Tuple | Set in Python

//  A tuple in Python is similar to a list. The difference between the two is that we cannot change the elements
    of a tuple once it is assigned whereas, in a list, elements can be changed.


// Tuples are used to group together related data, such as a person's name, their age, and their gender. 
// An assignment to all of the elements in a tuple using a single assignment statement. 
// Tuple assignment occurs simultaneously rather than in sequence, making it useful for swapping values.

// A tuple is created by placing all the items (elements) inside parentheses (), separated by commas.
// A tuple can have any number of items and they may be of different types (integer, float, list, string, etc.)



# Empty tuple
my_tuple = ()
print(my_tuple)  # Output: ()

# Tuple having integers
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
print(my_tuple)  # Output: (1, 2, 3) 

# tuple with mixed datatypes
my_tuple = (1, "Hello", 3.4)
print(my_tuple) 
# Output: (1, "Hello", 3.4)  

# nested tuple
my_tuple = ("mouse", [8, 4, 6], (1, 2, 3))
# Output: ("mouse", [8, 4, 6], (1, 2, 3)) 
print(my_tuple)

// A tuple can also be created without using parentheses. This is known as tuple packing.

my_tuple = 3, 4.6, "dog"
print(my_tuple)   
# Output: 3, 4.6, "dog" 

# tuple unpacking is also possible
a, b, c = my_tuple
print(a)      #output: 3
print(b)      #output:  4.6 
print(c)      # dog 


// Creating a tuple with one element is a bit tricky.
// Having one element within parentheses is not enough. We will need a trailing comma to indicate that it is, in fact, a tuple.

my_tuple = ("hello")
print(type(my_tuple))  # <class 'str'>

# Creating a tuple having one element
my_tuple = ("hello",)  
print(type(my_tuple))  # <class 'tuple'> 

# Parentheses is optional
my_tuple = "hello",
print(type(my_tuple))  # <class 'tuple'> 


// Access Tuple Elements

1. Indexing
We can use the index operator [] to access an item in a tuple where the index starts from 0.
my_tuple[0]    #output: 'p'

# nested tuple
n_tuple = ("mouse", [8, 4, 6], (1, 2, 3))
# nested index
print(n_tuple[0][3])       #output: 's'
print(n_tuple[1][1])       #output: '4'

// Unlike lists, tuples are immutable.

my_tuple = (4, 2, 3, [6, 5])


# TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
# my_tuple[1] = 9

# However, item of mutable element can be changed
my_tuple[3][0] = 9    # Output: (4, 2, 3, [9, 5])
print(my_tuple)

# Tuples can be reassigned
my_tuple = ('p','r','o','g','r','a','m','i','z')
print(my_tuple)
# Output: ('p', 'r', 'o', 'g', 'r', 'a', 'm', 'i', 'z')

my_tuple = ('a','p','p','l','e',)
print(my_tuple.count('p'))       # Output: 2
print(my_tuple.index('l'))       # Output: 3




// SET in Python
set() method is used to convert any of the iterable to the distinct element and sorted sequence of iterable elements, 
commonly called Set.


# Python3 code to demonstrate the 
# working of set() on list and tuple 

# initializing list 
lis1 = [ 3, 4, 1, 4, 5 ] 

# initializing tuple 
tup1 = (3, 4, 1, 4, 5) 

# Printing iterables before conversion 
print("The list before conversion is : " + str(lis1)) 
print("The tuple before conversion is : " + str(tup1)) 

# Iterables after conversion are 
# notice distinct and sorted elements 

print("The list after conversion is : " + str(set(lis1))) 
print("The tuple after conversion is : " + str(set(tup1))) 

#OUTPUT:
The list before conversion is : [3, 4, 1, 4, 5]
The tuple before conversion is : (3, 4, 1, 4, 5)
The list after conversion is : {1, 3, 4, 5}
The tuple after conversion is : {1, 3, 4, 5}