[FEATURE] Speed up `[outputs].[fn_ase_with_zeros]`

[Eric-Liu-SANDAG]

Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe

See discussion in [demographic_warehouse] https://github.com/SANDAG/demographic-warehouse/pull/186/#discussion_r3483124146 about the TVF. The needs to be sped up to be useful for insertion into [demographic_warehouse]

Describe the solution you'd like

Since the TVF is AFAIK only used for [demographic_warehouse], there's quite a few optimizations to be done. Most notably, we can remove the [pop_type] column and group data to cut the number of rows by a factor of five

Describe alternatives you've considered

N/A

Additional context

N/A