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<a class="article-title" href="/2019/01/24/Flask关联模型/">Flask关联模型</a>
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<a href="/2019/01/24/Flask关联模型/" class="archive-article-date">
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<h1 id="Flask关联模型"><a href="#Flask关联模型" class="headerlink" title="Flask关联模型:"></a>Flask关联模型:</h1><h2 id="一对多"><a href="#一对多" class="headerlink" title="一对多"></a>一对多</h2><pre><code>定义外键字段, db.ForeignKey('关联表名.id')
关联字段 db.relationship('关联的模型名',backref='反向引用参数')
重点:relationship定义的字段,可以放在任何一个模型中
</code></pre><h2 id="多对多"><a href="#多对多" class="headerlink" title="多对多"></a>多对多</h2><pre><code>定义外键是通过中间表,db.Table(表名,字段)
关联字段 db.relationship('关联的模型名',secondary='中间表',backref='反向应用参数')
重点:relationship定义的字段,可以放在任何一个模型中
</code></pre>
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<article id="post-Flask模型和数据库的增删改查" class="article article-type-post article-index" itemscope="" itemprop="blogPost">
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<a class="article-title" href="/2019/01/24/Flask模型和数据库的增删改查/">Flask的模型和数据库的增删改查</a>
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<h2 id="一-Flask的模型"><a href="#一-Flask的模型" class="headerlink" title="一.Flask的模型"></a>一.Flask的模型</h2><pre><code>安装Flask-SQLAlchemy
pip install sqlalchemy
</code></pre><h3 id="1-在models-py中定义"><a href="#1-在models-py中定义" class="headerlink" title="(1)在models.py中定义:"></a>(1)在models.py中定义:</h3><pre><code>db = SQLAlchemy()
</code></pre><h3 id="2-在manage-py中"><a href="#2-在manage-py中" class="headerlink" title="(2)在manage.py中:"></a>(2)在manage.py中:</h3><pre><code>app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql+pymysql://root:123456@127.0.0.1:3306/flask8'
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = False
db.init_app(app)
</code></pre><h2 id="二-Flask数据库的增删改查"><a href="#二-Flask数据库的增删改查" class="headerlink" title="二.Flask数据库的增删改查:"></a>二.Flask数据库的增删改查:</h2><h3 id="1-增"><a href="#1-增" class="headerlink" title="1.增"></a>1.增</h3><pre><code>增加学生信息
db.session.add(stu)
sb.session.commit()
批量增加学生信息
db.session.add_all(stus)
db.session.commit()
</code></pre><h3 id="2-删"><a href="#2-删" class="headerlink" title="2.删"></a>2.删</h3><pre><code>db.session.delete(stu)
db.session.commit()
</code></pre><h3 id="3-改"><a href="#3-改" class="headerlink" title="3.改"></a>3.改</h3><pre><code>db.session.add(stu) : 更新内容可以不写
db.session.commit()
</code></pre><h3 id="4-查"><a href="#4-查" class="headerlink" title="4.查"></a>4.查</h3><pre><code>三种查询主键的方式:
Student.query.filter(Student.id == 1).first()
stu = Student.query.filter_by(id=1).first()
stu = Student.query.get(1)
查询第一个对象:
stu1 = Student.query.all()[0]
stu2 = Student.query.first()
</code></pre><h3 id="1-排序"><a href="#1-排序" class="headerlink" title="(1)排序"></a>(1)排序</h3><pre><code>order_by('-id') :表示安装id的降序排数据
order_by('id') :表示安装id的升序排数据
</code></pre><h3 id="2-分页"><a href="#2-分页" class="headerlink" title="(2)分页"></a>(2)分页</h3><pre><code>方法1(切片):
stus = Student.query.all()[:4]
方法2:
offset(m).limit(n):表示跳过m个参数,截取n个参数
</code></pre><h3 id="3-比较符号"><a href="#3-比较符号" class="headerlink" title="(3)比较符号"></a>(3)比较符号</h3><pre><code>gt ge lt le : 大于 大于等于 小于 小于等于
stus = Student.query.filter(Student.s_age.__gt__(30)).all()
第二种(直接使用> < >= <= ):
stus = Student.query.filter(Student.s_age > 30).all()
</code></pre><h3 id="4-模糊查询"><a href="#4-模糊查询" class="headerlink" title="(4)模糊查询"></a>(4)模糊查询</h3><pre><code>包含查询:
stus = Student.query.filter(Student.s_name.contains('d')).all()
以什么开头:
stus = Student.query.filter(Student.s_name.startswith('p')).all()
以什么结尾:
stus = Student.query.filter(Student.s_name.endswith('e')).all()
模糊查询('_' 匹配一位,'%' 匹配任意长度的数据):
stus = Student.query.filter(Student.s_name.like('__a%')).all()
</code></pre><h3 id="5-多条件查询"><a href="#5-多条件查询" class="headerlink" title="(5)多条件查询"></a>(5)多条件查询</h3><pre><code>且:
1.链式结构查询:
stus = Student.query.filter(Student.s_name.contains('e')).filter(Student.s_age > 35).all()
2._and方法或者,号隔开
stus = Student.query.filter(and_(Student.s_name.contains('e'), Student.s_age > 35)).all()
stus = Student.query.filter(Student.s_name.contains('e'), Student.s_age > 35).all()
或:
or_方法:
stus = Student.query.filter(or_(Student.s_name.contains('e'), Student.s_age > 35)).all()
非:
not_方法:
stus = Student.query.filter( not_(Student.s_name.contains('e') )).all()
</code></pre><h3 id="6-分页"><a href="#6-分页" class="headerlink" title="(6)分页"></a>(6)分页</h3><pre><code>第一种方法(切片):
第二种方法(limit offset):
第三种方法(paginate):
has_prev/has_next 是否有上一页/下一页
prev_num/next_num 上一页/下一页 的页码
page:当前页码 pages:总页数
循环取页码 iter_pages()
</code></pre>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2019/01/22/Flask(安装-管理-蓝图)/">Flask(安装-蓝图)</a>
</h1>
<a href="/2019/01/22/Flask(安装-管理-蓝图)/" class="archive-article-date">
<time datetime="2019-01-21T16:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished"><i class="icon-calendar icon"></i>2019-01-22</time>
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<h2 id="Flask"><a href="#Flask" class="headerlink" title="Flask"></a>Flask</h2><p>什么是flask?<br>一个微量级别的python web 框架</p>
<h3 id="一-创建虚拟环境和最小的flask最小应用"><a href="#一-创建虚拟环境和最小的flask最小应用" class="headerlink" title="一.创建虚拟环境和最小的flask最小应用"></a>一.创建虚拟环境和最小的flask最小应用</h3><p>1.使用virtualenv创建虚拟环境flaskenv</p>
<pre><code>virtualenv --no-site-packages -p (python环境路径) 文件名
</code></pre><p>2.激活虚拟环境,安装flask第三方库</p>
<pre><code>pip install flask
</code></pre><p>3.启动pycharm 打开我们在新建的文件夹day01,新建一个hello.py.</p>
<p>最小7行代码,实现flask最小应用,运行即可.</p>
<p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/5p5kxLe.png" alt=""></p>
<h3 id="二-改变flask-ip和端口"><a href="#二-改变flask-ip和端口" class="headerlink" title="二.改变flask ip和端口"></a>二.改变flask ip和端口</h3><p>1.安装flask-script库<br>(1). 可以将所有要安装的库名保存到requirement.txt中,通过指令安装</p>
<pre><code>pip install -r requirement.txt
</code></pre><p>(2).新建manage.py,导入三方库中的Manager,对app对象进行管理</p>
<p>启动命令: Teminal中:</p>
<pre><code>python manage.py runserver -p 端口 -h 0.0.0.0 -d
</code></pre><p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/ratcyWx.png" alt=""></p>
<h3 id="三-蓝图使用"><a href="#三-蓝图使用" class="headerlink" title="三.蓝图使用"></a>三.蓝图使用</h3><p>(1).安装flask-blueprint库</p>
<p>(2).在views.py中生成一个蓝图对象</p>
<pre><code>from flask import Blueprint
blue = Blueprint('first', __name__)
@blue.route('/hello/')
</code></pre><p>(3).在manage.py中注册一个蓝图</p>
<pre><code>from app.views import blue
app.register_blueprint(blueprint=blue,url_prefix='/app')
</code></pre>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2019/01/22/Flask(路由-请求响应)/">Flask(路由-请求响应)</a>
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<p>(1).路由重定向:</p>
<p>使用redirect实现重定向,且括号内为需要跳转的路由</p>
<pre><code> @blue.route('/redirect_hello/')
def redirect_hello():
# 实现重定向:
# 第一种方式
# return redirect('/app/hello/')
# 第二种方式: 使用url_for的形式进行反向解析
# url_for('生成蓝图的第一个参数,重定向的函数名')
return redirect(url_for('first.stu', id = 1))
</code></pre><p>(2).触发错误<br>因为flask不会报错误,所以自己定义:</p>
<pre><code> @blue.route('/index/')
def index():
try:
1/0
except Exception as e:
abort(500)
return 'hello'
@blue.errorhandler(500)
def error_500(e):
return 'exception as %s' % e
</code></pre><h3 id="一-请求与响应"><a href="#一-请求与响应" class="headerlink" title="一.请求与响应"></a>一.请求与响应</h3><h4 id="1-请求"><a href="#1-请求" class="headerlink" title="(1)请求"></a>(1)请求</h4><p>1.获取值<br>GET : </p>
<pre><code>request.args.get('key')
request.args.getlist('key')
</code></pre><p>POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/:</p>
<pre><code>request.form.get('key')
request.form.getlist('key')
</code></pre><p>2.获取请求方式 - request.method</p>
<p>3.获取路由 - request.path</p>
<p>4.获取cookie - request.cookie</p>
<p>5.获取文件 - request.files</p>
<h4 id="2-响应"><a href="#2-响应" class="headerlink" title="(2).响应"></a>(2).响应</h4><p>make_response(响应内容,状态码(默认为200))</p>
<p>响应对象.set_cookie(key,value,max_age) : 添加key值</p>
<p>响应对象.delete_cookie(key) : 删除cookie的对应key值</p>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2019/01/22/Flask-login(具体功能实现)/">Flask-login</a>
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<h2 id="Flask-login"><a href="#Flask-login" class="headerlink" title="Flask-login"></a>Flask-login</h2><h3 id="一-flask-login的基础"><a href="#一-flask-login的基础" class="headerlink" title="一.flask-login的基础"></a>一.flask-login的基础</h3><p>(1)安装 </p>
<pre><code>pip install flask-login
</code></pre><p>(2)初始化:</p>
<pre><code>loginmanager = LoginManager()
loginmanager.init_app(flask对象)
</code></pre><p>(3)加密:</p>
<pre><code>generate_password_hash()
</code></pre><p>(4)解密:</p>
<pre><code>check_password_hash()
</code></pre><h3 id="二-flask-login的实际应用"><a href="#二-flask-login的实际应用" class="headerlink" title="二.flask-login的实际应用"></a>二.flask-login的实际应用</h3><p>(1)登录用户: login_user(登录用户对象)</p>
<p>(2)注销用户: logout_user(无对象)</p>
<p>(3)登录校验: @login_required</p>
<p>(4)用户的模型必须继承UserMixin,或者自定义的属性和方法</p>
<p>(5)在模板中可使用渲染登录系统的用户信息(必须定义: –用于返回登录的用户对象</p>
<pre><code>@login_manager.user_loader
def load_user(user_id):
# 定义被login_manage装饰的回调函数
# 返回的是当前登录系统的用户对象
return User.query.filter(User.id==user_id).first()
</code></pre>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2019/01/22/session的使用/">session的使用</a>
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<h2 id="一-session的使用"><a href="#一-session的使用" class="headerlink" title="一.session的使用"></a>一.session的使用</h2><h3 id="1-flask自带形式"><a href="#1-flask自带形式" class="headerlink" title="1.flask自带形式"></a>1.flask自带形式</h3><pre><code>存储形式:将session中存储键值对内容存放在cookie中
存储方式:设置secret_key参数,越复杂越好
使用方式:
from flask import session
session['key'] = value
</code></pre><h3 id="2-使用第三方库和flask-session"><a href="#2-使用第三方库和flask-session" class="headerlink" title="2.使用第三方库和flask-session"></a>2.使用第三方库和flask-session</h3><p>(1)安装:</p>
<pre><code>pip install flask-session
</code></pre><p>(2)配置存储的数据库</p>
<pre><code>flask对象.config['SESSION_TYPE'] = 'redis'
flask对象.config['SESSION_REDIS'] = redis.Redis(host,port,password)
</code></pre><p>(3)初始化:</p>
<pre><code>from flask-session import session
第一种:
Session(flask对象)
第二种:
se = Session()
se.init_app(flask对象)
</code></pre>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2019/01/22/装饰器/">装饰器</a>
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<p>一.装饰器</p>
<p>如果有参数传入,所以需要内层函数需要(* args,**kwargs)</p>
<p><img src="https://i.imgur.com/acXTIjY.png" alt=""></p>
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<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git branch 查看分支</span><br><span class="line">git branch 分支名 : 创建分支</span><br><span class="line">git checkout 分支名 : 切换分支</span><br><span class="line">git diff 分支1 分支2 :查看分支1,2的不同</span><br><span class="line">git merge 分支1名 : 在现在的分支上更新分支1的内容 </span><br><span class="line">切换分支 push pull 这些操作前要保证工作区1是clean</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<a class="article-title" href="/2019/01/11/CSRF的配置/">CSRF具体使用</a>
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<p>1.定义路由</p>
<pre><code># 声明路由对象
router = SimpleRouter()
# 定义资源
router.register('student', views.StuView)
# 添加路由地址
urlpatterns += router.urls
</code></pre><p>2.views.py中定义 StuView类</p>
<p>mixins.RetrieveModelMixin: 能够通过id值查询某一个学生信息</p>
<pre><code>class StuView(viewsets.GenericViewSet,
mixins.ListModelMixin,
mixins.RetrieveModelMixin,
mixins.CreateModelMixin,
mixins.DestroyModelMixin,
mixins.UpdateModelMixin):
# 指定资源返回的内容
queryset = Student.objects.all()
# queryset = Student.objects.filter(is_delete=0)
# 序列化queryset的结果
serializer_class = StuSerializer
# 查询所有信息,过滤到删除的内容
def get_queryset(self):
queryset = self.queryset
return queryset.filter(is_delete=0)
# 重构delete方法(软删除)
def perform_destroy(self, instance):
instance.is_delete = 1
instance.save()
# 重构错误提示信息
def retrieve(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
try:
instance = self.get_object()
serializer = self.get_serializer(instance)
return Response(serializer.data)
except Exception as e:
return Response({'code':404, 'msg':'获取失败', 'data':''})
# 显示所有学生信息(此方法不是类方法)
def stu_list(request):
if request.method == 'GET':
return render(request, 'stu_list.html')
</code></pre><p>3.新建serializers.py,定义StuSerializer的类</p>
<p>(将获取的query set 进行序列化)</p>
<pre><code>from rest_framework import serializers
from app.models import Student
class StuSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
# 序列化的模型
model = Student
fields = ['s_name', 's_gender', 's_age']
# 重构字段
def to_representation(self, instance):