[WIP] CMake HOW-TOs and Known Issues

[HuidaeCho]

Building on Windows

1. Install Visual Studio Community Edition. Select these two components:
   • MSVC v143 - VS 2022 C++ x64/x86 build tools (Latest)
   • Windows 11 SDK (10.0.26100.0)
2. Install Git for Windows
3. Install Miniconda

curl -O https://repo.anaconda.com/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-Windows-x86_64.exe
mkdir C:\opt
Miniconda3-latest-Windows-x86_64.exe /S /D=C:\opt\miniconda
C:\opt\miniconda\condabin\conda.bat init

4. Start Developer Command Prompt for VS 2022
5. Setup Conda for GRASS build

conda config --add channels conda-forge
conda config --set channel_priority strict
conda create -n grass cmake pkg-config winflexbison proj libgdal pcre fftw openblas pdal wxpython pywin32

6. Download the source code

cd \opt
git clone git@github.com:OSGeo/grass.git
cd grass

7. Build GRASS

conda activate grass

mkdir build
cd build
cmake .. -DWITH_OPENGL=OFF > cmake.log 2>&1
msbuild grass.sln -p:Configuration=Release > msbuild.log 2>&1

8. Run GRASS

set GRASS_BUILD=C:\opt\grass\build
set GISBASE=%GRASS_BUILD%\output\lib\grass85
set PATH=%GISBASE%\bin;%GISBASE%\lib;%PATH%
set GISRC=%GISBASE%\demolocation\.grassrc85

g.proj -p

Yes, g.gui doesn't work yet...

Alternatively, rename grass.py to grass85.py just once to avoid a problem with import grass:

ren output\bin\grass.py grass85.py

and

python output\bin\grass85.py output\lib\grass85\demolocation\PERMANENT

Building on Linux

1. Install Miniconda

wget https://repo.anaconda.com/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh
chmod a+x Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh
mkdir ~/opt
./Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh -b -u -p ~/opt/miniconda
~/opt/miniconda/bin/conda init
. ~/.bashrc

2. Setup Conda for GRASS build

conda config --add channels conda-forge
conda config --set channel_priority strict
conda create -n grass git cmake pkg-config make gcc gxx flex bison proj gdal xorg-libx11 xorg-xproto libopengl libgl-devel cairo postgresql gettext fftw openblas pdal libglu wxpython

3. Download the source code

cd ~/opt
git clone git@github.com:OSGeo/grass.git
cd grass

4. Build GRASS

conda activate grass

# create a missing symlink to libOpenGL.so
ln -sf $CONDA_PREFIX/lib/libOpenGL.so.0 $CONDA_PREFIX/lib/libOpenGL.so

mkdir build
cd build

# LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$CONDA_PREFIX/lib, PKG_CONFIG_PATH=, and -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=$CONDA_PREFIX to avoid system libraries
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$CONDA_PREFIX/lib PKG_CONFIG_PATH= cmake .. -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=$CONDA_PREFIX -DIconv_IS_BUILT_IN=FALSE &> cmake.log
make -j$(nproc) &> make.log

5. Run GRASS

./output/bin/grass

[HuidaeCho]

Known Issues for Windows

• Doesn't build -DWITH_OPENGL=ON (default)
• Getting many of these CMake warnings

CMake Warning (dev) at gui/wxpython/docs/CMakeLists.txt:14 (add_custom_command):
  The following keywords are not supported when using
  add_custom_command(TARGET): DEPENDS.

  Policy CMP0175 is not set: add_custom_command() rejects invalid arguments.    
  Run "cmake --help-policy CMP0175" for policy details.  Use the cmake_policy   
  command to set the policy and suppress this warning.
This warning is for project developers.  Use -Wno-dev to suppress it.

• SQLite driver not working

v.db.select country_boundaries
dbmi: db_open_database() not implemented
dbmi: db_open_database() not implemented
WARNING: Unable to open database
         <C:\Users\hcho\Documents\grassdata/world_latlong_wgs84/PERMANENT/sqlite/sqlite.db>
         by driver <sqlite>
ERROR: Unable to open database
       <C:\Users\hcho\Documents\grassdata/world_latlong_wgs84/PERMANENT/sqlite/sqlite.db>
       by driver <sqlite>

[echoix]

On CI, I think there's a problem of building the ctypes grass.lib.vector: Multiple tests fail when trying to use "Vect_get_num_areas"

AttributeError: module 'grass.lib.vector' has no attribute 'Vect_get_num_areas'

(see for example https://github.com/OSGeo/grass/actions/runs/13475973886/job/37657021926#step:15:3753)
Maybe that's why all the long temporal tests end up failing and get skipped, thus taking 22 min total

[echoix]

Locally, on a ubuntu 22.04 container (my dev environment for vscode, works well), I end up not being able to build, as there's a linking error for 4 bz_.... symbols.
=> I was reproducing it non stop even when cleaning+deleting the build folder before supper, but now I can't recreate it. And I restarted my IDE so I can't copy the output. The only thing different now is that when creating one of the PRs, I ran git clean -d -f -x so it might have removed some files not cleaned with make libsclean clean distclean from previous autotools-based builds..

When building with Unix makefiles, not using multiple jobs, I get an error for "#include <ogr_api.h>". How can I make sure I have that enabled too when building with autotools version? (As that dev environment worked for a while even when cleaning and all, and I never saw that yet)
cmake cache file: CMakeCache.txt

[ 43%] Building C object misc/CMakeFiles/m.nviz.image.dir/m.nviz.image/main.c.o
cd /home/vscode/grass/build/misc && /usr/bin/cc -DGRASS_VERSION_DATE=\"2025\" -DPACKAGE=\"grassmods\" -I/home/vscode/grass/build/output/lib/grass85/include -I/opt/local/include -I/home/vscode/grass/misc/m.nviz.image -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/gis -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/ogsf -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/nviz -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/vector/Vlib -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/db/dbmi_base -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/db/dbmi_client -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/db/./dbmi_base -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/db/dbmi_driver -DGRASS_CMAKE_BUILD=1  -std=gnu11 -MD -MT misc/CMakeFiles/m.nviz.image.dir/m.nviz.image/main.c.o -MF CMakeFiles/m.nviz.image.dir/m.nviz.image/main.c.o.d -o CMakeFiles/m.nviz.image.dir/m.nviz.image/main.c.o -c /home/vscode/grass/misc/m.nviz.image/main.c
[ 43%] Building C object misc/CMakeFiles/m.nviz.image.dir/m.nviz.image/surface.c.o
cd /home/vscode/grass/build/misc && /usr/bin/cc -DGRASS_VERSION_DATE=\"2025\" -DPACKAGE=\"grassmods\" -I/home/vscode/grass/build/output/lib/grass85/include -I/opt/local/include -I/home/vscode/grass/misc/m.nviz.image -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/gis -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/ogsf -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/nviz -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/vector/Vlib -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/db/dbmi_base -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/db/dbmi_client -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/db/./dbmi_base -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/db/dbmi_driver -DGRASS_CMAKE_BUILD=1  -std=gnu11 -MD -MT misc/CMakeFiles/m.nviz.image.dir/m.nviz.image/surface.c.o -MF CMakeFiles/m.nviz.image.dir/m.nviz.image/surface.c.o.d -o CMakeFiles/m.nviz.image.dir/m.nviz.image/surface.c.o -c /home/vscode/grass/misc/m.nviz.image/surface.c
[ 43%] Building C object misc/CMakeFiles/m.nviz.image.dir/m.nviz.image/vector.c.o
cd /home/vscode/grass/build/misc && /usr/bin/cc -DGRASS_VERSION_DATE=\"2025\" -DPACKAGE=\"grassmods\" -I/home/vscode/grass/build/output/lib/grass85/include -I/opt/local/include -I/home/vscode/grass/misc/m.nviz.image -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/gis -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/ogsf -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/nviz -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/vector/Vlib -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/db/dbmi_base -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/db/dbmi_client -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/db/./dbmi_base -I/home/vscode/grass/lib/db/dbmi_driver -DGRASS_CMAKE_BUILD=1  -std=gnu11 -MD -MT misc/CMakeFiles/m.nviz.image.dir/m.nviz.image/vector.c.o -MF CMakeFiles/m.nviz.image.dir/m.nviz.image/vector.c.o.d -o CMakeFiles/m.nviz.image.dir/m.nviz.image/vector.c.o -c /home/vscode/grass/misc/m.nviz.image/vector.c
In file included from /home/vscode/grass/build/output/lib/grass85/include/grass/vect/digit.h:3,
                 from /home/vscode/grass/build/output/lib/grass85/include/grass/vector.h:4,
                 from /home/vscode/grass/misc/m.nviz.image/vector.c:18:
/home/vscode/grass/build/output/lib/grass85/include/grass/vect/dig_structs.h:27:10: fatal error: ogr_api.h: No such file or directory
   27 | #include <ogr_api.h>
      |          ^~~~~~~~~~~
compilation terminated.
gmake[2]: *** [misc/CMakeFiles/m.nviz.image.dir/build.make:135: misc/CMakeFiles/m.nviz.image.dir/m.nviz.image/vector.c.o] Error 1
gmake[2]: Leaving directory '/home/vscode/grass/build'
gmake[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/Makefile2:12501: misc/CMakeFiles/m.nviz.image.dir/all] Error 2
gmake[1]: Leaving directory '/home/vscode/grass/build'
gmake: *** [Makefile:146: all] Error 2

With -j$(nproc), it happens at the very end.

Edit: is that because I absolutely need the extra -D arguments like the CI to specify includes? The find_packages don't work enough? -> Seems like it

[echoix]

With the following commands on cmake 3.31.4:

cmake  -B build -S .  --fresh  ${CMAKE_OPTIONS} -G Ninja \
                   -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="-I/usr/include -I/usr/include/gdal" \
                   -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-I/usr/include -I/usr/include/gdal" \
                   -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$HOME/install -DWITH_NLS=OFF -DWITH_GUI=OFF -DWITH_DOCS=OFF
cmake --build build --verbose -- -t missingdeps

We see what Ninja considers missing dependencies:

vscode ➜ ~/grass (cmake-gitignore) $ cmake --build build --verbose -- -t missingdeps
Change Dir: '/home/vscode/grass/build'

Run Build Command(s): /usr/local/python/current/bin/ninja -v -t missingdeps
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/chouse.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/chousv.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/cmattr.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/cmcpy.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/cminv.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/cmmul.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/cmmult.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/cmprt.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/csolv.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/cvmul.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/eigen.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/eigval.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/evmax.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/hconj.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/heigval.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/heigvec.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
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Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/house.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/housev.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/minv.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/mmul.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/ortho.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/psinv.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/qrbdi.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/qrbdu1.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/qrbdv.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/qrecvc.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/qreval.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/solv.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/solvps.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/sv2u1v.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
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Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/trncm.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/unitary.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
Missing dep: lib/CMakeFiles/grass_ccmath.dir/external/ccmath/utrncm.c.o uses /home/vscode/grass/lib/external/ccmath/ccmath.h (generated by phony)
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Processed 4212 nodes.
Error: There are 41 missing dependency paths.
41 targets had depfile dependencies on 1 distinct generated inputs (from 1 rules)  without a non-depfile dep path to the generator.
There might be build flakiness if any of the targets listed above are built alone, or not late enough, in a clean output directory.

[echoix]

With CMake 3.31.4 and the following command (deleting the build directory beforehand):

cmake  -B build -S .  ${CMAKE_OPTIONS} -G Ninja    --fresh
cmake --build build --verbose -- -t missingdeps

I get:

$ cmake --build build --verbose -- -t missingdeps
Change Dir: '/home/vscode/grass/build'

Run Build Command(s): /usr/local/python/current/bin/ninja -v -t missingdeps
ninja: error: build.ninja:53457: multiple rules generate output/lib/grass85/locale/ar/LC_MESSAGES

Does not happen when adding -DWITH_NLS=OFF

[echoix]

• Getting many of these CMake warnings

CMake Warning (dev) at gui/wxpython/docs/CMakeLists.txt:14 (add_custom_command):
  The following keywords are not supported when using
  add_custom_command(TARGET): DEPENDS.

  Policy CMP0175 is not set: add_custom_command() rejects invalid arguments.    
  Run "cmake --help-policy CMP0175" for policy details.  Use the cmake_policy   
  command to set the policy and suppress this warning.
This warning is for project developers.  Use -Wno-dev to suppress it.

I see them on non-Windows, I suppose it is related to the arguments passed.

For example:

Shows multiple warnings:

cmake  -B build -S .  ${CMAKE_OPTIONS} -G Ninja                   -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="-I/usr/include -I/usr/include/gdal"                   -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-I/usr/include -I/usr/include/gdal"                   -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$HOME/install 

Doesn't show these warnings: (git clean -d -f -x in between each):

cmake  -B build -S .  ${CMAKE_OPTIONS} -G Ninja \
                  -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="-I/usr/include -I/usr/include/gdal" \
                  -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-I/usr/include -I/usr/include/gdal" \
                  -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$HOME/install \
                  -DWITH_GUI=OFF 
cmake  -B build -S .  ${CMAKE_OPTIONS} -G Ninja \
                  -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="-I/usr/include -I/usr/include/gdal" \
                  -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-I/usr/include -I/usr/include/gdal" \
                  -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$HOME/install \
                  -DWITH_NLS=OFF -DWITH_GUI=OFF
cmake  -B build -S .  ${CMAKE_OPTIONS} -G Ninja \
                  -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="-I/usr/include -I/usr/include/gdal" \
                  -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-I/usr/include -I/usr/include/gdal" \
                  -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$HOME/install \
                  -DWITH_NLS=OFF  -DWITH_DOCS=OFF
cmake  -B build -S .  ${CMAKE_OPTIONS} -G Ninja \
                  -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="-I/usr/include -I/usr/include/gdal" \
                  -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-I/usr/include -I/usr/include/gdal" \
                  -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$HOME/install \
                  -DWITH_GUI=OFF -DWITH_DOCS=OFF 
cmake  -B build -S .  ${CMAKE_OPTIONS} -G Ninja \
                  -DCMAKE_C_FLAGS="-I/usr/include -I/usr/include/gdal" \
                  -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS="-I/usr/include -I/usr/include/gdal" \
                  -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=$HOME/install \
                  -DWITH_NLS=OFF -DWITH_GUI=OFF -DWITH_DOCS=OFF 

So, I must not have the three arguments for it to show (tried multiple times with same results)

[hellik]

now tested the how-to locally on windows.

some minor comments to the how-to:

while at Start Developer Command Prompt for VS 2022 :

git clone git@github.com:OSGeo/grass.git doesn't work because the Developer Command Prompt starts in C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Community and there is no write permission on this protected folder. you have to change to a writeable folder e.g. C:\opt to proceed.

but then, winGRASS builds. :-)

anything I should look at in the build logs?

[hellik]

getting many warnings in a windows test build, like, e.g.

CMake Warning (dev) at cmake/modules/build_gui_in_subdir.cmake:90 (add_custom_command):
  COMMENT requires exactly one argument, but multiple values or COMMENT
  keywords have been given.

  Policy CMP0175 is not set: add_custom_command() rejects invalid arguments.
  Run "cmake --help-policy CMP0175" for policy details.  Use the cmake_policy
  command to set the policy and suppress this warning.
Call Stack (most recent call first):
  gui/wxpython/CMakeLists.txt:50 (build_gui_in_subdir)
This warning is for project developers.  Use -Wno-dev to suppress it.

[hellik]

find attached warnings and errors mentioned in msbuild.log; build in a win 11 box

error_list_windows11.txt

warning_windows11.txt

[HuidaeCho]

now tested the how-to locally on windows.

some minor comments to the how-to:

while at Start Developer Command Prompt for VS 2022 :

git clone git@github.com:OSGeo/grass.git doesn't work because the Developer Command Prompt starts in C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\2022\Community and there is no write permission on this protected folder. you have to change to a writeable folder e.g. C:\opt to proceed.

but then, winGRASS builds. :-)

anything I should look at in the build logs?

Thanks for testing! Good catch! I'll update the HOW-TO. Please test binaries. Do they work properly?

[HuidaeCho]

getting many warnings in a windows test build, like, e.g.

CMake Warning (dev) at cmake/modules/build_gui_in_subdir.cmake:90 (add_custom_command):
  COMMENT requires exactly one argument, but multiple values or COMMENT
  keywords have been given.

  Policy CMP0175 is not set: add_custom_command() rejects invalid arguments.
  Run "cmake --help-policy CMP0175" for policy details.  Use the cmake_policy
  command to set the policy and suppress this warning.
Call Stack (most recent call first):
  gui/wxpython/CMakeLists.txt:50 (build_gui_in_subdir)
This warning is for project developers.  Use -Wno-dev to suppress it.

Yes, that's known and documented above.

[hellik]

Please test binaries. Do they work properly?

how can I test the binaries?