[Badge] Upgrade to align with EDS foundations and accessibility standards

[emirgens]

Summary

Upgrade the component to align design and code 1:1 with the new EDS foundations (colour, spacing, typography) and accessibility standards.
Ensure consistent variants, tokens, and documentation across Figma and Code (Storybook) and Docusaurus.

Acceptance Criteria

• All sub-tasks completed and closed
• Visual parity validated between Figma and Storybook
• Token audit completed (spot-check or automated check)
• Component marked as Ready in tracking system
• Old versions deprecated (if applicable)
• Accessibility verified