refs.bib

@comment{refs.bib}
@comment{Add BibTeX entries here.}

@inproceedings{Christin2013,
  author    = {Christin, Nicolas},
  title     = {Traveling the Silk Road: A measurement analysis of a large anonymous online marketplace},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW '13)},
  pages     = {213--224},
  year      = {2013},
  publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
  doi       = {10.1145/2488388.2488408}
}

@inproceedings{Soska2015,
  author    = {Soska, Kyle and Christin, Nicolas},
  title     = {Measuring the Longitudinal Evolution of the Online Anonymous Marketplace Ecosystem},
  booktitle = {24th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 15)},
  pages     = {33--48},
  year      = {2015},
  publisher = {USENIX Association}
}

@article{Tzanetakis2016,
  author  = {Tzanetakis, Meropi and Kamphausen, Gunter and Werse, Bernd and von Laufenberg, Rasmus},
  title   = {The transparency paradox: Building trust, resolving disputes and optimising logistics on conventional and online drugs markets},
  journal = {International Journal of Drug Policy},
  volume  = {35},
  pages   = {58--68},
  year    = {2016},
  doi     = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.12.010}
}

@article{Spagnoletti2022,
  author  = {Spagnoletti, Paolo and Ceci, Francesco and Bygstad, Bendik},
  title   = {Online Black-Markets: An Investigation of a Digital Infrastructure in the Dark},
  journal = {Information Systems Frontiers},
  volume  = {24},
  number  = {6},
  pages   = {1811--1826},
  year    = {2022},
  doi     = {10.1007/s10796-021-10187-9}
}


@misc{Nakamoto2008,
  author       = {Nakamoto, Satoshi},
  title        = {Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System},
  year         = {2008},
  howpublished = {White paper},
  url          = {https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-01-21}
}

@techreport{Okupski2016,
  author       = {Okupski, Krzysztof},
  title        = {Bitcoin Developer Reference},
  institution  = {Technische Universiteit Eindhoven},
  year         = {2016},
  type         = {Working Paper},
  note         = {Last changes: 30 July 2016},
  url          = {https://www.lopp.net/pdf/Bitcoin_Developer_Reference.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-01-21}
}

@misc{BitcoinWiki2025,
  author       = {{Bitcoin Wiki}},
  title        = {Script},
  year         = {2025},
  howpublished = {Bitcoin Wiki},
  url          = {https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Script},
  urldate      = {2026-01-21},
  note         = {States Script is stack-based and intentionally not Turing-complete (no loops)}
}


@misc{Wood2025,
  author       = {Wood, Gavin},
  title        = {Ethereum: A Secure Decentralised Generalised Transaction Ledger (Yellow Paper)},
  year         = {2025},
  howpublished = {Specification (living document)},
  url          = {https://ethereum.github.io/yellowpaper/paper.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-01-21}
}

@misc{Buterin2014,
  author       = {Buterin, Vitalik},
  title        = {Ethereum Whitepaper: A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform},
  year         = {2014},
  howpublished = {White paper},
  url          = {https://ethereum.org/en/whitepaper/},
  urldate      = {2026-01-21},
  note         = {Hosted by ethereum.org (page updated over time)}
}

@misc{Polkadot2026,
  author       = {{Polkadot Developer Docs}},
  title        = {Add Smart Contract Functionality},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {Online documentation},
  url          = {https://docs.polkadot.com/parachains/customize-runtime/add-smart-contract-functionality/},
  urldate      = {2026-01-21},
  note         = {Mentions pallet-contracts (Wasm), pallet-revive (PVM) and EVM compatibility approaches}
}

@misc{Ink2025a,
  author       = {{ink!}},
  title        = {How it Works -- Substrate},
  year         = {2025},
  howpublished = {Online documentation (ink! v5 docs)},
  url          = {https://use.ink/docs/v5/how-it-works/},
  urldate      = {2026-01-21},
  note         = {Describes pallet-contracts as a Wasm execution environment}
}

@misc{Polkadot2025,
  author       = {{Polkadot Wiki}},
  title        = {Smart Contracts on Polkadot},
  year         = {2025},
  howpublished = {Online documentation},
  url          = {https://wiki.polkadot.com/learn/learn-smart-contracts/},
  urldate      = {2026-01-21},
  note         = {Describes pallet-revive as an upgraded version of pallet-contracts}
}

@misc{Ink2025c,
  author       = {{ink! Documentation}},
  title        = {Polkadot SDK and ink!},
  year         = {2025},
  howpublished = {Online documentation},
  url          = {https://use.ink/docs/v6/background/polkadot-sdk/},
  urldate      = {2026-01-21}
}

@misc{Ink2025b,
  author       = {{ink! Documentation}},
  title        = {Why RISC-V and PolkaVM for Smart Contracts?},
  year         = {2025},
  howpublished = {Online documentation (ink! v6 docs)},
  url          = {https://use.ink/docs/v6/background/why-riscv-and-polkavm-for-smart-contracts/},
  urldate      = {2026-01-21},
  note         = {Discusses shift from Wasm (pallet-contracts) to RISC-V (pallet-revive/PolkaVM)}
}

@techreport{Teixeira2018,
  author       = {Teixeira, Diego and Nehab, Diego F. Aranha?},
  title        = {The Core of Cartesi},
  year         = {2018},
  type         = {Technical report / whitepaper},
  note         = {Version 1.01},
  url          = {https://w3.impa.br/~diego/projects/cartesi/TexNeh18.pdf},
  urldate      = {2026-01-21}
}

@inproceedings{Chakravarty2020,
  author       = {Chakravarty, Manuel M. T. and Chapman, James and MacKenzie, Kenneth and Melkonian, Orestis and Peyton Jones, Michael and Wadler, Philip},
  title        = {The Extended UTXO Model},
  booktitle    = {Financial Cryptography and Data Security. FC 2020 International Workshops},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {12063},
  pages        = {525--539},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  address      = {Cham},
  year         = {2020},
  doi          = {10.1007/978-3-030-54455-3_37},
  url          = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-54455-3_37},
  urldate      = {2026-01-21}
}

@misc{Cardano2025a,
  author       = {{Cardano Developer Portal}},
  title        = {Extended UTXO Model},
  year         = {2025},
  howpublished = {Online documentation},
  url          = {https://developers.cardano.org/docs/learn/core-concepts/eutxo/},
  urldate      = {2026-01-21},
  note         = {Includes discussion of deterministic validation in UTXO/eUTXO}
}

@misc{Cardano2025b,
  author       = {{Cardano Documentation}},
  title        = {Transaction costs and determinism},
  year         = {2025},
  howpublished = {Online documentation},
  url          = {https://docs.cardano.org/about-cardano/learn/transaction-costs-determinism},
  urldate      = {2026-01-21}
}

@misc{IOG2021a,
  author       = {{Input Output Global (IOG)}},
  title        = {No-surprises transaction validation on Cardano},
  year         = {2021},
  howpublished = {Blog post},
  url          = {https://www.iog.io/news/no-surprises-transaction-validation-on-cardano},
  urldate      = {2026-01-21}
}

@misc{IOG2021b,
  author       = {{Input Output Global (IOG)}},
  title        = {No-surprises transaction validation: part 2},
  year         = {2021},
  howpublished = {Blog post},
  url          = {https://www.iog.io/news/no-surprises-transaction-validation-part-2},
  urldate      = {2026-01-21}
}

@misc{Szabo1996,
  author       = {Szabo, Nick},
  title        = {Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets},
  year         = {1996},
  howpublished = {Online essay},
  url          = {https://szabo.best.vwh.net/smart_contracts_2.html},
  urldate      = {2026-01-21},
  note         = {Copyright (c) 1996}
}

@article{Szabo1997,
  author  = {Szabo, Nick},
  title   = {Formalizing and Securing Relationships on Public Networks},
  journal = {First Monday},
  year    = {1997},
  volume  = {2},
  number  = {9},
  doi     = {10.5210/fm.v2i9.548}
}