diff --git a/docs/checkers.md b/docs/checkers.md
index d8e67e6..c84e2dc 100644
--- a/docs/checkers.md
+++ b/docs/checkers.md
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ Checks for a well-formed `llms.txt` file, which serves as a structured index for
 - File itself is under 5,000 tokens (+1)
 - Organized with section headings (+1)
 
+Also validates that the file has exactly one H1 heading placed first, as required by the spec. Violations are reported as findings (missing H1 → error; multiple H1s or H1 not first → warning).
+
 **Specification:** https://llmstxt.org
 
 ---
diff --git a/src/checkers/llms-txt.js b/src/checkers/llms-txt.js
index fb9d2b2..19ab098 100644
--- a/src/checkers/llms-txt.js
+++ b/src/checkers/llms-txt.js
@@ -7,6 +7,46 @@ const NAME = 'llms.txt Discovery Index';
 const CATEGORY = 'discovery';
 const MAX_SCORE = 10;
 
+/**
+ * Validate the H1 heading against the llms.txt spec.
+ * The spec requires exactly one H1 and places it first in the ordered structure.
+ */
+function validateH1(content) {
+  // Strip an optional UTF-8 BOM that some editors prepend on save.
+  const safe = (content || '').replace(/^\uFEFF/, '');
+  // For counting H1s, strip fenced code blocks so '# comment' lines inside
+  // bash/etc. aren't matched.
+  const stripped = safe.replace(/^([`~]{3,})[^\n]*\n[\s\S]*?^\1[^\n]*$/gm, '');
+  // Normalize setext H1 (`Title\n====`) to ATX (`# Title`) so the rest of the
+  // checks apply uniformly. Only H1 ('='), not setext H2 ('-').
+  const setextToAtx = (text) =>
+    text.replace(/^(?!\s*$)([^\n]+)\n[ ]{0,3}=+[ \t]*$/gm, '# $1');
+  const normStripped = setextToAtx(stripped);
+  const normSafe = setextToAtx(safe);
+
+  // CommonMark allows up to 3 spaces of indentation before an ATX heading.
+  const h1Regex = /^[ ]{0,3}#\s+\S.*$/gm;
+  const h1s = normStripped.match(h1Regex) || [];
+  // For position, check the original (BOM-stripped, setext-normalized) content.
+  const firstNonBlank = normSafe.split('\n').find((l) => l.trim() !== '') || '';
+  const startsWithH1 = /^[ ]{0,3}#\s+\S/.test(firstNonBlank);
+
+  if (h1s.length === 0) {
+    return finding('error', 'llms.txt is missing the required H1 heading.',
+      'Add a top-level heading with your project or site name as the first line:\n# My Project');
+  }
+  if (h1s.length > 1) {
+    return finding('warning',
+      `llms.txt contains ${h1s.length} H1 headings; the spec expects exactly one.`,
+      'Keep a single top-level "# Project Name" heading. Use H2 (##) for sections.');
+  }
+  if (!startsWithH1) {
+    return finding('warning', 'llms.txt H1 heading is not the first content in the file.',
+      'Move the "# Project Name" heading to the top; the spec expects it before the blockquote summary and sections.');
+  }
+  return finding('info', `H1 heading present: "${h1s[0].replace(/^\s*#\s+/, '').trim()}".`);
+}
+
 /**
  * Check llms.txt exists and is well-formed.
  *
@@ -48,6 +88,10 @@ export async function check(context) {
   score += 3;
   findings.push(finding('info', `llms.txt found at ${foundPath}.`));
 
+  // Spec: single H1 with the project/site name, first in the ordered structure.
+  // https://llmstxt.org
+  findings.push(validateH1(content));
+
   // Check for structured links [title](url)
   const linkPattern = /\[([^\]]+)\]\(([^)]+)\)/g;
   const links = [...content.matchAll(linkPattern)];
diff --git a/test/checkers/llms-txt.test.js b/test/checkers/llms-txt.test.js
index 1ab5b7d..5b7eaaa 100644
--- a/test/checkers/llms-txt.test.js
+++ b/test/checkers/llms-txt.test.js
@@ -26,4 +26,36 @@ describe('llms-txt checker', () => {
     const withFix = result.findings.filter((f) => f.fix);
     assert.ok(withFix.length > 0, 'Should provide fix suggestions');
   });
+
+  it('should report an error when llms.txt has no H1 heading', async () => {
+    const result = await check({ dir: join(FIXTURES, 'llms-no-h1'), projectDir: join(FIXTURES, 'llms-no-h1') });
+    const h1Error = result.findings.find(
+      (f) => f.severity === 'error' && /H1/.test(f.message)
+    );
+    assert.ok(h1Error, 'Should report a missing-H1 error finding');
+  });
+
+  it('should warn when the H1 is not the first content (code block above it)', async () => {
+    const result = await check({ dir: join(FIXTURES, 'llms-h1-not-first'), projectDir: join(FIXTURES, 'llms-h1-not-first') });
+    const positionWarning = result.findings.find(
+      (f) => f.severity === 'warning' && /not the first content/.test(f.message)
+    );
+    assert.ok(positionWarning, 'Should warn that the H1 is not the first content in the file');
+  });
+
+  it('should accept a setext H1 (Title\\n=====) as a valid H1', async () => {
+    const result = await check({ dir: join(FIXTURES, 'llms-setext'), projectDir: join(FIXTURES, 'llms-setext') });
+    const missingH1 = result.findings.find(
+      (f) => f.severity === 'error' && /missing the required H1/.test(f.message)
+    );
+    assert.equal(missingH1, undefined, 'Setext H1 should not trigger missing-H1 error');
+  });
+
+  it('should not flag H1 position when file starts with a UTF-8 BOM', async () => {
+    const result = await check({ dir: join(FIXTURES, 'llms-bom'), projectDir: join(FIXTURES, 'llms-bom') });
+    const positionWarning = result.findings.find(
+      (f) => f.severity === 'warning' && /not the first content/.test(f.message)
+    );
+    assert.equal(positionWarning, undefined, 'BOM prefix should not cause the position check to fail');
+  });
 });
diff --git a/test/fixtures/llms-bom/llms.txt b/test/fixtures/llms-bom/llms.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d0926f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/llms-bom/llms.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# BomProject
+
+> A project whose llms.txt starts with a UTF-8 BOM.
+
+## Section
+
+- [Guide](https://example.com/guide): Intro (~200 tokens)
diff --git a/test/fixtures/llms-h1-not-first/llms.txt b/test/fixtures/llms-h1-not-first/llms.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e6e1ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/llms-h1-not-first/llms.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+```bash
+# install
+npm install example
+```
+
+# ExampleDocs
+
+> A project whose llms.txt starts with a code block before the H1.
+
+## Getting Started
+
+- [Quickstart](https://example.com/quickstart): First steps (~500 tokens)
diff --git a/test/fixtures/llms-no-h1/llms.txt b/test/fixtures/llms-no-h1/llms.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..583f463
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/llms-no-h1/llms.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+> A site with an llms.txt that has links and sections but no H1.
+
+## Getting Started
+
+- [Quickstart](https://example.com/quickstart): Get going in 5 minutes (~500 tokens)
+
+## API Reference
+
+- [Users API](https://example.com/api/users): CRUD for user accounts (~800 tokens)
diff --git a/test/fixtures/llms-setext/llms.txt b/test/fixtures/llms-setext/llms.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d13b72b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/llms-setext/llms.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+MyProject
+=========
+
+> A project using setext H1 syntax (title underlined with '=').
+
+## Section
+
+- [Guide](https://example.com/guide): Intro (~200 tokens)