-            "Condenser postcondition violated: must preserve at least one message"
-        )
+        assert (
+            result.condensed_message_count >= 1
+        ), "Condenser postcondition violated: must preserve at least one message"
         return result
 
     def condense_to_session(
diff --git a/src/shared/python/humanoid_character_builder/core/model.py b/src/shared/python/humanoid_character_builder/core/model.py
index f4f8eeca21..df4925a0ac 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/humanoid_character_builder/core/model.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/humanoid_character_builder/core/model.py
@@ -97,7 +97,9 @@ def distance_to_edge(self, point: tuple[float, float]) -> float:
         if point is None:
             raise ValueError("point must be provided")
         if not self.contains(point):
-            return -1.0  # Or positive distance to polygon? Convention usually margin > 0 is stable.
+            return (
+                -1.0
+            )  # Or positive distance to polygon? Convention usually margin > 0 is stable.
             # If outside, negative margin.
 
         px, py = point
diff --git a/src/shared/python/model_generation/library/model_library.py b/src/shared/python/model_generation/library/model_library.py
index 6c82c309dc..45dcbd4a83 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/model_generation/library/model_library.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/model_generation/library/model_library.py
@@ -678,7 +678,9 @@ def _fetch_github_models(
                             )
                             continue
 
-                        with urllib.request.urlopen(subdir_url) as sub_response:  # nosec B310
+                        with urllib.request.urlopen(
+                            subdir_url
+                        ) as sub_response:  # nosec B310
                             sub_contents = json.loads(sub_response.read().decode())
                         for sub_item in sub_contents:
                             if sub_item["type"] != "file":
diff --git a/src/shared/python/model_generation/tests/test_unified_loader.py b/src/shared/python/model_generation/tests/test_unified_loader.py
index 18e96a64d6..9245b3d968 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/model_generation/tests/test_unified_loader.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/model_generation/tests/test_unified_loader.py
@@ -789,8 +789,8 @@ def test_urdf_uses_bounded_precision(self) -> None:
                     stripped = part.lstrip("-").lstrip("0").replace(".", "")
                     stripped = stripped.lstrip("0")
                     # :.6g can produce up to 6 sig figs
-                    assert len(stripped) <= 6, (
-                        f"Value '{part}' has more than 6 significant digits"
-                    )
+                    assert (
+                        len(stripped) <= 6
+                    ), f"Value '{part}' has more than 6 significant digits"
                 except ValueError:
                     pass  # non-numeric attribute value
diff --git a/src/shared/python/plot_theme/tests/test_plot_theme.py b/src/shared/python/plot_theme/tests/test_plot_theme.py
index 56081a8f3e..870403e4ee 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/plot_theme/tests/test_plot_theme.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/plot_theme/tests/test_plot_theme.py
@@ -165,9 +165,9 @@ def test_all_themes_to_rcparams_succeeds(self):
 
         for key, theme in PLOT_THEMES.items():
             params = theme.to_rcparams()
-            assert "figure.facecolor" in params, (
-                f"Theme '{key}' missing figure.facecolor"
-            )
+            assert (
+                "figure.facecolor" in params
+            ), f"Theme '{key}' missing figure.facecolor"
 
 
 # ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
diff --git a/src/shared/python/scripting/scripting_env.py b/src/shared/python/scripting/scripting_env.py
index 75750f9af9..12247d93db 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/scripting/scripting_env.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/scripting/scripting_env.py
@@ -560,7 +560,10 @@ def refresh_user_functions(self) -> None:
             _screen_source_for_escapes(code)
             # Execute within current namespace so imports/functions are persistent
             exec(code, self.namespace)  # nosec B102
-        except (SecurityError, *USER_CODE_ERROR_TYPES) as e:  # noqa: BLE001 — user library code may raise anything; report and continue
+        except (
+            SecurityError,
+            *USER_CODE_ERROR_TYPES,
+        ) as e:  # noqa: BLE001 — user library code may raise anything; report and continue
             sys.stderr.write(f"Error loading user library: {e}\n")
             sys.stderr.flush()
 
diff --git a/src/shared/python/sidekick/calculators/mechanical/trc_geometry.py b/src/shared/python/sidekick/calculators/mechanical/trc_geometry.py
index c5bc513428..5c9a6182a1 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/sidekick/calculators/mechanical/trc_geometry.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/sidekick/calculators/mechanical/trc_geometry.py
@@ -316,12 +316,12 @@ def calculate_geometry(
             VesselGeometryResult containing detailed calculations
         """
         # DbC preconditions
-        assert dimensions.cylinder_diameter > 0, (
-            f"cylinder_diameter must be positive, got {dimensions.cylinder_diameter}"
-        )
-        assert dimensions.cylinder_height > 0, (
-            f"cylinder_height must be positive, got {dimensions.cylinder_height}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            dimensions.cylinder_diameter > 0
+        ), f"cylinder_diameter must be positive, got {dimensions.cylinder_diameter}"
+        assert (
+            dimensions.cylinder_height > 0
+        ), f"cylinder_height must be positive, got {dimensions.cylinder_height}"
 
         results = VesselGeometryResult()
         if not layers:
diff --git a/src/shared/python/sidekick/process_calculators/psa_package/psa_gui.py b/src/shared/python/sidekick/process_calculators/psa_package/psa_gui.py
index a3b2043dd8..b19445472d 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/sidekick/process_calculators/psa_package/psa_gui.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/sidekick/process_calculators/psa_package/psa_gui.py
@@ -119,7 +119,9 @@ def __init__(
         self.fig = Figure(figsize=(width, height), dpi=100)  # noqa: F821
         super().__init__(self.fig)
         self.setParent(parent)
-        self.setSizePolicy(QSizePolicy.Policy.Expanding, QSizePolicy.Policy.Expanding)  # noqa: F821
+        self.setSizePolicy(
+            QSizePolicy.Policy.Expanding, QSizePolicy.Policy.Expanding
+        )  # noqa: F821
 
 
 class InputPanel(QWidget):  # noqa: F811, F821
@@ -174,7 +176,9 @@ def _setup_ui(self) -> None:
         layout.addWidget(op_group)
 
         # Component Data Group
-        comp_group = QGroupBox("Component Data (Feed % | S1 Removal % | S2 Removal %)")  # noqa: F821
+        comp_group = QGroupBox(
+            "Component Data (Feed % | S1 Removal % | S2 Removal %)"
+        )  # noqa: F821
         comp_layout = QVBoxLayout()  # noqa: F821
 
         self.component_table = QTableWidget(7, 4)  # noqa: F821
@@ -186,8 +190,12 @@ def _setup_ui(self) -> None:
             header.setVisible(False)
 
         for i, comp in enumerate(DEFAULT_COMPONENTS):  # noqa: F821
-            self.component_table.setItem(i, 0, QTableWidgetItem(comp["name"]))  # noqa: F821
-            self.component_table.setItem(i, 1, QTableWidgetItem(str(comp["feed_pct"])))  # noqa: F821
+            self.component_table.setItem(
+                i, 0, QTableWidgetItem(comp["name"])
+            )  # noqa: F821
+            self.component_table.setItem(
+                i, 1, QTableWidgetItem(str(comp["feed_pct"]))
+            )  # noqa: F821
             self.component_table.setItem(
                 i,
                 2,
@@ -229,7 +237,9 @@ def _reset_defaults(self) -> None:
         self.prod_recycle_slider.setValue(0)
 
         for i, comp in enumerate(DEFAULT_COMPONENTS):  # noqa: F821
-            self.component_table.setItem(i, 1, QTableWidgetItem(str(comp["feed_pct"])))  # noqa: F821
+            self.component_table.setItem(
+                i, 1, QTableWidgetItem(str(comp["feed_pct"]))
+            )  # noqa: F821
             self.component_table.setItem(
                 i,
                 2,
@@ -408,7 +418,9 @@ def _update_safety_metrics(self, results: PSAResults) -> None:  # noqa: F821
         self.s2_tail_h2_label.setText(f"{results.s2_tail_h2_pct:.2f}%")
         self.s2_tail_o2_label.setText(f"{results.s2_tail_o2_pct:.2f}%")
 
-        status = get_flammability_status(results.s2_tail_h2_pct, results.s2_tail_o2_pct)  # noqa: F821
+        status = get_flammability_status(
+            results.s2_tail_h2_pct, results.s2_tail_o2_pct
+        )  # noqa: F821
         self.flammability_label.setText(status)
 
         if "CRITICAL" in status or "FLAMMABLE" in status or "DANGEROUS" in status:
@@ -680,7 +692,9 @@ def _plot_o2_safety(self) -> None:
         """Plot O2 safety analysis."""
         num_points = min(self.num_points_spin.value(), 51)  # Cap at 51 for O2 analysis
         inlet_o2_values = np.array([0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0], dtype=np.float64)  # noqa: F821
-        s1_removal_range = np.linspace(50.0, 95.0, num_points, dtype=np.float64)  # noqa: F821
+        s1_removal_range = np.linspace(
+            50.0, 95.0, num_points, dtype=np.float64
+        )  # noqa: F821
 
         o2_analysis = calculate_o2_safety_analysis(  # noqa: F821
             inlet_o2_pcts=inlet_o2_values,
@@ -949,7 +963,8 @@ def _launch_colab(self) -> None:
             "3. Copy the notebook content manually"
         )
         msg.setStandardButtons(
-            QMessageBox.StandardButton.Open | QMessageBox.StandardButton.Cancel  # noqa: F821
+            QMessageBox.StandardButton.Open
+            | QMessageBox.StandardButton.Cancel  # noqa: F821
         )
         msg.setDefaultButton(QMessageBox.StandardButton.Open)  # noqa: F821
 
@@ -1079,7 +1094,9 @@ def _calculate(self) -> None:
             self.sensitivity_widget.set_components(components)
 
         except ValueError as e:
-            QMessageBox.warning(self, "Input Error", f"Invalid input: {e}")  # noqa: F821
+            QMessageBox.warning(
+                self, "Input Error", f"Invalid input: {e}"
+            )  # noqa: F821
         except (RuntimeError, AttributeError) as e:
             QMessageBox.critical(self, "Calculation Error", f"Error: {e}")  # noqa: F821
 
diff --git a/src/shared/python/sidekick/standalone/preferences.py b/src/shared/python/sidekick/standalone/preferences.py
index 1ee43ecc31..b791e9324f 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/sidekick/standalone/preferences.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/sidekick/standalone/preferences.py
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ class StandalonePreferences:
     def __init__(self, store: Any = None) -> None:
         if store is None:
             store = _default_store()
-        assert hasattr(store, "get") and hasattr(store, "set"), (
-            "store must implement get() and set()"
-        )
+        assert hasattr(store, "get") and hasattr(
+            store, "set"
+        ), "store must implement get() and set()"
         self._store = store
 
     # ------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -184,9 +184,9 @@ def apply_tokens(self, theme_colors: dict[str, str]) -> dict[str, str]:
         Postcondition: every key in ``COLOR_TOKEN_MAP`` that maps to a key
                        present in ``theme_colors`` appears in the result.
         """
-        assert isinstance(theme_colors, dict) and theme_colors, (
-            "theme_colors must be a non-empty dict"
-        )
+        assert (
+            isinstance(theme_colors, dict) and theme_colors
+        ), "theme_colors must be a non-empty dict"
         from theme.sidekick_tokens import COLOR_TOKEN_MAP, DEFAULT_SIDEKICK_TOKENS
 
         tokens: dict[str, str] = dict(DEFAULT_SIDEKICK_TOKENS)
@@ -194,9 +194,9 @@ def apply_tokens(self, theme_colors: dict[str, str]) -> dict[str, str]:
             if theme_key in theme_colors:
                 tokens[token_name] = theme_colors[theme_key]
 
-        assert all(isinstance(v, str) for v in tokens.values()), (
-            "postcondition: all token values must be strings"
-        )
+        assert all(
+            isinstance(v, str) for v in tokens.values()
+        ), "postcondition: all token values must be strings"
         return tokens
 
 
diff --git a/src/shared/python/sidekick/standalone/runner.py b/src/shared/python/sidekick/standalone/runner.py
index fd7bc80254..7e672fbeb0 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/sidekick/standalone/runner.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/sidekick/standalone/runner.py
@@ -246,9 +246,9 @@ def run_calculator(
         *calculator* must be a non-empty string.
         *inputs_path* must point to a readable JSON file.
     """
-    assert isinstance(calculator, str) and calculator, (
-        "calculator name must be non-empty"
-    )
+    assert (
+        isinstance(calculator, str) and calculator
+    ), "calculator name must be non-empty"
     assert isinstance(inputs_path, str) and inputs_path, "inputs_path must be non-empty"
 
     _ensure_registered()
diff --git a/src/shared/python/sidekick/tests/process_calculators/test_psa_model.py b/src/shared/python/sidekick/tests/process_calculators/test_psa_model.py
index 839da96d03..2cc8b507d9 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/sidekick/tests/process_calculators/test_psa_model.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/sidekick/tests/process_calculators/test_psa_model.py
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ def test_s2_tail_vent_flow(self, base_results) -> None:
 
     def test_mass_balance(self, base_results) -> None:
         """Test mass balance closure."""
-        assert abs(base_results.mass_balance_error) < 1e-10, (
-            f"Mass balance error too large: {base_results.mass_balance_error}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            abs(base_results.mass_balance_error) < 1e-10
+        ), f"Mass balance error too large: {base_results.mass_balance_error}"
 
     def test_s2_tail_h2_pct(self, base_results) -> None:
         """Test S2 tail H2 percentage matches Excel."""
@@ -463,9 +463,9 @@ def test_flow_conservation_per_component(self) -> None:
                 - results.flows.s2_tail_vent[i]
                 - results.flows.net_product[i]
             )
-            assert abs(balance) < 1e-10, (
-                f"Mass balance error for {results.component_names[i]}: {balance}"
-            )
+            assert (
+                abs(balance) < 1e-10
+            ), f"Mass balance error for {results.component_names[i]}: {balance}"
 
     def test_mixed_feed_balance(self) -> None:
         """Test mixed feed balance."""
diff --git a/src/shared/python/sidekick/tests/process_calculators/test_syngas_compression_dedup.py b/src/shared/python/sidekick/tests/process_calculators/test_syngas_compression_dedup.py
index 718c929928..2542d1a77d 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/sidekick/tests/process_calculators/test_syngas_compression_dedup.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/sidekick/tests/process_calculators/test_syngas_compression_dedup.py
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ def test_single_syngas_compression_engine_definition() -> None:
 def test_dead_syngas_compression_subpackage_removed() -> None:
     """The empty placeholder ``syngas_compression/`` subpackage is gone."""
     dead_dir = _PROCESS_CALCULATORS / "syngas_compression"
-    assert not dead_dir.exists(), (
-        "Dead placeholder subpackage should have been deleted (#3183)"
-    )
+    assert (
+        not dead_dir.exists()
+    ), "Dead placeholder subpackage should have been deleted (#3183)"
 
 
 def test_root_calculator_exposes_real_engine() -> None:
diff --git a/src/shared/python/sidekick/tests/test_json_io_boundary_3333.py b/src/shared/python/sidekick/tests/test_json_io_boundary_3333.py
index d51377e34c..c2a45172d6 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/sidekick/tests/test_json_io_boundary_3333.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/sidekick/tests/test_json_io_boundary_3333.py
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ def test_state_manager_has_no_cross_tree_imports() -> None:
             root = node.module.split(".")[0]
             if root in {"utils", "compatibility"}:
                 offending.append(node.module)
-    assert offending == [], (
-        f"state_manager still imports across the tool-tree boundary: {offending}"
-    )
+    assert (
+        offending == []
+    ), f"state_manager still imports across the tool-tree boundary: {offending}"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.unit
diff --git a/src/shared/python/sidekick/ui/tools_sidebar/registry.py b/src/shared/python/sidekick/ui/tools_sidebar/registry.py
index 70ffb40077..679264717e 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/sidekick/ui/tools_sidebar/registry.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/sidekick/ui/tools_sidebar/registry.py
@@ -212,7 +212,9 @@ def _notify(self, event: WorkspaceEvent, name: str) -> None:
                         continue
                     try:
                         subscription.callback(queued_event, queued_name)
-                    except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001 - subscribers must not break notify
+                    except (
+                        Exception
+                    ):  # noqa: BLE001 - subscribers must not break notify
                         _logger.exception(
                             "Workspace subscriber raised on %s '%s'",
                             queued_event,
diff --git a/src/shared/python/sidekick/ui/tools_sidebar/sidebar.py b/src/shared/python/sidekick/ui/tools_sidebar/sidebar.py
index a7bdb28a35..c58d7ad1f7 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/sidekick/ui/tools_sidebar/sidebar.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/sidekick/ui/tools_sidebar/sidebar.py
@@ -769,7 +769,9 @@ def _persist_visible_tabs(self) -> None:
         self._vis_persistence.save(self._tab_collection.visible_ids())
 
     def _apply_tab_state(self, state: SidebarState) -> None:
-        self._state = sanitize_tab_state(state, self._tab_collection._tab_definitions)  # noqa: SLF001
+        self._state = sanitize_tab_state(
+            state, self._tab_collection._tab_definitions
+        )  # noqa: SLF001
         state = self._state
         for tab_id in list(self._tab_collection.visible_ids()):
             if tab_id in state.hidden_tabs:
diff --git a/src/shared/python/tests/test_god_class_guard.py b/src/shared/python/tests/test_god_class_guard.py
index b6f6c4f050..a15f3518d5 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/tests/test_god_class_guard.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/tests/test_god_class_guard.py
@@ -124,9 +124,10 @@ def test_no_god_classes_in_monitored_files() -> None:
                     "Refactor or add to KNOWN_CLASSES with justification (GH1692)."
                 )
 
-    assert not violations, (
-        "God class ceiling exceeded in monitored files:\n"
-        + "\n".join(f"  - {v}" for v in violations)
+    assert (
+        not violations
+    ), "God class ceiling exceeded in monitored files:\n" + "\n".join(
+        f"  - {v}" for v in violations
     )
 
 
@@ -150,9 +151,9 @@ def test_calculator_state_mixin_reduced() -> None:
     )
 
     # Also verify sub-mixins exist and are bounded
-    assert "_SplitterStateMixin" in counts, (
-        "_SplitterStateMixin sub-mixin missing from calculator_state_mixin.py"
-    )
-    assert "_ClipboardMixin" in counts, (
-        "_ClipboardMixin sub-mixin missing from calculator_state_mixin.py"
-    )
+    assert (
+        "_SplitterStateMixin" in counts
+    ), "_SplitterStateMixin sub-mixin missing from calculator_state_mixin.py"
+    assert (
+        "_ClipboardMixin" in counts
+    ), "_ClipboardMixin sub-mixin missing from calculator_state_mixin.py"
diff --git a/src/shared/python/theme/zoom.py b/src/shared/python/theme/zoom.py
index 7b12cf40d8..e50b0a36bc 100644
--- a/src/shared/python/theme/zoom.py
+++ b/src/shared/python/theme/zoom.py
@@ -142,7 +142,9 @@ def reset_zoom(self) -> None:
         """Reset application zoom to the configured default."""
         self.set_zoom_percent(self._config.default_percent)
 
-    def eventFilter(self, obj: QObject | None, event: QEvent | None) -> bool:  # noqa: N802
+    def eventFilter(
+        self, obj: QObject | None, event: QEvent | None
+    ) -> bool:  # noqa: N802
         """Handle Ctrl+wheel and Ctrl+shortcut app zoom events."""
         if event is None:
             return False
diff --git a/src/web_applications/urdf_viewer/tests/test_urdf_viewer.py b/src/web_applications/urdf_viewer/tests/test_urdf_viewer.py
index a65550442e..83acebd114 100644
--- a/src/web_applications/urdf_viewer/tests/test_urdf_viewer.py
+++ b/src/web_applications/urdf_viewer/tests/test_urdf_viewer.py
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@
 # (CI may lack python-multipart, cors deps, etc.)
 try:
     from app import app
-except Exception as _exc:  # noqa: BLE001 — CI may lack optional deps; skip entire module
+except (
+    Exception
+) as _exc:  # noqa: BLE001 — CI may lack optional deps; skip entire module
     pytest.skip(
         f"Skipping urdf_viewer tests — app import failed: {_exc}",
         allow_module_level=True,
diff --git a/tests/architecture/test_gh1696_god_modules.py b/tests/architecture/test_gh1696_god_modules.py
index 90155f871b..f2fb7c223c 100644
--- a/tests/architecture/test_gh1696_god_modules.py
+++ b/tests/architecture/test_gh1696_god_modules.py
@@ -241,15 +241,15 @@ def test_signal_toolkit_uses_lazy_import_pattern() -> None:
         "signal_toolkit must contain a LAZY dispatch table in __init__.py "
         "or _lazy_map.py"
     )
-    assert SIGNAL_TOOLKIT_LAZY_MAP.exists(), (
-        "_lazy_map.py must exist alongside __init__.py (issue #1696 refactor)"
-    )
-    assert "def __getattr__" in init_source, (
-        "signal_toolkit/__init__.py must define __getattr__ for lazy loading"
-    )
-    assert "importlib.import_module" in init_source, (
-        "signal_toolkit/__init__.py must use importlib.import_module in __getattr__"
-    )
+    assert (
+        SIGNAL_TOOLKIT_LAZY_MAP.exists()
+    ), "_lazy_map.py must exist alongside __init__.py (issue #1696 refactor)"
+    assert (
+        "def __getattr__" in init_source
+    ), "signal_toolkit/__init__.py must define __getattr__ for lazy loading"
+    assert (
+        "importlib.import_module" in init_source
+    ), "signal_toolkit/__init__.py must use importlib.import_module in __getattr__"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.unit
@@ -270,9 +270,9 @@ def test_signal_toolkit_lazy_attribute_loads_on_access() -> None:
     assert obj is not None, "signal_toolkit.SeriesExpansion should not be None"
 
     # After access, should be cached in globals
-    assert "SeriesExpansion" in signal_toolkit.__dict__, (
-        "After access, SeriesExpansion must be cached in signal_toolkit.__dict__"
-    )
+    assert (
+        "SeriesExpansion" in signal_toolkit.__dict__
+    ), "After access, SeriesExpansion must be cached in signal_toolkit.__dict__"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.unit
@@ -284,9 +284,9 @@ def test_signal_toolkit_all_exports_accessible() -> None:
         attr = getattr(signal_toolkit, name, None)
         # HAS_* flags and optional widgets may be None (no PyQt6 in CI)
         if name not in {"PolynomialGeneratorWidget", "SignalToolkitWidget"}:
-            assert attr is not None, (
-                f"signal_toolkit.{name} is None — lazy import may be broken"
-            )
+            assert (
+                attr is not None
+            ), f"signal_toolkit.{name} is None — lazy import may be broken"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.unit
diff --git a/tests/architecture/test_sidekick_external_imports_3316.py b/tests/architecture/test_sidekick_external_imports_3316.py
index 9bc0009438..b28742fe66 100644
--- a/tests/architecture/test_sidekick_external_imports_3316.py
+++ b/tests/architecture/test_sidekick_external_imports_3316.py
@@ -96,8 +96,7 @@ def test_legacy_sidekick_aliases_share_canonical_module_objects() -> None:
             "-W",
             "ignore::DeprecationWarning",
             "-c",
-            textwrap.dedent(
-                """
+            textwrap.dedent("""
                 import importlib
 
                 canonical = importlib.import_module(
@@ -114,8 +113,7 @@ def test_legacy_sidekick_aliases_share_canonical_module_objects() -> None:
                     "src.shared.python.sidekick.ui.tools_sidebar.registry"
                 )
                 assert src_alias is None or src_alias is canonical
-                """
-            ),
+                """),
         ],
         cwd=REPO_ROOT,
         env=env,
diff --git a/tests/calc_backend/test_wgs_reactor_headless_import_3317.py b/tests/calc_backend/test_wgs_reactor_headless_import_3317.py
index fc51b50c2a..203c0eb5b9 100644
--- a/tests/calc_backend/test_wgs_reactor_headless_import_3317.py
+++ b/tests/calc_backend/test_wgs_reactor_headless_import_3317.py
@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@
 
 # Program run in a clean subprocess: block PyQt6 (and the theme layer that wraps
 # it), then import the engine and assert success + no Qt/theme leakage.
-_PROGRAM = textwrap.dedent(
-    """
+_PROGRAM = textwrap.dedent("""
     import importlib.abc
     import importlib.machinery
     import sys
@@ -57,8 +56,7 @@ def find_spec(self, fullname, path, target=None):
     assert "PyQt6" not in sys.modules
 
     print("HEADLESS_OK")
-    """
-)
+    """)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.unit
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index ee83891375..e8ef7cfe07 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -131,6 +131,7 @@ def qapp():
         if app is None:
             app = QApplication(sys.argv)
         yield app
+
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
diff --git a/tests/data_processing/data_processor/test_script_generator_hardening.py b/tests/data_processing/data_processor/test_script_generator_hardening.py
index 101e6bae2a..14c6f33d49 100644
--- a/tests/data_processing/data_processor/test_script_generator_hardening.py
+++ b/tests/data_processing/data_processor/test_script_generator_hardening.py
@@ -91,9 +91,9 @@ def test_batch_script_path_metacharacters_are_safely_serialized() -> None:
             and node.targets[0].id == "input_patterns"
         ):
             value = ast.literal_eval(node.value)
-            assert value == [dangerous_path], (
-                f"Path did not round-trip safely: got {value!r}"
-            )
+            assert value == [
+                dangerous_path
+            ], f"Path did not round-trip safely: got {value!r}"
             found = True
             break
     assert found, "input_patterns assignment not found in generated script"
diff --git a/tests/heavy_integration/test_tools_contracts.py b/tests/heavy_integration/test_tools_contracts.py
index f809601d08..e2606e3e09 100644
--- a/tests/heavy_integration/test_tools_contracts.py
+++ b/tests/heavy_integration/test_tools_contracts.py
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ def test_box_mesh_is_watertight_and_valid_volume(self) -> None:
         box = trimesh.creation.box((1.0, 2.0, 3.0))
 
         assert box.is_watertight, "Box mesh must be watertight for URDF/physics use"
-        assert box.volume == pytest.approx(6.0, rel=1e-4), (
-            f"Expected volume 6.0, got {box.volume}"
-        )
+        assert box.volume == pytest.approx(
+            6.0, rel=1e-4
+        ), f"Expected volume 6.0, got {box.volume}"
         assert len(box.vertices) > 0
         assert len(box.faces) > 0
 
@@ -75,16 +75,16 @@ def test_butterworth_filter_attenuation(self) -> None:
         freq = w / (2 * np.pi)
         # Passband gain at DC should be ~1.0
         dc_gain = abs(h[0])
-        assert dc_gain == pytest.approx(1.0, abs=0.01), (
-            f"DC gain should be 1.0, got {dc_gain}"
-        )
+        assert dc_gain == pytest.approx(
+            1.0, abs=0.01
+        ), f"DC gain should be 1.0, got {dc_gain}"
 
         # Stopband attenuation at 0.5 should be < -20 dB
         stop_idx = int(0.5 * len(freq))
         stop_gain_db = 20 * np.log10(abs(h[stop_idx]) + 1e-12)
-        assert stop_gain_db < -20, (
-            f"Expected > 20 dB attenuation, got {stop_gain_db:.1f} dB"
-        )
+        assert (
+            stop_gain_db < -20
+        ), f"Expected > 20 dB attenuation, got {stop_gain_db:.1f} dB"
 
     def test_fft_roundtrip(self) -> None:
         """FFT→IFFT roundtrip preserves signal — fundamental DSP contract."""
diff --git a/tests/integration/test_cross_repo_contracts.py b/tests/integration/test_cross_repo_contracts.py
index f2c503e518..dadb4aa6c4 100644
--- a/tests/integration/test_cross_repo_contracts.py
+++ b/tests/integration/test_cross_repo_contracts.py
@@ -127,13 +127,13 @@ def test_validate_composition_signature(self) -> None:
 
         sig = inspect.signature(InputValidator.validate_composition)
         params = sig.parameters
-        assert "composition" in params, (
-            "validate_composition must have 'composition' param"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "composition" in params
+        ), "validate_composition must have 'composition' param"
         assert "tolerance" in params, "validate_composition must have 'tolerance' param"
-        assert params["tolerance"].default is not inspect.Parameter.empty, (
-            "validate_composition 'tolerance' must have a default value"
-        )
+        assert (
+            params["tolerance"].default is not inspect.Parameter.empty
+        ), "validate_composition 'tolerance' must have a default value"
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -271,18 +271,18 @@ def test_baghouse_calculator_has_calculate_method(self) -> None:
         """BaghouseCalculator must expose a 'calculate' method."""
         from upstream_drift_tools.process_calculators import BaghouseCalculator
 
-        assert hasattr(BaghouseCalculator, "calculate"), (
-            "BaghouseCalculator.calculate() is missing"
-        )
+        assert hasattr(
+            BaghouseCalculator, "calculate"
+        ), "BaghouseCalculator.calculate() is missing"
         assert callable(BaghouseCalculator.calculate)
 
     def test_financial_calculator_has_calculate_method(self) -> None:
         """FinancialCalculator must expose a 'calculate' method."""
         from upstream_drift_tools.process_calculators import FinancialCalculator
 
-        assert hasattr(FinancialCalculator, "calculate"), (
-            "FinancialCalculator.calculate() is missing"
-        )
+        assert hasattr(
+            FinancialCalculator, "calculate"
+        ), "FinancialCalculator.calculate() is missing"
         assert callable(FinancialCalculator.calculate)
 
     def test_flare_design_is_dataclass_or_namedtuple(self) -> None:
@@ -377,9 +377,9 @@ def test_all_exceptions_are_exception_subclasses(self) -> None:
             FitError,
             UnsupportedOperationError,
         ):
-            assert issubclass(exc_cls, Exception), (
-                f"{exc_cls.__name__} must be a subclass of Exception"
-            )
+            assert issubclass(
+                exc_cls, Exception
+            ), f"{exc_cls.__name__} must be a subclass of Exception"
 
     def test_specific_exceptions_are_subclass_of_base(self) -> None:
         """Specific exceptions must be catchable via the base DataProcessingError.
@@ -466,9 +466,9 @@ def test_symbol_importable_from_contracts(self, symbol: str) -> None:
         import importlib
 
         mod = importlib.import_module("contracts")
-        assert hasattr(mod, symbol), (
-            f"contracts.{symbol} is missing — downstream repos import it by name"
-        )
+        assert hasattr(
+            mod, symbol
+        ), f"contracts.{symbol} is missing — downstream repos import it by name"
 
     def test_require_is_callable(self) -> None:
         """require must be callable (function or callable class)."""
@@ -486,14 +486,14 @@ def test_contract_level_has_off_variant(self) -> None:
         """ContractLevel must have an OFF member — used to disable checks in prod."""
         from contracts import ContractLevel
 
-        assert hasattr(ContractLevel, "OFF"), (
-            "ContractLevel.OFF is required — downstream repos set it in production"
-        )
+        assert hasattr(
+            ContractLevel, "OFF"
+        ), "ContractLevel.OFF is required — downstream repos set it in production"
 
     def test_contract_level_has_enforce_variant(self) -> None:
         """ContractLevel must have an ENFORCE member — used in test environments."""
         from contracts import ContractLevel
 
-        assert hasattr(ContractLevel, "ENFORCE"), (
-            "ContractLevel.ENFORCE is required — downstream test suites activate it"
-        )
+        assert hasattr(
+            ContractLevel, "ENFORCE"
+        ), "ContractLevel.ENFORCE is required — downstream test suites activate it"
diff --git a/tests/ode_solver/test_ode_solver_timeout.py b/tests/ode_solver/test_ode_solver_timeout.py
index c6dcafb884..6af1081763 100644
--- a/tests/ode_solver/test_ode_solver_timeout.py
+++ b/tests/ode_solver/test_ode_solver_timeout.py
@@ -162,9 +162,9 @@ def test_exponential_decay_completes_in_budget(self, ode_solver: type) -> None:
         elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
 
         assert sol is not None
-        assert elapsed < 5.0, (
-            f"Exponential decay solve took {elapsed:.3f} s, expected < 5 s"
-        )
+        assert (
+            elapsed < 5.0
+        ), f"Exponential decay solve took {elapsed:.3f} s, expected < 5 s"
 
     def test_harmonic_oscillator_completes_in_budget(self, ode_solver: type) -> None:
         """Harmonic oscillator solve completes in < 5 s (typical: < 0.1 s).
@@ -182,9 +182,9 @@ def test_harmonic_oscillator_completes_in_budget(self, ode_solver: type) -> None
         elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
 
         assert sol is not None
-        assert elapsed < 5.0, (
-            f"Harmonic oscillator solve took {elapsed:.3f} s, expected < 5 s"
-        )
+        assert (
+            elapsed < 5.0
+        ), f"Harmonic oscillator solve took {elapsed:.3f} s, expected < 5 s"
 
     def test_lotka_volterra_completes_in_budget(self, ode_solver: type) -> None:
         """Lotka-Volterra (predator-prey) solve completes in < 5 s.
@@ -205,9 +205,9 @@ def test_lotka_volterra_completes_in_budget(self, ode_solver: type) -> None:
         elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
 
         assert sol is not None
-        assert elapsed < 5.0, (
-            f"Lotka-Volterra solve took {elapsed:.3f} s, expected < 5 s"
-        )
+        assert (
+            elapsed < 5.0
+        ), f"Lotka-Volterra solve took {elapsed:.3f} s, expected < 5 s"
 
     def test_with_timeout_overhead_is_negligible(self) -> None:
         """with_timeout wrapper adds < 100 ms overhead for fast operations.
@@ -226,6 +226,6 @@ def trivial() -> int:
 
         assert result == 42
         avg_ms = (elapsed / 100) * 1000
-        assert avg_ms < 100, (
-            f"with_timeout average overhead {avg_ms:.1f} ms/call, expected < 100 ms"
-        )
+        assert (
+            avg_ms < 100
+        ), f"with_timeout average overhead {avg_ms:.1f} ms/call, expected < 100 ms"
diff --git a/tests/ops/test_detect_secrets_baseline.py b/tests/ops/test_detect_secrets_baseline.py
index 97825ff5d7..2df7ec0e4a 100644
--- a/tests/ops/test_detect_secrets_baseline.py
+++ b/tests/ops/test_detect_secrets_baseline.py
@@ -141,9 +141,9 @@ def test_workflow_invokes_installed_python_module(self) -> None:
 
     def test_baseline_file_exists(self) -> None:
         """Precondition: .secrets.baseline must exist in repo root."""
-        assert BASELINE_PATH.exists(), (
-            ".secrets.baseline is missing. Run: detect-secrets scan > .secrets.baseline"
-        )
+        assert (
+            BASELINE_PATH.exists()
+        ), ".secrets.baseline is missing. Run: detect-secrets scan > .secrets.baseline"
 
     def test_baseline_is_valid_json(self) -> None:
         """Baseline must be parseable JSON."""
@@ -352,9 +352,9 @@ def test_all_entries_have_required_field(self, required_field: str) -> None:
             for i, entry in enumerate(entries):
                 if required_field not in entry:
                     missing.append(f"{file_key}[{i}]")
-        assert not missing, (
-            f"Baseline entries missing field {required_field!r}: {missing[:10]}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            not missing
+        ), f"Baseline entries missing field {required_field!r}: {missing[:10]}"
 
     def test_hashed_secrets_are_40_char_hex(self) -> None:
         """All hashed_secret values must be 40-char hex strings (SHA1)."""
diff --git a/tests/p1am_control_system/test_backend_security.py b/tests/p1am_control_system/test_backend_security.py
index 52f639a0da..dba5e33191 100644
--- a/tests/p1am_control_system/test_backend_security.py
+++ b/tests/p1am_control_system/test_backend_security.py
@@ -268,9 +268,9 @@ def test_import_failure_leaves_db_intact(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> Non
 
     with Session(_test_engine) as s:
         tags = s.exec(select(TagDefinitionDb)).all()
-        assert any(t.name == "EXISTING_TAG" for t in tags), (
-            "import failure wiped the existing plant DB"
-        )
+        assert any(
+            t.name == "EXISTING_TAG" for t in tags
+        ), "import failure wiped the existing plant DB"
 
 
 def test_safe_extract_rejects_path_traversal(tmp_path) -> None:
diff --git a/tests/p1am_control_system/test_backend_security_import_guard.py b/tests/p1am_control_system/test_backend_security_import_guard.py
index e2cec7adfa..7f81a19ea0 100644
--- a/tests/p1am_control_system/test_backend_security_import_guard.py
+++ b/tests/p1am_control_system/test_backend_security_import_guard.py
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ def test_backend_import_guard_only_catches_module_not_found() -> None:
             "bare 'except:' would swallow real backend defects and skip the "
             "security suite"
         )
-        assert isinstance(exc_type, ast.Name), (
-            "import guard must catch a single named exception, not a tuple/attr"
-        )
+        assert isinstance(
+            exc_type, ast.Name
+        ), "import guard must catch a single named exception, not a tuple/attr"
         assert exc_type.id == "ModuleNotFoundError", (
             "backend import guard must narrow to ModuleNotFoundError so that a "
             "NameError/SyntaxError/ImportError in the backend fails loudly "
diff --git a/tests/p1am_control_system/test_event_logger_filter_error_logging.py b/tests/p1am_control_system/test_event_logger_filter_error_logging.py
index 2008094278..ef1391b94d 100644
--- a/tests/p1am_control_system/test_event_logger_filter_error_logging.py
+++ b/tests/p1am_control_system/test_event_logger_filter_error_logging.py
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ def _boom() -> list[str]:
     with caplog.at_level(logging.ERROR, logger=event_logger.__name__):
         event_logger.EventLogViewerWidget.update_event_types_combobox(widget)
 
-    assert any("event-type filter" in rec.getMessage() for rec in caplog.records), (
-        "DB failure must be logged"
-    )
+    assert any(
+        "event-type filter" in rec.getMessage() for rec in caplog.records
+    ), "DB failure must be logged"
     # Combobox still has the default 'All' entry and did not raise.
     assert widget.event_type_combo._items == ["All"]
diff --git a/tests/programmatic_pid/test_equipment.py b/tests/programmatic_pid/test_equipment.py
index f286c32eb2..aa31a25476 100644
--- a/tests/programmatic_pid/test_equipment.py
+++ b/tests/programmatic_pid/test_equipment.py
@@ -108,9 +108,9 @@ def test_draw_equipment_symbol_uses_registry():
     for eq_type in ["hopper", "fan", "gate_valve", "control_valve", "pump"]:
         initial_count = len(list(msp))
         draw_equipment_symbol(msp, _eq(etype=eq_type), "EQUIPMENT")
-        assert len(list(msp)) > initial_count, (
-            f"{eq_type} should add entities to modelspace"
-        )
+        assert (
+            len(list(msp)) > initial_count
+        ), f"{eq_type} should add entities to modelspace"
 
 
 def test_draw_equipment_symbol_fallback_to_box():
diff --git a/tests/programmatic_pid/test_profiles_extra.py b/tests/programmatic_pid/test_profiles_extra.py
index 514a26fb5a..ab9a2a8b6c 100644
--- a/tests/programmatic_pid/test_profiles_extra.py
+++ b/tests/programmatic_pid/test_profiles_extra.py
@@ -190,9 +190,9 @@ def test_all_presets_share_same_layout_keys(self) -> None:
         keysets = [
             set(p["layout"].keys()) for p in PROFILE_PRESETS.values() if "layout" in p
         ]
-        assert all(k == keysets[0] for k in keysets), (
-            "all presets must declare the same layout keys for predictable merging"
-        )
+        assert all(
+            k == keysets[0] for k in keysets
+        ), "all presets must declare the same layout keys for predictable merging"
 
     def test_presentation_has_no_defaults_section(self) -> None:
         # presentation preset deliberately omits a defaults block.
diff --git a/tests/project_packer_fixes/test_build_exe_lod.py b/tests/project_packer_fixes/test_build_exe_lod.py
index 570ebb996b..27501ab365 100644
--- a/tests/project_packer_fixes/test_build_exe_lod.py
+++ b/tests/project_packer_fixes/test_build_exe_lod.py
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ def test_check_pyinstaller_uses_find_spec_directly(self, build_exe_module) -> No
         import inspect
 
         source = inspect.getsource(build_exe_module.check_pyinstaller)
-        assert "importlib.util.find_spec" not in source, (
-            "LoD violation: should use find_spec directly, not importlib.util.find_spec"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "importlib.util.find_spec" not in source
+        ), "LoD violation: should use find_spec directly, not importlib.util.find_spec"
         assert "find_spec" in source, "check_pyinstaller should call find_spec"
 
     def test_check_pyinstaller_available(self, build_exe_module) -> None:
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ def test_check_pyinstaller_not_available(self, build_exe_module) -> None:
 
     def test_find_spec_import_at_module_level(self, build_exe_module) -> None:
         """Verify find_spec is imported at module level (not accessed via importlib.util)."""
-        assert hasattr(build_exe_module, "find_spec"), (
-            "find_spec must be imported at module level in build_exe"
-        )
+        assert hasattr(
+            build_exe_module, "find_spec"
+        ), "find_spec must be imported at module level in build_exe"
 
     def test_install_pyinstaller_success(self, build_exe_module) -> None:
         """Test successful PyInstaller installation."""
diff --git a/tests/project_packer_fixes/test_build_lod.py b/tests/project_packer_fixes/test_build_lod.py
index 0b18cec042..c04ae7d7cf 100644
--- a/tests/project_packer_fixes/test_build_lod.py
+++ b/tests/project_packer_fixes/test_build_lod.py
@@ -66,34 +66,34 @@ class TestBuildLoDFix:
     def test_main_no_chained_path_parent_absolute(self, build_module) -> None:
         """Verify main() does not chain Path().parent.absolute() directly."""
         source = inspect.getsource(build_module.main)
-        assert "Path(__file__).parent.absolute()" not in source, (
-            "LoD violation: build.py must not chain Path(__file__).parent.absolute()"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "Path(__file__).parent.absolute()" not in source
+        ), "LoD violation: build.py must not chain Path(__file__).parent.absolute()"
 
     def test_main_no_chained_stderr_write(self, build_module) -> None:
         """Verify main() does not chain sys.stderr.write() directly."""
         source = inspect.getsource(build_module.main)
-        assert "sys.stderr.write" not in source, (
-            "LoD violation: build.py must not chain sys.stderr.write() directly"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "sys.stderr.write" not in source
+        ), "LoD violation: build.py must not chain sys.stderr.write() directly"
 
     def test_main_extracts_stderr_to_variable(self, build_module) -> None:
         """Verify main() extracts sys.stderr to a local variable."""
         source = inspect.getsource(build_module.main)
-        assert "stderr = sys.stderr" in source, (
-            "build.py main() should extract sys.stderr to a local variable"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "stderr = sys.stderr" in source
+        ), "build.py main() should extract sys.stderr to a local variable"
 
     def test_main_extracts_path_parent(self, build_module) -> None:
         """Verify main() extracts Path().parent to an intermediate variable."""
         source = inspect.getsource(build_module.main)
         # Should use script_parent or similar intermediate variable
-        assert "Path(__file__).parent" in source, (
-            "build.py should still use Path(__file__).parent but assign to intermediate"
-        )
-        assert ".absolute()" in source, (
-            "build.py should call .absolute() on the intermediate variable"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "Path(__file__).parent" in source
+        ), "build.py should still use Path(__file__).parent but assign to intermediate"
+        assert (
+            ".absolute()" in source
+        ), "build.py should call .absolute() on the intermediate variable"
 
     def test_no_print_calls_in_source(self, build_module) -> None:
         """Verify no print() calls exist in build module source."""
diff --git a/tests/project_packer_fixes/test_folder_packer_gui_lod.py b/tests/project_packer_fixes/test_folder_packer_gui_lod.py
index e7d808756c..46bbb239d4 100644
--- a/tests/project_packer_fixes/test_folder_packer_gui_lod.py
+++ b/tests/project_packer_fixes/test_folder_packer_gui_lod.py
@@ -112,18 +112,18 @@ def test_should_include_file_no_chained_suffix_lower(self, gui_module) -> None:
         import inspect
 
         source = inspect.getsource(gui_module.FolderPackerGUI.should_include_file)
-        assert "file_path.suffix.lower()" not in source, (
-            "LoD violation: should_include_file must not chain .suffix.lower()"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "file_path.suffix.lower()" not in source
+        ), "LoD violation: should_include_file must not chain .suffix.lower()"
 
     def test_should_include_directory_no_chained_name_lower(self, gui_module) -> None:
         """Verify should_include_directory does not use dir_path.name.lower() chain."""
         import inspect
 
         source = inspect.getsource(gui_module.FolderPackerGUI.should_include_directory)
-        assert "dir_path.name.lower()" not in source, (
-            "LoD violation: should_include_directory must not chain .name.lower()"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "dir_path.name.lower()" not in source
+        ), "LoD violation: should_include_directory must not chain .name.lower()"
 
     def test_should_include_file_python_file(self, gui_instance) -> None:
         """Test that .py files are included."""
@@ -203,9 +203,9 @@ def test_no_print_calls_in_source(self, gui_module) -> None:
             for i, line in enumerate(lines)
             if "print(" in line and not line.strip().startswith("#")
         ]
-        assert not print_lines, (
-            f"Found print() calls in folder_packer_gui.py: {print_lines}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            not print_lines
+        ), f"Found print() calls in folder_packer_gui.py: {print_lines}"
 
 
 class TestFolderPackerGuiDbCContracts:
diff --git a/tests/rust_bindings/test_math_primitives_bindings.py b/tests/rust_bindings/test_math_primitives_bindings.py
index 6b2d483c2a..06bc214ed3 100644
--- a/tests/rust_bindings/test_math_primitives_bindings.py
+++ b/tests/rust_bindings/test_math_primitives_bindings.py
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ def test_orthonormality(self) -> None:
             for j in range(3):
                 dot = sum(r[k][i] * r[k][j] for k in range(3))
                 expected = 1.0 if i == j else 0.0
-                assert abs(dot - expected) < 1e-10, (
-                    f"Orthogonality violated at ({i},{j}): {dot}"
-                )
+                assert (
+                    abs(dot - expected) < 1e-10
+                ), f"Orthogonality violated at ({i},{j}): {dot}"
 
 
 class TestRotationMatrixToEuler:
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ def test_roundtrip(self, euler: list[float]) -> None:
         r = mp.euler_to_rotation_matrix(euler)
         recovered = mp.rotation_matrix_to_euler(r)
         for i in range(3):
-            assert abs(recovered[i] - euler[i]) < 1e-10, (
-                f"Roundtrip failed at index {i}: {recovered[i]} != {euler[i]}"
-            )
+            assert (
+                abs(recovered[i] - euler[i]) < 1e-10
+            ), f"Roundtrip failed at index {i}: {recovered[i]} != {euler[i]}"
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/tests/scripts/test_generate_tools_json.py b/tests/scripts/test_generate_tools_json.py
index 4a57d59510..f137b94df8 100644
--- a/tests/scripts/test_generate_tools_json.py
+++ b/tests/scripts/test_generate_tools_json.py
@@ -250,9 +250,9 @@ def test_contract_tool_id_format(self, manifest_gen_module, mock_repo_root):
         pattern = re.compile(r"^[a-z0-9_]+$")
 
         for tool in contract["tools"]:
-            assert pattern.match(tool["id"]), (
-                f"Tool ID '{tool['id']}' is not snake_case"
-            )
+            assert pattern.match(
+                tool["id"]
+            ), f"Tool ID '{tool['id']}' is not snake_case"
 
     def test_contract_surfaces_structure(self, manifest_gen_module, mock_repo_root):
         """Each tool's surfaces dict must have exactly pyqt6 and web booleans."""
@@ -334,9 +334,9 @@ def test_contract_schema_compliance(self, manifest_gen_module, mock_repo_root):
         expected_surface_keys = {"pyqt6", "web", "legacy_gui"}
 
         for tool in contract["tools"]:
-            assert set(tool.keys()) == expected_tool_keys, (
-                f"Unexpected keys in tool entry: {set(tool.keys()) - expected_tool_keys}"
-            )
+            assert (
+                set(tool.keys()) == expected_tool_keys
+            ), f"Unexpected keys in tool entry: {set(tool.keys()) - expected_tool_keys}"
             assert set(tool["surfaces"].keys()) == expected_surface_keys
 
 
diff --git a/tests/shared/python/ai/integrations/test_linear_client.py b/tests/shared/python/ai/integrations/test_linear_client.py
index 4008c3117d..6e32bc22ff 100644
--- a/tests/shared/python/ai/integrations/test_linear_client.py
+++ b/tests/shared/python/ai/integrations/test_linear_client.py
@@ -111,9 +111,11 @@ def with_token():
     """Set a dummy token for tests that need one."""
     set_linear_api_token("test-token-abc")
     yield
-    set_linear_api_token.__wrapped__ if hasattr(
-        set_linear_api_token, "__wrapped__"
-    ) else None
+    (
+        set_linear_api_token.__wrapped__
+        if hasattr(set_linear_api_token, "__wrapped__")
+        else None
+    )
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/tests/shared/python/ai/test_adapter_contract.py b/tests/shared/python/ai/test_adapter_contract.py
index 86fec72c1d..03245efa57 100644
--- a/tests/shared/python/ai/test_adapter_contract.py
+++ b/tests/shared/python/ai/test_adapter_contract.py
@@ -44,18 +44,18 @@ def _assert_canonical_usage(usage: dict[str, int], adapter_name: str) -> None:
         f"got {set(usage.keys())!r}"
     )
     for key in _CANONICAL_USAGE_KEYS:
-        assert isinstance(usage[key], int), (
-            f"{adapter_name}: usage['{key}'] must be int, got {type(usage[key])!r}"
-        )
+        assert isinstance(
+            usage[key], int
+        ), f"{adapter_name}: usage['{key}'] must be int, got {type(usage[key])!r}"
 
 
 def _assert_stream_terminates(chunks: Iterator[AgentChunk], adapter_name: str) -> None:
     """Consume *chunks* and assert at least one has ``is_final=True``."""
     chunk_list = list(chunks)
     finals = [c for c in chunk_list if c.is_final]
-    assert finals, (
-        f"{adapter_name}: stream_response did not emit any chunk with is_final=True"
-    )
+    assert (
+        finals
+    ), f"{adapter_name}: stream_response did not emit any chunk with is_final=True"
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/tests/shared/python/ai/test_adapter_factory.py b/tests/shared/python/ai/test_adapter_factory.py
index 4a66c45536..75adf3238c 100644
--- a/tests/shared/python/ai/test_adapter_factory.py
+++ b/tests/shared/python/ai/test_adapter_factory.py
@@ -94,9 +94,9 @@ def test_create_different_configs_returns_different_instances() -> None:
         adapter_a = AdapterFactory.create("ollama", model="llama3")
         adapter_b = AdapterFactory.create("ollama", model="mistral")
 
-    assert adapter_a is not adapter_b, (
-        "Different model configurations must produce distinct adapter instances."
-    )
+    assert (
+        adapter_a is not adapter_b
+    ), "Different model configurations must produce distinct adapter instances."
 
 
 def test_create_different_hosts_returns_different_instances() -> None:
@@ -111,9 +111,9 @@ def test_create_different_hosts_returns_different_instances() -> None:
         adapter_a = AdapterFactory.create("ollama", host="http://host-a:11434")
         adapter_b = AdapterFactory.create("ollama", host="http://host-b:11434")
 
-    assert adapter_a is not adapter_b, (
-        "Different host configurations must produce distinct adapter instances."
-    )
+    assert (
+        adapter_a is not adapter_b
+    ), "Different host configurations must produce distinct adapter instances."
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -134,9 +134,9 @@ def test_clear_cache_causes_fresh_construction() -> None:
         AdapterFactory.clear_cache()
         second = AdapterFactory.create("ollama", model="llama3")
 
-    assert first is not second, (
-        "After clear_cache(), create() must construct a fresh adapter instance."
-    )
+    assert (
+        first is not second
+    ), "After clear_cache(), create() must construct a fresh adapter instance."
 
 
 def test_clear_cache_empties_internal_dict() -> None:
@@ -149,9 +149,9 @@ def test_clear_cache_empties_internal_dict() -> None:
     ):
         AdapterFactory.create("ollama")
 
-    assert len(AdapterFactory._cache) == 1, (
-        "Cache should have one entry after create()."
-    )
+    assert (
+        len(AdapterFactory._cache) == 1
+    ), "Cache should have one entry after create()."
     AdapterFactory.clear_cache()
     assert len(AdapterFactory._cache) == 0, "Cache should be empty after clear_cache()."
 
@@ -171,6 +171,6 @@ def test_constructor_called_once_for_repeated_create() -> None:
         AdapterFactory.create("ollama", model="llama3")
         AdapterFactory.create("ollama", model="llama3")
 
-    assert mock_cls.call_count == 1, (
-        f"OllamaAdapter constructor should be called once, got {mock_cls.call_count}."
-    )
+    assert (
+        mock_cls.call_count == 1
+    ), f"OllamaAdapter constructor should be called once, got {mock_cls.call_count}."
diff --git a/tests/shared/python/ai/test_cli_provider_setup.py b/tests/shared/python/ai/test_cli_provider_setup.py
index f9d076282d..54f097f9c8 100644
--- a/tests/shared/python/ai/test_cli_provider_setup.py
+++ b/tests/shared/python/ai/test_cli_provider_setup.py
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@ class TestCatalogue:
     def test_all_cli_providers_covered(self) -> None:
         """Every CLI-shaped provider must have an install/auth card."""
         expected = {"claude_code", "codex_cli", "gemini_cli", "cline"}
-        assert expected.issubset(CLI_PROVIDERS.keys()), (
-            f"Missing CLI providers: {expected - set(CLI_PROVIDERS.keys())}"
-        )
+        assert expected.issubset(
+            CLI_PROVIDERS.keys()
+        ), f"Missing CLI providers: {expected - set(CLI_PROVIDERS.keys())}"
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(
         "provider", ["claude_code", "codex_cli", "gemini_cli", "cline"]
@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ def test_each_spec_has_required_fields(self, provider: str) -> None:
         spec = CLI_PROVIDERS[provider]
         assert spec.display_name, f"{provider}: empty display_name"
         assert spec.install_command, f"{provider}: empty install_command"
-        assert spec.install_url.startswith(("http://", "https://")), (
-            f"{provider}: install_url not a URL: {spec.install_url!r}"
-        )
-        assert len(spec.auth_instructions) > 20, (
-            f"{provider}: auth_instructions too short to be useful"
-        )
+        assert spec.install_url.startswith(
+            ("http://", "https://")
+        ), f"{provider}: install_url not a URL: {spec.install_url!r}"
+        assert (
+            len(spec.auth_instructions) > 20
+        ), f"{provider}: auth_instructions too short to be useful"
 
 
 class TestStatusProbe:
diff --git a/tests/shared/python/ai/test_onnx_preflight.py b/tests/shared/python/ai/test_onnx_preflight.py
index b71630c01b..253f1d2abc 100644
--- a/tests/shared/python/ai/test_onnx_preflight.py
+++ b/tests/shared/python/ai/test_onnx_preflight.py
@@ -117,9 +117,9 @@ def test_error_message_includes_os_error(
         with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as exc_info:
             check_ort_loadable()
 
-        assert exc_info.value.__cause__ is not None, (
-            "RuntimeError should chain the underlying OSError"
-        )
+        assert (
+            exc_info.value.__cause__ is not None
+        ), "RuntimeError should chain the underlying OSError"
 
     def test_raises_for_nonexistent_explicit_path(self) -> None:
         """Explicit dylib_path argument is used instead of env var."""
diff --git a/tests/shared/python/ai/test_provider_config_registry.py b/tests/shared/python/ai/test_provider_config_registry.py
index 8bec7bda35..0ede248454 100644
--- a/tests/shared/python/ai/test_provider_config_registry.py
+++ b/tests/shared/python/ai/test_provider_config_registry.py
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
 
 def test_default_registrations_cover_all_providers(qapp) -> None:
     for provider in AIProvider:
-        assert ProviderConfigRegistry.is_registered(provider.name), (
-            f"missing registration for {provider}"
-        )
+        assert ProviderConfigRegistry.is_registered(
+            provider.name
+        ), f"missing registration for {provider}"
 
 
 def test_get_widget_returns_distinct_instances(qapp) -> None:
diff --git a/tests/shared/python/ai/test_rust_adapter_fallback.py b/tests/shared/python/ai/test_rust_adapter_fallback.py
index 43421036a2..28caa076f7 100644
--- a/tests/shared/python/ai/test_rust_adapter_fallback.py
+++ b/tests/shared/python/ai/test_rust_adapter_fallback.py
@@ -74,9 +74,9 @@ def test_warning_references_distribution_doc(
                 )
 
         all_text = " ".join(str(r.message) for r in caplog.records)
-        assert "rust_distribution.md" in all_text, (
-            f"Expected 'rust_distribution.md' in log output, got: {all_text!r}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "rust_distribution.md" in all_text
+        ), f"Expected 'rust_distribution.md' in log output, got: {all_text!r}"
 
 
 class TestGracefulDegradation:
diff --git a/tests/shared/python/calculators/conversion/test_service.py b/tests/shared/python/calculators/conversion/test_service.py
index 2f3d9a3b0c..918390040d 100644
--- a/tests/shared/python/calculators/conversion/test_service.py
+++ b/tests/shared/python/calculators/conversion/test_service.py
@@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ def test_factor_table_round_trip_exactness(service: UnitConversionService) -> No
                 back = service.convert(forward, other, base).value
             except (IncompatibleUnitsError, TypeError, ValueError, UnknownUnitError):
                 continue
-            assert back == pytest.approx(1.0, rel=1e-9), (
-                f"{category}: {base}->{other}->{base} lost precision"
-            )
+            assert back == pytest.approx(
+                1.0, rel=1e-9
+            ), f"{category}: {base}->{other}->{base} lost precision"
             checked += 1
     assert checked > 0
 
diff --git a/tests/shared/python/chat/test_chat_agent_label.py b/tests/shared/python/chat/test_chat_agent_label.py
index 320f2210cb..2d69bd05b2 100644
--- a/tests/shared/python/chat/test_chat_agent_label.py
+++ b/tests/shared/python/chat/test_chat_agent_label.py
@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
-def test_user_bubble_always_labelled_you(qapp) -> None:  # noqa: F811 - qapp is conftest fixture
+def test_user_bubble_always_labelled_you(
+    qapp,
+) -> None:  # noqa: F811 - qapp is conftest fixture
     from src.shared.python.chat._qt.bubbles import ChatMessageBubble
 
     bubble = ChatMessageBubble("user", "hi", agent_label="Agent (gpt-4o)")
diff --git a/tests/shared/python/chat/test_chat_session_helpers.py b/tests/shared/python/chat/test_chat_session_helpers.py
index 21dbff32a9..53c740ea51 100644
--- a/tests/shared/python/chat/test_chat_session_helpers.py
+++ b/tests/shared/python/chat/test_chat_session_helpers.py
@@ -103,9 +103,9 @@ def writer(sid: str) -> None:
         # No leftover .tmp file after atomic replaces.
         assert not (path.parent / f"{path.name}.tmp").exists()
         final = path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
-        assert final in candidates, (
-            f"expected exactly one of {candidates!r}, got {final!r}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            final in candidates
+        ), f"expected exactly one of {candidates!r}, got {final!r}"
 
     def test_atomic_write_leaves_no_tmp_file(self, tmp_path: Path) -> None:
         """Atomic write cleans up the .tmp file after replace."""
diff --git a/tests/shared/python/chat/test_quick_bar.py b/tests/shared/python/chat/test_quick_bar.py
index 89b3ae3d91..c2cada99a3 100644
--- a/tests/shared/python/chat/test_quick_bar.py
+++ b/tests/shared/python/chat/test_quick_bar.py
@@ -116,12 +116,14 @@ def test_all_canonical_keys_present(self) -> None:
     def test_fallback_provider_produces_coherent_palette(self) -> None:
         c = _resolve_colors(_FallbackThemeProvider())
         for key, value in c.items():
-            assert len(value) in (4, 7, 9), (
-                f"Key {key!r} resolved to non-standard color: {value!r}"
-            )
-            assert value.startswith("#"), (
-                f"Key {key!r} resolved to non-hex color: {value!r}"
-            )
+            assert len(value) in (
+                4,
+                7,
+                9,
+            ), f"Key {key!r} resolved to non-standard color: {value!r}"
+            assert value.startswith(
+                "#"
+            ), f"Key {key!r} resolved to non-hex color: {value!r}"
 
     def test_partial_theme_uses_fallback_for_missing_keys(self) -> None:
         """A partial palette should not break resolution for missing tokens."""
diff --git a/tests/shared/python/chat/test_router_error_logging.py b/tests/shared/python/chat/test_router_error_logging.py
index c6f4fca2ee..87fe0c2c9b 100644
--- a/tests/shared/python/chat/test_router_error_logging.py
+++ b/tests/shared/python/chat/test_router_error_logging.py
@@ -281,7 +281,9 @@ def test_index_codebase_error_logging(
         with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING, logger="chat.router_factory"):
             with client.websocket_connect("/api/ws/chat/new") as ws:
                 ws.receive_json()
-                ws.send_json({"action": "index_codebase", "root_path": "/tmp"})  # nosec B108
+                ws.send_json(
+                    {"action": "index_codebase", "root_path": "/tmp"}
+                )  # nosec B108
                 payload = ws.receive_json()
 
         assert payload == {"type": "error", "detail": "disk full"}
diff --git a/tests/shared/python/chat/test_terminal_runtime.py b/tests/shared/python/chat/test_terminal_runtime.py
index 06f1d0c078..f98848b6c3 100644
--- a/tests/shared/python/chat/test_terminal_runtime.py
+++ b/tests/shared/python/chat/test_terminal_runtime.py
@@ -246,9 +246,9 @@ def test_default_session_env_excludes_credential_variables(
 
     env = _build_default_session_env()
 
-    assert var_name not in env, (
-        f"{var_name!r} must not appear in the default session env"
-    )
+    assert (
+        var_name not in env
+    ), f"{var_name!r} must not appear in the default session env"
 
 
 def test_default_session_env_includes_path(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
diff --git a/tests/shared/python/model_generation/test_gh1694_xml_security.py b/tests/shared/python/model_generation/test_gh1694_xml_security.py
index 297b5c4b7e..5bab798579 100644
--- a/tests/shared/python/model_generation/test_gh1694_xml_security.py
+++ b/tests/shared/python/model_generation/test_gh1694_xml_security.py
@@ -265,6 +265,6 @@ def test_validate_mjcf_no_stdlib_et_parse_in_fallback(self) -> None:
 
         source = inspect.getsource(format_utils)
         # The fallback branch must not use StdET.ParseError
-        assert "StdET" not in source, (
-            "format_utils.py must not reference StdET — use DefusedET.ParseError instead"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "StdET" not in source
+        ), "format_utils.py must not reference StdET — use DefusedET.ParseError instead"
diff --git a/tests/shared/python/theme/test_fallback_drift.py b/tests/shared/python/theme/test_fallback_drift.py
index ae77ae3b90..dceddf1f61 100644
--- a/tests/shared/python/theme/test_fallback_drift.py
+++ b/tests/shared/python/theme/test_fallback_drift.py
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ def _json_themes() -> dict[str, dict[str, str]]:
 def test_fallback_theme_names_match_json() -> None:
     """The fallback exposes exactly the themes defined in themes.json."""
     json_themes = _json_themes()
-    assert set(colors._HARDCODED_BUILTIN_THEMES) == set(json_themes), (
-        "Hardcoded fallback theme set drifted from themes.json"
-    )
+    assert set(colors._HARDCODED_BUILTIN_THEMES) == set(
+        json_themes
+    ), "Hardcoded fallback theme set drifted from themes.json"
 
 
 def test_fallback_base_colors_match_json() -> None:
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ def test_chart_colors_fallback_matches_json() -> None:
     json_chart = colors._load_chart_colors_from_json()
     if json_chart is None:
         pytest.skip("themes.json not available in this environment")
-    assert colors._HARDCODED_CHART_COLORS == json_chart, (
-        "Hardcoded chart-color fallback drifted from themes.json"
-    )
+    assert (
+        colors._HARDCODED_CHART_COLORS == json_chart
+    ), "Hardcoded chart-color fallback drifted from themes.json"
 
 
 def test_builtin_themes_is_json_derived_when_available() -> None:
diff --git a/tests/shared/python/ui/test_headless_import.py b/tests/shared/python/ui/test_headless_import.py
index 4c13a4dbb6..200db4f8bc 100644
--- a/tests/shared/python/ui/test_headless_import.py
+++ b/tests/shared/python/ui/test_headless_import.py
@@ -15,8 +15,7 @@
 
 def test_ui_imports_without_pyqt6() -> None:
     """Importing ``ui`` succeeds with PyQt6 forced absent; widgets are None."""
-    script = textwrap.dedent(
-        """
+    script = textwrap.dedent("""
         import sys
         import importlib.abc
 
@@ -42,8 +41,7 @@ def find_spec(self, name, path=None, target=None):
         assert "AutoCompleteLineEdit" in ui.__all__
         assert "HoverCopyTextBrowser" in ui.__all__
         print("HEADLESS_UI_IMPORT_OK")
-        """
-    )
+        """)
     result = subprocess.run(
         [sys.executable, "-c", script],
         capture_output=True,
@@ -51,9 +49,9 @@ def find_spec(self, name, path=None, target=None):
         check=False,
         cwd=_repo_src_dir(),
     )
-    assert result.returncode == 0, (
-        f"headless ui import failed:\nstdout={result.stdout}\nstderr={result.stderr}"
-    )
+    assert (
+        result.returncode == 0
+    ), f"headless ui import failed:\nstdout={result.stdout}\nstderr={result.stderr}"
     assert "HEADLESS_UI_IMPORT_OK" in result.stdout
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_gh1655_print_to_logging.py b/tests/test_gh1655_print_to_logging.py
index c20440567b..44436efd65 100644
--- a/tests/test_gh1655_print_to_logging.py
+++ b/tests/test_gh1655_print_to_logging.py
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ def test_import_logging_present(self) -> None:
             elif isinstance(node, ast.ImportFrom):
                 if node.module:
                     import_names.append(node.module)
-        assert "logging" in import_names, (
-            "logging must be imported in modern_robotics.py"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "logging" in import_names
+        ), "logging must be imported in modern_robotics.py"
 
 
 class TestNoUnguardedPrintInSrc:
@@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ def test_t201_in_ruff_select(self) -> None:
         ruff_toml = Path(__file__).parents[1] / "ruff.toml"
         config = tomllib.loads(ruff_toml.read_text())
         lint_select = config["lint"]["select"]
-        assert "T201" in lint_select, (
-            "T201 must be in [lint] select in ruff.toml to enforce no-print policy"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "T201" in lint_select
+        ), "T201 must be in [lint] select in ruff.toml to enforce no-print policy"
 
     def test_notebooks_excluded_from_t201(self) -> None:
         """Notebooks must be excluded from T201 (print is valid)."""
diff --git a/tests/test_gh1732_logging_consistency.py b/tests/test_gh1732_logging_consistency.py
index e6c75f1010..a513104392 100644
--- a/tests/test_gh1732_logging_consistency.py
+++ b/tests/test_gh1732_logging_consistency.py
@@ -113,9 +113,9 @@ def test_collection_covers_shared_python(self) -> None:
         """Sweep includes src/shared/python — the shared library layer."""
         files = _collect_library_py_files()
         shared_files = [f for f in files if "shared" in f.parts and "python" in f.parts]
-        assert len(shared_files) > 0, (
-            "Expected at least one file from src/shared/python/ in the sweep"
-        )
+        assert (
+            len(shared_files) > 0
+        ), "Expected at least one file from src/shared/python/ in the sweep"
 
     def test_collection_excludes_ruff_excluded_dirs(self) -> None:
         """Files from ruff-excluded directories are not in the sweep."""
@@ -123,18 +123,18 @@ def test_collection_excludes_ruff_excluded_dirs(self) -> None:
         for f in files:
             parts = f.relative_to(_SRC_ROOT).parts
             excluded = [p for p in parts if p in _RUFF_EXCLUDED_SRC_DIRS]
-            assert not excluded, (
-                f"File from excluded directory should not be in sweep: {f}"
-            )
+            assert (
+                not excluded
+            ), f"File from excluded directory should not be in sweep: {f}"
 
     def test_collection_excludes_test_subdirs(self) -> None:
         """Test subdirectories are not in the sweep."""
         files = _collect_library_py_files()
         for f in files:
             parts = f.relative_to(_SRC_ROOT).parts
-            assert "tests" not in parts, (
-                f"File from tests/ subdirectory should not be in sweep: {f}"
-            )
+            assert (
+                "tests" not in parts
+            ), f"File from tests/ subdirectory should not be in sweep: {f}"
 
 
 class TestLoggingConsistencyRuffConfig:
@@ -150,9 +150,9 @@ def test_t201_in_ruff_select(self) -> None:
         ruff_toml = _REPO_ROOT / "ruff.toml"
         config = tomllib.loads(ruff_toml.read_text())
         lint_select = config["lint"]["select"]
-        assert "T201" in lint_select, (
-            "T201 must be in [lint] select in ruff.toml to enforce the no-print policy"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "T201" in lint_select
+        ), "T201 must be in [lint] select in ruff.toml to enforce the no-print policy"
 
     def test_notebooks_excluded_from_t201(self) -> None:
         """Notebooks must have T201 suppressed (print is valid in notebooks)."""
diff --git a/tests/test_no_urdf_builder_root_duplicates.py b/tests/test_no_urdf_builder_root_duplicates.py
index 45d4ac2cfa..def755888f 100644
--- a/tests/test_no_urdf_builder_root_duplicates.py
+++ b/tests/test_no_urdf_builder_root_duplicates.py
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ def test_canonical_modules_present(self) -> None:
             "preview_generator.py",
         ]
         missing = [m for m in essential if not (_CANONICAL_PKG / m).exists()]
-        assert not missing, (
-            "Canonical package is missing essential modules: " + ", ".join(missing)
-        )
+        assert (
+            not missing
+        ), "Canonical package is missing essential modules: " + ", ".join(missing)
 
     def test_path_bridge_uses_insert_not_append(self) -> None:
         """__init__.py must use __path__.insert(0, …) not append (#3346).
diff --git a/tests/test_review_fixes_2026_03_09.py b/tests/test_review_fixes_2026_03_09.py
index b51be34217..f6077cc7cf 100644
--- a/tests/test_review_fixes_2026_03_09.py
+++ b/tests/test_review_fixes_2026_03_09.py
@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ def test_points_3_channels_fills_nan_residuals(self, reader):
             reader._metadata = None
             df = reader.points_dataframe(include_time=False)
             assert "residual" in df.columns
-            assert df["residual"].isna().all(), (
-                "Residuals should be NaN when only 3 channels present"
-            )
+            assert (
+                df["residual"].isna().all()
+            ), "Residuals should be NaN when only 3 channels present"
 
     def test_points_4_channels_has_residuals(self, reader):
         """When C3D has 4 channels, residuals are extracted normally."""
diff --git a/tests/test_sidekick_public_api_stability.py b/tests/test_sidekick_public_api_stability.py
index 4330060ceb..049da92468 100644
--- a/tests/test_sidekick_public_api_stability.py
+++ b/tests/test_sidekick_public_api_stability.py
@@ -254,17 +254,17 @@ def test_sidekick_public_api_stability(pytestconfig: pytest.Config) -> None:
         log.info("Regenerated public API baseline in %s", BASELINE_PATH)
         return
 
-    assert BASELINE_PATH.is_file(), (
-        "Baseline file not found. Run with --regenerate-api-baseline to create it."
-    )
+    assert (
+        BASELINE_PATH.is_file()
+    ), "Baseline file not found. Run with --regenerate-api-baseline to create it."
 
     with open(BASELINE_PATH, encoding="utf-8") as f:
         baseline_api = json.load(f)
 
     # Compare keys
-    assert set(current_api.keys()) == set(baseline_api.keys()), (
-        "Set of public sidekick module files changed."
-    )
+    assert set(current_api.keys()) == set(
+        baseline_api.keys()
+    ), "Set of public sidekick module files changed."
 
     # Perform detailed comparison to raise clean assertions
     mismatches = []
diff --git a/tests/test_src_package_import_contract.py b/tests/test_src_package_import_contract.py
index 31596170d4..43cbcdbc0e 100644
--- a/tests/test_src_package_import_contract.py
+++ b/tests/test_src_package_import_contract.py
@@ -48,6 +48,6 @@ def _import_under_consumer_contract(dotted: str) -> subprocess.CompletedProcess[
 def test_top_level_packages_import_under_repo_root_only(package: str) -> None:
     """``import src.<package>`` must succeed with only the repo root on path."""
     result = _import_under_consumer_contract(f"src.{package}")
-    assert result.returncode == 0, (
-        f"import src.{package} failed under repo-root-only sys.path:\n{result.stderr}"
-    )
+    assert (
+        result.returncode == 0
+    ), f"import src.{package} failed under repo-root-only sys.path:\n{result.stderr}"
diff --git a/tests/tools/test_logger_shim.py b/tests/tools/test_logger_shim.py
index e13f51251d..bc9aed11a0 100644
--- a/tests/tools/test_logger_shim.py
+++ b/tests/tools/test_logger_shim.py
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ def test_logger_shim_issues_deprecation_warning():
         import tools.logger  # noqa: F401
 
         dep_warnings = [w for w in caught if issubclass(w.category, DeprecationWarning)]
-        assert any("tools.logger" in str(w.message) for w in dep_warnings), (
-            "Expected DeprecationWarning about tools.logger"
-        )
+        assert any(
+            "tools.logger" in str(w.message) for w in dep_warnings
+        ), "Expected DeprecationWarning about tools.logger"
 
 
 def test_logger_shim_re_exports_setup_logging():
diff --git a/tests/unit/ai/gui/test_chat_export.py b/tests/unit/ai/gui/test_chat_export.py
index 56c8ac1f29..925a4c808c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/ai/gui/test_chat_export.py
+++ b/tests/unit/ai/gui/test_chat_export.py
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ def test_copy_button_visible_on_message_widget(self) -> None:
 
         widget = MessageWidget("user", "Hello world")
         assert hasattr(widget, "_copy_btn"), "MessageWidget missing _copy_btn attribute"
-        assert isinstance(widget._copy_btn, QToolButton), (
-            "_copy_btn must be a QToolButton"
-        )
+        assert isinstance(
+            widget._copy_btn, QToolButton
+        ), "_copy_btn must be a QToolButton"
         _ = app  # keep reference alive
diff --git a/tests/unit/ai/integrations/github_mcp/test_tool_descriptors.py b/tests/unit/ai/integrations/github_mcp/test_tool_descriptors.py
index ebbcfdf8b6..8cfc2c6b23 100644
--- a/tests/unit/ai/integrations/github_mcp/test_tool_descriptors.py
+++ b/tests/unit/ai/integrations/github_mcp/test_tool_descriptors.py
@@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ def test_write_tools_require_confirmation() -> None:
     """Mutating tools must opt into ``requires_confirmation=True``."""
     for tool in GITHUB_MCP_TOOL_DESCRIPTORS:
         if tool.name in _EXPECTED_WRITE_TOOLS:
-            assert tool.requires_confirmation is True, (
-                f"write tool {tool.name} must require confirmation"
-            )
+            assert (
+                tool.requires_confirmation is True
+            ), f"write tool {tool.name} must require confirmation"
         else:
-            assert tool.requires_confirmation is False, (
-                f"read tool {tool.name} must not require confirmation"
-            )
+            assert (
+                tool.requires_confirmation is False
+            ), f"read tool {tool.name} must not require confirmation"
 
 
 def test_write_tool_names_helper() -> None:
diff --git a/tests/unit/ai/mcp/test_notebooklm_server_phase2.py b/tests/unit/ai/mcp/test_notebooklm_server_phase2.py
index 43977a0259..b63741a26d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/ai/mcp/test_notebooklm_server_phase2.py
+++ b/tests/unit/ai/mcp/test_notebooklm_server_phase2.py
@@ -90,9 +90,9 @@ def test_phase2_confirmation_tools_have_metadata() -> None:
     tools_by_name = {tool["name"]: tool for tool in response["result"]["tools"]}
     for needs_confirm in ("generate_audio_overview", "attach_to_chat"):
         meta = tools_by_name[needs_confirm].get("metadata") or {}
-        assert meta.get("requires_confirmation") is True, (
-            f"{needs_confirm} must declare requires_confirmation=True"
-        )
+        assert (
+            meta.get("requires_confirmation") is True
+        ), f"{needs_confirm} must declare requires_confirmation=True"
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/tests/unit/ai/test_peer_review.py b/tests/unit/ai/test_peer_review.py
index 2eddeb5421..9388c65e1d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/ai/test_peer_review.py
+++ b/tests/unit/ai/test_peer_review.py
@@ -299,9 +299,9 @@ def test_dialog_has_model_selector(self) -> None:
 
         dlg = self._dialog_cls()
         combos = dlg.findChildren(QComboBox)
-        assert len(combos) >= 2, (
-            "Dialog must have at least two QComboBoxes (provider + model)"
-        )
+        assert (
+            len(combos) >= 2
+        ), "Dialog must have at least two QComboBoxes (provider + model)"
         dlg.close()
 
     def test_dialog_returns_selected_config(self) -> None:
@@ -311,8 +311,8 @@ def test_dialog_returns_selected_config(self) -> None:
         assert isinstance(config, tuple), "get_config() must return a tuple"
         assert len(config) == 2, "get_config() must return (provider, model)"
         provider, model = config
-        assert isinstance(provider, str) and provider, (
-            "provider must be a non-empty str"
-        )
+        assert (
+            isinstance(provider, str) and provider
+        ), "provider must be a non-empty str"
         assert isinstance(model, str) and model, "model must be a non-empty str"
         dlg.close()
diff --git a/tests/unit/chat/test_adapter_capabilities.py b/tests/unit/chat/test_adapter_capabilities.py
index b61b528f30..9ee07414be 100644
--- a/tests/unit/chat/test_adapter_capabilities.py
+++ b/tests/unit/chat/test_adapter_capabilities.py
@@ -259,14 +259,14 @@ def test_list_models_returns_non_empty_list_of_strings(
     ) -> None:
         adapter = factory()
         models = adapter.list_models()
-        assert isinstance(models, list), (
-            f"{provider_name}: list_models() must return a list"
-        )
+        assert isinstance(
+            models, list
+        ), f"{provider_name}: list_models() must return a list"
         assert models, f"{provider_name}: list_models() must not be empty"
         for entry in models:
-            assert isinstance(entry, str) and entry.strip(), (
-                f"{provider_name}: every model id must be a non-empty string"
-            )
+            assert (
+                isinstance(entry, str) and entry.strip()
+            ), f"{provider_name}: every model id must be a non-empty string"
 
     def test_list_models_is_offline_safe(self, provider_name: str, factory) -> None:
         """``list_models()`` must fall back to a static catalogue when the
@@ -286,9 +286,9 @@ def test_thinking_capabilities_returns_dataclass(
         assert caps.provider
         # Must always include at least the "none" level.
         names = caps.level_names()
-        assert "none" in names, (
-            f"{provider_name}: thinking_capabilities must include 'none'"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "none" in names
+        ), f"{provider_name}: thinking_capabilities must include 'none'"
         assert caps.default_level_name in names
 
     def test_thinking_capabilities_default_resolvable(
diff --git a/tests/unit/codemap/test_codemap_db.py b/tests/unit/codemap/test_codemap_db.py
index 0710346beb..ef83b67cde 100644
--- a/tests/unit/codemap/test_codemap_db.py
+++ b/tests/unit/codemap/test_codemap_db.py
@@ -118,8 +118,7 @@ def test_init_schema_migrates_legacy_fts_alias_schema() -> None:
     conn = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
 
     try:
-        conn.executescript(
-            """
+        conn.executescript("""
             CREATE TABLE meta (
                 key   TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
                 value TEXT NOT NULL
@@ -158,8 +157,7 @@ def test_init_schema_migrates_legacy_fts_alias_schema() -> None:
             CREATE TRIGGER symbols_ai AFTER INSERT ON symbols BEGIN
                 SELECT 1;
             END;
-            """
-        )
+            """)
 
         codemap_db.init_schema(conn)
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/lower_body_model/test_builder.py b/tests/unit/lower_body_model/test_builder.py
index ed1a0df176..a5f689456e 100644
--- a/tests/unit/lower_body_model/test_builder.py
+++ b/tests/unit/lower_body_model/test_builder.py
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ def test_build_lower_body_xml_generates_valid_mjcf() -> None:
     ]
 
     # We expect floating base / pelvis joints, hip, knee, ankle joints
-    assert "r_hip_x" in joint_names or "r_hip" in joint_names, (
-        "Should have right hip joint"
-    )
+    assert (
+        "r_hip_x" in joint_names or "r_hip" in joint_names
+    ), "Should have right hip joint"
     assert "r_knee" in joint_names, "Should have right knee joint"
     assert "l_knee" in joint_names, "Should have left knee joint"
 
@@ -137,9 +137,9 @@ def names_by_prefix(obj_type: int, count: int, prefix: str) -> set[str]:
     ):
         r_names = names_by_prefix(obj_type, count, "r_")
         l_names = names_by_prefix(obj_type, count, "l_")
-        assert r_names == l_names, (
-            f"obj_type={obj_type}: mismatch r={r_names} l={l_names}"
-        )
+        assert (
+            r_names == l_names
+        ), f"obj_type={obj_type}: mismatch r={r_names} l={l_names}"
 
 
 def test_builder_total_body_and_joint_counts() -> None:
diff --git a/tests/unit/lower_body_model/test_hip_rotation_target.py b/tests/unit/lower_body_model/test_hip_rotation_target.py
index d3eb8d965d..4c0cb334a9 100644
--- a/tests/unit/lower_body_model/test_hip_rotation_target.py
+++ b/tests/unit/lower_body_model/test_hip_rotation_target.py
@@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ def test_simulator_pelvis_driver_tracks_lateral_shift() -> None:
 
     final_y = float(sim.data.xpos[sim.pelvis_body_id][1])
     # The pelvis should have shifted in +Y during the downswing phase.
-    assert final_y - initial_y > 0.01, (
-        f"expected +Y shift; got {final_y - initial_y:.4f}"
-    )
+    assert (
+        final_y - initial_y > 0.01
+    ), f"expected +Y shift; got {final_y - initial_y:.4f}"
 
 
 def test_set_pelvis_inclined_rotation_rejects_bad_gains() -> None:
diff --git a/tests/unit/lower_body_model/test_simulator.py b/tests/unit/lower_body_model/test_simulator.py
index 55eab36fdd..80fbadf9a7 100644
--- a/tests/unit/lower_body_model/test_simulator.py
+++ b/tests/unit/lower_body_model/test_simulator.py
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ def test_induced_acceleration_analysis(simulator: LowerBodySimulator) -> None:
 
     # The total induced acceleration shouldn't be identically perfectly zero
     total_accel = sum(abs(v) for v in iaa_result.values())
-    assert total_accel > 1e-4, (
-        "Applied torque should induce some acceleration on the root body."
-    )
+    assert (
+        total_accel > 1e-4
+    ), "Applied torque should induce some acceleration on the root body."
 
 
 def test_history_recording_and_restoring(simulator: LowerBodySimulator) -> None:
diff --git a/tests/unit/rust/test_ai_backend_workspace.py b/tests/unit/rust/test_ai_backend_workspace.py
index d08a5069ab..a958edd65a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/rust/test_ai_backend_workspace.py
+++ b/tests/unit/rust/test_ai_backend_workspace.py
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@
 def test_ai_backend_in_cargo_workspace():
     """ai_backend must be a declared workspace member in the root Cargo.toml."""
     cargo_toml = (REPO_ROOT / "Cargo.toml").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
-    assert "ai_backend" in cargo_toml, (
-        "rust_core/ai_backend is not listed in the root workspace Cargo.toml members"
-    )
+    assert (
+        "ai_backend" in cargo_toml
+    ), "rust_core/ai_backend is not listed in the root workspace Cargo.toml members"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.unit
@@ -62,12 +62,12 @@ def test_maturin_ci_covers_all_platforms():
     for wf_path in candidates:
         content = wf_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8").lower()
         assert "windows" in content, f"{wf_path.name}: missing Windows runner"
-        assert "ubuntu" in content or "linux" in content, (
-            f"{wf_path.name}: missing Ubuntu/Linux runner"
-        )
-        assert "macos" in content or "mac" in content, (
-            f"{wf_path.name}: missing macOS runner"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "ubuntu" in content or "linux" in content
+        ), f"{wf_path.name}: missing Ubuntu/Linux runner"
+        assert (
+            "macos" in content or "mac" in content
+        ), f"{wf_path.name}: missing macOS runner"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.unit
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ def test_maturin_ci_covers_python_versions():
         + list(workflows_dir.glob("*ai_backend*"))
         + list(workflows_dir.glob("*ai-backend*"))
     )
-    assert candidates, (
-        "No maturin CI workflow found — cannot check Python version coverage."
-    )
+    assert (
+        candidates
+    ), "No maturin CI workflow found — cannot check Python version coverage."
 
     fleet_toolcache_limited = {
         "maturin-data-processor-core.yml",
@@ -94,9 +94,9 @@ def test_maturin_ci_covers_python_versions():
         for version in ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]:
             assert version in content, f"Python {version} not listed in {wf_path.name}"
         if wf_path.name in fleet_toolcache_limited:
-            assert "3.13" in content, (
-                f"{wf_path.name}: must document why Python 3.13 is not hard-gated"
-            )
+            assert (
+                "3.13" in content
+            ), f"{wf_path.name}: must document why Python 3.13 is not hard-gated"
             assert "toolcache" in content.lower(), (
                 f"{wf_path.name}: Python 3.13 deferral must cite runner "
                 "toolcache limits"
@@ -133,9 +133,9 @@ def test_ai_backend_cargo_toml_declares_local_embeddings_feature():
     crate_toml = (REPO_ROOT / "rust_core" / "ai_backend" / "Cargo.toml").read_text(
         encoding="utf-8"
     )
-    assert "local-embeddings" in crate_toml, (
-        "rust_core/ai_backend/Cargo.toml does not declare 'local-embeddings' feature."
-    )
+    assert (
+        "local-embeddings" in crate_toml
+    ), "rust_core/ai_backend/Cargo.toml does not declare 'local-embeddings' feature."
 
 
 @pytest.mark.unit
diff --git a/tests/unit/sidekick/agent/test_action_audit.py b/tests/unit/sidekick/agent/test_action_audit.py
index 51274c7b3a..d41e122d8a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/sidekick/agent/test_action_audit.py
+++ b/tests/unit/sidekick/agent/test_action_audit.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import json
-from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@
 
 def _call(**params: Any) -> RecordedCall:
     return RecordedCall(
-        timestamp=datetime(2026, 1, 2, tzinfo=timezone.utc),  # noqa: UP017 - Python 3.10 CI lacks datetime.UTC.
+        timestamp=datetime(
+            2026, 1, 2, tzinfo=UTC
+        ),  # noqa: UP017 - Python 3.10 CI lacks datetime.UTC.
         action_id="test.echo",
         params=params,
         descriptor=ActionDescriptor(
diff --git a/tests/unit/sidekick/agent/test_feature_catalog.py b/tests/unit/sidekick/agent/test_feature_catalog.py
index 6987b0b3a1..92a82535f0 100644
--- a/tests/unit/sidekick/agent/test_feature_catalog.py
+++ b/tests/unit/sidekick/agent/test_feature_catalog.py
@@ -116,7 +116,9 @@ def test_discovery_helpers_extract_metadata_and_walk_fake_package(
         ),
     )
 
-    walked = list(discovery._walk_package("sidekick.calculators", "calculator"))  # noqa: SLF001
+    walked = list(
+        discovery._walk_package("sidekick.calculators", "calculator")
+    )  # noqa: SLF001
 
     assert walked[0].feature_id == "calculator.fake_module"
     assert walked[0].title == "Fake Module"
@@ -133,7 +135,9 @@ def test_workflow_and_importability_discovery(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -
     workflows = discovery._discover_workflows()  # noqa: SLF001
 
     assert workflows[0].feature_id == "workflow.build"
-    assert discovery._discover_theme()[0].feature_id == "theme.sidekick_tokens"  # noqa: SLF001
+    assert (
+        discovery._discover_theme()[0].feature_id == "theme.sidekick_tokens"
+    )  # noqa: SLF001
     assert tuple(src.__name__ for src in discovery.discover_sources()) == (
         "_discover_calculators",
         "_discover_process_calculators",
diff --git a/tests/unit/sidekick/test_chat_redock.py b/tests/unit/sidekick/test_chat_redock.py
index 17535835f6..f8f564adb5 100644
--- a/tests/unit/sidekick/test_chat_redock.py
+++ b/tests/unit/sidekick/test_chat_redock.py
@@ -106,9 +106,9 @@ def test_chat_popout_window_has_redock_button(qtbot) -> None:  # type: ignore[no
     )
     qtbot.addWidget(win)
     redock_btn = win.findChild(QPushButton, _REDOCK_BUTTON_OBJECT_NAME)
-    assert redock_btn is not None, (
-        f"Expected QPushButton with objectName {_REDOCK_BUTTON_OBJECT_NAME!r}"
-    )
+    assert (
+        redock_btn is not None
+    ), f"Expected QPushButton with objectName {_REDOCK_BUTTON_OBJECT_NAME!r}"
 
 
 def test_chat_popout_window_redock_invokes_callback(qtbot) -> None:  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
diff --git a/tests/unit/sidekick/test_sidekick_f4_collaborators.py b/tests/unit/sidekick/test_sidekick_f4_collaborators.py
index 6281dc1ddd..158afef153 100644
--- a/tests/unit/sidekick/test_sidekick_f4_collaborators.py
+++ b/tests/unit/sidekick/test_sidekick_f4_collaborators.py
@@ -85,9 +85,9 @@ def test_set_definitions_mutates_in_place(self, qtbot: Any) -> None:
             [SidebarTabDefinition(tab_id="chat", title="Chat", factory=lambda *_: None)]
         )
 
-        assert alias is col._tab_definitions, (  # noqa: SLF001
-            "set_definitions() must not rebind the backing dict"
-        )
+        assert (
+            alias is col._tab_definitions
+        ), "set_definitions() must not rebind the backing dict"  # noqa: SLF001
         assert "chat" in alias, "alias must observe the new definition in place"
         assert col.definition_for("chat") is not None
 
@@ -105,9 +105,9 @@ def test_sync_order_mutates_ids_in_place(self, qtbot: Any) -> None:
 
         col.sync_order_from_widget()
 
-        assert alias is col._tab_ids, (  # noqa: SLF001
-            "sync_order_from_widget() must not rebind the backing list"
-        )
+        assert (
+            alias is col._tab_ids
+        ), "sync_order_from_widget() must not rebind the backing list"  # noqa: SLF001
         assert alias == ["a", "b"], "alias must observe current visual order"
 
     def test_add_duplicate_raises(self, qtbot: Any) -> None:
@@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ def test_replace_swaps_widget(self, qtbot: Any) -> None:
         result = col.replace(old_w, new_w)
 
         assert result is True, "replace() must return True"
-        assert col.widget_for("chat") is new_w, (
-            "widget_for() must return the new widget after replace()"
-        )
+        assert (
+            col.widget_for("chat") is new_w
+        ), "widget_for() must return the new widget after replace()"
         assert "chat" in col.visible_ids(), "id must still be in visible_ids()"
 
     def test_clear_resets_state(self, qtbot: Any) -> None:
@@ -170,9 +170,9 @@ def test_clear_resets_state(self, qtbot: Any) -> None:
         col.clear()
 
         assert col.visible_ids() == [], "visible_ids() must be empty after clear()"
-        assert col.widget_for("t") is None, (
-            "widget_for() must return None after clear()"
-        )
+        assert (
+            col.widget_for("t") is None
+        ), "widget_for() must return None after clear()"
 
     def test_contains_and_index_of(self, qtbot: Any) -> None:
         """contains() and index_of() must reflect actual id list."""
@@ -250,7 +250,9 @@ def test_toggle_collapsed_hides_tabs(self, qtbot: Any) -> None:
         assert not ctrl.is_collapsed, "starts expanded"
         ctrl.toggle_collapsed()
         assert ctrl.is_collapsed, "must be collapsed after toggle"
-        assert ctrl._tabs.isVisible() is False, "tabs must be hidden when collapsed"  # noqa: SLF001
+        assert (
+            ctrl._tabs.isVisible() is False
+        ), "tabs must be hidden when collapsed"  # noqa: SLF001
 
     def test_toggle_collapsed_shows_tabs_on_expand(self, qtbot: Any) -> None:
         """A second toggle_collapsed() must restore the tabs to visible."""
@@ -259,7 +261,9 @@ def test_toggle_collapsed_shows_tabs_on_expand(self, qtbot: Any) -> None:
         ctrl.toggle_collapsed()  # expand
 
         assert not ctrl.is_collapsed, "must be expanded after double toggle"
-        assert ctrl._tabs.isVisible() is True, "tabs must be visible after expanding"  # noqa: SLF001
+        assert (
+            ctrl._tabs.isVisible() is True
+        ), "tabs must be visible after expanding"  # noqa: SLF001
 
     def test_dock_widget_is_none_before_install(self, qtbot: Any) -> None:
         """dock_widget must be None before install_as_dock() is called."""
@@ -382,6 +386,8 @@ def test_two_projects_use_different_keys(self, tmp_path: Any) -> None:
         vp_b = VisibilityPersistence(project_root=root_b)
 
         # Access the private key to assert isolation (white-box)
-        assert vp_a._key != vp_b._key, (  # noqa: SLF001
+        assert (
+            vp_a._key != vp_b._key
+        ), (  # noqa: SLF001
             "Different roots must produce different QSettings keys (F5 isolation)"
         )
diff --git a/tests/unit/sidekick/test_sidekick_ux_hardening.py b/tests/unit/sidekick/test_sidekick_ux_hardening.py
index be4cc52be8..7000b786db 100644
--- a/tests/unit/sidekick/test_sidekick_ux_hardening.py
+++ b/tests/unit/sidekick/test_sidekick_ux_hardening.py
@@ -47,7 +47,9 @@ def test_submit_sends_single_newline(  # noqa: ANN201
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip("Qt/sidekick unavailable")
 
-        app = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication([])  # noqa: F841
+        _ = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication(
+            []
+        )  # noqa: F841
 
         written: list[bytes] = []
 
@@ -113,7 +115,9 @@ def _make_widget(  # noqa: ANN202
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip("Qt/sidekick unavailable")
 
-        app = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication([])  # noqa: F841
+        _ = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication(
+            []
+        )  # noqa: F841
         widget = SidekickOsTerminalWidget(
             project_root=tmp_path,
             shells=[
@@ -169,9 +173,9 @@ def test_persist_helper_exists(self) -> None:
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip("sidekick unavailable")
 
-        assert hasattr(UnifiedToolsSidebar, "_persist_visible_tabs"), (
-            "_persist_visible_tabs helper missing (F5 regression)"
-        )
+        assert hasattr(
+            UnifiedToolsSidebar, "_persist_visible_tabs"
+        ), "_persist_visible_tabs helper missing (F5 regression)"
 
     def test_qs_constants_are_defined(self) -> None:
         """Module-level QSettings constants must be present."""
@@ -182,9 +186,9 @@ def test_qs_constants_are_defined(self) -> None:
 
         assert hasattr(sb, "_QS_ORG"), "_QS_ORG constant missing"
         assert hasattr(sb, "_QS_APP"), "_QS_APP constant missing"
-        assert hasattr(sb, "_QS_VISIBLE_TABS_KEY"), (  # noqa: E501
-            "_QS_VISIBLE_TABS_KEY constant missing"
-        )
+        assert hasattr(
+            sb, "_QS_VISIBLE_TABS_KEY"
+        ), "_QS_VISIBLE_TABS_KEY constant missing"  # noqa: E501
 
     def test_persist_uses_explicit_org_app(  # noqa: ANN201
         self, tmp_path: Path, qtbot: Any
@@ -198,7 +202,9 @@ def test_persist_uses_explicit_org_app(  # noqa: ANN201
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip("Qt/sidekick unavailable")
 
-        app = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication([])  # noqa: F841
+        _ = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication(
+            []
+        )  # noqa: F841
         written: dict[str, Any] = {}
 
         class _FakeQSettings:
@@ -210,7 +216,9 @@ def setValue(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:  # noqa: N802
                 written["key"] = key
                 written["value"] = value
 
-            def value(self, key: str, default: Any = None, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:  # noqa: N802
+            def value(
+                self, key: str, default: Any = None, **kwargs: Any
+            ) -> Any:  # noqa: N802
                 return default
 
             def sync(self) -> None:  # noqa: N802
@@ -265,7 +273,9 @@ def test_second_call_raises_existing_dialog(  # noqa: ANN201
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip("Qt/sidekick unavailable")
 
-        app = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication([])  # noqa: F841
+        _ = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication(
+            []
+        )  # noqa: F841
         sidebar = UnifiedToolsSidebar(project_root=tmp_path)
         qtbot.addWidget(sidebar)
 
@@ -321,15 +331,15 @@ def test_quick_access_methods_exist(self) -> None:
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip("sidekick unavailable")
 
-        assert hasattr(ProjectFileExplorer, "_restore_quick_access"), (
-            "_restore_quick_access missing (F10 regression)"
-        )
-        assert hasattr(ProjectFileExplorer, "_save_quick_access"), (
-            "_save_quick_access missing (F10 regression)"
-        )
-        assert hasattr(ProjectFileExplorer, "_quick_access_settings_key"), (
-            "_quick_access_settings_key missing (F10 regression)"
-        )
+        assert hasattr(
+            ProjectFileExplorer, "_restore_quick_access"
+        ), "_restore_quick_access missing (F10 regression)"
+        assert hasattr(
+            ProjectFileExplorer, "_save_quick_access"
+        ), "_save_quick_access missing (F10 regression)"
+        assert hasattr(
+            ProjectFileExplorer, "_quick_access_settings_key"
+        ), "_quick_access_settings_key missing (F10 regression)"
 
     def test_add_to_quick_access_rejects_duplicates(  # noqa: ANN201
         self, tmp_path: Path, qtbot: Any
@@ -343,7 +353,9 @@ def test_add_to_quick_access_rejects_duplicates(  # noqa: ANN201
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip("Qt/sidekick unavailable")
 
-        app = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication([])  # noqa: F841
+        _ = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication(
+            []
+        )  # noqa: F841
         explorer = ProjectFileExplorer(project_root=tmp_path, parent=None)
         qtbot.addWidget(explorer)
 
@@ -464,9 +476,9 @@ def test_replace_tab_widget_exists(self) -> None:
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip("sidekick unavailable")
 
-        assert hasattr(UnifiedToolsSidebar, "replace_tab_widget"), (
-            "replace_tab_widget public method missing (F8 regression)"
-        )
+        assert hasattr(
+            UnifiedToolsSidebar, "replace_tab_widget"
+        ), "replace_tab_widget public method missing (F8 regression)"
         assert callable(UnifiedToolsSidebar.replace_tab_widget)
 
     def test_replace_tab_widget_updates_map(self, tmp_path: Path, qtbot: Any) -> None:
@@ -479,7 +491,9 @@ def test_replace_tab_widget_updates_map(self, tmp_path: Path, qtbot: Any) -> Non
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip("Qt/sidekick unavailable")
 
-        app = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication([])  # noqa: F841
+        _ = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication(
+            []
+        )  # noqa: F841
         sidebar = UnifiedToolsSidebar(project_root=tmp_path)
         qtbot.addWidget(sidebar)
 
@@ -493,7 +507,9 @@ def test_replace_tab_widget_updates_map(self, tmp_path: Path, qtbot: Any) -> Non
         result = sidebar.replace_tab_widget(old_widget, new_widget)
 
         assert result is True, "replace_tab_widget returned False unexpectedly"
-        assert sidebar._tab_widgets.get("swap_test") is new_widget, (  # noqa: SLF001
+        assert (
+            sidebar._tab_widgets.get("swap_test") is new_widget
+        ), (  # noqa: SLF001
             "_tab_widgets still points to old_widget after swap (F8 regression)"
         )
 
@@ -509,7 +525,9 @@ def test_replace_tab_widget_returns_false_for_unknown(
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip("Qt/sidekick unavailable")
 
-        app = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication([])  # noqa: F841
+        _ = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication(
+            []
+        )  # noqa: F841
         sidebar = UnifiedToolsSidebar(project_root=tmp_path)
         qtbot.addWidget(sidebar)
 
@@ -544,12 +562,12 @@ def test_update_from_notifies_subscribers(self) -> None:
         target.update_from(source)
 
         notified_names = {name for _, name in events}
-        assert "x" in notified_names, (
-            "Subscriber was not notified for 'x' (F9 regression)"
-        )
-        assert "y" in notified_names, (
-            "Subscriber was not notified for 'y' (F9 regression)"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "x" in notified_names
+        ), "Subscriber was not notified for 'x' (F9 regression)"
+        assert (
+            "y" in notified_names
+        ), "Subscriber was not notified for 'y' (F9 regression)"
 
     def test_update_from_validates_names(self) -> None:
         """update_from must reject invalid variable names from the source."""
@@ -583,9 +601,9 @@ def test_update_from_replace_clears_existing(self) -> None:
 
         target.update_from(source, replace=True)
 
-        assert target.list_names() == ["new"], (
-            "replace=True did not clear existing variables (F9 regression)"
-        )
+        assert target.list_names() == [
+            "new"
+        ], "replace=True did not clear existing variables (F9 regression)"
 
     def test_repr_only_entries_are_merged_and_notified(self) -> None:
         """Repr-only entries from a loaded registry must be merged + notify fired."""
@@ -611,12 +629,12 @@ def test_repr_only_entries_are_merged_and_notified(self) -> None:
 
         target.update_from(source)
 
-        assert "arr" in target.list_names(), (
-            "repr-only variable not merged by update_from (F9 regression)"
-        )
-        assert "arr" in events, (
-            "Subscriber not notified for repr-only variable (F9 regression)"
-        )
+        assert (
+            "arr" in target.list_names()
+        ), "repr-only variable not merged by update_from (F9 regression)"
+        assert (
+            "arr" in events
+        ), "Subscriber not notified for repr-only variable (F9 regression)"
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -640,7 +658,9 @@ def _make_widget_with_fake_backend(
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip("Qt/sidekick unavailable")
 
-        app = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication([])  # noqa: F841
+        _ = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication(
+            []
+        )  # noqa: F841
 
         written: list[bytes] = []
 
@@ -684,9 +704,9 @@ def test_send_interrupt_writes_etx(self, tmp_path: Path, qtbot: Any) -> None:
         widget, written = self._make_widget_with_fake_backend(tmp_path, qtbot)
         widget._send_interrupt()  # noqa: SLF001
         assert written, "_send_interrupt did not write anything to backend"
-        assert written[0] == b"\x03", (
-            f"Expected b'\\x03' but got {written[0]!r} (F2 regression)"
-        )
+        assert (
+            written[0] == b"\x03"
+        ), f"Expected b'\\x03' but got {written[0]!r} (F2 regression)"
 
     def test_history_records_submitted_commands(
         self, tmp_path: Path, qtbot: Any
@@ -698,7 +718,9 @@ def test_history_records_submitted_commands(
         widget._input.setText("pwd")  # noqa: SLF001
         widget._on_submit()  # noqa: SLF001
 
-        assert widget._history[0] == "pwd", (  # noqa: SLF001
+        assert (
+            widget._history[0] == "pwd"
+        ), (  # noqa: SLF001
             "Most recent command must be first in history (F2 regression)"
         )
         assert widget._history[1] == "ls -la"  # noqa: SLF001
@@ -711,9 +733,9 @@ def test_history_rejects_exact_duplicates(self, tmp_path: Path, qtbot: Any) -> N
         widget._input.setText("echo hi")  # noqa: SLF001
         widget._on_submit()  # noqa: SLF001
 
-        assert widget._history.count("echo hi") == 1, (  # noqa: SLF001
-            "Duplicate command was added to history (F2 regression)"
-        )
+        assert (
+            widget._history.count("echo hi") == 1
+        ), "Duplicate command was added to history (F2 regression)"  # noqa: SLF001
 
     def test_navigate_history_older(self, tmp_path: Path, qtbot: Any) -> None:
         """Up-arrow (direction=1) must populate the input with older commands."""
@@ -725,15 +747,17 @@ def test_navigate_history_older(self, tmp_path: Path, qtbot: Any) -> None:
 
         # Navigate one step back (most recent = "second")
         widget._navigate_history(direction=1)  # noqa: SLF001
-        assert widget._input.text() == "second", (  # noqa: SLF001
+        assert (
+            widget._input.text() == "second"
+        ), (  # noqa: SLF001
             "First up-arrow should show most recent command (F2 regression)"
         )
 
         # Navigate one more step back (older = "first")
         widget._navigate_history(direction=1)  # noqa: SLF001
-        assert widget._input.text() == "first", (  # noqa: SLF001
-            "Second up-arrow should show older command (F2 regression)"
-        )
+        assert (
+            widget._input.text() == "first"
+        ), "Second up-arrow should show older command (F2 regression)"  # noqa: SLF001
 
     def test_navigate_history_forward_restores_scratch(
         self, tmp_path: Path, qtbot: Any
@@ -747,7 +771,9 @@ def test_navigate_history_forward_restores_scratch(
         widget._navigate_history(direction=1)  # noqa: SLF001  # go back
         widget._navigate_history(direction=-1)  # noqa: SLF001  # come forward
 
-        assert widget._input.text() == "new draft", (  # noqa: SLF001
+        assert (
+            widget._input.text() == "new draft"
+        ), (  # noqa: SLF001
             "Navigating forward past newest should restore live draft (F2 regression)"
         )
 
@@ -774,7 +800,9 @@ def _make_repl(self, qtbot: Any) -> Any:
         except ImportError:
             pytest.skip("Qt/sidekick unavailable")
 
-        app = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication([])  # noqa: F841
+        _ = QtWidgets.QApplication.instance() or QtWidgets.QApplication(
+            []
+        )  # noqa: F841
         reg = WorkspaceRegistry()
         widget = runtime_tabs.PythonReplWidget(
             registry=reg,
@@ -787,23 +815,23 @@ def _make_repl(self, qtbot: Any) -> Any:
     def test_cancel_button_present_and_hidden(self, qtbot: Any) -> None:
         """Widget must expose _cancel_button, initially hidden and disabled."""
         widget = self._make_repl(qtbot)
-        assert hasattr(widget, "_cancel_button"), (
-            "_cancel_button missing (F6 regression)"
-        )
-        assert not widget._cancel_button.isVisible(), (  # noqa: SLF001
-            "_cancel_button should be hidden at rest (F6 regression)"
-        )
-        assert not widget._cancel_button.isEnabled(), (  # noqa: SLF001
-            "_cancel_button should be disabled at rest (F6 regression)"
-        )
+        assert hasattr(
+            widget, "_cancel_button"
+        ), "_cancel_button missing (F6 regression)"
+        assert (
+            not widget._cancel_button.isVisible()
+        ), "_cancel_button should be hidden at rest (F6 regression)"  # noqa: SLF001
+        assert (
+            not widget._cancel_button.isEnabled()
+        ), "_cancel_button should be disabled at rest (F6 regression)"  # noqa: SLF001
 
     def test_status_label_present_and_hidden(self, qtbot: Any) -> None:
         """Widget must expose _status_label, initially hidden."""
         widget = self._make_repl(qtbot)
         assert hasattr(widget, "_status_label"), "_status_label missing (F6 regression)"
-        assert not widget._status_label.isVisible(), (  # noqa: SLF001
-            "_status_label should be hidden at rest (F6 regression)"
-        )
+        assert (
+            not widget._status_label.isVisible()
+        ), "_status_label should be hidden at rest (F6 regression)"  # noqa: SLF001
 
     def test_execute_completes_and_shows_output(self, qtbot: Any) -> None:
         """execute() must complete and write output to the output pane."""
@@ -823,23 +851,27 @@ def test_set_running_toggles_controls(self, qtbot: Any) -> None:
         widget = self._make_repl(qtbot)
         widget._set_running(True)  # noqa: SLF001
 
-        assert not widget._run_button.isEnabled(), (  # noqa: SLF001
-            "Run button must be disabled while running (F6 regression)"
-        )
+        assert (
+            not widget._run_button.isEnabled()
+        ), "Run button must be disabled while running (F6 regression)"  # noqa: SLF001
         # In headless tests the top-level window is never shown, so isVisible()
         # returns False even after setVisible(True).  isHidden() checks the
         # widget's own explicit visibility bit, which is reliable here.
-        assert not widget._cancel_button.isHidden(), (  # noqa: SLF001
+        assert (
+            not widget._cancel_button.isHidden()
+        ), (  # noqa: SLF001
             "Cancel button must not be hidden while running (F6 regression)"
         )
-        assert not widget._status_label.isHidden(), (  # noqa: SLF001
+        assert (
+            not widget._status_label.isHidden()
+        ), (  # noqa: SLF001
             "Status label must not be hidden while running (F6 regression)"
         )
 
         widget._set_running(False)  # noqa: SLF001
-        assert widget._run_button.isEnabled(), (  # noqa: SLF001
-            "Run button must re-enable after stop (F6 regression)"
-        )
-        assert widget._cancel_button.isHidden(), (  # noqa: SLF001
-            "Cancel button must be hidden after stop (F6 regression)"
-        )
+        assert (
+            widget._run_button.isEnabled()
+        ), "Run button must re-enable after stop (F6 regression)"  # noqa: SLF001
+        assert (
+            widget._cancel_button.isHidden()
+        ), "Cancel button must be hidden after stop (F6 regression)"  # noqa: SLF001
diff --git a/tests/unit/sidekick/test_tab_context_menu.py b/tests/unit/sidekick/test_tab_context_menu.py
index b59208657e..2a2c12a1ff 100644
--- a/tests/unit/sidekick/test_tab_context_menu.py
+++ b/tests/unit/sidekick/test_tab_context_menu.py
@@ -249,9 +249,9 @@ def test_context_menu_has_minimize_action(tmp_path: Path, qtbot: Any) -> None:
     menu = build_tab_context_menu(sidebar, tab_id)
     qtbot.addWidget(menu)
     action_texts = {a.text() for a in menu.actions() if a.text()}
-    assert "Minimize Sidebar" in action_texts, (
-        f"Expected 'Minimize Sidebar' in {action_texts}"
-    )
+    assert (
+        "Minimize Sidebar" in action_texts
+    ), f"Expected 'Minimize Sidebar' in {action_texts}"
 
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_check_coverage_policy.py b/tests/unit/test_check_coverage_policy.py
index d997408997..ebffc6c121 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_check_coverage_policy.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_check_coverage_policy.py
@@ -195,7 +195,9 @@ def test_large_consolidation_branch_skips_changed_test_expansion() -> None:
     run_tests_block = workflow.split(
         "- name: Run Tests with Coverage",
         maxsplit=1,
-    )[1].split("- name: Provider-Contract Suite", maxsplit=1)[0]
+    )[
+        1
+    ].split("- name: Provider-Contract Suite", maxsplit=1)[0]
 
     assert "large_consolidation_branch=false" in run_tests_block
     assert 'BRANCH_NAME" = "consolidate/open-prs-20260620' in run_tests_block
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_check_sidekick_coverage.py b/tests/unit/test_check_sidekick_coverage.py
index e1b85e8878..f204397ecc 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_check_sidekick_coverage.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_check_sidekick_coverage.py
@@ -13,16 +13,13 @@ def _line_xml(hits_by_line: list[int]) -> str:
             for idx, hits in enumerate(hits_by_line, 1)
         )
 
-    class_xml = "\n".join(
-        f"""
+    class_xml = "\n".join(f"""
         <class filename="{filename}">
           <lines>
             {_line_xml(hits_by_line)}
           </lines>
         </class>
-        """
-        for filename, hits_by_line in classes
-    )
+        """ for filename, hits_by_line in classes)
     path.write_text(
         f"""<?xml version="1.0" ?>
 <coverage>
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_epic_2661_children_verification.py b/tests/unit/test_epic_2661_children_verification.py
index 3df22bc501..79a0e045d8 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_epic_2661_children_verification.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_epic_2661_children_verification.py
@@ -47,12 +47,12 @@ def _exists(rel_path: str) -> bool:
 @pytest.mark.unit
 def test_2662_tab_context_menus() -> None:
     """#2662: Tab workflow controls moved to right-click menus."""
-    assert (SIDEBAR / "tab_context_menu.py").is_file(), (
-        "tab_context_menu.py missing — #2662 may be phantom-closed"
-    )
-    assert (SIDEBAR / "tab_context_menu.py").stat().st_size > 500, (
-        "tab_context_menu.py appears to be a stub (< 500 bytes)"
-    )
+    assert (
+        SIDEBAR / "tab_context_menu.py"
+    ).is_file(), "tab_context_menu.py missing — #2662 may be phantom-closed"
+    assert (
+        SIDEBAR / "tab_context_menu.py"
+    ).stat().st_size > 500, "tab_context_menu.py appears to be a stub (< 500 bytes)"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.unit
@@ -141,13 +141,13 @@ def test_2673_jupyter_tab_phased_implementation() -> None:
     """
     # The phased implementation should have a jupyter_tab subpackage
     jupyter_dir = SIDEBAR / "jupyter_tab"
-    assert jupyter_dir.is_dir(), (
-        "jupyter_tab/ directory missing — phased Jupyter implementation not landed"
-    )
+    assert (
+        jupyter_dir.is_dir()
+    ), "jupyter_tab/ directory missing — phased Jupyter implementation not landed"
     assert (jupyter_dir / "widget.py").is_file(), "jupyter_tab/widget.py missing"
-    assert (jupyter_dir / "availability.py").is_file(), (
-        "jupyter_tab/availability.py missing (soft-dependency guard)"
-    )
+    assert (
+        jupyter_dir / "availability.py"
+    ).is_file(), "jupyter_tab/availability.py missing (soft-dependency guard)"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.unit
@@ -182,17 +182,17 @@ def test_2675_shared_calculator_workspace_contract() -> None:
     workspace_contract = (
         REPO_ROOT / "src" / "shared" / "python" / "sidekick" / "workspace_contract.py"
     )
-    assert workspace_contract.is_file(), (
-        "workspace_contract.py missing — #2675 shared contract not implemented"
-    )
+    assert (
+        workspace_contract.is_file()
+    ), "workspace_contract.py missing — #2675 shared contract not implemented"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.unit
 def test_2676_host_integration() -> None:
     """#2676: Proven shared host integration across downstream consumers."""
-    assert (INTEGRATION / "test_sidekick_host_integration.py").is_file(), (
-        "Integration test file missing for #2676"
-    )
+    assert (
+        INTEGRATION / "test_sidekick_host_integration.py"
+    ).is_file(), "Integration test file missing for #2676"
     content = (INTEGRATION / "test_sidekick_host_integration.py").read_text(
         encoding="utf-8"
     )
@@ -251,9 +251,9 @@ def test_2682_symbolic_solver() -> None:
 
     Being implemented on branch fix/issue-2934-symbolic-solver.
     """
-    assert (SIDEKICK / "symbolic_engine.py").is_file(), (
-        "symbolic_engine.py missing — #2682 not yet fully landed"
-    )
+    assert (
+        SIDEKICK / "symbolic_engine.py"
+    ).is_file(), "symbolic_engine.py missing — #2682 not yet fully landed"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.unit
@@ -276,9 +276,9 @@ def test_2684_rotation_converter_tab() -> None:
     """
     assert (SIDEBAR / "default_tabs.py").is_file()
     content = (SIDEBAR / "default_tabs.py").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
-    assert "rotation" in content.lower() or "ROTATION_CONVERTER" in content, (
-        "default_tabs.py does not appear to include Rotation Converter tab"
-    )
+    assert (
+        "rotation" in content.lower() or "ROTATION_CONVERTER" in content
+    ), "default_tabs.py does not appear to include Rotation Converter tab"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.unit
@@ -396,6 +396,6 @@ def test_epic_2661_implementation_summary() -> None:
         UserWarning,
         stacklevel=2,
     )
-    assert len(present) + len(missing_core) == len(files_to_check), (
-        "Epic #2661 summary inventory lost or duplicated file entries"
-    )
+    assert len(present) + len(missing_core) == len(
+        files_to_check
+    ), "Epic #2661 summary inventory lost or duplicated file entries"
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_sidekick_import_deprecation.py b/tests/unit/test_sidekick_import_deprecation.py
index 3711f79f23..d239e114e8 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_sidekick_import_deprecation.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_sidekick_import_deprecation.py
@@ -93,9 +93,9 @@ def test_sidekick_package_exists() -> None:
         f"sidekick package directory missing: {SIDEKICK_SRC}. "
         "The Phase 2 rename has not been executed."
     )
-    assert (SIDEKICK_SRC / "__init__.py").is_file(), (
-        f"sidekick/__init__.py missing — package is incomplete: {SIDEKICK_SRC}"
-    )
+    assert (
+        SIDEKICK_SRC / "__init__.py"
+    ).is_file(), f"sidekick/__init__.py missing — package is incomplete: {SIDEKICK_SRC}"
 
 
 @pytest.mark.unit
@@ -105,7 +105,9 @@ def test_deprecation_shim_exists() -> None:
         f"Deprecation shim directory missing: {SHIM_DIR}. "
         "Create it with a DeprecationWarning on import."
     )
-    assert (SHIM_DIR / "__init__.py").is_file(), (
+    assert (
+        SHIM_DIR / "__init__.py"
+    ).is_file(), (
         f"upstream_drift_tools/__init__.py missing — shim is not a package: {SHIM_DIR}"
     )
 
@@ -251,6 +253,6 @@ def test_canonical_package_importable() -> None:
     import sidekick  # noqa: F401
 
     assert sidekick is not None
-    assert hasattr(sidekick, "__version__"), (
-        "sidekick package must expose __version__ for downstream compatibility"
-    )
+    assert hasattr(
+        sidekick, "__version__"
+    ), "sidekick package must expose __version__ for downstream compatibility"
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_sidekick_package_rename.py b/tests/unit/test_sidekick_package_rename.py
index 6ef10e71e4..224fbb68f4 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_sidekick_package_rename.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_sidekick_package_rename.py
@@ -56,21 +56,18 @@ def _assert_import_probe_succeeds(result: subprocess.CompletedProcess[str]) -> N
 @pytest.mark.unit
 def test_sidekick_package_importable() -> None:
     """The new canonical name must be importable."""
-    result = _run_import_probe(
-        """
+    result = _run_import_probe("""
         import sidekick
 
         assert sidekick is not None
-        """
-    )
+        """)
     _assert_import_probe_succeeds(result)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.unit
 def test_upstream_drift_tools_shim_imports() -> None:
     """Old name still works (backward compat) and emits a DeprecationWarning."""
-    result = _run_import_probe(
-        """
+    result = _run_import_probe("""
         import warnings
 
         with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as caught:
@@ -87,16 +84,14 @@ def test_upstream_drift_tools_shim_imports() -> None:
             "Expected at least one DeprecationWarning about 'deprecated' from "
             f"the shim, but got: {[str(warning.message) for warning in caught]}"
         )
-        """
-    )
+        """)
     _assert_import_probe_succeeds(result)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.unit
 def test_shim_and_canonical_are_same_object() -> None:
     """Shim re-exports point to the same canonical sidekick objects (no duplication)."""
-    result = _run_import_probe(
-        """
+    result = _run_import_probe("""
         import warnings
 
         import sidekick.data_processing
@@ -109,8 +104,7 @@ def test_shim_and_canonical_are_same_object() -> None:
             "sidekick.data_processing and upstream_drift_tools.data_processing "
             "must be the same module object (shim must proxy, not copy)"
         )
-        """
-    )
+        """)
     _assert_import_probe_succeeds(result)