| word | 解释 | 补充 |
|---|---|---|
| fat | a. 大量的值钱的 | |
| slacking | a. 懒散懈怠的 not working as hard as they should. | |
| outrage | n. 愤怒 anger and shock v. 使愤怒 shocked and angry | indignation 愤慨 |
| underlying | a. 潜在/隐藏的 下面的 | with the underlying assumption |
| grievance | n. 不满 抱怨（认为不公平） | |
| developed | a. 发达的 | |
| capable | a. 能...的 具有...的 | be capable of doing/sth. |
| readily | ad. 乐意地 willing 迅速地 容易地 quickly and easily | |
| token | n. 礼券;代金券;购物卡;代币 | |
| adjoining chambers | a. 紧挨的 are next to | |
| in return for sth. | as an / in exchange for sth. | The farmer offered us food in return for our work. |
| hand sth. over | 递交 移交 | |
| induce resentment | n. 怨恨;愤慨;憎恨 bitterness and anger | |
| guide | to direct or influence sb's behaviour | humans are guided by social emotions |
| righteous indignation | a. 正直 正义的 | n. 愤慨 | |
| preserve of sb. | n. 专有的 独占的 | |
| weigh | v. 认真考虑;权衡;斟酌 | |
| be out for sth/to do sth | to be trying to get or do sth | |
| stay out of sth | to not become involved in an argument or discussion 不介入;不干预 | It's better to stay out of their arguments. |
| buy | v. 相信接受 believe and accept | bought the nonsense |
| word | 解释 | 补充 |
|---|---|---|
| parallel | n. 存在或发生在不同地点或时间的相似之物，类似物；两者间的近似之处，相似之处 v. 与…同时发生；与…相似 a. 同时发生的；相类似的；平行的；并列的 |
There are upsetting parallels today |
| panel | n. 公开讨论或作决策的专门小组 | |
| enlist sb./the help of sb. | v. persuade them to help or support you in doing | enlist a panel to tell us |
| get moving | to begin, leave, etc. quickly 马上行动；迅速开始 | |
| base A on B | v. the first thing develops from the second thing. A 以 B 为依据、根据 B 得到 A |
|
| quarter | n. a person or group of people, especially as a source of help, information or a reaction（能提供帮助、信息或作出反应的）个人，群体 | voices come from many quarters |
| policy | n. 保险单 | |
| take out | v. take out something such as a loan, a licence, or an insurance policy, you obtain it by fulfilling the conditions and paying the money | take out an insurance policies |
| take ... seriously | 认真对待 | |
| press | v. press for 极力要求；[press n to] [be pressed for/about n] [press n into n/-ing] 催促；敦促；竭力劝说 | |
| steward | n. 管家 | |
| fashioning | v. If you fashion an object or a work of art, you make it | |
| conservation | n. 保护 节约 | begin fashioning conservation measures |
| plant | n. 工厂；发电厂；assembly/power plants | |
| sound | a. good, but not excellent 良好 | new plants be environmentally sound. |
| applicable | a. 适用 |
| word | explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| least | a. smallest in size, amount, degree | dreams seem to be least within our control |
| formulate | v. 规划;策划;构想；表达;阐述 | formulated his revolutionary theory |
| go on | 继续...；进行；发生； | the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep |
| thermo·stat | n. 自动调节器；恒温器 | the mind's emotional thermostat |
| regu·late | v. 管理,控制,调整,调节 | dreams regulate moods |
| leading | a. 最重要的，领先的 | leading role; played a leading part; one leading authority |
| mental | a. 心理 心里想的 思考的，精神 | a mental disorder/illness/hospital； suffering from physical and mental exhaustion. |
| harness | v. control and use the force or strength of sth to produce power or to achieve sth 控制 利用 | harness these mental events |
| bring/get/keep sth under control | 控制住 | |
| imaging | n. 成像 | brain imaging |
| as ... as | phr-conj. 像/如/和...(一样)(不同事物/同一事物不同时间作比较) A be as adj. (...) as B (be adj) A be (not) so/as adj. (...) as (...) (A be adj) |
The brain is as active during sleep as it is when fully awake |
| cortex | n. 皮层;皮质;大脑皮层 | the prefrontal cortex |
| intellect | n. 智力 才智 理解力 思维能力 | |
| reason | n. 原因 理由 道理，理性思维 理智 v. 推理 论证 |
intellect and reasoning |
| work through | deal with (something that is difficult or unpleasant) successfully | working through bad/negative feelings |
| need not | sb. need not do=sb.don't need to do 准许/可以不做 sth. need not be/do 未必 不一定 |
this process need not be left to the unconscious |
| visualize | v. 想象;设想 | Visualize how you would like it to end instead |
| little ... at all | there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all | |
| keep sb/sth from sth | prevent sb/sth from doing sth | they keep us from sleeping |
| word | explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| command | v. control | command the English language |
| controversialist | n. 善辩者；好辩者 | |
| counter- | against; opposite 逆；反对；相反；对立 corresponding 相应；对应 |
counter-culture 反主流文化 counterpart 对方职位相当的人 |
| responsible for | a. having the duty of doing sth being able to be blamed for sth being the cause of sth |
sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English |
| permissive | a. allows or tolerates things which other people disapprove of 纵容的；放任的； | |
| blame | v. to think or say that sb/sth is responsible for sth bad 把 … 归咎于；责怪；指责 | Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new |
| see...as/to be... | v. 认为;把…看作 | |
| no more adj. than ... | 没有...那么(令人) adj. | no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English |
| authentic | a. real and genuine and not a copy 真正的；真品的；真迹的 true and accurate 真实的；真正的 |
|
| cult of | n. a way of life, an attitude, an idea, etc. that has become very popular （对生活方式、态度、观念）狂热，时尚，崇拜 | cult of the authentic and the personal |
| spell | v. 意味着，招致(常常是不愉快的结果)；something spells a particular result, often an unpleasant one | cult of ... has spelt the death of formal speech, writing |
| modest | a. (量/大小/程度/变化)不太...(大/多/显著)的；适度/适中/普通；谦虚 谦逊；端庄 | |
| regard | v. 认为... 视...为 看待 | |
| seek to do | v. try to do sth 试图；设法 | sought |
| tone | n. quality of voice/sound character/attitude of writing/atmosphere |
sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper |
| while | conj. (形成鲜明对比) ..., while ...但是... while ..., ... 虽然/尽管...但是... |
While even the modestly educated (did...) before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has (done...) |
| craft | n. 技能 技艺 技巧 v. 精心制作/准备 | spontaneity over craft |
| entertaining | interesting and amusing 有趣的；娱乐的；使人愉快的 | |
| array | n. 一系列 许多 an array of/arrays of | an entertaining array of examples |
| high and low culture | 雅俗文化 | |
| unmistakable | a. 清楚明白的；不会弄错的；确定无疑的 | |
| argue | argue that 主张 认为 argue for/against 同意 支持/反对 argue with sth 不承认 |
|
| elaborate | v. 详细解释/描述 详细/精心制订/制作 | elaborate speech |
| propose | v. propose sth 提出；建议；提议 propose doing/to do 打算；计划 intend |
|
| radical | a. 重大的;根本的;彻底的；全新有效的；激进的 | proposes no radical education reforms |
| straight | a. following a correct or logical method | think straight; straight reasoning |
| word | explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| homogenize | v. 单一化/相似化/同质化 [disapproval] | American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people |
| discourse | n. 演讲/论述, 话语；语篇 v. 演讲/论述 | |
| deference | n. behaviour that shows that you respect sb/sth 尊重；遵从；听从 | |
| absence | n. 不存在/缺乏/没有 | the casualness and absence of deference 随意与不拘礼节 |
| intimate | a. 亲密/密切的，温馨的 v. 暗示 | |
| mass | n. 群众；平民百姓 | mass media 大众媒体 |
| force | n. [C] 力量; 影响力 | The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization. |
| altogether | ad. (强调)完全, (总数)一共/总共, 总之 | ... which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous |
| unprecedented | a. 前所未有的；空前的；没有先例的 | |
| resistant | a. 抵制的/抵抗的，抗/耐...的 | today's immigration is not resistant to assimilation |
| ownership | n. 所有权；产权； | home ownership |
| census | n. 人口普查 | The 1990 Census revealed that ... |
| graveyard | n. 墓地/坟场，垃圾场，废物堆积处 | Hence the description of America as a "graveyard" for languages |
| Hispanic | a. 拉美裔美国籍的 | |
| somehow | ad. that you do not know or cannot say how something was done or will be done | immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation's assimilative power |
| immune | a. 免疫的，不受影响的，免除 | |
| divisive | a. 造成不和的；引起分歧的；制造分裂的 | |
| seethe | v. 强压怒火/生闷气，充满/遍布/到处都是 | Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? |
| adj. enough to | so adj. that (...) | |
| rewarding | a. 有益的;值得的;有意义的;令人满意的 |
| word | explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| royal | a. 皇家的；王室的 | the Royal Shakespeare Company |
| live off | phr-v 靠 … 过活；依赖 … 生活 | there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists |
| worthy | a. worthy of sb/sth 值得（或应得）… 的 worthy n. 值得尊敬的；值得注意的；值得敬仰的 |
The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theater adds a penny to their revenue |
| doubt | v. 怀疑/无把握/不能肯定/认为…未必可能，不相信；不信任 | |
| delicious | a. 美妙的;怡人的;有趣的 | There is a delicious irony in all this. It's all deliciously ironic when you consider that ... |
| share | n. 一份 | I've done my share of worrying for one day! |
| take in | 观看;欣赏;参观 | |
| along with sb/sth | 与…同样地，除… 以外(还) | the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing |
| manage | v. 设法完成 | |
| get out of sth. | 离开，规避(责任/义务)，抛弃习惯 | The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall. |
| subsidy | n. 补贴；补助金；津贴 | |
| nevertheless | contrasts with what has just been said.(despite) 尽管如此；不过；然而 | |
| wing | n. 侧翼部分；侧厅；厢房 | |
| cocktail | n. 鸡尾酒 | a cocktail bar/cabinet/lounge 鸡尾酒酒吧╱陈列柜╱酒吧间 |
| banquet | n. 宴会；盛宴； | |
| anyway | ad. used when adding sth to support an idea or argument 而且；加之；反正 (句末)despite sth; even so 尽管；即使这样 (纠正或略微改变说过的话)至少 (句首)(转换话题、结束谈话或回到原话题时说)无论如何，反正 |
|
| break attendance records | 打破上座记录 | |
| in a row | 连续/接连地 | |
| alike | a./ad. 相同的；相似的 | They all seem to look alike lean, pointed, dedicated faces |
| pointed | a. 尖的，尖锐的 | |
| dedicated | a. 一心一意的;热忱的；专用的 | |
| bed down | 睡在…；在…过夜； | bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre |
| flagstone | n. 石板 | |
| hold | v. keep 保存/保持/保留 | We can hold your reservation for three days. to buy the 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them |
| box office | 售票处；票房 | |
| word | explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| game | n. 猎物；野味 | |
| fishery | n. 渔场 | |
| over | prep. during | over time (=as time passes), over lunch |
| ex·ploit·ation | n. 剥削；开拓/开采，(私利)利用 | |
| one reason for this is that | ||
| vessel | n. 大船/轮船, 容器/器皿, 血管/脉管/导管 | Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar |
| prey | n. 猎物；受害者 | |
| catch | v. capture 逮住；捕捉；捕获 | a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught |
| saturate | v. 渗透，充满，饱和 | |
| stock | n. 存量/储备量 | |
| current | a. 通用的；流通的；流行的 | They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists |
| shift | v. 移动，改变，推卸，倾销，换挡 | |
| notion | n. idea or belief 看法;观念;理念 | |
| yield | n. 产量；产出；利润 | |
| crop | vi. 有收成，vt. 收获，剪短，啃，剪裁 | the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels |
| well | ad. thoroughly and completely, to a great extent or degree | Most fisheries are well below that |
| word | explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| from...onward | it begins to happen at that time and continues to happen afterwards 从...时起 | But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony |
| phoney | a. 伪造的；假的 | |
| daffodil | n. 黄水仙花 | |
| become | v-link. (开始)变得，成为 become adj/v-ed (prep.) become n. v. sth. become sb. 适合；适宜；与…相称 |
art became more skeptical of happiness |
| perpetual | a. 不间断的；持续的；长久的；无休止的 | perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents |
| track | v. follow 跟踪/追踪，留下足迹 | The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media |
| not just...but.. | not only...but (also)... | |
| literacy | n. 读写/识字 | |
| bummer | n. 令人不快的事；讨厌的事 | |
| anchor | n. (新闻)主持人v. (新闻)主持 | he was the anchor of its 15-minute evening newscast |
| beaming | a. 眉开眼笑；笑容满面 | |
| feature | v. include a particular person or thing as a special feature | Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes |
| arth·ritis | n. 关节炎 | |
| attack | n. 攻击、侵袭、突发、进攻、损害 | it could increase the risk of heart attacks |
| word | explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| preci·pice | 悬崖/峭壁；险境/危局/绝境 | |
| count on | to trust sb to do sth or to be sure that sth will happen 依赖，依靠，指望（某人做某事）；确信（某事会发生） | that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure |
| fair play to | 按规则比赛；公平办事 | |
| secure | (长期)稳固的 | |
| pink slip | 解雇通知书 slip 纸片 | Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months |
| spouse | 配偶, 夫或妻 | |
| budget | n. 预算；v.编制预算/安排开支 | |
| paycheck | n. 付薪水的支票，薪水 | Today’ s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. |
| back-up | 增援/后援；备份 | |
| lay off sb. / sb. get laid of | (因工作不多而)解雇/裁员 | |
| net | n. (保护性)网罩 | safety net 安全保障 |
| insurance | unemployment insurance or disability insurance 失业/伤残保险 | |
| weather | v. (因受风吹/日晒/雨淋,使)褪色/变色/变形； 经受住/平安渡过（困难） |
This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net to help families weather bad times. |
| disruption | 中断;扰乱;混乱 | |
| fortune | n. 机会/运气；大笔钱/财产 | a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income |
| absorb | v. 经受，承受[变革/影响等]; 承担费用 | families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income |
| join | become a member of an organization, a company, a club, etc | those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates |
| harsh | a. 严峻/恶劣，刺眼/刺耳/粗糙 | |
| outlive | v. 比 … 活得长；(在 … 结束/消失后)继续存在 | and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money |
| social security | 社会保障体系 | |
| saving | n. 节约/节省，储蓄/存款 | savings-account 储蓄账户 health-savings plan 健康储蓄计划 |
| trade... | exchange 互相交换/以物易物 | with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. |
| payment | n. 付款/收款，款项，报酬 | |
| not...any better | 没有 任何/一点 变好/改善 | For younger families, the picture is not any better |
| bear | bore/borne, 负载/携带/忍受承担 | Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen |
| healthcare | the service of providing medical care 医疗(服务) | |
| deductible | a. 可扣除/可减免； n. 免赔额；自负额 |
with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare |
| dose | an amount of sth 一份/一次/一点 | |
| demographics | 人口统计数据 | |
| work against | 妨碍/对...不利 work 产生影响/作用 |
Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent |
| odds | 可能性/几率/概率 | |
| attendant | n. 服务员/侍者, 护理者 | all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance |
| -fold | 乘以/…倍；由 … 部分组成 | to increase tenfold have jumped eightfold |
| look (a.) like | much of this looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift... | |
| wholesale | a. 批发，大规模的 | |
| shift A onto B | n. 移动/转移 | more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. |
| compensate | 补偿/弥补，抵消 | compensate for the reduced pensions. 退休金 |
| fallout | 后果/余波，核辐射 |
| word | explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| sort out | 整理/解决/安排，分离出，使...意识到错/收拾... | |
| compliance | 遵守;服从 Compliance with something, for example a law, treaty, or agreement means doing what you are required or expected to do | bosses have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, |
| feeble | a. 微弱/虚弱/软弱/无力的 | and improved their feeble corporation governance |
| corporation | 公司/企业 | |
| nasty | a. bad/unpleasant/unkind dangerous/serious/offensive |
a new problem threatens to earn them the sort of nasty headlines |
| executive suite | (CEO/服务)办公室 | that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite |
| odd | a. 少量/微小/不重要的； | |
| put right | 恢复正常/纠正 | |
| business | 商业/商务/公事/生意/营业额/企业/商店/涉及(相关)的事(责任)/要事/事件 | Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, information protection is now high on the boss’ s agenda in businesses of every variety |
| contractor | 承包商 | American defense contractor |
| peer | n. 同辈/身份(地位)相同的人, (英国)贵族 v. 仔细看 | ...have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems |
| that...should... | use should in 'that' clauses after certain verbs, nouns, and adjectives when you are talking about a future event or situation. 应该/能够/竟然 | The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. |
| dim | a. 昏暗/模糊/暗淡/迟钝 v. 变暗/减弱 | it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore |
| few...are more likely to A than B | 没有什么比...B...更能...A... | few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands. |
| state of affairs | 事态；情况；形势 | The current state of affairs may have been encouraged by the lack of legal penalty for data leakage |
| encourage | v. 刺激;助长/促进(发生) | |
| penalty | v. 处罚/不利结果/罚球 | |
| until now/recently A, B | 直到现在/最近A，(在此之前)B | Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray |
| astray | lead...astray 误导/使出错，go astray 丢失 | |
| round | n. 阶段/一轮，(比赛)回合/轮次/局/场，圆形，走访 | lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. |
| overshadow | v. 使黯然失色/相形见绌，蒙上阴影，遮挡/遮蔽 | the theft of information about some 40million credit-card accounts, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’ s Federal Trade Commission |
| a day earlier | 前一天 | |
| put sb. on notice that... | 通知某人... | that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate datasecurity |
| word | explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| disorder | 失调；紊乱；不适；疾病 | Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men |
| psychiatrist | 精神病学家；精神科医生 | |
| somehow | ad. 不知为什么/怎么地；以某种方式 | |
| not necessarily | 未必/并不 | It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well |
| observe | 观察，注意到，评论，遵守 | she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner. |
| expose | 暴露/显露，揭露，置身于，接触 | the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature |
| nature | 本质/性质，性格/性情，习惯 | |
| violence | 暴力/暴行，激烈/强烈 | |
| domestic | 本国的/国内的，家用/家庭/家务的，乐于持家的，驯养的 | The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations |
| one-shot | 一次性/非经常性的 | |
| deal | 坏运气;不公平的对待; | |
| wear-and-tear | 磨损/损耗/损坏, 折磨 | The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating. |
| strain | 压力，拉力，张力，拉伤，品种，(疾病)类型，性格特点 | Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. |
| word | explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| affiliations | 隶属/从属 (group) | |
| peer | n. 身分（或地位）相同的人 同龄人 同辈 v. 仔细看 盯着看 |
A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review |
| rest with | 权力 责任 决定权在于，属于 | Copyright rested with the journal publisher |
| seek knowledge of | 寻求/试图 了解/获知 | researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal |
| make A B | 使A成为B | and pressure from funding agencies is making access to scientific results a reality |
| far-reaching | 影响深远/意义重大的 | The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this |
| consequence | 结果/后果/影响 | |
| heavy | 沉重的 | The report makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits |
| handsome | 数量大的 | |
| signal | v. 发信号、示意，暗示 预示 表明 | But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor |
| ready | 现成的;就绪的;易于得到的 | The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access |
| subject | 学科 | |
| identify | 认出，找到/发现，显示/说明身份 | three main ones were identified by the report’s authors |
| title | 一本/种 书(刊)/杂志 | institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements |
| pay for access | ||
| delay | n.v. 延迟/延误/拖延 | such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it |
| word | explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| obscure | a. 鲜为人知，晦涩/费解/难懂 v. 遮掩/遮蔽，使模糊不清，使晦涩/难懂 |
The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: |
| have done as far as sb. can do | In the general population today, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go | |
| increasingly | 越来越(多地)/日益 | their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world |
| notably | ad. 尤其/特别，(强调) | Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues |
| infection | 传染；感染(病) | |
| in the/sb's way | 妨碍；挡着…的路 | At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way |
| secular | 现世的；世俗的 | a pattern known as the secular trend in height |
| substantial | 数量/价值/重要性大的 坚固/结实的 |
Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height |
| birth canal | 产道 | During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal |
| anthropologist | 人类学家 | |
| maximum | a.n. 最大限度/极限 | Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon |
| be conditioned | v. 受影响, 习惯 | Human height is conditioned by the upright posture. |
| garment | 一件衣服, 服装 |
| word | explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| having done | 非谓语(主动)先于主语谓语完成 | he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves |
| far different | 截然不同 | That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books |
| spur | v. motivate刺激/鼓舞 推动/促进 | They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998 |
| certainly | 无疑/确定/肯定 | |
| father | v. When a man fathers a child, he makes a woman pregnant and their child is born. | which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings |
| from the bottom up | 完全/自底向上/从头至尾 | And only over the past 30years have scholars examined history from the bottom up |
| More than anything | 更重要的 | More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time |
| hamper | v. 妨碍;阻碍;牵制;束缚 | |
| bedrock | 基岩，基本原则；基础；基石 | they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create |
| part | v. 分开，离开 | For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. |
| sign | 签字/签署/签约 | |
| Constitution | 宪法/章程 | |
| peculiar | 独特/特有的 | The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,“ |
| institution | 机构，制度 | |
| statesmen | 政治家 | And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. |
| formula | 公式 方程式 计算式 分子式 | |
| college | 学会;协会;社团 | |
| hand | v. 递;交;给 | |
| inflate | v. 使胀大/膨胀，增加/抬高，夸大/吹嘘 | The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College |
| in office | 就职 | |
| with | using 用/借 | Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 |
| still | despite what has just been said | Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150other slaves |
| will | n. 意志/毅力/自制力, 意愿/心愿, 遗嘱 | Washington, who had begun to believe that..., overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will |
| legislative | 立法的 | Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia |
| word | explannation | |
|---|---|---|
| auto-pilot | 自动巡航 | |
| reach | achieve a particular aim | reach for habits mindlessly |
| rule | 控制/支配/影响 | |
| reflect | 沉思/深思，(特别的想法) | unreflecting 缺乏/不善思考的 |
| herd | 人群/兽群 | Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd |
| do A in the same...as B (be done) | 在同样...下do A与B | it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation |
| parallel | n. 存在或发生在不同地点或时间的相似之物，类似物；两者间的近似之处，相似之处 v. 与…同时发生；与…相似 a. 同时发生的；相类似的；平行的；并列的 |
when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks |
| train | (想法/事件等)一连串，一系列 | trains of thought |
| dismiss | it is not important enough for you to think about or consider. stop thinking about |
Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits |
| inherent | 内在/固有的；生来/与生俱来 | the more new things we try - the more we step outside our comfort zone - the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our personal lives |
| bypass | 绕过；避开 | |
| fascination and Wonder | 对奇妙事物着迷 | |
| innovation | 创新 革新 | |
| perpetuate | someone or something perpetuates a situation, system, or belief, especially a bad one, they cause it to continue | That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness |
| commonness | 普通/平凡/平庸 | |
| do more of it | Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence. | |
| come in | 起作用，发挥作用 | This is where developing new habits comes in. |
| word | explanation | |
|---|---|---|
| paternal | ad. fatherly 父亲的;父亲般的;父系的 | |
| paternity | 父亲身份 | paternity and kinship testing |
| shell out...for | pay/spend a lot of money for sth | |
| over-the-counter(OTC) | 无需处方可买到的；非处方的 | |
3.1 Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption.
Among (the DNA tests) the most popular (one is): paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use | to find their biological relatives and families can use | to track down kids (who are) put up for adoption.