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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<!--
Copyright 2004-2013 H2 Group. Multiple-Licensed under the H2 License, Version 1.0,
and under the Eclipse Public License, Version 1.0
(http://h2database.com/html/license.html).
Initial Developer: H2 Group
-->
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /><title>
SQL Grammar
</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="navigation.js"></script>
</head><body onload="frameMe();">
<table class="content"><tr class="content"><td class="content"><div class="contentDiv">
<h1>SQL Grammar</h1>
<h2>Index</h2>
<h3>Commands (Data Manipulation)</h3>
<!-- syntax-start
<p class="notranslate">
<a href="#select">SELECT</a><br />
<a href="#insert">INSERT</a><br />
<a href="#update">UPDATE</a><br />
<a href="#delete">DELETE</a><br />
<a href="#backup">BACKUP</a><br />
<a href="#call">CALL</a><br />
<a href="#explain">EXPLAIN</a><br />
<a href="#merge">MERGE</a><br />
<a href="#runscript">RUNSCRIPT</a><br />
<a href="#script">SCRIPT</a><br />
<a href="#show">SHOW</a><br />
</p>
syntax-end -->
<!-- railroad-start -->
<table class="notranslate index">
<tr>
<td class="index">
<a href="#select" >SELECT</a><br />
<a href="#insert" >INSERT</a><br />
<a href="#update" >UPDATE</a><br />
<a href="#delete" >DELETE</a><br />
</td><td class="index">
<a href="#backup" >BACKUP</a><br />
<a href="#call" >CALL</a><br />
<a href="#explain" >EXPLAIN</a><br />
<a href="#merge" >MERGE</a><br />
</td><td class="index">
<a href="#runscript" >RUNSCRIPT</a><br />
<a href="#script" >SCRIPT</a><br />
<a href="#show" >SHOW</a><br />
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<h3>Commands (Data Definition)</h3>
<!-- syntax-start
<p class="notranslate">
<a href="#alter_database">ALTER DATABASE</a><br />
<a href="#alter_index_rename">ALTER INDEX RENAME</a><br />
<a href="#alter_schema_rename">ALTER SCHEMA RENAME</a><br />
<a href="#alter_sequence">ALTER SEQUENCE</a><br />
<a href="#alter_table_add">ALTER TABLE ADD</a><br />
<a href="#alter_table_add_constraint">ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT</a><br />
<a href="#alter_table_alter_column">ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN</a><br />
<a href="#alter_table_drop_column">ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN</a><br />
<a href="#alter_table_drop_constraint">ALTER TABLE DROP CONSTRAINT</a><br />
<a href="#alter_table_set">ALTER TABLE SET</a><br />
<a href="#alter_table_rename">ALTER TABLE RENAME</a><br />
<a href="#alter_user_admin">ALTER USER ADMIN</a><br />
<a href="#alter_user_rename">ALTER USER RENAME</a><br />
<a href="#alter_user_set_password">ALTER USER SET PASSWORD</a><br />
<a href="#alter_view">ALTER VIEW</a><br />
<a href="#analyze">ANALYZE</a><br />
<a href="#comment">COMMENT</a><br />
<a href="#create_database">CREATE DATABASE</a><br />
<a href="#create_service">CREATE SERVICE</a><br />
<a href="#create_aggregate">CREATE AGGREGATE</a><br />
<a href="#create_alias">CREATE ALIAS</a><br />
<a href="#create_constant">CREATE CONSTANT</a><br />
<a href="#create_domain">CREATE DOMAIN</a><br />
<a href="#create_index">CREATE INDEX</a><br />
<a href="#create_role">CREATE ROLE</a><br />
<a href="#create_schema">CREATE SCHEMA</a><br />
<a href="#create_sequence">CREATE SEQUENCE</a><br />
<a href="#create_table">CREATE TABLE</a><br />
<a href="#create_trigger">CREATE TRIGGER</a><br />
<a href="#create_user">CREATE USER</a><br />
<a href="#create_view">CREATE VIEW</a><br />
<a href="#drop_database">DROP DATABASE</a><br />
<a href="#drop_service">DROP SERVICE</a><br />
<a href="#drop_aggregate">DROP AGGREGATE</a><br />
<a href="#drop_alias">DROP ALIAS</a><br />
<a href="#drop_constant">DROP CONSTANT</a><br />
<a href="#drop_domain">DROP DOMAIN</a><br />
<a href="#drop_index">DROP INDEX</a><br />
<a href="#drop_role">DROP ROLE</a><br />
<a href="#drop_schema">DROP SCHEMA</a><br />
<a href="#drop_sequence">DROP SEQUENCE</a><br />
<a href="#drop_table">DROP TABLE</a><br />
<a href="#drop_trigger">DROP TRIGGER</a><br />
<a href="#drop_user">DROP USER</a><br />
<a href="#drop_view">DROP VIEW</a><br />
<a href="#truncate_table">TRUNCATE TABLE</a><br />
</p>
syntax-end -->
<!-- railroad-start -->
<table class="notranslate index">
<tr>
<td class="index">
<a href="#alter_database" >ALTER DATABASE</a><br />
<a href="#alter_index_rename" >ALTER INDEX RENAME</a><br />
<a href="#alter_schema_rename" >ALTER SCHEMA RENAME</a><br />
<a href="#alter_sequence" >ALTER SEQUENCE</a><br />
<a href="#alter_table_add" >ALTER TABLE ADD</a><br />
<a href="#alter_table_add_constraint" >ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT</a><br />
<a href="#alter_table_alter_column" >ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN</a><br />
<a href="#alter_table_drop_column" >ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN</a><br />
<a href="#alter_table_drop_constraint" >ALTER TABLE DROP CONSTRAINT</a><br />
<a href="#alter_table_set" >ALTER TABLE SET</a><br />
<a href="#alter_table_rename" >ALTER TABLE RENAME</a><br />
<a href="#alter_user_admin" >ALTER USER ADMIN</a><br />
<a href="#alter_user_rename" >ALTER USER RENAME</a><br />
<a href="#alter_user_set_password" >ALTER USER SET PASSWORD</a><br />
<a href="#alter_view" >ALTER VIEW</a><br />
<a href="#analyze" >ANALYZE</a><br />
</td><td class="index">
<a href="#comment" >COMMENT</a><br />
<a href="#create_database" >CREATE DATABASE</a><br />
<a href="#create_service" >CREATE SERVICE</a><br />
<a href="#create_aggregate" >CREATE AGGREGATE</a><br />
<a href="#create_alias" >CREATE ALIAS</a><br />
<a href="#create_constant" >CREATE CONSTANT</a><br />
<a href="#create_domain" >CREATE DOMAIN</a><br />
<a href="#create_index" >CREATE INDEX</a><br />
<a href="#create_role" >CREATE ROLE</a><br />
<a href="#create_schema" >CREATE SCHEMA</a><br />
<a href="#create_sequence" >CREATE SEQUENCE</a><br />
<a href="#create_table" >CREATE TABLE</a><br />
<a href="#create_trigger" >CREATE TRIGGER</a><br />
<a href="#create_user" >CREATE USER</a><br />
<a href="#create_view" >CREATE VIEW</a><br />
<a href="#drop_database" >DROP DATABASE</a><br />
</td><td class="index">
<a href="#drop_service" >DROP SERVICE</a><br />
<a href="#drop_aggregate" >DROP AGGREGATE</a><br />
<a href="#drop_alias" >DROP ALIAS</a><br />
<a href="#drop_constant" >DROP CONSTANT</a><br />
<a href="#drop_domain" >DROP DOMAIN</a><br />
<a href="#drop_index" >DROP INDEX</a><br />
<a href="#drop_role" >DROP ROLE</a><br />
<a href="#drop_schema" >DROP SCHEMA</a><br />
<a href="#drop_sequence" >DROP SEQUENCE</a><br />
<a href="#drop_table" >DROP TABLE</a><br />
<a href="#drop_trigger" >DROP TRIGGER</a><br />
<a href="#drop_user" >DROP USER</a><br />
<a href="#drop_view" >DROP VIEW</a><br />
<a href="#truncate_table" >TRUNCATE TABLE</a><br />
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<h3>Commands (Other)</h3>
<!-- syntax-start
<p class="notranslate">
<a href="#checkpoint">CHECKPOINT</a><br />
<a href="#commit">COMMIT</a><br />
<a href="#grant_right">GRANT RIGHT</a><br />
<a href="#grant_alter_any_schema">GRANT ALTER ANY SCHEMA</a><br />
<a href="#grant_role">GRANT ROLE</a><br />
<a href="#help">HELP</a><br />
<a href="#revoke_right">REVOKE RIGHT</a><br />
<a href="#revoke_role">REVOKE ROLE</a><br />
<a href="#rollback">ROLLBACK</a><br />
<a href="#savepoint">SAVEPOINT</a><br />
<a href="#set__">SET @</a><br />
<a href="#set_allow_literals">SET ALLOW_LITERALS</a><br />
<a href="#set_autocommit">SET AUTOCOMMIT</a><br />
<a href="#set_cache_size">SET CACHE_SIZE</a><br />
<a href="#set_binary_collation">SET BINARY_COLLATION</a><br />
<a href="#set_collation">SET COLLATION</a><br />
<a href="#set_database_event_listener">SET DATABASE_EVENT_LISTENER</a><br />
<a href="#set_db_close_delay">SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY</a><br />
<a href="#set_default_lock_timeout">SET DEFAULT_LOCK_TIMEOUT</a><br />
<a href="#set_default_table_type">SET DEFAULT_TABLE_TYPE</a><br />
<a href="#set_ignorecase">SET IGNORECASE</a><br />
<a href="#set_lob_compression_algorithm">SET LOB_COMPRESSION_ALGORITHM</a><br />
<a href="#set_lock_timeout">SET LOCK_TIMEOUT</a><br />
<a href="#set_max_length_inplace_lob">SET MAX_LENGTH_INPLACE_LOB</a><br />
<a href="#set_max_memory_rows">SET MAX_MEMORY_ROWS</a><br />
<a href="#set_max_memory_undo">SET MAX_MEMORY_UNDO</a><br />
<a href="#set_max_operation_memory">SET MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY</a><br />
<a href="#set_mode">SET MODE</a><br />
<a href="#set_optimize_reuse_results">SET OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS</a><br />
<a href="#set_password">SET PASSWORD</a><br />
<a href="#set_query_statistics">SET QUERY_STATISTICS</a><br />
<a href="#set_query_timeout">SET QUERY_TIMEOUT</a><br />
<a href="#set_referential_integrity">SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY</a><br />
<a href="#set_salt_hash">SET SALT HASH</a><br />
<a href="#set_schema">SET SCHEMA</a><br />
<a href="#set_schema_search_path">SET SCHEMA_SEARCH_PATH</a><br />
<a href="#set_throttle">SET THROTTLE</a><br />
<a href="#set_trace_level">SET TRACE_LEVEL</a><br />
<a href="#set_trace_max_file_size">SET TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE</a><br />
<a href="#shutdown_database">SHUTDOWN DATABASE</a><br />
<a href="#shutdown_server">SHUTDOWN SERVER</a><br />
</p>
syntax-end -->
<!-- railroad-start -->
<table class="notranslate index">
<tr>
<td class="index">
<a href="#checkpoint" >CHECKPOINT</a><br />
<a href="#commit" >COMMIT</a><br />
<a href="#grant_right" >GRANT RIGHT</a><br />
<a href="#grant_alter_any_schema" >GRANT ALTER ANY SCHEMA</a><br />
<a href="#grant_role" >GRANT ROLE</a><br />
<a href="#help" >HELP</a><br />
<a href="#revoke_right" >REVOKE RIGHT</a><br />
<a href="#revoke_role" >REVOKE ROLE</a><br />
<a href="#rollback" >ROLLBACK</a><br />
<a href="#savepoint" >SAVEPOINT</a><br />
<a href="#set__" >SET @</a><br />
<a href="#set_allow_literals" >SET ALLOW_LITERALS</a><br />
<a href="#set_autocommit" >SET AUTOCOMMIT</a><br />
<a href="#set_cache_size" >SET CACHE_SIZE</a><br />
</td><td class="index">
<a href="#set_binary_collation" >SET BINARY_COLLATION</a><br />
<a href="#set_collation" >SET COLLATION</a><br />
<a href="#set_database_event_listener" >SET DATABASE_EVENT_LISTENER</a><br />
<a href="#set_db_close_delay" >SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY</a><br />
<a href="#set_default_lock_timeout" >SET DEFAULT_LOCK_TIMEOUT</a><br />
<a href="#set_default_table_type" >SET DEFAULT_TABLE_TYPE</a><br />
<a href="#set_ignorecase" >SET IGNORECASE</a><br />
<a href="#set_lob_compression_algorithm" >SET LOB_COMPRESSION_ALGORITHM</a><br />
<a href="#set_lock_timeout" >SET LOCK_TIMEOUT</a><br />
<a href="#set_max_length_inplace_lob" >SET MAX_LENGTH_INPLACE_LOB</a><br />
<a href="#set_max_memory_rows" >SET MAX_MEMORY_ROWS</a><br />
<a href="#set_max_memory_undo" >SET MAX_MEMORY_UNDO</a><br />
<a href="#set_max_operation_memory" >SET MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY</a><br />
<a href="#set_mode" >SET MODE</a><br />
</td><td class="index">
<a href="#set_optimize_reuse_results" >SET OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS</a><br />
<a href="#set_password" >SET PASSWORD</a><br />
<a href="#set_query_statistics" >SET QUERY_STATISTICS</a><br />
<a href="#set_query_timeout" >SET QUERY_TIMEOUT</a><br />
<a href="#set_referential_integrity" >SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY</a><br />
<a href="#set_salt_hash" >SET SALT HASH</a><br />
<a href="#set_schema" >SET SCHEMA</a><br />
<a href="#set_schema_search_path" >SET SCHEMA_SEARCH_PATH</a><br />
<a href="#set_throttle" >SET THROTTLE</a><br />
<a href="#set_trace_level" >SET TRACE_LEVEL</a><br />
<a href="#set_trace_max_file_size" >SET TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE</a><br />
<a href="#shutdown_database" >SHUTDOWN DATABASE</a><br />
<a href="#shutdown_server" >SHUTDOWN SERVER</a><br />
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<h3>Other Grammar</h3>
<!-- syntax-start
<p class="notranslate">
<a href="#alias" >Alias</a><br />
<a href="#and_condition" >And Condition</a><br />
<a href="#array" >Array</a><br />
<a href="#boolean" >Boolean</a><br />
<a href="#bytes" >Bytes</a><br />
<a href="#case" >Case</a><br />
<a href="#case_when" >Case When</a><br />
<a href="#cipher" >Cipher</a><br />
<a href="#column_definition" >Column Definition</a><br />
<a href="#comments" >Comments</a><br />
<a href="#compare" >Compare</a><br />
<a href="#condition" >Condition</a><br />
<a href="#condition_right_hand_side" >Condition Right Hand Side</a><br />
<a href="#constraint" >Constraint</a><br />
<a href="#constraint_name_definition" >Constraint Name Definition</a><br />
<a href="#csv_options" >Csv Options</a><br />
<a href="#data_type" >Data Type</a><br />
<a href="#date" >Date</a><br />
<a href="#decimal" >Decimal</a><br />
<a href="#digit" >Digit</a><br />
<a href="#dollar_quoted_string" >Dollar Quoted String</a><br />
<a href="#expression" >Expression</a><br />
<a href="#factor" >Factor</a><br />
<a href="#hex" >Hex</a><br />
<a href="#hex_number" >Hex Number</a><br />
<a href="#index_column" >Index Column</a><br />
<a href="#int" >Int</a><br />
<a href="#long" >Long</a><br />
<a href="#name" >Name</a><br />
<a href="#null" >Null</a><br />
<a href="#number" >Number</a><br />
<a href="#numeric" >Numeric</a><br />
<a href="#operand" >Operand</a><br />
<a href="#order" >Order</a><br />
<a href="#quoted_name" >Quoted Name</a><br />
<a href="#referential_constraint" >Referential Constraint</a><br />
<a href="#referential_action" >Referential Action</a><br />
<a href="#script_compression_encryption" >Script Compression Encryption</a><br />
<a href="#select_expression" >Select Expression</a><br />
<a href="#string" >String</a><br />
<a href="#summand" >Summand</a><br />
<a href="#table_expression" >Table Expression</a><br />
<a href="#values_expression" >Values Expression</a><br />
<a href="#term" >Term</a><br />
<a href="#time" >Time</a><br />
<a href="#timestamp" >Timestamp</a><br />
<a href="#value" >Value</a><br />
</p>
syntax-end -->
<!-- railroad-start -->
<table class="notranslate index">
<tr>
<td class="index">
<a href="#alias" >Alias</a><br />
<a href="#and_condition" >And Condition</a><br />
<a href="#array" >Array</a><br />
<a href="#boolean" >Boolean</a><br />
<a href="#bytes" >Bytes</a><br />
<a href="#case" >Case</a><br />
<a href="#case_when" >Case When</a><br />
<a href="#cipher" >Cipher</a><br />
<a href="#column_definition" >Column Definition</a><br />
<a href="#comments" >Comments</a><br />
<a href="#compare" >Compare</a><br />
<a href="#condition" >Condition</a><br />
<a href="#condition_right_hand_side" >Condition Right Hand Side</a><br />
<a href="#constraint" >Constraint</a><br />
<a href="#constraint_name_definition" >Constraint Name Definition</a><br />
<a href="#csv_options" >Csv Options</a><br />
</td><td class="index">
<a href="#data_type" >Data Type</a><br />
<a href="#date" >Date</a><br />
<a href="#decimal" >Decimal</a><br />
<a href="#digit" >Digit</a><br />
<a href="#dollar_quoted_string" >Dollar Quoted String</a><br />
<a href="#expression" >Expression</a><br />
<a href="#factor" >Factor</a><br />
<a href="#hex" >Hex</a><br />
<a href="#hex_number" >Hex Number</a><br />
<a href="#index_column" >Index Column</a><br />
<a href="#int" >Int</a><br />
<a href="#long" >Long</a><br />
<a href="#name" >Name</a><br />
<a href="#null" >Null</a><br />
<a href="#number" >Number</a><br />
<a href="#numeric" >Numeric</a><br />
</td><td class="index">
<a href="#operand" >Operand</a><br />
<a href="#order" >Order</a><br />
<a href="#quoted_name" >Quoted Name</a><br />
<a href="#referential_constraint" >Referential Constraint</a><br />
<a href="#referential_action" >Referential Action</a><br />
<a href="#script_compression_encryption" >Script Compression Encryption</a><br />
<a href="#select_expression" >Select Expression</a><br />
<a href="#string" >String</a><br />
<a href="#summand" >Summand</a><br />
<a href="#table_expression" >Table Expression</a><br />
<a href="#values_expression" >Values Expression</a><br />
<a href="#term" >Term</a><br />
<a href="#time" >Time</a><br />
<a href="#timestamp" >Timestamp</a><br />
<a href="#value" >Value</a><br />
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<h3>System Tables</h3>
<p class="notranslate">
<a href="#information_schema">Information Schema</a><br />
<a href="#performance_schema">Performance Schema</a><br />
<a href="#range_table">Range Table</a><br />
</p>
<!-- railroad-start -->
<h2>Details</h2>
<p>Click on the header to switch between railroad diagram and BNF.</p>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<h3 id="select" class="notranslate" onclick="switchBnf(this)">SELECT</h3>
<!-- railroad-start -->
<pre name="bnf" style="display: none">
SELECT [ TOP <a href="grammar.html#term">term</a> ] [ DISTINCT | ALL ] <a href="grammar.html#select_expression">selectExpression</a> [,...]
FROM <a href="grammar.html#table_expression">tableExpression</a> [,...] [ WHERE <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> ]
[ GROUP BY <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> [,...] ] [ HAVING <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> ]
[ { UNION [ ALL ] | MINUS | EXCEPT | INTERSECT } <a href="grammar.html#select">select</a> ] [ ORDER BY <a href="grammar.html#order">order</a> [,...] ]
[ LIMIT <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> [ OFFSET <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> ] [ SAMPLE_SIZE <a href="grammar.html#int">rowCountInt</a> ] ]
[ FOR UPDATE ]
</pre>
<div name="railroad">
<table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">SELECT</code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">TOP <a href="grammar.html#term">term</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">DISTINCT</code></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">ALL</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><code class="c"><a href="grammar.html#select_expression">selectExpression</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">, ...</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">FROM <a href="grammar.html#table_expression">tableExpression</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">, ...</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">WHERE <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">GROUP BY <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">, ...</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">HAVING <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">UNION</code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">ALL</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ks"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">MINUS</code></td><td class="ke"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ks"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">EXCEPT</code></td><td class="ke"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">INTERSECT</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><code class="c"><a href="grammar.html#select">select</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">ORDER BY <a href="grammar.html#order">order</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">, ...</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">LIMIT <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">OFFSET <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">SAMPLE_SIZE <a href="grammar.html#int">rowCountInt</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">FOR UPDATE</code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<!-- syntax-start
<pre>
SELECT [ TOP <a href="grammar.html#term">term</a> ] [ DISTINCT | ALL ] <a href="grammar.html#select_expression">selectExpression</a> [,...]
FROM <a href="grammar.html#table_expression">tableExpression</a> [,...] [ WHERE <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> ]
[ GROUP BY <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> [,...] ] [ HAVING <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> ]
[ { UNION [ ALL ] | MINUS | EXCEPT | INTERSECT } <a href="grammar.html#select">select</a> ] [ ORDER BY <a href="grammar.html#order">order</a> [,...] ]
[ LIMIT <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> [ OFFSET <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> ] [ SAMPLE_SIZE <a href="grammar.html#int">rowCountInt</a> ] ]
[ FOR UPDATE ]
</pre>
syntax-end -->
<p>Selects data from a table or multiple tables. <code>GROUP BY</code> groups the the result by the given expression(s). <code>HAVING</code> filter rows after grouping. <code>ORDER BY</code> sorts the result by the given column(s) or expression(s). <code>UNION</code> combines the result of this query with the results of another query. <code>LIMIT</code> limits the number of rows returned by the query (no limit if null or smaller than zero). <code>OFFSET</code> specified how many rows to skip. <code>SAMPLE_SIZE</code> limits the number of rows read for aggregate queries. Multiple set operators (<code>UNION, INTERSECT, MINUS, EXPECT</code>) are evaluated from left to right. For compatibility with other databases and future versions of lealone please use parentheses. If <code>FOR UPDATE</code> is specified, the tables are locked for writing. When using <code>MVCC</code>, only the selected rows are locked as in an <code>UPDATE</code> statement. In this case, aggregate, <code>GROUP BY, DISTINCT</code> queries or joins are not allowed in this case.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<p class="notranslate">
SELECT * FROM TEST;<br />SELECT * FROM TEST ORDER BY NAME;<br />SELECT ID, COUNT(*) FROM TEST GROUP BY ID;<br />SELECT NAME, COUNT(*) FROM TEST GROUP BY NAME HAVING COUNT(*) > 2;<br />SELECT 'ID' COL, MAX(ID) AS MAX FROM TEST UNION SELECT 'NAME', MAX(NAME) FROM TEST;<br />SELECT * FROM TEST LIMIT 1000;<br />SELECT * FROM (SELECT ID, COUNT(*) FROM TEST<br /> GROUP BY ID UNION SELECT NULL, COUNT(*) FROM TEST)<br /> ORDER BY 1 NULLS LAST;</p>
<h3 id="insert" class="notranslate" onclick="switchBnf(this)">INSERT</h3>
<!-- railroad-start -->
<pre name="bnf" style="display: none">
INSERT INTO <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a>
{ [ ( <a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a> [,...] ) ]
{ VALUES { ( { DEFAULT | <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> } [,...] ) } [,...] | <a href="grammar.html#select">select</a> } } |
{ SET { <a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a> = { DEFAULT | <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> } } [,...] }
</pre>
<div name="railroad">
<table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">INSERT INTO <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a></code></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">( <a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">, ...</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><code class="c">)</code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">VALUES (</code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">DEFAULT</code></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c"><a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a></code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">, ...</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><code class="c">)</code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">, ...</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c"><a href="grammar.html#select">select</a></code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">SET <a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a> =</code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">DEFAULT</code></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c"><a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a></code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">, ...</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<!-- syntax-start
<pre class="notranslate">
INSERT INTO <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a>
{ [ ( <a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a> [,...] ) ]
{ VALUES { ( { DEFAULT | <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> } [,...] ) } [,...] | <a href="grammar.html#select">select</a> } } |
{ SET { <a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a> = { DEFAULT | <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> } } [,...] }
</pre>
syntax-end -->
<p>Inserts a new row / new rows into a table.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<p class="notranslate">
INSERT INTO TEST VALUES(1, 'Hello')</p>
<h3 id="update" class="notranslate" onclick="switchBnf(this)">UPDATE</h3>
<!-- railroad-start -->
<pre name="bnf" style="display: none">
UPDATE <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a> [ [ AS ] <a href="grammar.html#alias">newTableAlias</a> ] SET
{ { <a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a> = { DEFAULT | <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> } } [,...] } |
{ ( <a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a> [,...] ) = ( <a href="grammar.html#select">select</a> ) }
[ WHERE <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> ] [ LIMIT <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> ]
</pre>
<div name="railroad">
<table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">UPDATE <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">AS</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><code class="c"><a href="grammar.html#alias">newTableAlias</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><code class="c">SET</code></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c"><a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a> =</code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">DEFAULT</code></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c"><a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a></code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">, ...</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">( <a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">, ...</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><code class="c">) = ( <a href="grammar.html#select">select</a> )</code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">WHERE <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">LIMIT <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<!-- syntax-start
<pre>
UPDATE <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a> [ [ AS ] <a href="grammar.html#alias">newTableAlias</a> ] SET
{ { <a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a> = { DEFAULT | <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> } } [,...] } |
{ ( <a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a> [,...] ) = ( <a href="grammar.html#select">select</a> ) }
[ WHERE <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> ] [ LIMIT <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> ]
</pre>
syntax-end -->
<p>Updates data in a table.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<p class="notranslate">
UPDATE TEST SET NAME='Hi' WHERE ID=1;<br />UPDATE PERSON P SET NAME=(SELECT A.NAME FROM ADDRESS A WHERE A.ID=P.ID);</p>
<h3 id="delete" class="notranslate" onclick="switchBnf(this)">DELETE</h3>
<!-- railroad-start -->
<pre name="bnf" style="display: none">
DELETE [ TOP <a href="grammar.html#term">term</a> ] FROM <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a> [ WHERE <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> ] [ LIMIT <a href="grammar.html#term">term</a> ]
</pre>
<div name="railroad">
<table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">DELETE</code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">TOP <a href="grammar.html#term">term</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><code class="c">FROM <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">WHERE <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">LIMIT <a href="grammar.html#term">term</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<!-- syntax-start
<pre>
DELETE [ TOP <a href="grammar.html#term">term</a> ] FROM <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a> [ WHERE <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> ] [ LIMIT <a href="grammar.html#term">term</a> ]
</pre>
syntax-end -->
<p>Deletes rows form a table. If <code>TOP</code> or <code>LIMIT</code> is specified, at most the specified number of rows are deleted (no limit if null or smaller than zero).</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<p class="notranslate">
DELETE FROM TEST WHERE ID=2</p>
<h3 id="backup" class="notranslate" onclick="switchBnf(this)">BACKUP</h3>
<!-- railroad-start -->
<pre name="bnf" style="display: none">
BACKUP TO <a href="grammar.html#string">fileNameString</a> [ LAST DATE <a href="grammar.html#string">dateTimeString</a> ]
</pre>
<div name="railroad">
<table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">BACKUP TO <a href="grammar.html#string">fileNameString</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">LAST DATE <a href="grammar.html#string">dateTimeString</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<!-- syntax-start
<pre>
BACKUP TO <a href="grammar.html#string">fileNameString</a> [ LAST DATE <a href="grammar.html#string">dateTimeString</a> ]
</pre>
syntax-end -->
<p>Backs up the database files to a .zip file. Objects are not locked, but the backup is transactionally consistent because the transaction log is also copied. Admin rights are required to execute this command.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<p class="notranslate">
BACKUP TO 'backup.zip' LAST DATE '2022-10-01'</p>
<h3 id="call" class="notranslate" onclick="switchBnf(this)">CALL</h3>
<!-- railroad-start -->
<pre name="bnf" style="display: none">
CALL <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a>
</pre>
<div name="railroad">
<table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">CALL <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a></code></td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<!-- syntax-start
<pre>
CALL <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a>
</pre>
syntax-end -->
<p>Calculates a simple expression. This statement returns a result set with one row, except if the called function returns a result set itself. If the called function returns an array, then each element in this array is returned as a column.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<p class="notranslate">
CALL 15*25</p>
<h3 id="explain" class="notranslate" onclick="switchBnf(this)">EXPLAIN</h3>
<!-- railroad-start -->
<pre name="bnf" style="display: none">
EXPLAIN { [ PLAN FOR ] | ANALYZE } { <a href="grammar.html#select">select</a> | <a href="grammar.html#insert">insert</a> | <a href="grammar.html#update">update</a> | <a href="grammar.html#delete">delete</a> | <a href="grammar.html#merge">merge</a> }
</pre>
<div name="railroad">
<table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">EXPLAIN</code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">PLAN FOR</code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">ANALYZE</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><code class="c"><a href="grammar.html#select">select</a></code></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ks"></td><td class="d"><code class="c"><a href="grammar.html#insert">insert</a></code></td><td class="ke"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ks"></td><td class="d"><code class="c"><a href="grammar.html#update">update</a></code></td><td class="ke"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ks"></td><td class="d"><code class="c"><a href="grammar.html#delete">delete</a></code></td><td class="ke"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c"><a href="grammar.html#merge">merge</a></code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<!-- syntax-start
<pre>
EXPLAIN { [ PLAN FOR ] | ANALYZE } { <a href="grammar.html#select">select</a> | <a href="grammar.html#insert">insert</a> | <a href="grammar.html#update">update</a> | <a href="grammar.html#delete">delete</a> | <a href="grammar.html#merge">merge</a> }
</pre>
syntax-end -->
<p>Shows the execution plan for a statement. When using <code>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</code>, the statement is actually executed, and the query plan will include the actual row scan count for each table.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<p class="notranslate">
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM TEST WHERE ID=1</p>
<h3 id="merge" class="notranslate" onclick="switchBnf(this)">MERGE</h3>
<!-- railroad-start -->
<pre name="bnf" style="display: none">
MERGE INTO <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a> [ ( <a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a> [,...] ) ]
[ KEY ( <a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a> [,...] ) ]
{ VALUES { ( { DEFAULT | <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> } [,...] ) } [,...] | <a href="grammar.html#select">select</a> }
</pre>
<div name="railroad">
<table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">MERGE INTO <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">( <a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">, ...</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><code class="c">)</code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">KEY ( <a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">, ...</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><code class="c">)</code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">VALUES (</code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">DEFAULT</code></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c"><a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a></code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">, ...</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><code class="c">)</code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">, ...</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c"><a href="grammar.html#select">select</a></code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<!-- syntax-start
<pre>
MERGE INTO <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a> [ ( <a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a> [,...] ) ]
[ KEY ( <a href="grammar.html#name">columnName</a> [,...] ) ]
{ VALUES { ( { DEFAULT | <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> } [,...] ) } [,...] | <a href="grammar.html#select">select</a> }
</pre>
syntax-end -->
<p>Updates existing rows, and insert rows that don't exist. If no key column is specified, the primary key columns are used to find the row. If more than one row per new row is affected, an exception is thrown. If the table contains an auto-incremented key or identity column, and the row was updated, the generated key is set to 0; otherwise it is set to the new key.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<p class="notranslate">
MERGE INTO TEST KEY(ID) VALUES(2, 'World')</p>
<h3 id="runscript" class="notranslate" onclick="switchBnf(this)">RUNSCRIPT</h3>
<!-- railroad-start -->
<pre name="bnf" style="display: none">
RUNSCRIPT FROM <a href="grammar.html#string">fileNameString</a> <a href="grammar.html#script_compression_encryption">scriptCompressionEncryption</a>
[ CHARSET <a href="grammar.html#string">charsetString</a> ]
</pre>
<div name="railroad">
<table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">RUNSCRIPT FROM <a href="grammar.html#string">fileNameString</a> <a href="grammar.html#script_compression_encryption">scriptCompressionEncryption</a></code></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">CHARSET <a href="grammar.html#string">charsetString</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<!-- syntax-start
<pre>
RUNSCRIPT FROM <a href="grammar.html#string">fileNameString</a> <a href="grammar.html#script_compression_encryption">scriptCompressionEncryption</a>
[ CHARSET <a href="grammar.html#string">charsetString</a> ]
</pre>
syntax-end -->
<p>Runs a SQL script from a file. The script is a text file containing SQL statements; each statement must end with ';'. This command can be used to restore a database from a backup. The password must be in single quotes; it is case sensitive and can contain spaces. Instead of a file name, an URL may be used. To read a stream from the classpath, use the prefix 'classpath:'. See the Pluggable File System section on the Advanced page. The compression algorithm must match the one used when creating the script. Instead of a file, an URL may be used. Admin rights are required to execute this command.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<p class="notranslate">
RUNSCRIPT FROM 'backup.sql'<br />RUNSCRIPT FROM 'classpath:/com/acme/test.sql'</p>
<h3 id="script" class="notranslate" onclick="switchBnf(this)">SCRIPT</h3>
<!-- railroad-start -->
<pre name="bnf" style="display: none">
SCRIPT [ SIMPLE ] [ NODATA ] [ NOPASSWORDS ] [ NOSETTINGS ]
[ DROP ] [ BLOCKSIZE <a href="grammar.html#int">blockSizeInt</a> ]
[ TO <a href="grammar.html#string">fileNameString</a> <a href="grammar.html#script_compression_encryption">scriptCompressionEncryption</a>
[ CHARSET <a href="grammar.html#string">charsetString</a> ] ]
[ TABLE <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a> [, ...] ]
[ SCHEMA <a href="grammar.html#name">schemaName</a> [, ...] ]
</pre>
<div name="railroad">
<table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">SCRIPT</code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">SIMPLE</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">NODATA</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">NOPASSWORDS</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">NOSETTINGS</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">DROP</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">BLOCKSIZE <a href="grammar.html#int">blockSizeInt</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">TO <a href="grammar.html#string">fileNameString</a> <a href="grammar.html#script_compression_encryption">scriptCompressionEncryption</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">CHARSET <a href="grammar.html#string">charsetString</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">TABLE <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">, ...</code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">SCHEMA <a href="grammar.html#name">schemaName</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">, ...</code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<!-- syntax-start
<pre>
SCRIPT [ SIMPLE ] [ NODATA ] [ NOPASSWORDS ] [ NOSETTINGS ]
[ DROP ] [ BLOCKSIZE <a href="grammar.html#int">blockSizeInt</a> ]
[ TO <a href="grammar.html#string">fileNameString</a> <a href="grammar.html#script_compression_encryption">scriptCompressionEncryption</a>
[ CHARSET <a href="grammar.html#string">charsetString</a> ] ]
[ TABLE <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a> [, ...] ]
[ SCHEMA <a href="grammar.html#name">schemaName</a> [, ...] ]
</pre>
syntax-end -->
<p>Creates a SQL script from the database. <code>SIMPLE</code> does not use multi-row insert statements. <code>NODATA</code> will not emit <code>INSERT</code> statements. If the <code>DROP</code> option is specified, drop statements are created for tables, views, and sequences. If the block size is set, <code>CLOB</code> and <code>BLOB</code> values larger than this size are split into separate blocks. <code>BLOCKSIZE</code> is used when writing out <code>LOB</code> data, and specifies the point at the values transition from being inserted as inline values, to be inserted using out-of-line commands. <code>NOSETTINGS</code> turns off dumping the database settings (the <code>SET XXX</code> commands) If no '<code>TO</code> fileName' clause is specified, the script is returned as a result set. This command can be used to create a backup of the database. For long term storage, it is more portable than copying the database files. If a '<code>TO</code> fileName' clause is specified, then the whole script (including insert statements) is written to this file, and a result set without the insert statements is returned. The password must be in single quotes; it is case sensitive and can contain spaces. This command locks objects while it is running. Admin rights are required to execute this command. When using the <code>TABLE</code> or <code>SCHEMA</code> option, only the selected table(s) / schema(s) are included.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<p class="notranslate">
SCRIPT NODATA</p>
<h3 id="show" class="notranslate" onclick="switchBnf(this)">SHOW</h3>
<!-- railroad-start -->
<pre name="bnf" style="display: none">
SHOW { SCHEMAS | TABLES [ FROM <a href="grammar.html#name">schemaName</a> ] |
COLUMNS FROM <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a> [ FROM <a href="grammar.html#name">schemaName</a> ] }
</pre>
<div name="railroad">
<table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">SHOW</code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">SCHEMAS</code></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ks"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">TABLES</code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">FROM <a href="grammar.html#name">schemaName</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td class="ke"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">COLUMNS FROM <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">FROM <a href="grammar.html#name">schemaName</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<!-- syntax-start
<pre>
SHOW { SCHEMAS | TABLES [ FROM <a href="grammar.html#name">schemaName</a> ] |
COLUMNS FROM <a href="grammar.html#name">tableName</a> [ FROM <a href="grammar.html#name">schemaName</a> ] }
</pre>
syntax-end -->
<p>Lists the schemas, tables, or the columns of a table.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<p class="notranslate">
SHOW TABLES</p>
<h3 id="alter_database" class="notranslate" onclick="switchBnf(this)">ALTER DATABASE</h3>
<!-- railroad-start -->
<pre name="bnf" style="display: none">
ALTER DATABASE <a href="grammar.html#name">databaseName</a>
[ RUN MODE { EMBEDDED | CLIENT_SERVER | REPLICATION | SHARDING } ]
[ PARAMETERS ( { <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> = <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> } [,...] )]
</pre>
<div name="railroad">
<table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">ALTER DATABASE <a href="grammar.html#name">databaseName</a></code></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">RUN MODE</code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">EMBEDDED</code></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ks"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">CLIENT_SERVER</code></td><td class="ke"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ks"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">REPLICATION</code></td><td class="ke"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">SHARDING</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">PARAMETERS ( <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> = <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">, ...</code></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><code class="c">)</code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<!-- syntax-start
<pre>
ALTER DATABASE <a href="grammar.html#name">databaseName</a>
[ RUN MODE { EMBEDDED | CLIENT_SERVER | REPLICATION | SHARDING } ]
[ PARAMETERS ( { <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> = <a href="grammar.html#expression">expression</a> } [,...] )]
</pre>
syntax-end -->
<p>Changes the database. Admin rights are required to execute this command.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<p class="notranslate">
ALTER DATABASE mydb RUN MODE REPLICATION</p>
<h3 id="alter_index_rename" class="notranslate" onclick="switchBnf(this)">ALTER INDEX RENAME</h3>
<!-- railroad-start -->
<pre name="bnf" style="display: none">
ALTER INDEX <a href="grammar.html#name">indexName</a> RENAME TO <a href="grammar.html#name">newIndexName</a>
</pre>
<div name="railroad">
<table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">ALTER INDEX <a href="grammar.html#name">indexName</a> RENAME TO <a href="grammar.html#name">newIndexName</a></code></td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<!-- syntax-start
<pre>
ALTER INDEX <a href="grammar.html#name">indexName</a> RENAME TO <a href="grammar.html#name">newIndexName</a>
</pre>
syntax-end -->
<p>Renames an index.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<p class="notranslate">
ALTER INDEX IDXNAME RENAME TO IDX_TEST_NAME</p>
<h3 id="alter_schema_rename" class="notranslate" onclick="switchBnf(this)">ALTER SCHEMA RENAME</h3>
<!-- railroad-start -->
<pre name="bnf" style="display: none">
ALTER SCHEMA <a href="functions.html#schema">schema</a> RENAME TO <a href="grammar.html#name">newSchemaName</a>
</pre>
<div name="railroad">
<table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">ALTER SCHEMA <a href="functions.html#schema">schema</a> RENAME TO <a href="grammar.html#name">newSchemaName</a></code></td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<!-- syntax-start
<pre>
ALTER SCHEMA <a href="functions.html#schema">schema</a> RENAME TO <a href="grammar.html#name">newSchemaName</a>
</pre>
syntax-end -->
<p>Renames a schema.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<p class="notranslate">
ALTER SCHEMA TEST RENAME TO PRODUCTION</p>
<h3 id="alter_sequence" class="notranslate" onclick="switchBnf(this)">ALTER SEQUENCE</h3>
<!-- railroad-start -->
<pre name="bnf" style="display: none">
ALTER SEQUENCE <a href="grammar.html#name">sequenceName</a> [ RESTART WITH <a href="grammar.html#long">long</a> ] [ INCREMENT BY <a href="grammar.html#long">long</a> ]
[ MINVALUE <a href="grammar.html#long">long</a> | NOMINVALUE | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE <a href="grammar.html#long">long</a> | NOMAXVALUE | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ CYCLE <a href="grammar.html#long">long</a> | NOCYCLE | NO CYCLE ]
[ CACHE <a href="grammar.html#long">long</a> | NOCACHE | NO CACHE ]
</pre>
<div name="railroad">
<table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">ALTER SEQUENCE <a href="grammar.html#name">sequenceName</a></code></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">RESTART WITH <a href="grammar.html#long">long</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">INCREMENT BY <a href="grammar.html#long">long</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">MINVALUE <a href="grammar.html#long">long</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ks"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">NOMINVALUE</code></td><td class="ke"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">NO MINVALUE</code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">MAXVALUE <a href="grammar.html#long">long</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ks"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">NOMAXVALUE</code></td><td class="ke"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">NO MAXVALUE</code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">CYCLE <a href="grammar.html#long">long</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ks"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">NOCYCLE</code></td><td class="ke"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">NO CYCLE</code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table><br /><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"> </td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="ts"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">CACHE <a href="grammar.html#long">long</a></code></td></tr></table></td><td class="te"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ks"></td><td class="d"><code class="c">NOCACHE</code></td><td class="ke"></td></tr><tr class="railroad"><td class="ls"></td><td class="d"><table class="railroad"><tr class="railroad"><td class="d"><code class="c">NO CACHE</code></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table></td><td class="le"></td></tr></table>
</div>
<!-- railroad-end -->
<!-- syntax-start