diff --git a/.github/workflows/source-regressions.yml b/.github/workflows/source-regressions.yml
index 360bda10..d943751f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/source-regressions.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/source-regressions.yml
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ on:
       - tests/test_shader_census_cmd.py
       - gpu/vk/vk_shader.cpp
       - tests/test_same_draw.py
+      - tests/test_pass_hazard.py
       - nx2/version.py
       - nx2/test_version.py
       - host/nn_audio.c
@@ -114,6 +115,7 @@ on:
       - tests/test_shader_census_cmd.py
       - gpu/vk/vk_shader.cpp
       - tests/test_same_draw.py
+      - tests/test_pass_hazard.py
       - nx2/version.py
       - nx2/test_version.py
       - host/nn_audio.c
@@ -218,6 +220,9 @@ jobs:
       - name: Check a repeated uniform word is not read again
         if: runner.os == 'Linux'
         run: python -I -B tests/test_ub_memo.py
+      - name: Check a pass hazard skips textures that are not targets
+        if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+        run: python -I -B tests/test_pass_hazard.py
       - name: Check a repeated read bind is not looked up again
         if: runner.os == 'Linux'
         run: python -I -B tests/test_bind_memo.py
diff --git a/gpu/vk/vk_draw.cpp b/gpu/vk/vk_draw.cpp
index 0aeaed65..7a867542 100644
--- a/gpu/vk/vk_draw.cpp
+++ b/gpu/vk/vk_draw.cpp
@@ -2114,6 +2114,7 @@ struct Pass {
     uint64_t first_prog = 0;
     VkFormat format0 = VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
     std::vector<const Texture*> sampled;   // (rendered textures its draws sampled: a target among them is a hazard)
+    uint16_t sampled_targets = 0;          // (colour i bit i, depth bit 8: targets earlier draws sampled)
     uint16_t written = 0;                  // (its targets written so far: colour i bit i, depth bit 8)
 };
 thread_local Pass pass;
@@ -2247,7 +2248,7 @@ void begin_pass(VkCommandBuffer cmd, const Targets& at) {
     pass.draws = 0, pass.format0 = at.n ? at.color_format[0] : at.depth_format;
     pass.wm_or = 0, pass.wm_n = 0;
     pass.clears = 0, pass.first_prog = 0;
-    pass.sampled.clear(), pass.written = 0;
+    pass.sampled.clear(), pass.sampled_targets = 0, pass.written = 0;
     vkCmdBeginRendering(cmd, &ri);
     pass.open = true;
     st_passes++;
@@ -2617,6 +2618,9 @@ void clear_after_draws(VkCommandBuffer cmd) {
 }
 
 int64_t st_pass_hazards;
+bool writes_sampled_target(uint16_t writes, uint16_t sampled_targets) {
+    return (writes & sampled_targets) != 0;
+}
 /// A draw that samples a target this pass already wrote, or writes a target an earlier draw of this pass sampled: in
 /// a pass of its own, after a full barrier (begin_pass makes it), as for the clears above: in one pass the GPU orders
 /// the targets' writes with each other only, not with the draws' texture reads of them. (A draw that samples a target
@@ -2641,11 +2645,8 @@ uint16_t draw_hazards(VkCommandBuffer cmd, const Program& p, const NvnState& s,
         const int k = slot_of(t);
         if (k >= 0 && (pass.written >> k & 1) && !(writes >> k & 1)) { kind = "samples a target the pass wrote"; break; }
     }
-    if (!kind)
-        for (const Texture* t : pass.sampled) {
-            const int k = slot_of(t);
-            if (k >= 0 && (writes >> k & 1)) { kind = "writes a target an earlier draw sampled"; break; }
-        }
+    if (!kind && writes_sampled_target(writes, pass.sampled_targets))
+        kind = "writes a target an earlier draw sampled";
     if (!kind) return writes;
     static int logged;
     if (logged++ < 8)
@@ -4104,8 +4105,15 @@ void draw(VkCommandBuffer cmd, NvnState& s, const DrawArgs& d) {
     probe_draw(s, p, pass.draws);   // (hookshot: RX_VK_PROBE)
     pass.prog = p.key;
     if (!pass.first_prog) pass.first_prog = p.key;
-    for (const Texture* t : gfx_sampled)
-        if (std::find(pass.sampled.begin(), pass.sampled.end(), t) == pass.sampled.end()) pass.sampled.push_back(t);
+    for (const Texture* t : gfx_sampled) {
+        if (std::find(pass.sampled.begin(), pass.sampled.end(), t) != pass.sampled.end()) continue;
+        pass.sampled.push_back(t);
+        int slot = -1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < at.n; i++)
+            if (at.color[i] == t) { slot = i; break; }
+        if (slot < 0 && at.depth == t) slot = 8;
+        if (slot >= 0) pass.sampled_targets |= (uint16_t)(1u << slot);
+    }
     pass.written |= writes;
     if (pl != last_pipeline) vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pl), last_pipeline = pl;
     if (!same_desc) {
diff --git a/tests/test_pass_hazard.py b/tests/test_pass_hazard.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d223489
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_pass_hazard.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+"""A pass hazard does not walk every texture the pass has sampled.
+
+Earlier draws record the targets they sampled as bits. A later draw that writes one
+of those targets is the hazard. python -I -B tests/test_pass_hazard.py [--cxx g++]
+"""
+import argparse
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+from pathlib import Path
+
+ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+
+
+def block(text, marker):
+    start = text.index(marker)
+    end = text.index("{", start) + 1
+    depth = 1
+    while depth:
+        depth += (text[end] == "{") - (text[end] == "}")
+        end += 1
+    return text[start:end]
+
+
+def main():
+    p = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    p.add_argument("--cxx", default="g++")
+    a = p.parse_args()
+    source = (ROOT / "gpu" / "vk" / "vk_draw.cpp").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    haz = block(source, "uint16_t draw_hazards(")
+    if "for (const Texture* t : pass.sampled)" in haz:
+        raise SystemExit("a pass hazard walks every texture sampled so far")
+    if "writes_sampled_target(" not in haz:
+        raise SystemExit("a pass hazard ignores the targets earlier draws sampled")
+    if haz.index("gfx_sampled") > haz.index("writes_sampled_target("):
+        raise SystemExit("a draw's own samples are treated as an earlier draw's")
+    begin = block(source, "void begin_pass(")
+    clear = begin.index("pass.sampled.clear()")
+    if "sampled_targets = 0" not in begin[clear:clear + 80]:
+        raise SystemExit("a new pass keeps the targets earlier draws sampled")
+    ins = source.index("pass.sampled.push_back(t);")
+    wrote = source.index("pass.written |= writes;", ins)
+    if "sampled_targets" not in source[ins:wrote]:
+        raise SystemExit("a sampled target is invisible to the next draw")
+    fn = block(source, "bool writes_sampled_target(")
+    fixture = f'''#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#define CHECK(x) do {{ if (!(x)) {{ std::fprintf(stderr, "FAIL:%d %s\\n", __LINE__, #x); std::exit(1); }} }} while (0)
+{fn}
+int main() {{
+    CHECK(writes_sampled_target(1u, 1u));
+    CHECK(writes_sampled_target(0x100u, 0x100u));
+    CHECK(writes_sampled_target(0x5u, 0x4u));
+    CHECK(!writes_sampled_target(1u, 2u));
+    CHECK(!writes_sampled_target(0u, 0x1FFu));
+    CHECK(!writes_sampled_target(0x1FFu, 0u));
+    std::printf("PASS: a draw hazards only the targets earlier draws sampled\\n");
+}}
+'''
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="pass-hazard-") as tmp:
+        cpp = Path(tmp) / "fixture.cpp"
+        exe = Path(tmp) / "fixture"
+        cpp.write_text(fixture, encoding="utf-8")
+        subprocess.run([a.cxx, "-std=c++20", "-Wall", "-Wextra", "-Werror", str(cpp), "-o", str(exe)], check=True)
+        subprocess.run([str(exe)], check=True)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()