Methods marked with @access private annotations are documented with a warning like this:
This function’s access is marked private. This means it is not intended for use by plugin or theme developers, only in other core functions. It is listed here for completeness.
WP_HTML_Decoder::decode( string $context, string $text ): string for example
Classes may also be annotated, but nothing appears in documentation. class WP_HTML_Attribute_Token {} for example.
Private access classes should have a note in documentation.