macOS Golden Gate (27) support / CI

[tyler-yankee]

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.

Apple is soon to release macOS Golden Gate (27). Drake should officially (https://drake.mit.edu/installation.html) support it, which means testing and CI coverage.

Describe the solution you'd like

Add Golden Gate builds to CI, get them passing, elevate to Production, then update our docs & releases.

Since we only support the two most recent versions of macOS, that means dropping Sequoia, first. See #24941 for that.

Additional context

Prior issues: Tahoe #23439, Sequoia #21910, Sonoma #20339

TBD: This issue may coincide with investigation into tart (https://github.com/openai/tart) as an alternative CI solution to the bare metal macs in EC2.

Checklist

• Determine when our CI solution (EC2 and/or tart) can support Golden Gate
• macOS Sequoia (15) support end of life #24941
• DJJ: Add initial set of experimental Golden Gate jobs
• Jenkins: Create Golden Gate images, update Jenkins cloud configuration
• drake: Fix any issues so that all experimental Golden Gate jobs pass (e.g. test failures, or new Xcode build failures, etc.)
• DJJ: Create Production Continuous and Nightly jobs
• drake doc: Add Golden Gate to official support matrix

[tyler-yankee]

Listing these details in a separate comment so as to not detract from the top-level checklist.

We should also investigate removing this Rosetta 2 install hack for Gurobi. That installation predates the existence of that script (it lived in a document before). At some point last year I assumed that since we no longer support x86 mac, it could be removed, but CI went sideways when that happened, which is why it was restored in RobotLocomotion/drake-ci#354. Unfortunately I don't think we have any job logs for the specific failure mode.

The reason this comes up here is that macOS Golden Gate is set to be the last version to support Rosetta 2 at all.