Skip to content

02-network-implementations.md

Latest commit

 

History

History
77 lines (69 loc) · 5.72 KB

02-network-implementations.md

File metadata and controls

77 lines (69 loc) · 5.72 KB

Category 02: Network Implementations (60 Facts)

Ethernet Standards

  1. Ethernet (802.3) defines wired LAN technologies at Layer 1 & 2 (Domain 2.1).
  2. Fast Ethernet (100BASE-TX) supports 100 Mbps over Cat5 or better cabling (Domain 2.1).
  3. Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T) runs at 1 Gbps on Cat5e/6 twisted pair (Domain 2.1).
  4. 10GBASE-T delivers 10 Gbps over Cat6a or Cat7 twisted pair (Domain 2.1).
  5. Fiber Ethernet (1000BASE-LX/SX, 10GBASE-SR/LR) supports longer distances and higher speeds (Domain 2.1).
  6. Half-duplex allows one direction at a time; full-duplex allows simultaneous communication (Domain 2.1).
  7. Ethernet frame structure includes destination MAC, source MAC, type/length, payload, and CRC (Domain 2.1).
  8. MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) defines max packet size (commonly 1500 bytes for Ethernet) (Domain 2.1).

Cabling Types

  1. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) is common in Ethernet; categories define speed (Cat5, Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a) (Domain 2.2).
  2. STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) adds shielding to reduce EMI (Domain 2.2).
  3. Coaxial cable (RG-6, RG-59) used for broadband, CCTV, cable internet (Domain 2.2).
  4. Fiber optic cable uses light for high-speed, long-distance, EMI-resistant networking (Domain 2.2).
  5. Single-mode fiber (SMF) supports long distances with laser light (Domain 2.2).
  6. Multimode fiber (MMF) supports shorter distances using LED light (Domain 2.2).
  7. Plenum-rated cable resists fire and toxic fumes, required in building air ducts (Domain 2.2).
  8. Crossover cable directly connects two devices of the same type (switch-switch, PC-PC) (Domain 2.2).

Connectors & Interfaces

  1. RJ-45 is the standard connector for Ethernet (Domain 2.3).
  2. RJ-11 is used for analog phone lines and DSL connections (Domain 2.3).
  3. LC, SC, ST are common fiber connectors (Domain 2.3).
  4. F-type connector is used for coaxial in cable TV/broadband (Domain 2.3).
  5. Keystone jacks allow modular cabling in wall plates and patch panels (Domain 2.3).
  6. Transceivers (SFP, SFP+, QSFP) connect switches/routers to fiber or copper media (Domain 2.3).
  7. Media converters bridge copper Ethernet to fiber optic links (Domain 2.3).
  8. Punch-down blocks (110 block, 66 block) terminate twisted-pair cables in structured cabling (Domain 2.3).

WAN Technologies

  1. T1 (1.544 Mbps) and T3 (44.736 Mbps) lines are older dedicated WAN links (Domain 2.4).
  2. E1/E3 are European equivalents of T1/T3 (Domain 2.4).
  3. Metro Ethernet extends Ethernet connectivity across metropolitan areas (Domain 2.4).
  4. MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) forwards traffic using labels instead of IP addresses (Domain 2.4).
  5. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) was used for voice/data before broadband (Domain 2.4).
  6. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) provides broadband over phone lines (Domain 2.4).
  7. Cable broadband uses coaxial and DOCSIS standards (Domain 2.4).
  8. Satellite internet offers global coverage but suffers high latency (Domain 2.4).

Wireless Implementations

  1. Infrastructure mode uses an access point as a central hub (Domain 2.5).
  2. Ad hoc mode connects devices peer-to-peer without an AP (Domain 2.5).
  3. Mesh Wi-Fi networks use multiple APs for seamless coverage (Domain 2.5).
  4. Wireless bridges connect two LAN segments over Wi-Fi (Domain 2.5).
  5. Wireless extenders/repeaters boost coverage but may cut bandwidth (Domain 2.5).
  6. Hotspots provide public Wi-Fi access (Domain 2.5).
  7. Captive portals require web-based login before granting Wi-Fi access (Domain 2.5).
  8. MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) increases wireless throughput using multiple antennas (Domain 2.5).

Virtualization & Cloud Networking

  1. Virtual switches connect virtual machines inside a hypervisor (Domain 2.6).
  2. VLANs (Virtual LANs) separate traffic logically on a single switch (Domain 2.6).
  3. VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN) encapsulates Layer 2 over Layer 3 for data center scalability (Domain 2.6).
  4. SDN (Software-Defined Networking) centralizes control of network devices (Domain 2.6).
  5. NFV (Network Function Virtualization) replaces hardware appliances with software equivalents (Domain 2.6).
  6. Cloud connectivity includes VPNs, Direct Connect, and ExpressRoute (Domain 2.6).
  7. Load balancers distribute network traffic across multiple servers (Domain 2.6).
  8. Elastic scaling in cloud environments adds/removes network resources automatically (Domain 2.6).

Network Devices

  1. Routers forward traffic between networks using IP addresses (Domain 2.7).
  2. Switches forward frames inside a LAN based on MAC addresses (Domain 2.7).
  3. Firewalls control traffic between networks based on rules (Domain 2.7).
  4. Access points extend wireless connectivity to clients (Domain 2.7).
  5. Gateways connect different network types or protocols (Domain 2.7).
  6. UTM (Unified Threat Management) devices combine firewall, IDS/IPS, VPN, and filtering (Domain 2.7).
  7. IDS (Intrusion Detection System) alerts on suspicious traffic; IPS (Prevention) blocks it (Domain 2.7).
  8. Proxy servers intermediate traffic for caching or content control (Domain 2.7).

Emerging Technologies

  1. IoT networks connect sensors, appliances, and smart devices (Domain 2.8).
  2. 5G networks provide high-speed, low-latency cellular connectivity (Domain 2.8).
  3. LoRaWAN supports long-range, low-power IoT devices (Domain 2.8).
  4. Zero Trust Networking requires verification for every device/session (Domain 2.8).