[8.8.0] Implement `transition.and_then`

[bazel-io]

Forked from #29542

[bazel-io]

Cherry-pick was attempted but there were merge conflicts in the following file(s). Please resolve manually.

docs/extending/config.mdx
src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/producers/RuleTransitionApplier.java
src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/starlarkbuildapi/config/ConfigurationTransitionApi.java

cc: @bazelbuild/triage

[iancha1992]

Cherry-pick was attempted but there were merge conflicts in the following file(s). Please resolve manually.

docs/extending/config.mdx src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/analysis/producers/RuleTransitionApplier.java src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/starlarkbuildapi/config/ConfigurationTransitionApi.java

cc: @bazelbuild/triage

cc: @fmeum @katre @dabanki @aranguyen @gregestren