Exercise 12: Understanding Call by Value ("call_by_value") ("Chapter 1.8")

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Looking for help creating exercise:
Topic: Understanding Call by Value
Exercise Directory Name: call_by_value

Note: For Directory Name, refer to the exercises directory to find the correct number to use. It should be close to the number in the issue title but may be slightly off.

Refer to "The C Programming Language" book, Chapter 1.8 for more information.

Contribution instructions: https://github.com/danwritecode/clings?tab=readme-ov-file#contributions