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# Visualizing Intertextuality
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## About the Project
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This is a project to visualize intertexts and intertextual relationships in Latin poetry. The project is explained in detail below, in terms that should be equally accessible to Latin poetry scholars with no background in coding and Digital Humanities experts—including those with no background in Latin—although some portions of the discussion are directed more towards one group or the other. (Interested parties can also [view the code on GitHub](https://github.com/dkrasne/visualizing_intertextuality).)
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This is a project to visualize intertexts and intertextual relationships in Latin poetry. The project is explained in detail below, in terms that should be equally accessible to scholars and students of Latin poetry with no background in coding and Digital Humanities experts—including those with no background in Latin—although some portions of the discussion are directed more towards one group or the other. (Interested parties can also [view the code on GitHub](https://github.com/dkrasne/visualizing_intertextuality).)
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## Background: What is Intertextuality?
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Within the scholarly field of Latin poetry, “intertextuality” is a commonly-discussed concept. The term itself is commonly credited to the philosopher [Julia Kristeva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva), who first used it in two essays from the 1960s; its meaning, however—especially as it has come to be used, rather than as Kristeva originated it—is a source of debate across and within the academic fields that make use of the term. The present project is concerned with the following definition of intertextuality, as it is commonly used by most scholars who study Latin poetry.
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Within the scholarly field of Latin poetry, “intertextuality” is a commonly-addressed concept. The term itself is credited to the philosopher [Julia Kristeva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Kristeva), who first used it in two essays from the 1960s; its meaning, however—especially as it has come to be used, rather than as Kristeva originated it—is a source of debate across and within the academic fields that make use of the term. The present project is concerned with the following definition of intertextuality, as it is typically used by most scholars who study Latin poetry.
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Intertextuality refers to an allusive compositional technique whereby the writer of a text draws in language and imagery from earlier authors’ texts. In and of itself, this is a normal practice of almost any creative writing: intentionally or not, writers draw inspiration and even phrasing from earlier literature. However, within Latin (and, to a lesser extent, Greek) poetry, it is common for distinct, discrete phrases from earlier authors to serve almost as building blocks of later poetry, with an expectation that the earlier source and its context will be recognized. This form of reprocessing earlier poetry has come to be understood as an act of critical scholarship on the part of the poet, rather than as unimaginative borrowings and imitations, one that gives meaning to both the source (earlier) text and the target (later) text. (While I take the terms “source” and “target” from [Tesserae](https://tesserae.caset.buffalo.edu/), their use in network theory makes them especially apt here.) Additionally, poets often do not simply allude to a single earlier text in a given passage: they intertwine and overlay their allusions, in an approach that has been termed “combinatorial” ([Hardie 1990](#hardie1989)).
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The primary intended audience is all scholars and students of Latin poetry who have an interest in intertextuality.
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**Who chooses the intertexts for the database?**
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The goal is eventually to include *all* published (and thus peer-reviewed) word-level intertexts in the database. Plausible intertexts that have not been published are not included (but can be added if they are published!). The *order* in which they are added depends on many factors, and the work is slow.
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**Which author do I select for poems in the *Appendix Vergiliana*, or poems with disputed authorship, like the *Hercules Oetaeus*?**
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All works with uncertain or disputed authorial attribution (including unattributed fragments) can be found by selecting ‘Anonymous works’ in the dropdown menu for Author. However, works such as the [*Hercules Oetaeus*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_Oetaeus), which has traditionally (but probably incorrectly) been attributed to Seneca, or works such as the [*Culex*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendix_Vergiliana#Culex_(%22The_Gnat%22)), which is transmitted as part of the [*Appendix Vergiliana*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendix_Vergiliana) and was believed by ancient Roman authors to be an early work of Vergil, will *also* be found by selecting the relevant author—such works will be listed with brackets around the title. In the diagrams, they are shown without an author, or as “anonymous”. Conversely, poems by distinct pseudonymous (but not spurious) authors, such as [Lygdamus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygdamus), will be listed under the pseudonym, not under ‘Anonymous works’. For tragic fragments, attribution (or lack thereof) follows the recent [*Tragicorum Fragmenta Romanorum*](https://www.vandenhoeck-ruprecht-verlage.com/reihe-tragicorum-romanorum-fragmenta) (TrRF); other such decisions will be listed as they are made.
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All works with uncertain or disputed authorial attribution (including unattributed fragments) can be found by selecting ‘Anonymous works’ in the dropdown menu for Author. However, works such as the [*Hercules Oetaeus*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_Oetaeus), which has traditionally (but probably incorrectly) been attributed to Seneca, or works such as the [*Culex*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendix_Vergiliana#Culex_(%22The_Gnat%22)), which is transmitted as part of the [*Appendix Vergiliana*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendix_Vergiliana) and was believed by ancient Roman authors to be an early work of Vergil, will *also* be found by selecting the relevant author—such works will be listed with brackets around the title. In the diagrams, they are shown without an author, or as “anonymous”. Conversely, poems by distinct pseudonymous (but not spurious) authors, such as [Lygdamus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lygdamus), will be listed under the pseudonym, not under ‘Anonymous works’. For tragic fragments, attribution (or lack thereof) follows the recent [*Tragicorum Romanorum Fragmenta*](https://www.vandenhoeck-ruprecht-verlage.com/reihe-tragicorum-romanorum-fragmenta) (TrRF); other such decisions will be listed as they are made.
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**How do I view extranumerical lines (such as 845a, which would come between 845 and 846)?**
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**Since words are assigned to a single line, how do you handle instances of hyphenation in synapheia?**
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When a word is split between two lines due to synapheia (essentially, the joining of two lines into one), the word is assigned to whichever line contains more of its syllables, and the position(s) it occupies in the other line are left unassigned.
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**Who chooses the intertexts for the database?**
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The goal is eventually to include *all* published (and thus peer-reviewed) word-level intertexts in the database. Plausible intertexts that have not been published are not included (but can be added if they are published!). The *order* in which they are added depends on many factors, and the work is slow.
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When a word is split between two lines due to synapheia (essentially, the joining of two lines into one), the word is assigned to whichever line contains more of its syllables, and the position(s) it occupies in the other line are left unassigned.
## Developed by: [Darcy Krasne](http://www.darcykrasne.com/)
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[See the About page](./about) for an explanation of this project.
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*N.B. As Observable is phasing out its cloud hosting, this site has relocated to http://dkrasne.github.io/visualizing_intertextuality. Please take note of the new address.*
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Number of words of Latin poetry (or its antecedents) currently in the database: **${nodegoatTables.word_instance_table.length}**
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<divclass="grid grid-cols-2">
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<divclass="note"label="Want to contribute?">
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If you would like to contribute to user-testing of the project, you may participate by [filling out this form](https://forms.gle/8n6HHsEVt2V2BTYz5).
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Down the road, I will also happily solicit volunteers to assist in entering intertexts into the database, but that is not currently possible.
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</div>
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<divclass="warning"label="Advisory">
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This site has relocated to http://dkrasne.github.io/visualizing_intertextuality. Please take note of the new address, if you are using a different one.
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</div>
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</div>
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<!-- Probably make a 'Statistics' or 'Fun facts' box here, to the right, or on the About page -->
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Number of words of Latin poetry (or its antecedents) currently in the database: **${nodegoatTables.word_instance_table.length}**
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<hr>
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## Select passage to view
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<divclass="tip">Currently there is a limited set of intertexts in the database. Choose Valerius Flaccus, <i>Argonautica</i>, Book 1, lines 1–4 or Book 2, lines 475–476 to see the display of some richly intertextual passages. You can also <ahref="./sankey">view this diagram</a> to see the complete network of intertexts currently in the database.</div>
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<divclass="tip">Currently there is a limited set of intertexts in the database. Choose Valerius Flaccus, <i>Argonautica</i>, Book 1, lines 1–4 or Book 2, lines 475–476 to see the display of some particularly rich intertextual passages. You can also <ahref="./sankey">view this diagram</a> to see the complete network of intertexts currently in the database.</div>
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The diagram on this page shows the connections between all intertexts currently in the database; a subset of this diagram is shown on the main page for the selected portion of a work.
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Each rectangular node represents one section of a work (a `work segment`, as defined on [the About page](./about#database-design)). A flow path linking two nodes represents words that have been identified as intertexts between the source text (higher up) and the target text (lower down); its width shows (in relative terms) *how many* words are borrowed.
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Each rectangular node represents one section of a work (a `work segment`, as defined on [the About page](./about#database-design)). A flow path linking two nodes represents words that have been identified as intertexts between the source text (the higher node) and the target text (the lower node); its width shows (in relative terms) *how many* words are borrowed.
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## How to use this visualization
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Mouse over a node to see the work and section that it represents. Mouse over a linking flow path to see the words it represents. (N.B. If the link you want to see information for is covered by other links, you can mouse over either of the two nodes attached to it in order to raise it to the surface.)
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Tick the following box to sort the nodes (within a given row) alphabetically by author and work; authors may still appear in multiple rows. If you leave the box **unticked**, the nodes will be placed in their optimal position as determined by the flow paths (which makes the overall diagram less messy but also potentially less intuitive).
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Tick the following box to sort the nodes (within a given row) alphabetically by author and work; authors may still appear in multiple rows. If you leave the box **unticked**, the nodes will be placed in their optimal position as determined by the connections between them (which makes the overall diagram less messy but also potentially less intuitive).
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```js
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constauthorSort=view(Inputs.toggle({label:html`Sort nodes by author?`}));
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