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<section id="title-slide" class="quarto-title-block center">
<h1 class="title">Introduction à Jakarta Persistence API (JPA)</h1>
<div class="quarto-title-authors">
<div class="quarto-title-author">
<div class="quarto-title-author-name">
<a href="https://bruno.univ-tln.fr">Emmanuel BRUNO</a>
</div>
<div class="quarto-title-author-email">
<a href="mailto:emmanuel.bruno@univ-tln.fr">emmanuel.bruno@univ-tln.fr</a>
</div>
<p class="quarto-title-affiliation">
Université de Toulon
</p>
<p class="quarto-title-affiliation">
LIS UMR CNRS 7020
</p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="date">2026-02-01</p>
</section>
<section id="environnement-et-reproductibilite" class="title-slide slide level2 tools-block content-visible center" data-when-profile="notes slides">
<h2>Environnement et reproductibilite</h2>
<p><strong>Jupyter Kernel:</strong> <code>java</code></p>
<p>🖥️ Env Ubuntu 24.04.3 LTS / x86_64 • ☕ Java 25.0.1 (openjdk) • 🎯 Maven 3.9.12 • 🐳 Docker Client 29.1.5 / Server 29.2.1</p>
<p>Ce support a été généré par Quarto : les cellules sont exécutées par le noyau indiqué lors du rendu.</p>
<p>Certaines parties ont été rédigées avec l’assistance d’un modèle de langage ; le contenu a été relu et validé par l’auteur.</p>
</section>
<section id="magics" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>Magics</h2>
<div id="08faeda2" class="cell" data-execution_count="3">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>registered line magics:
- printerPrefix
- listMagic, list
- where, which
- printWithName
- classpath
- classDiagram
- read
- listLineMagic
- addMavenDependencies, maven, addMavenDependency
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registered cell magics:
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- commonshell
- timeit, timeIt, time</code></pre>
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</div>
</section>
<section id="exemples" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>Exemples</h2>
<p>Les exemples présentés sont disponibles dans l’entrepôt: <a href="https://github.com/ebpro/sample-hellojpa/">https://github.com/ebpro/sample-hellojpa/</a></p>
<p>Un exemple complet de base est disponible dans l’entrepôt: <a href="https://github.com/ebpro/minimal-jpa/">https://github.com/ebpro/minimal-jpa/</a></p>
</section>
<section id="introduction-à-jakarta-persistence-api-jpa" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>Introduction à Jakarta Persistence API (JPA)</h2>
<ul>
<li>Jakarta Persistence API (JPA) est une spécification Java pour la gestion de la persistance des données dans les applications Jakarta EE.</li>
<li>Objectif : faciliter le mapping entre les objets Java et les tables de base de données relationnelles.</li>
<li>Simplifie les opérations CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) sur les objets persistants.</li>
<li>Avantages : portabilité des applications, abstraction de la couche de persistance, réduction de la dépendance au code SQL spécifique au fournisseur de base de données.</li>
<li>Exemple : utilisation de JPA avec des outils populaires tels que Hibernate, EclipseLink, ou OpenJPA pour simplifier le développement d’applications Jakarta EE.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="spécification" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>Spécification</h2>
<ul>
<li>JPA : spécification Java pour la liaison entre le modèle orienté objet de Java et le modèle relationnel (ORM).</li>
<li>Version actuelle : <a href="https://jakarta.ee/specifications/persistence/3.1/jakarta-persistence-spec-3.1.html">JPA 3.1</a>.</li>
<li>Repose sur JDBC (Java Database Connectivity): génère automatiquement les requêtes SQL et leur mise en oeuvre.</li>
<li>Offre une solution normalisée et robuste pour la gestion des données dans les applications Java.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="en-pratique" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>En pratique</h2>
<p>Il faut donc ajouter les éléments suivant au <code>pom.xml</code> de Maven.</p>
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource xml number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode xml"><span id="cb2-1"><a href=""></a> <span class="co"><!-- L'API Standard --></span></span>
<span id="cb2-2"><a href=""></a> <span class="co"><!-- a priori inclue par transitivité avec l'une des suivantes --></span></span>
<span id="cb2-3"><a href=""></a> <<span class="kw">dependency</span>></span>
<span id="cb2-4"><a href=""></a> <<span class="kw">groupId</span>>jakarta.persistence</<span class="kw">groupId</span>></span>
<span id="cb2-5"><a href=""></a> <<span class="kw">artifactId</span>>jakarta.persistence-api</<span class="kw">artifactId</span>></span>
<span id="cb2-6"><a href=""></a> <<span class="kw">version</span>>3.1.0</<span class="kw">version</span>></span>
<span id="cb2-7"><a href=""></a> </<span class="kw">dependency</span>></span>
<span id="cb2-8"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb2-9"><a href=""></a> <<span class="kw">dependency</span>></span>
<span id="cb2-10"><a href=""></a> <<span class="kw">groupId</span>>org.hibernate.orm</<span class="kw">groupId</span>></span>
<span id="cb2-11"><a href=""></a> <<span class="kw">artifactId</span>>hibernate-core</<span class="kw">artifactId</span>></span>
<span id="cb2-12"><a href=""></a> <<span class="kw">version</span>>6.3.1.Final</<span class="kw">version</span>></span>
<span id="cb2-13"><a href=""></a> </<span class="kw">dependency</span>></span>
<span id="cb2-14"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb2-15"><a href=""></a> <span class="co"><!-- L'implantation de référence --></span></span>
<span id="cb2-16"><a href=""></a> <span class="co"><!--</span></span>
<span id="cb2-17"><a href=""></a><span class="co"> <dependency></span></span>
<span id="cb2-18"><a href=""></a><span class="co"> <groupId>org.eclipse.persistence</groupId></span></span>
<span id="cb2-19"><a href=""></a><span class="co"> <artifactId>eclipselink</artifactId></span></span>
<span id="cb2-20"><a href=""></a><span class="co"> <version>4.0.1</version></span></span>
<span id="cb2-21"><a href=""></a><span class="co"> </dependency></span></span>
<span id="cb2-22"><a href=""></a><span class="co"> --></span></span></code></pre></div><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></div>
</section>
<section id="jpa-possède-trois-composantes-principales" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>JPA possède trois composantes principales</h2>
<ul>
<li>La description des “entités” persistentes.</li>
<li>L’interaction de base avec la persistence via les les opérations CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete).</li>
<li>L’interrogation native ou via un langage dédié.</li>
</ul>
<p>Pour utiliser JPA, il faut une base de données relationnelle. Nous utiliserons ici <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/postgres">PostgreSQL</a> via l’image Docker officielle.</p>
<p>Les exemples sont disponibles sur ce <a href="https://github.com/ebpro/sample-hellojpa">repository</a> GitHub.</p>
</section>
<section id="les-entités-dans-jakarta-persistence-api-jpa" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>Les Entités dans Jakarta Persistence API (JPA)</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Entité :</strong> Une classe dont les instances doivent être persistantes.</li>
<li><strong>Critères pour être une entité :</strong>
<ul>
<li>Annotée avec <a href="https://jakarta.ee/specifications/persistence/3.1/apidocs/jakarta.persistence/jakarta/persistence/entity">@Entity</a>.</li>
<li>Au moins un attribut annoté avec <a href="https://jakarta.ee/specifications/persistence/3.1/apidocs/jakarta.persistence/jakarta/persistence/id">@Id</a>.</li>
<li>Doit avoir au moins un constructeur sans paramètre (au plus <code>protected</code>).</li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>Association avec une relation :</strong>
<ul>
<li>La classe est associée à une relation du même nom.</li>
<li>Cette relation possède une clé primaire, atomique ou composite.</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="premier-exemple-dentité" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>Premier exemple d’entité</h2>
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p>La classe suivante est donc entité JPA :</p>
<div id="9a1c177b" class="cell" data-execution_count="5">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display cell-output-markdown">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="annotated-cell-11" data-language-name-skip="true"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource java code-annotation-code number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode java"><span id="annotated-cell-11-1"><a href="#annotated-cell-11-1"></a><span class="at">@RequiredArgsConstructor</span><span class="op">(</span>staticName <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"of"</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-11-2"><a href="#annotated-cell-11-2"></a><span class="at">@NoArgsConstructor</span><span class="op">(</span>access <span class="op">=</span> AccessLevel<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">PROTECTED</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-11-3"><a href="#annotated-cell-11-3"></a><span class="at">@Setter</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-11-4"><a href="#annotated-cell-11-4"></a><span class="at">@ToString</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-11-5"><a href="#annotated-cell-11-5"></a><span class="at">@Getter</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-11-6"><a href="#annotated-cell-11-6"></a></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-11-7"><a href="#annotated-cell-11-7"></a><span class="at">@Entity</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-11-8"><a href="#annotated-cell-11-8"></a><span class="kw">public</span> <span class="kw">class</span> Customer <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-11-9"><a href="#annotated-cell-11-9"></a> <span class="at">@Id</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-11-10"><a href="#annotated-cell-11-10"></a> <span class="at">@GeneratedValue</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-11-11"><a href="#annotated-cell-11-11"></a> <span class="kw">private</span> <span class="dt">long</span> id<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-11-12"><a href="#annotated-cell-11-12"></a></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-11-13"><a href="#annotated-cell-11-13"></a> <span class="at">@NonNull</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-11-14"><a href="#annotated-cell-11-14"></a> <span class="kw">private</span> <span class="bu">String</span> email<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-11-15"><a href="#annotated-cell-11-15"></a></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-11-16"><a href="#annotated-cell-11-16"></a> <span class="kw">private</span> <span class="bu">String</span> name<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-11-17"><a href="#annotated-cell-11-17"></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p>associée à la relation :</p>
<div id="a8ed421d" class="cell" data-execution_count="6">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure>
<p><img data-src="01_java_jpa_L_intro_files/figure-revealjs/cell-6-output-1.svg"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>et à la table :</p>
<div id="96704827" class="cell" data-execution_count="7">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display cell-output-markdown">
<table class="caption-top">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Nullable</th>
<th>Default</th>
<th>Remarks</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>id (PK) (UNIQUE)</td>
<td>int8(19)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NOT NULL</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>email</td>
<td>varchar(255)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>name</td>
<td>varchar(255)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Primary key</strong>: id</p>
<p><strong>Indexes</strong>: - customer_pkey (id) UNIQUE</p>
<pre><code>CREATE TABLE ex_simple.customer (
id int8(19) NOT NULL,
email varchar(255),
name varchar(255),
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display cell-output-markdown">
<table class="caption-top">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>id</th>
<th>email</th>
<th>name</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</section>
<section id="exemple-étendu-dentité" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>Exemple étendu d’entité</h2>
<p>Le mapping peut être contrôllé finement par un ensemble d’annotations. La classe suivante illustre celles de base.</p>
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:80%;">
<div id="6bc476ac" class="cell" data-execution_count="8">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display cell-output-markdown">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb4" data-language-name-skip="true"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource java number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode java"><span id="cb4-1"><a href=""></a><span class="at">@Getter</span></span>
<span id="cb4-2"><a href=""></a><span class="at">@Setter</span></span>
<span id="cb4-3"><a href=""></a><span class="at">@ToString</span></span>
<span id="cb4-4"><a href=""></a><span class="at">@Builder</span></span>
<span id="cb4-5"><a href=""></a><span class="at">@AllArgsConstructor</span></span>
<span id="cb4-6"><a href=""></a><span class="at">@RequiredArgsConstructor</span><span class="op">(</span>staticName <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"of"</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span id="cb4-7"><a href=""></a><span class="at">@NoArgsConstructor</span><span class="op">(</span>access <span class="op">=</span> AccessLevel<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">PROTECTED</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span id="cb4-8"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb4-9"><a href=""></a><span class="at">@Entity</span></span>
<span id="cb4-10"><a href=""></a><span class="at">@Table</span><span class="op">(</span>name <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"CUSTOMER"</span><span class="op">,</span></span>
<span id="cb4-11"><a href=""></a> indexes <span class="op">=</span> <span class="op">{</span><span class="at">@Index</span><span class="op">(</span>name <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"idx_email"</span><span class="op">,</span> columnList <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"email"</span><span class="op">,</span> unique <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">true</span><span class="op">)})</span></span>
<span id="cb4-12"><a href=""></a><span class="kw">public</span> <span class="kw">class</span> Customer <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb4-13"><a href=""></a> <span class="at">@Builder</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">Default</span></span>
<span id="cb4-14"><a href=""></a> <span class="at">@Column</span><span class="op">(</span>updatable <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">false</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span id="cb4-15"><a href=""></a> <span class="kw">private</span> LocalDateTime creationDate <span class="op">=</span> LocalDateTime<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">now</span><span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="cb4-16"><a href=""></a> </span>
<span id="cb4-17"><a href=""></a> <span class="at">@Id</span></span>
<span id="cb4-18"><a href=""></a> <span class="at">@Column</span><span class="op">(</span>name <span class="op">=</span> <span class="st">"ID"</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span id="cb4-19"><a href=""></a> <span class="at">@GeneratedValue</span></span>
<span id="cb4-20"><a href=""></a> <span class="kw">private</span> <span class="dt">long</span> id<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-21"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb4-22"><a href=""></a> <span class="at">@Column</span><span class="op">(</span>length <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">50</span><span class="op">,</span> nullable <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">false</span><span class="op">,</span> unique <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">true</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span id="cb4-23"><a href=""></a> <span class="at">@NonNull</span></span>
<span id="cb4-24"><a href=""></a> <span class="kw">private</span> <span class="bu">String</span> email<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-25"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb4-26"><a href=""></a> <span class="at">@Column</span><span class="op">(</span>length <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">50</span><span class="op">,</span> nullable <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">false</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span id="cb4-27"><a href=""></a> <span class="kw">private</span> <span class="bu">String</span> firstname<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-28"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb4-29"><a href=""></a> <span class="at">@Column</span><span class="op">(</span>length <span class="op">=</span> <span class="dv">50</span><span class="op">,</span> nullable <span class="op">=</span> <span class="kw">false</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span id="cb4-30"><a href=""></a> <span class="kw">private</span> <span class="bu">String</span> lastname<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-31"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb4-32"><a href=""></a> <span class="at">@Transient</span></span>
<span id="cb4-33"><a href=""></a> <span class="kw">private</span> <span class="bu">String</span> displayName<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-34"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb4-35"><a href=""></a> <span class="at">@Setter</span></span>
<span id="cb4-36"><a href=""></a> <span class="kw">private</span> LocalDate birthDate<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-37"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb4-38"><a href=""></a> <span class="at">@Lob</span></span>
<span id="cb4-39"><a href=""></a> <span class="at">@Basic</span><span class="op">(</span>fetch <span class="op">=</span> FetchType<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">LAZY</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span id="cb4-40"><a href=""></a> <span class="at">@ToString</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">Exclude</span></span>
<span id="cb4-41"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb4-42"><a href=""></a> <span class="kw">private</span> <span class="dt">byte</span><span class="op">[]</span> photo<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-43"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb4-44"><a href=""></a> <span class="at">@Builder</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">Default</span></span>
<span id="cb4-45"><a href=""></a> <span class="co">//@Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)</span></span>
<span id="cb4-46"><a href=""></a> <span class="kw">private</span> Status status <span class="op">=</span> Status<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">LEAD</span><span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-47"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb4-48"><a href=""></a> <span class="at">@Version</span></span>
<span id="cb4-49"><a href=""></a> <span class="kw">protected</span> <span class="bu">Integer</span> version<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="cb4-50"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb4-51"><a href=""></a> <span class="kw">public</span> <span class="kw">enum</span> Status <span class="op">{</span><span class="bu">ACTIVE</span><span class="op">,</span> LEAD<span class="op">}</span></span>
<span id="cb4-52"><a href=""></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="column" style="width:20%;">
<div id="6b8d95da" class="cell" data-execution_count="9">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display">
<div>
<figure>
<p><img data-src="01_java_jpa_L_intro_files/figure-revealjs/cell-9-output-1.svg"></p>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</section>
<section id="la-table-correspondante" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>La table correspondante</h2>
<div id="4702fae7" class="cell" data-execution_count="10">
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display cell-output-markdown">
<table class="caption-top">
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>Column</th>
<th>Type</th>
<th style="text-align: center;">Nullable</th>
<th>Default</th>
<th>Remarks</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>id (PK)</td>
<td>int8(19)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NOT NULL</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>name</td>
<td>varchar(50)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NOT NULL</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>bio_brief</td>
<td>varchar(255)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>bio_extended</td>
<td>oid(10)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>id (PK)</td>
<td>int8(19)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NOT NULL</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>name</td>
<td>varchar(255)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>id (PK)</td>
<td>int8(19)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NOT NULL</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>name</td>
<td>varchar(255)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>id (PK)</td>
<td>int8(19)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NOT NULL</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>name</td>
<td>varchar(255)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>id (PK)</td>
<td>int8(19)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NOT NULL</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>name</td>
<td>varchar(255)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>id (PK)</td>
<td>int8(19)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NOT NULL</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>email (UNIQUE)</td>
<td>varchar(255)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>name</td>
<td>varchar(255)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>uuid (PK)</td>
<td>uuid(2147483647)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NOT NULL</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>name</td>
<td>varchar(50)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NOT NULL</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>birthdate</td>
<td>date(13)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>status</td>
<td>int2(5)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>version</td>
<td>int4(10)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>id (PK)</td>
<td>int8(19)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NOT NULL</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>creationdate</td>
<td>timestamp(29)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>email (UNIQUE)</td>
<td>varchar(50)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NOT NULL</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>firstname</td>
<td>varchar(50)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NOT NULL</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>lastname</td>
<td>varchar(50)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">NOT NULL</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>photo</td>
<td>oid(10)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Primary key</strong>: id, id, id, id, id, id, uuid, id</p>
<p><strong>Indexes</strong>: - customer_email_key (email) UNIQUE - customer_pkey (id, id, id, id, id, uuid, id, id) UNIQUE</p>
<pre><code>CREATE TABLE customer (
id int8(19) NOT NULL,
name varchar(50) NOT NULL,
bio_brief varchar(255),
bio_extended oid(10),
id int8(19) NOT NULL,
name varchar(255),
id int8(19) NOT NULL,
name varchar(255),
id int8(19) NOT NULL,
name varchar(255),
id int8(19) NOT NULL,
name varchar(255),
id int8(19) NOT NULL,
email varchar(255),
name varchar(255),
uuid uuid(2147483647) NOT NULL,
name varchar(50) NOT NULL,
birthdate date(13),
status int2(5),
version int4(10),
id int8(19) NOT NULL,
creationdate timestamp(29),
email varchar(50) NOT NULL,
firstname varchar(50) NOT NULL,
lastname varchar(50) NOT NULL,
photo oid(10),
PRIMARY KEY (id, id, id, id, id, id, uuid, id)
);</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-display cell-output-markdown">
<table class="caption-top" style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 11%">
<col style="width: 11%">
<col style="width: 11%">
<col style="width: 11%">
<col style="width: 11%">
<col style="width: 11%">
<col style="width: 11%">
<col style="width: 11%">
<col style="width: 11%">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th>birthdate</th>
<th>status</th>
<th>version</th>
<th>id</th>
<th>creationdate</th>
<th>email</th>
<th>firstname</th>
<th>lastname</th>
<th>photo</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="annotations-de-base-pour-la-persistance" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>Annotations de base pour la Persistance</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>@Entity</strong>: Indique une classe entité.</li>
<li><strong>@Id</strong>: Définit la clé primaire.</li>
<li><strong>@GeneratedValue</strong>: Contrôle la génération de clés.</li>
<li><strong>@Table</strong>: Contrôle le mapping de la table.</li>
<li><strong>@Column</strong>: Contrôle les colonnes.</li>
<li><strong>@Basic</strong>: Pour les attributs simples.</li>
<li><strong>@Transient</strong>: Non persistant.</li>
<li><strong>@Lob</strong>: Pour les grands objets.</li>
<li><strong>@Version</strong>: Verrouillage optimiste.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="le-gestionnaire-dentités" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>Le gestionnaire d’entités</h2>
<ul>
<li>Utilisation de l’<a href="https://jakarta.ee/specifications/persistence/3.1/apidocs/jakarta.persistence/jakarta/persistence/entitymanager">entity manager</a> (EM) pour les opérations CRUD et les requêtes.</li>
<li>Configuration des unités de persistance dans <code>META-INF/persistence.xml</code>.</li>
<li>Schéma: <a href="https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/persistence" class="uri">https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/persistence</a>.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="exemple-de-persistence.xml" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>Exemple de persistence.xml</h2>
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource xml number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode xml"></code></pre></div><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></div>
</section>
<section id="em-et-persistence-dune-entité" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>EM et persistence d’une entité</h2>
<ul>
<li>Utilisation de l’EntityManagerFactory
<ul>
<li>Obtention d’un EntityManager via l’<a href="https://jakarta.ee/specifications/persistence/3.1/apidocs/jakarta.persistence/jakarta/persistence/entitymanagerfactory">EntityManagerFactory</a>, en spécifiant le nom de la persistence unit.</li>
<li>La génération automatique du schéma a lieu lors de la première utilisation.</li>
</ul></li>
<li>Opérations avec l’EntityManager
<ul>
<li>Commencer une transaction avec <code>begin</code>, persister une instance avec <code>persist</code>, terminer avec <code>commit</code> ou <code>rollback</code>.</li>
<li>L’EM met automatiquement à jour l’entity avec l’ID généré par la base de données.</li>
<li>L’EM : utilisé localement et fermé après utilisation (<code>AutoCloseable</code>).</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource java number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode java"><span id="cb7-1"><a href=""></a><span class="cf">try</span> <span class="op">(</span>EntityManagerFactory emf <span class="op">=</span> Persistence<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">createEntityManagerFactory</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"hellojpa-pu"</span><span class="op">))</span></span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href=""></a><span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb7-3"><a href=""></a> <span class="cf">try</span> <span class="op">(</span>EntityManager entityManager <span class="op">=</span> emf<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">createEntityManager</span><span class="op">())</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb7-4"><a href=""></a> <span class="op">}</span></span>
<span id="cb7-5"><a href=""></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></div>
</section>
<section id="usage-avec-un-singleton-emf" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>Usage avec un Singleton EMF</h2>
<div id="4ad53a0a" class="cell" data-user_expressions="[]" data-quarto-private-1="{"key":"vscode","value":{"languageId":"java"}}" data-execution_count="11">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb8" data-language-name-skip="true"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource java number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode java"><span id="cb8-1"><a href=""></a>EntityManagerFactory emf <span class="op">=</span> DatabaseManager<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">getEntityManagerFactory</span><span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="cb8-2"><a href=""></a><span class="bu">Logger</span> log <span class="op">=</span> LoggerFactory<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">getLogger</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"notebook"</span><span class="op">);</span></span></code></pre></div><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></div>
</div>
<p>ce singleton retourne l’instance de l’EMF qui n’est qu’à la première demande.</p>
<div id="6a28a8f2" class="cell" data-quarto-private-1="{"key":"vscode","value":{"languageId":"java"}}" data-execution_count="12">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb9" data-language-name-skip="true"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource java number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode java"><span id="cb9-1"><a href=""></a><span class="kw">import</span> <span class="im">fr</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="im">univtln</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="im">bruno</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="im">demos</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="im">jpa</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="im">hello</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="im">samples</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="im">ex_simple</span><span class="op">.*;</span></span>
<span id="cb9-2"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb9-3"><a href=""></a><span class="cf">try</span> <span class="op">(</span>EntityManager entityManager <span class="op">=</span> emf<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">createEntityManager</span><span class="op">();)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb9-4"><a href=""></a> entityManager<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">getTransaction</span><span class="op">().</span><span class="fu">begin</span><span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="cb9-5"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb9-6"><a href=""></a> Customer customer <span class="op">=</span> Customer<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">of</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"pierre.durand@ici.fr"</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb9-7"><a href=""></a> log<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">info</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"BEFORE PERSIST "</span><span class="op">+</span>customer<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">toString</span><span class="op">());</span></span>
<span id="cb9-8"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb9-9"><a href=""></a> entityManager<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">persist</span><span class="op">(</span>customer<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb9-10"><a href=""></a> log<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">info</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"AFTER PERSIST: "</span><span class="op">+</span>customer<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">toString</span><span class="op">());</span></span>
<span id="cb9-11"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb9-12"><a href=""></a> entityManager<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">getTransaction</span><span class="op">().</span><span class="fu">commit</span><span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="cb9-13"><a href=""></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>22:33:10.042 [IJava-executor-0] INFO notebook -- BEFORE PERSIST Customer(id=0, email=pierre.durand@ici.fr, name=null)
22:33:10.058 [IJava-executor-0] INFO notebook -- AFTER PERSIST: Customer(id=1, email=pierre.durand@ici.fr, name=null)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="mise-à-jour" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>Mise à jour</h2>
<ul>
<li>Mise à jour implicite</li>
<li>Transaction nécessaire pour les mises à jour</li>
</ul>
<div id="d38942c1" class="cell" data-quarto-private-1="{"key":"vscode","value":{"languageId":"java"}}" data-execution_count="13">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="annotated-cell-6" data-language-name-skip="true"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource java code-annotation-code number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode java"><span id="annotated-cell-6-1"><a href="#annotated-cell-6-1"></a><span class="dt">long</span> newId<span class="op">;</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-6-2"><a href="#annotated-cell-6-2"></a>Customer customer <span class="op">=</span> Customer<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">of</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"marie.dupond@la.fr"</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-6-3"><a href="#annotated-cell-6-3"></a></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-6-4"><a href="#annotated-cell-6-4"></a><span class="cf">try</span> <span class="op">(</span>EntityManager entityManager <span class="op">=</span> emf<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">createEntityManager</span><span class="op">();)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-6-5"><a href="#annotated-cell-6-5"></a> entityManager<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">getTransaction</span><span class="op">().</span><span class="fu">begin</span><span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-6-6"><a href="#annotated-cell-6-6"></a> entityManager<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">persist</span><span class="op">(</span>customer<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-6-7"><a href="#annotated-cell-6-7"></a></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-6-8"><a href="#annotated-cell-6-8"></a> customer<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">setName</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Marie Dupond"</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-6-9"><a href="#annotated-cell-6-9"></a></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-6-10"><a href="#annotated-cell-6-10"></a> entityManager<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">getTransaction</span><span class="op">().</span><span class="fu">commit</span><span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-6-11"><a href="#annotated-cell-6-11"></a> log<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">info</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"AFTER COMMIT: "</span><span class="op">+</span>customer<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">toString</span><span class="op">());</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-6-12"><a href="#annotated-cell-6-12"></a><span class="op">}</span></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-6-13"><a href="#annotated-cell-6-13"></a></span>
<span id="annotated-cell-6-14"><a href="#annotated-cell-6-14"></a>newId<span class="op">=</span>customer<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">getId</span><span class="op">();</span></span></code></pre></div><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>22:33:10.155 [IJava-executor-0] INFO notebook -- AFTER COMMIT: Customer(id=2, email=marie.dupond@la.fr, name=Marie Dupond)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="find-by-id" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>Find by Id</h2>
<ul>
<li>recherche par ID <a href="https://jakarta.ee/specifications/persistence/3.1/apidocs/jakarta.persistence/jakarta/persistence/entitymanager"><code>find(Class<T> entityClass, Object primaryKey)</code></a></li>
</ul>
<div id="57eab56a" class="cell" data-quarto-private-1="{"key":"vscode","value":{"languageId":"java"}}" data-execution_count="14">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb12" data-language-name-skip="true"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource java number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode java"><span id="cb12-1"><a href=""></a><span class="cf">try</span> <span class="op">(</span>EntityManager entityManager <span class="op">=</span> emf<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">createEntityManager</span><span class="op">();)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb12-2"><a href=""></a> Optional<span class="op"><</span>Customer<span class="op">></span> customer <span class="op">=</span> Optional<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">ofNullable</span><span class="op">(</span>entityManager<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">find</span><span class="op">(</span>Customer<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">class</span><span class="op">,</span> newId<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb12-3"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb12-4"><a href=""></a> <span class="cf">if</span> <span class="op">(</span>customer<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">isEmpty</span><span class="op">())</span></span>
<span id="cb12-5"><a href=""></a> log<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">info</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Id %d not in database."</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">formatted</span><span class="op">(</span>newId<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb12-6"><a href=""></a> <span class="cf">else</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb12-7"><a href=""></a> log<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">info</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Search cust. Id %d: %s"</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">formatted</span><span class="op">(</span>newId<span class="op">,</span>customer<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb12-8"><a href=""></a> <span class="op">}</span></span>
<span id="cb12-9"><a href=""></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>22:33:10.258 [IJava-executor-0] INFO notebook -- Search cust. Id 2: Optional[Customer(id=2, email=marie.dupond@la.fr, name=Marie Dupond)]</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="suppression" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>Suppression</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>remove</strong> supprimer une entité de la base de données.</li>
</ul>
<div id="56870d16" class="cell" data-quarto-private-1="{"key":"vscode","value":{"languageId":"java"}}" data-execution_count="15">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb14" data-language-name-skip="true"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource java number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode java"><span id="cb14-1"><a href=""></a><span class="cf">try</span> <span class="op">(</span>EntityManager entityManager <span class="op">=</span> emf<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">createEntityManager</span><span class="op">();)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb14-2"><a href=""></a> Optional<span class="op"><</span>Customer<span class="op">></span> customer <span class="op">=</span> Optional<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">ofNullable</span><span class="op">(</span>entityManager<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">find</span><span class="op">(</span>Customer<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">class</span><span class="op">,</span> newId<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb14-3"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb14-4"><a href=""></a> <span class="cf">if</span> <span class="op">(</span>customer<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">isEmpty</span><span class="op">())</span></span>
<span id="cb14-5"><a href=""></a> log<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">error</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Id %d not in database."</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">formatted</span><span class="op">(</span>newId<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb14-6"><a href=""></a> <span class="cf">else</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb14-7"><a href=""></a> log<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">info</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"Removed Id %d from the database."</span><span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">formatted</span><span class="op">(</span>newId<span class="op">));</span></span>
<span id="cb14-8"><a href=""></a> entityManager<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">getTransaction</span><span class="op">().</span><span class="fu">begin</span><span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="cb14-9"><a href=""></a> entityManager<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">remove</span><span class="op">(</span>customer<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">get</span><span class="op">());</span></span>
<span id="cb14-10"><a href=""></a> entityManager<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">getTransaction</span><span class="op">().</span><span class="fu">commit</span><span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="cb14-11"><a href=""></a> <span class="op">}</span></span>
<span id="cb14-12"><a href=""></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>22:33:10.326 [IJava-executor-0] INFO notebook -- Removed Id 2 from the database.</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="fonctions-supplémentaires-de-lentitymanager" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>Fonctions supplémentaires de l’EntityManager</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>merge</strong>: Attache un objet au contexte de persistence (par son ID).</li>
<li><strong>refresh</strong>: Annule les modifications en cours de transaction sur une entité.</li>
<li><strong>detach</strong>: Indique à l’EM de ne plus gérer une entité.</li>
</ul>
<div id="90e0b9e7" class="cell" data-quarto-private-1="{"key":"vscode","value":{"languageId":"java"}}" data-execution_count="17">
<div class="code-copy-outer-scaffold"><div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb16" data-language-name-skip="true"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource java number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode java"><span id="cb16-1"><a href=""></a>Customer customer <span class="op">=</span> Customer<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">of</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"???"</span><span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb16-2"><a href=""></a>customer<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">setId</span><span class="op">(</span>newId<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb16-3"><a href=""></a>log<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">info</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"BEFORE MERGE "</span><span class="op">+</span>customer<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">toString</span><span class="op">());</span></span>
<span id="cb16-4"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb16-5"><a href=""></a><span class="cf">try</span> <span class="op">(</span>EntityManager entityManager <span class="op">=</span> emf<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">createEntityManager</span><span class="op">();)</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb16-6"><a href=""></a> entityManager<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">getTransaction</span><span class="op">().</span><span class="fu">begin</span><span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="cb16-7"><a href=""></a> customer <span class="op">=</span> entityManager<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">merge</span><span class="op">(</span>customer<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb16-8"><a href=""></a> entityManager<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">refresh</span><span class="op">(</span>customer<span class="op">);</span></span>
<span id="cb16-9"><a href=""></a> entityManager<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">getTransaction</span><span class="op">().</span><span class="fu">commit</span><span class="op">();</span></span>
<span id="cb16-10"><a href=""></a><span class="op">}</span></span>
<span id="cb16-11"><a href=""></a></span>
<span id="cb16-12"><a href=""></a>log<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">info</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"AFTER MERGE+REFRESH "</span><span class="op">+</span>customer<span class="op">.</span><span class="fu">toString</span><span class="op">());</span></span></code></pre></div><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></div>
<div class="cell-output cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>22:33:10.485 [IJava-executor-0] INFO notebook -- BEFORE MERGE Customer(id=3, email=???, name=null)
22:33:10.511 [IJava-executor-0] INFO notebook -- AFTER MERGE+REFRESH Customer(id=3, email=pierre.durand@ici.fr, name=null)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="conseils-pour-lutilisation-de-jpa-avec-lombok" class="title-slide slide level2 center">
<h2>Conseils pour l’utilisation de JPA avec Lombok</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Attention avec <code>@EqualsAndHashCode</code></strong>: Vérifier les implications avec les relations Hibernate, voir https://thorben-janssen.com/ultimate-guide-to-implementing-equals-and-hashcode-with-hibernate/</li>
<li>Éviter d’utiliser <code>@Data</code>: Contrôler précisément les méthodes générées pour éviter des comportements inattendus.</li>
<li>Exclure les attributs “Lazy” de <code>@ToString</code>: Prévenir les problèmes de chargement paresseux inattendus lors de l’affichage.</li>
<li>Ajouter <code>@NoArgsConstructor(access= AccessLevel.PROTECTED)</code>: Utiliser en conjonction avec <code>@Builder</code> ou <code>@AllArgsConstructor</code> pour garantir des comportements de construction cohérents.</li>
</ul>
</section>