diff --git a/src/init.cpp b/src/init.cpp
index a610658ec8e2..471dec9f5a50 100644
--- a/src/init.cpp
+++ b/src/init.cpp
@@ -639,6 +639,7 @@ void SetupServerArgs(ArgsManager& argsman, bool can_listen_ipc)
                    strprintf("Relay and mine non-OP_RETURN datacarrier injection (default: %u)",
                              DEFAULT_ACCEPT_NON_STD_DATACARRIER),
                    ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::NODE_RELAY);
+    argsman.AddArg("-rejectbpub", strprintf("Count the witness scripts of inputs that carry a BPUB file as non-standard data carrier bytes (default: %u)", DEFAULT_REJECT_BPUB), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::NODE_RELAY);
     argsman.AddArg("-acceptnonstdtxn", strprintf("Relay and mine \"non-standard\" transactions (default: %u)", DEFAULT_ACCEPT_NON_STD_TXN), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::NODE_RELAY);
     argsman.AddArg("-acceptunknownwitness",
                    strprintf("Relay transactions sending to unknown/future witness script versions (default: %u)", DEFAULT_ACCEPTUNKNOWNWITNESS),
@@ -1081,6 +1082,7 @@ bool AppInitParameterInteraction(const ArgsManager& args)
     if (auto parsed = args.GetFixedPointArg("-datacarriercost", 2)) {
         g_weight_per_data_byte = ((*parsed * WITNESS_SCALE_FACTOR) + 99) / 100;
     }
+    g_reject_bpub = args.GetBoolArg("-rejectbpub", DEFAULT_REJECT_BPUB);
 
     nBytesPerSigOp = args.GetIntArg("-bytespersigop", nBytesPerSigOp);
     nBytesPerSigOpStrict = args.GetIntArg("-bytespersigopstrict", nBytesPerSigOpStrict);
diff --git a/src/policy/policy.cpp b/src/policy/policy.cpp
index f1ea0544b964..907fa4b237fa 100644
--- a/src/policy/policy.cpp
+++ b/src/policy/policy.cpp
@@ -11,9 +11,11 @@
 #include <consensus/amount.h>
 #include <consensus/consensus.h>
 #include <consensus/validation.h>
+#include <crypto/common.h>
 #include <kernel/mempool_options.h>
 #include <policy/feerate.h>
 #include <primitives/transaction.h>
+#include <pubkey.h>
 #include <script/interpreter.h>
 #include <script/script.h>
 #include <script/solver.h>
@@ -444,6 +446,7 @@ std::pair<size_t, size_t> DatacarrierBytes(const CTransaction& tx, const CCoinsV
         ret.first += dcb.first;
         ret.second += dcb.second;
     }
+    if (::g_reject_bpub) ret.second += BPUBBytes(tx);
     for (size_t i{tx.vout.size()}; i; ) {
         const CTxOut& txout = tx.vout[--i];
         const auto dcb = txout.scriptPubKey.DatacarrierBytes(tx.vout.size() - i);
@@ -468,6 +471,7 @@ int32_t CalculateExtraTxWeight(const CTransaction& tx, const CCoinsViewCache& vi
                 mod_weight += int64_t(dcb.first + dcb.second) * (weight_per_data_byte - consensus_weight_per_byte);
             }
         }
+        if (::g_reject_bpub) mod_weight += int64_t(BPUBBytes(tx)) * (weight_per_data_byte - 1);
         if (weight_per_data_byte > WITNESS_SCALE_FACTOR) {
             for (size_t i{tx.vout.size()}; i; ) {
                 const CTxOut& txout = tx.vout[--i];
@@ -479,3 +483,72 @@ int32_t CalculateExtraTxWeight(const CTransaction& tx, const CCoinsViewCache& vi
 
     return int32_t(std::min(mod_weight, int64_t{std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()}));
 }
+
+bool g_reject_bpub{DEFAULT_REJECT_BPUB};
+
+static bool IsBPUBHeader(const std::vector<unsigned char>& head)
+{
+    if (head.size() < 10) return false;
+    if (std::equal(head.begin(), head.begin() + 4, "BPUB")) return head[4] == 1;
+    if (head[4] != 4 && head[4] != 5) return false;
+    // The body opens with a 44 byte header and fits in a block, and DEFLATE inflates at most
+    // 1032 times, so the high half of its 64 bit uncompressed size is always zero.
+    const uint32_t body_len{ReadBE32(head.data())};
+    return body_len >= 44 && body_len <= MAX_BLOCK_SERIALIZED_SIZE && ReadBE32(head.data() + 6) == 0;
+}
+
+size_t BPUBBytes(const CTransaction& tx)
+{
+    // A BPUB reader joins, in input order, each input whose witness ends in a 1-of-N multisig
+    // with the same last key, taking each key but the last, less its first and last bytes, and
+    // reads the result as a stream that opens with a header. Nothing checks those keys, since the
+    // last one signs first, so one reader takes pushes of any size but OP_0, and N as any opcode
+    // valued 0x50 + N; another takes only compressed keys and OP_N, skipping any other input.
+    struct Input {
+        std::vector<unsigned char> control, head;
+        bool compressed_keys;
+        size_t bytes;
+    };
+    std::vector<Input> inputs;
+    std::vector<unsigned char> push_data;
+    for (const CTxIn& txin : tx.vin) {
+        const auto& stack{txin.scriptWitness.stack};
+        if (stack.size() < 2) continue;
+        const CScript script(stack.back().begin(), stack.back().end());
+        CScript::const_iterator it{script.begin()};
+        opcodetype opcode;
+        if (!script.GetOp(it, opcode) || opcode != OP_1) continue;
+        Input input{{}, {}, true, script.size()};
+        size_t keys{0};
+        bool parsed;
+        while ((parsed = script.GetOp(it, opcode, push_data)) && opcode > OP_0 && opcode <= OP_PUSHDATA4) {
+            if (keys++ && input.head.size() < 10 && input.control.size() > 2) {
+                input.head.insert(input.head.end(), input.control.begin() + 1, input.control.begin() + 1 + std::min(10 - input.head.size(), input.control.size() - 2));
+            }
+            input.compressed_keys &= push_data.size() == CPubKey::COMPRESSED_SIZE;
+            input.control.swap(push_data);
+        }
+        if (!parsed || keys < 2 || static_cast<size_t>(opcode) != 0x50 + keys) continue;
+        input.compressed_keys &= keys <= 16;
+        if (!script.GetOp(it, opcode) || opcode != OP_CHECKMULTISIG || it != script.end()) continue;
+        inputs.push_back(std::move(input));
+    }
+
+    std::stable_sort(inputs.begin(), inputs.end(), [](const Input& a, const Input& b) { return a.control < b.control; });
+    size_t bytes{0};
+    for (auto stream{inputs.begin()}; stream != inputs.end();) {
+        const auto end{std::find_if(stream, inputs.end(), [&](const Input& input) { return input.control != stream->control; })};
+        std::vector<unsigned char> head, compressed_head;
+        size_t stream_bytes{0};
+        for (auto input{stream}; input != end; ++input) {
+            if (head.size() < 10) head.insert(head.end(), input->head.begin(), input->head.end());
+            if (input->compressed_keys && compressed_head.size() < 10) {
+                compressed_head.insert(compressed_head.end(), input->head.begin(), input->head.end());
+            }
+            stream_bytes += input->bytes;
+        }
+        if (IsBPUBHeader(head) || IsBPUBHeader(compressed_head)) bytes += stream_bytes;
+        stream = end;
+    }
+    return bytes;
+}
diff --git a/src/policy/policy.h b/src/policy/policy.h
index ce49bc141a4e..d6d8fe3fae41 100644
--- a/src/policy/policy.h
+++ b/src/policy/policy.h
@@ -206,6 +206,12 @@ static inline int64_t GetVirtualTransactionInputSize(const CTxIn& tx)
     return GetVirtualTransactionInputSize(tx, 0, 0);
 }
 
+/** Default for -rejectbpub */
+static constexpr bool DEFAULT_REJECT_BPUB{true};
+extern bool g_reject_bpub;
+/** Witness script bytes of the inputs that carry a BPUB stream. */
+size_t BPUBBytes(const CTransaction& tx);
+
 std::pair<CScript, unsigned int> GetScriptForTransactionInput(CScript prevScript, const CTxIn&);
 
 std::pair<size_t, size_t> DatacarrierBytes(const CTransaction& tx, const CCoinsViewCache& view);
diff --git a/src/test/transaction_tests.cpp b/src/test/transaction_tests.cpp
index 613eeddfed6a..5c192ffb4276 100644
--- a/src/test/transaction_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/transaction_tests.cpp
@@ -1053,4 +1053,163 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_IsStandard)
     CheckIsNotStandard(t, "dust");
 }
 
+/** Spend 1-of-N inputs whose keys carry `stream` in `chunk` bytes each, as a BPUB encoder does. */
+static size_t AddBpubInputs(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::vector<unsigned char>& stream, const size_t chunk, const size_t per_input, const std::vector<unsigned char>& control)
+{
+    std::vector<std::vector<unsigned char>> keys;
+    for (size_t i{0}; i < stream.size(); i += chunk) {
+        std::vector<unsigned char> key(chunk + 2);
+        key[0] = 0x02;
+        std::copy_n(stream.begin() + i, std::min(chunk, stream.size() - i), key.begin() + 1);
+        keys.push_back(key);
+    }
+    size_t bytes{0};
+    for (size_t i{0}; i < keys.size(); i += per_input) {
+        const size_t n{std::min(per_input, keys.size() - i)};
+        CScript script{CScript() << OP_1};
+        for (size_t j{i}; j < i + n; ++j) script << keys[j];
+        script << control << CScript::EncodeOP_N(n + 1) << OP_CHECKMULTISIG;
+        tx.vin.emplace_back().scriptWitness.stack = {{}, std::vector<unsigned char>(72, 1), {script.begin(), script.end()}};
+        bytes += script.size();
+    }
+    return bytes;
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bpub_bytes)
+{
+    // A BPUB v5 stream, as its encoder writes it
+    const auto v5{ParseHex("000000ca05030000000000000180b25870e5538d2124919e1345dcb4674cab44d42456ad164038eb93f5e4f9969d006976a654abd02a15e1b2c15177f6e73f72ca9c2b339a651509ebf29bf1299d3bcf8c6df6aa2695cd184ad61eb1dd462f000a40ec28b0c273677fa0ef8b8a49540319ab20d0912a5ee05e445f98f078087d5532c24bb4c1e2704c913bcc6801ad6464d35d4fae82e95a5020a035e89da5d512011a4da91b2734737ea3cea48260b798faa33ce4aa13806859a490644a60d834964fb01829605702b9c3b3bf53")};
+    const std::vector<unsigned char> control(33, 3), other(33, 2);
+    const auto bytes_of = [&](const std::vector<unsigned char>& stream, size_t chunk, size_t per_input) {
+        CMutableTransaction tx;
+        const size_t bytes{AddBpubInputs(tx, stream, chunk, per_input, control)};
+        return std::pair{BPUBBytes(CTransaction{tx}), bytes};
+    };
+    const auto counted = [&](const std::vector<unsigned char>& stream, size_t chunk = 31, size_t per_input = 14) {
+        const auto [got, bytes] = bytes_of(stream, chunk, per_input);
+        return got == bytes && bytes > 0;
+    };
+    const auto ignored = [&](const std::vector<unsigned char>& stream) { return bytes_of(stream, 31, 14).first == 0; };
+
+    // As deployed: 1-of-15 of compressed keys
+    BOOST_CHECK(counted(v5));
+    // Any 1-of-N reads the same
+    BOOST_CHECK(counted(v5, 31, 10));
+    BOOST_CHECK(counted(v5, 31, 1));
+    // Readers take keys of any size, and the header can span inputs
+    BOOST_CHECK(counted(v5, 518, 6));
+    BOOST_CHECK(counted(v5, 3, 1));
+    BOOST_CHECK(counted(v5, 200000, 1));
+
+    auto stream{v5};
+    stream[4] = 4;
+    BOOST_CHECK(counted(stream));
+    stream = v5;
+    std::copy_n("BPUB\x01", 5, stream.begin());
+    BOOST_CHECK(counted(stream));
+    stream[4] = 2; // unknown legacy version
+    BOOST_CHECK(ignored(stream));
+    stream = v5;
+    stream[4] = 6; // unknown version
+    BOOST_CHECK(ignored(stream));
+    stream = v5;
+    stream[3] = 43; // body shorter than its header
+    BOOST_CHECK(ignored(stream));
+    stream[3] = 44;
+    BOOST_CHECK(counted(stream));
+    stream = v5;
+    stream[1] = 0x3d; stream[2] = 0x09; stream[3] = 0x01; // body larger than a block
+    BOOST_CHECK(ignored(stream));
+    stream[3] = 0x00;
+    BOOST_CHECK(counted(stream));
+    stream = v5;
+    stream[9] = 1; // uncompressed size no body can inflate to
+    BOOST_CHECK(ignored(stream));
+    stream = v5;
+    stream.insert(stream.begin(), 0); // header not where a reader looks
+    BOOST_CHECK(ignored(stream));
+
+    // Inputs signed by another key are another stream, so they neither hide the header nor count
+    CMutableTransaction tx;
+    AddBpubInputs(tx, std::vector<unsigned char>(62, 0), 31, 2, other);
+    const size_t bytes{AddBpubInputs(tx, v5, 31, 14, control)};
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(BPUBBytes(CTransaction{tx}), bytes);
+    // ...nor when interleaved with it
+    CMutableTransaction real, decoy, mixed;
+    const size_t real_bytes{AddBpubInputs(real, v5, 31, 2, control)};
+    AddBpubInputs(decoy, std::vector<unsigned char>(124, 0), 31, 2, other);
+    for (size_t i{0}; i < real.vin.size(); ++i) {
+        if (i < decoy.vin.size()) mixed.vin.push_back(decoy.vin[i]);
+        mixed.vin.push_back(real.vin[i]);
+    }
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(BPUBBytes(CTransaction{mixed}), real_bytes);
+
+    // An input only one reader takes cannot hide the header from the other
+    CMutableTransaction decoyed;
+    const CScript decoy_script{CScript() << OP_1 << std::vector<unsigned char>(34, 0) << control << OP_2 << OP_CHECKMULTISIG};
+    decoyed.vin.emplace_back().scriptWitness.stack = {{}, std::vector<unsigned char>(72, 1), {decoy_script.begin(), decoy_script.end()}};
+    const size_t decoyed_bytes{decoy_script.size() + AddBpubInputs(decoyed, v5, 31, 14, control)};
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(BPUBBytes(CTransaction{decoyed}), decoyed_bytes);
+    // Neither reader takes an input with an OP_0 key, so it cannot hide the header either
+    CMutableTransaction zero_key;
+    const CScript zero_key_script{CScript() << OP_1 << OP_0 << std::vector<unsigned char>(34, 0) << control << OP_3 << OP_CHECKMULTISIG};
+    zero_key.vin.emplace_back().scriptWitness.stack = {{}, std::vector<unsigned char>(72, 1), {zero_key_script.begin(), zero_key_script.end()}};
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(BPUBBytes(CTransaction{zero_key}), 0U);
+    const size_t zero_key_bytes{AddBpubInputs(zero_key, v5, 3, 1, control)};
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(BPUBBytes(CTransaction{zero_key}), zero_key_bytes);
+    // One reader takes N as any opcode valued 0x50 + N, so 17 keys end in OP_NOP
+    CScript nop_script{CScript() << OP_1};
+    for (size_t i{0}; i < 16; ++i) {
+        std::vector<unsigned char> key(13);
+        key[0] = 0x02;
+        std::copy_n(v5.begin() + 12 * i, 12, key.begin() + 1);
+        nop_script << key;
+    }
+    nop_script << std::vector<unsigned char>{0x11} << OP_NOP << OP_CHECKMULTISIG;
+    CMutableTransaction nop;
+    nop.vin.emplace_back().scriptWitness.stack = {{}, std::vector<unsigned char>(72, 1), {nop_script.begin(), nop_script.end()}};
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(BPUBBytes(CTransaction{nop}), nop_script.size());
+    nop.vin[0].scriptWitness.stack.back()[nop_script.size() - 2] = OP_16;
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(BPUBBytes(CTransaction{nop}), 0U);
+    // A key count the script does not have, or a witness that is only the script, is not BPUB
+    CMutableTransaction miscounted;
+    AddBpubInputs(miscounted, v5, 31, 14, control);
+    auto& miscounted_script{miscounted.vin[0].scriptWitness.stack.back()};
+    miscounted_script[miscounted_script.size() - 2] = OP_14;
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(BPUBBytes(CTransaction{miscounted}), 0U);
+    CMutableTransaction bare;
+    AddBpubInputs(bare, v5, 31, 14, control);
+    for (auto& txin : bare.vin) txin.scriptWitness.stack.erase(txin.scriptWitness.stack.begin(), txin.scriptWitness.stack.end() - 1);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(BPUBBytes(CTransaction{bare}), 0U);
+
+    // It counts as non-standard datacarrier, and as data for -datacarriercost
+    CCoinsView coins_dummy;
+    CCoinsViewCache coins{&coins_dummy};
+    for (uint32_t i{0}; i < tx.vin.size(); ++i) {
+        tx.vin[i].prevout = COutPoint{Txid::FromUint256(uint256::ONE), i};
+        const auto& script{tx.vin[i].scriptWitness.stack.back()};
+        coins.AddCoin(tx.vin[i].prevout, Coin{CTxOut{1000, GetScriptForDestination(WitnessV0ScriptHash{CScript(script.begin(), script.end())})}, 1, false}, false);
+    }
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(DatacarrierBytes(CTransaction{tx}, coins).second, bytes);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(CalculateExtraTxWeight(CTransaction{tx}, coins, 4), int32_t(bytes * 3));
+    // -rejectbpub=0 counts none of it
+    g_reject_bpub = false;
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(DatacarrierBytes(CTransaction{tx}, coins).second, 0U);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(CalculateExtraTxWeight(CTransaction{tx}, coins, 4), 0);
+    g_reject_bpub = true;
+
+    // Other multisig, and other spends, are not BPUB
+    for (const opcodetype m : {OP_1, OP_2}) {
+        CMutableTransaction honest;
+        const CScript multisig{CScript() << m << other << control << std::vector<unsigned char>(33, 4) << OP_3 << OP_CHECKMULTISIG};
+        honest.vin.emplace_back().scriptWitness.stack = {{}, std::vector<unsigned char>(72, 1), {multisig.begin(), multisig.end()}};
+        honest.vin.emplace_back().scriptWitness.stack = {std::vector<unsigned char>(72, 1), control};
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(BPUBBytes(CTransaction{honest}), 0U);
+    }
+    CMutableTransaction two_of_n;
+    AddBpubInputs(two_of_n, v5, 31, 14, control);
+    for (auto& txin : two_of_n.vin) txin.scriptWitness.stack.back()[0] = OP_2;
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(BPUBBytes(CTransaction{two_of_n}), 0U);
+}
+
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END()