abstracts_data.py

"""
Committee-voice abstracts for all 186 General Comments.

Hand-written by the maintainer with reference to each GC's first paragraph
(see abstracts_workfile.json). Each abstract is 1-2 sentences in Committee
voice — i.e. it states what the Committee considers, recommends, recalls or
clarifies — typically beginning "The Committee considers/recalls/clarifies/
recommends/affirms/emphasizes/draws attention to ...".

Keyed by idx (record's position in crc_gc_info.json after the orphan
removal performed in repair_metadata.py).
"""

ABSTRACTS: dict[int, str] = {
    # ─── CRC Joint and recent ─────────────────────────────────────────
    0: "The Committees affirm that harmful practices, primarily affecting women and girls, violate binding obligations under both the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and call on States parties to prevent, respond to and ultimately eliminate such practices through coordinated legal, institutional and educational measures.",
    1: "The Committee clarifies that article 4 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child requires States parties to mobilize the maximum extent of their available resources to realize children's rights, and provides guidance on how public budgeting decisions — at every stage from planning to audit — should give effect to that obligation.",
    2: "The Committee draws attention to the rights of children in the second decade of life and emphasizes that effective implementation of the Convention during adolescence requires States parties to recognize evolving capacities, address the structural drivers of vulnerability, and remove legal and policy barriers to autonomous decision-making in matters that affect adolescents.",
    3: "The Committee highlights the systemic discrimination faced by children in street situations and considers that States parties must abandon punitive responses, ensure access to identity documentation and basic services, and adopt holistic, child-rights-based long-term strategies developed in consultation with the children themselves.",
    4: "The Committee replaces general comment No. 10 (2007) on juvenile justice with updated guidance reflecting developments in international standards, jurisprudence and child-development science, and reaffirms that deprivation of liberty must be a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period.",
    5: "The Committee considers that the digital environment shapes every aspect of children's lives and that States parties must ensure children's rights to access, protection and participation are respected, protected and fulfilled online as well as offline, with particular attention to the most marginalized.",
    6: "The Committee considers that environmental degradation and climate change pose an urgent and systemic threat to children's rights, and clarifies States parties' obligations to ensure a clean, healthy and sustainable environment, to act on the basis of the best available science, and to give due weight to children's views in environmental decision-making.",
    7: "The Committees jointly clarify the obligations of States parties — in particular countries of transit and destination — concerning the human rights of children in the context of international migration, and affirm that the principles of the best interests of the child and non-discrimination must guide every migration policy and decision.",
    8: "The Committees jointly set out the general principles governing the rights of children in the context of international migration, including non-discrimination, the best interests of the child, the right to be heard and the right to non-refoulement, and require States parties to apply these principles to all children regardless of migration status.",
    9: "The Committee affirms that the aims of education set out in article 29 (1) of the Convention promote the holistic development of every child's personality, talents and abilities, and considers that education must be directed towards human dignity, tolerance, gender equality and respect for human rights and the natural environment.",
    10: "The Committee considers that independent national human rights institutions are an essential mechanism for promoting and ensuring the implementation of the Convention, and clarifies that their establishment falls within States parties' general obligations under article 4 to give effect to the rights of the child.",
    11: "The Committee considers that the HIV/AIDS epidemic is a child rights issue requiring concerted, well-targeted action across prevention, treatment, care and protection, and recommends measures to combat stigma, ensure access to information and services, and protect the rights of children affected by HIV in their families and communities.",
    12: "The Committee draws attention to the entitlement of adolescents up to 18 years of age to all rights under the Convention, including the rights to special protection and to progressive exercise of their rights according to evolving capacities, and provides guidance on adolescent health and development as a holistic, rights-based concept.",
    13: "The Committee outlines States parties' general measures of implementation under the Convention — including legislative review, comprehensive national strategies, coordination, monitoring, budgeting, and the dissemination of the Convention — as the necessary foundation for realizing all children's rights.",
    14: "The Committee draws attention to the particularly vulnerable situation of unaccompanied and separated children outside their country of origin and provides guidance, anchored in the Convention's general principles, on identification, family tracing, durable solutions, and the protection, care and treatment owed to these children regardless of migration status.",
    15: "The Committee emphasizes that very young children are rights-holders entitled to the full range of Convention guarantees, and identifies States parties' obligations to provide adequate care, education, health and protection during early childhood while supporting parents and caregivers in their primary role.",
    16: "The Committee considers that all corporal punishment of children — including in the family, schools, alternative care, juvenile justice and any other setting — is incompatible with the Convention, and recommends that States parties prohibit and eliminate it through law reform, awareness-raising and positive, non-violent forms of discipline.",
    17: "The Committee draws attention to the multiple barriers faced by children with disabilities and clarifies that States parties' obligations under the Convention require non-discrimination, accessibility, inclusive education, family support and participation, with disability addressed across all areas of children's rights, not solely through health or welfare policy.",
    18: "The Committee provides authoritative guidance on the rights of children alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law, calling for child justice systems that emphasize prevention, diversion, restorative measures and the use of deprivation of liberty only as a last resort and for the shortest appropriate period. (This general comment has since been replaced by general comment No. 24.)",
    19: "The Committee draws attention to the situation of indigenous children and considers that the Convention applies to them on equal terms with other children, while requiring States parties to take special measures to ensure non-discrimination, cultural identity, and meaningful participation of indigenous children and their communities.",
    20: "The Committee clarifies the right of every child to be heard under article 12 of the Convention, considers that this right applies in all matters affecting the child — including legal, administrative, family and educational decisions — and requires States parties to remove barriers to its effective and meaningful exercise.",
    21: "The Committee considers that article 19 obligates States parties to protect children from all forms of physical and mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect, maltreatment or exploitation, and provides comprehensive guidance on the legal, administrative and other measures required to give effect to this right.",
    22: "The Committee identifies article 3, paragraph 1 — the right of the child to have his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration — as a substantive right, an interpretive legal principle and a rule of procedure, and provides a framework for assessing and determining best interests in all decisions affecting children.",
    23: "The Committee considers that the right of the child to the highest attainable standard of health under article 24 must be approached holistically, encompassing the underlying determinants of health and recognizing children as autonomous holders of the right, with particular attention to non-discrimination and to children in marginalized or disadvantaged situations.",
    24: "The Committee recognizes the growing impact of business activities on children's rights and clarifies that States parties have obligations to respect, protect and fulfil children's rights in the context of business operations, both at home and extraterritorially, including through legislation, regulation, monitoring and access to remedies.",
    25: "The Committee draws attention to the right of every child to rest, leisure, play, recreational activities and cultural life under article 31, and considers that States parties must take legislative, administrative and budgetary measures to ensure this often-neglected right is realized for all children, including the most marginalized.",

    # ─── CESCR ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    26: "The Committee considers that secure and equitable access to, use of and control over land is essential to the realization of a wide range of Covenant rights, and clarifies States parties' obligations regarding land governance, including in relation to indigenous peoples, peasants, rural women, urban dwellers and persons in vulnerable situations.",
    27: "The Committee clarifies that the right of everyone to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications under article 15 entails State obligations to make scientific advancement and its benefits accessible to all without discrimination, to protect freedom of scientific research, and to address the unequal distribution of scientific risks and benefits.",
    28: "The Committee clarifies that States parties' obligations under the Covenant apply in the context of business activities — including those of corporate actors operating extraterritorially — and provides guidance on the obligations to respect, protect and fulfil economic, social and cultural rights in this context.",
    29: "The Committee elaborates the right to just and favourable conditions of work under article 7, including remuneration providing a decent living, safe and healthy working conditions, equal opportunity for promotion, and rest, leisure and limitation of working hours, with particular attention to discrimination and to workers in precarious situations.",
    30: "The Committee considers that the right to sexual and reproductive health is an integral part of the right to health under article 12, and that its realization requires States parties to ensure availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of services and information, free from discrimination, coercion and violence.",
    31: "The Committee affirms that cultural rights are integral, universal and interdependent human rights, and clarifies the right of everyone to take part in cultural life under article 15 (1) (a), including obligations regarding access, participation, contribution, and the protection of cultural heritage and diversity.",
    32: "The Committee considers that non-discrimination is an immediate and cross-cutting obligation under the Covenant, and clarifies the meaning of the prohibited grounds — including 'other status' — and the obligations to eliminate both formal and substantive discrimination in the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.",
    33: "The Committee considers that the right to social security under article 9 is of central importance for human dignity, and clarifies States parties' obligations to ensure the availability, adequacy, accessibility and affordability of social security systems covering the principal social risks and contingencies, with particular attention to disadvantaged and marginalized groups.",
    34: "The Committee elaborates the content of the right to work under article 6, considers it inseparable from human dignity and essential for the realization of other rights, and provides guidance on States parties' obligations regarding access to employment, freedom from forced labour, technical and vocational guidance and training, and conditions of work.",
    35: "The Committee considers that the protection of the moral and material interests of authors of scientific, literary or artistic productions under article 15 (1) (c) is a human right derived from human dignity, and clarifies that it is distinct from — and not coextensive with — intellectual property rights established by States in domestic law.",
    36: "The Committee considers that the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights is both a substantive provision and an obligation of immediate effect, and clarifies the steps States parties must take to give effect to article 3 in conjunction with the substantive Covenant rights.",
    37: "The Committee affirms that water is a limited natural resource and a public good, that the human right to water is indispensable for a life in dignity, and that States parties have obligations to ensure availability, quality and accessibility of safe water and sanitation, with particular attention to disadvantaged and marginalized groups.",
    38: "The Committee considers that the right to the highest attainable standard of health under article 12 is fundamental and indispensable to the exercise of other rights, and clarifies States parties' obligations regarding the underlying determinants of health, the availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of health facilities, and non-discrimination.",
    39: "The Committee considers that education is both a human right in itself and an indispensable means of realizing other rights, and elaborates the four interrelated essential features — availability, accessibility, acceptability and adaptability — that all forms and levels of education must meet under article 13.",
    40: "The Committee considers that the right to adequate food under article 11 imposes obligations to respect, protect and fulfil, and clarifies that the core content requires food to be available, accessible, free from adverse substances and culturally acceptable, with the right to be free from hunger as a non-derogable minimum.",
    41: "The Committee draws attention to article 14 of the Covenant, which obligates States parties that have not yet secured compulsory primary education free of charge to adopt, within two years, a detailed plan of action for its progressive implementation, and provides guidance on the elements such plans must contain.",
    42: "The Committee clarifies that national human rights institutions have an important role in promoting and protecting economic, social and cultural rights, and recommends concrete activities such institutions should undertake — including monitoring, awareness-raising, support to legislation and individual complaints — to give effect to Covenant rights.",
    43: "The Committee elaborates the obligations regarding domestic application of the Covenant, considers that the principle of giving effect to Covenant rights 'by all appropriate means' includes legislative measures and judicial remedies, and clarifies that economic, social and cultural rights are subject to enforcement before national courts.",
    44: "The Committee considers that economic sanctions, however imposed, must always take full account of the provisions of the Covenant, and clarifies that the imposing State and the international community share responsibility for ensuring that sanctions do not violate the economic, social and cultural rights of the population of the targeted State.",
    45: "The Committee considers that forced evictions are prima facie incompatible with the Covenant, clarifies the procedural protections required before, during and after any eviction, and identifies States parties' obligations to refrain from forced evictions and to ensure adequate alternative housing where evictions cannot be avoided.",
    46: "The Committee draws attention to the situation of older persons in light of global ageing trends, and clarifies States parties' obligations under the Covenant to ensure non-discrimination on the basis of age and the realization of the economic, social and cultural rights of older persons in domains including social security, work, health and family life.",
    47: "The Committee considers that persons with disabilities face entrenched discrimination undermining the realization of their economic, social and cultural rights, and clarifies States parties' obligations to take affirmative measures to remove barriers and to integrate disability concerns across all Covenant rights.",
    48: "The Committee considers that the human right to adequate housing under article 11 is of central importance for the enjoyment of all Covenant rights, and elaborates its core elements: legal security of tenure, availability of services and infrastructure, affordability, habitability, accessibility, location and cultural adequacy.",
    49: "The Committee elaborates the nature of States parties' obligations under article 2, paragraph 1, distinguishing obligations of conduct and result, immediate and progressive obligations, and identifying core obligations to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of each Covenant right.",
    50: "The Committee considers that the international technical assistance mechanism established in article 22 is a vehicle for ensuring that the realization of economic, social and cultural rights is taken into account by United Nations bodies and specialized agencies, and clarifies its own role in supporting that mechanism.",
    51: "The Committee considers that the reporting obligations under part IV of the Covenant are not merely procedural but serve substantive purposes, including assisting States parties in policy development, public participation and accountability, and provides guidance on the elements of effective reporting.",

    # ─── CEDAW (recent → old) ─────────────────────────────────────────
    52: "The Committee affirms women's right to equal and inclusive representation in all decision-making systems, considers that persistent under-representation hampers the implementation of all other Convention rights, and clarifies the legislative, policy and structural measures required to achieve equal sharing of decision-making power.",
    53: "The Committee provides authoritative guidance on the rights of indigenous women and girls, recognizing the discrimination and violence they face in rural, remote and urban areas, and clarifies States parties' obligations under the Convention with particular attention to indigenous women's collective and individual rights, self-determination and effective participation.",
    54: "The Committee clarifies that article 6 obligates States parties to suppress all forms of trafficking in women and girls and exploitation of prostitution, and provides authoritative guidance on the gender-specific causes, manifestations and consequences of trafficking in the context of global migration.",
    55: "The Committee considers that climate change is exacerbating the gendered risks and impacts of disasters, and clarifies that States parties must apply the Convention to disaster risk reduction, with particular attention to women's participation and to the substantive equality of women and girls in mitigation, adaptation and recovery measures.",
    56: "The Committee affirms that education is a transformative right essential for gender equality and women's empowerment, and clarifies States parties' obligations to ensure girls' and women's right to lifelong, inclusive and quality education at every level, free from gender-based discrimination, stereotypes and violence.",
    57: "The Committee, updating general recommendation No. 19, clarifies that gender-based violence against women is a form of discrimination prohibited by the Convention, considers it has reached the level of a general principle of international human rights law, and identifies the legislative, institutional and remedial measures States parties must adopt.",
    58: "The Committee draws attention to the multiple forms of discrimination faced by rural women, considers that they are essential agents of sustainable development, and clarifies States parties' obligations under article 14 to ensure rural women's substantive equality across economic, social, cultural, civil and political life.",
    59: "The Committee considers that the right of access to justice is essential to the realization of all Convention rights, and clarifies the multidimensional elements — justiciability, availability, accessibility, good quality, accountability and provision of remedies — that States parties must ensure to combat gender bias in the justice system.",
    60: "The Committee provides authoritative guidance on the gender-related dimensions of refugee status, asylum, nationality and statelessness, and clarifies States parties' obligations under the Convention to address gender-specific forms of persecution and discrimination throughout the displacement and asylum continuum.",
    61: "The Committee provides authoritative guidance on the application of the Convention to women in conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict situations, considering that the Convention applies in all such contexts and that States parties have positive obligations to protect women's rights, prevent gender-based violence and ensure women's full participation in peace processes.",
    62: "The Committee clarifies the application of article 16 — equality in marriage and family relations — to the economic consequences of marriage, family relations and their dissolution, and considers that women often bear disproportionate economic costs that States parties must address through equitable property, maintenance, pension and inheritance regimes.",
    63: "The Committee clarifies the scope and meaning of article 2 of the Convention, considering it the central provision setting out the core obligations of States parties to pursue, by all appropriate means and without delay, a policy of eliminating discrimination against women in all its forms.",
    64: "The Committee draws attention to the multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination experienced by older women and considers that their rights are not systematically addressed in States parties' reports, and provides authoritative guidance on the obligations to protect older women across all Convention rights.",
    65: "The Committee affirms that women migrant workers should not be discriminated against in any sphere of life, and provides authoritative guidance on the categories of women migrant workers most at risk of abuse and discrimination — including domestic workers and unaccompanied workers — and on States parties' due-diligence obligations.",
    66: "The Committee elaborates the meaning of temporary special measures under article 4, paragraph 1, and considers that such measures are not exceptions to non-discrimination but a necessary instrument for accelerating substantive equality, building on its earlier recommendations on the same topic.",
    67: "The Committee affirms that access to health care, including reproductive health, is a basic right under the Convention, and provides authoritative guidance on the application of article 12 to the elimination of discrimination against women in the field of health throughout the life cycle.",
    68: "The Committee recalls that the Convention places special importance on women's participation in public life, considers that the obstacles to that participation are deeply rooted in attitudes and structures, and recommends measures States parties should adopt to ensure equality in political and public life under articles 7 and 8.",
    69: "The Committee recommends that States parties favourably consider amending article 20 of the Convention so as to allow the Committee to meet annually for such duration as is necessary for the effective performance of its functions.",
    70: "The Committee affirms the equality of human rights for women and men in society and the family, and provides authoritative guidance on the application of articles 9, 15 and 16 to ensure equality in marriage and family relations across nationality, legal capacity and family law.",
    71: "The Committee recalls the decision of the Fourth Meeting of States parties on reservations to the Convention, and clarifies that reservations incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention undermine its implementation and should be reconsidered with a view to withdrawal.",
    72: "The Committee considers that gender-based violence is a form of discrimination that seriously inhibits women's ability to enjoy rights and freedoms on a basis of equality with men, and clarifies that the Convention applies to violence against women in both the public and private spheres. (Updated by general recommendation No. 35.)",
    73: "The Committee draws attention to the situation of women with disabilities, who suffer multiple forms of discrimination, and recommends that States parties provide information on women with disabilities in their periodic reports and adopt special measures for their full integration in social, economic and political life.",
    74: "The Committee affirms that the measurement and quantification of women's unremunerated domestic activities — and their inclusion in national accounts — are essential for revealing women's de facto economic contribution and for formulating equitable policies, and recommends concrete steps States parties should take.",
    75: "The Committee considers that a high percentage of women in States parties work without payment or social benefits in family enterprises, and recommends that States parties take steps to ensure recognition of their contribution and equal access to social security, training and economic resources.",
    76: "The Committee considers that strategies to control HIV/AIDS must take account of the specific situation of women and not result in discrimination against them, and recommends measures States parties should adopt to protect women from the gendered impact of the epidemic.",
    77: "The Committee, concerned about the continuation of female circumcision and other harmful traditional practices, recommends that States parties take effective and appropriate measures with a view to eradicating these practices and to that end, include specific information in their periodic reports.",
    78: "The Committee recalls ILO Convention No. 100 on equal remuneration and recommends that States parties give effect, through legislation and practice, to the principle of equal pay for work of equal value, addressing both direct and indirect discrimination in remuneration systems.",
    79: "The Committee considers that articles 2, 5, 11, 12 and 16 of the Convention require States parties to act to protect women against violence of any kind occurring within the family, at the workplace or in any other area of social life, and recommends that periodic reports include information on the legislation in force, support services provided and statistics gathered.",
    80: "The Committee, noting the increase in States parties to the Convention, recommends that the Secretary-General organize technical advisory services to assist States parties in fulfilling their reporting obligations, and that such services include training and exchanges of experience.",
    81: "The Committee, marking the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Convention, considers that the Convention has proved one of the most effective UN instruments for promoting equality between the sexes and recommends that States parties commemorate the anniversary through awareness-raising and reaffirming their commitments.",
    82: "The Committee considers that statistical information disaggregated by sex is necessary to understand the real situation of women in States parties, and recommends that national statistical services formulate their questionnaires and analyses to capture the specific situation of women across all areas of life.",
    83: "The Committee recommends that States parties make every effort to ensure that their national statistical services responsible for planning national censuses and other social and economic surveys formulate their questionnaires in such a way as to enable an analysis of the situation of women.",
    84: "The Committee, noting General Assembly resolutions concerning the Committee's working arrangements, requests that adequate resources, including conference and secretariat services, be allocated to enable the Committee to fulfil its mandate effectively.",
    85: "The Committee recommends that States parties establish or strengthen effective national machinery, institutions and procedures, at a high level of Government, with adequate resources, commitment and authority to advise on the impact of all government policies on women and to monitor the situation of women comprehensively.",
    86: "The Committee, noting that significant progress has been achieved on repealing discriminatory laws but that further action is needed, recommends that States parties make more use of temporary special measures such as positive action, preferential treatment or quota systems to advance women's de facto integration into education, the economy and politics.",
    87: "The Committee, expressing concern at the significant number of reservations entered to the Convention that appear incompatible with its object and purpose, welcomes the States parties' decision to consider reservations and suggests that all States parties concerned reconsider such reservations with a view to withdrawing them.",
    88: "The Committee recommends that States parties make effective use of education and public information programmes to combat customs and practices that perpetuate discrimination against women and to disseminate the Convention widely among public officials, the legal community, women themselves and the general public.",
    89: "The Committee recommends that States parties, in preparing reports under article 18 of the Convention, follow the general guidelines adopted in 1983 as to the form, content and date of reports, and that States parties take advantage of expertise within the United Nations system in their preparation.",
    90: "The Committee recommends that States parties, in preparing initial reports under article 18 of the Convention, ensure that the reports follow the general guidelines as to form and content and reflect the actual situation of women in the State party, drawing on all available information.",

    # ─── CCPR (37 → 1, then HRI/GEN…) ─────────────────────────────────
    91: "The Committee considers that the right of peaceful assembly under article 21 protects the ability of individuals to act collectively in pursuit of common interests, and provides comprehensive guidance on the conditions under which any restrictions may be imposed and on State obligations to facilitate, protect and ensure accountability for assemblies, both online and offline.",
    92: "The Committee replaces general comments No. 6 (1982) and No. 14 (1984) on the right to life, considers article 6 the supreme right from which no derogation is permitted, and provides comprehensive guidance on its scope, including the prohibition of arbitrary deprivation of life, the use of lethal force, the death penalty and the right to life with dignity.",
    93: "The Committee, replacing general comment No. 8 (1982), considers that article 9 protects both liberty and security of person, and clarifies the prohibition of arbitrary detention, the right to challenge the lawfulness of detention before a court, and the procedural guarantees that apply across criminal, immigration, mental-health and other contexts of deprivation of liberty.",
    94: "The Committee considers that freedom of opinion and freedom of expression under article 19 are indispensable conditions for the full development of the person and the foundation stone of every free and democratic society, and provides authoritative guidance on the scope of these freedoms and on the strict requirements that any restriction must satisfy.",
    95: "The Committee elaborates the obligations of States parties under the Optional Protocol to the Covenant, considers that views adopted by the Committee under the Protocol represent an authoritative determination by the body established under the Covenant itself, and clarifies that States parties are obliged to give effect to those views in good faith.",
    96: "The Committee considers that the right to equality before courts and tribunals and to a fair trial under article 14 is a key element of human rights protection and a procedural means to safeguard the rule of law, and elaborates its constituent guarantees including independence and impartiality, the presumption of innocence, defence rights and the right of appeal.",
    97: "The Committee, replacing general comment No. 3 and reading together with general comments Nos. 18 and 28 on non-discrimination, elaborates the nature of the general legal obligations imposed on States parties by article 2, including the obligations to respect and to ensure rights, the duty to provide effective remedies and the prohibition of giving effect to the Covenant in a discriminatory manner.",
    98: "The Committee elaborates the reporting obligations of States parties under article 40, clarifies the scope of those obligations including the duty to address concluding observations and follow-up procedures, and considers that timely and substantive reporting is integral to the effective implementation of the Covenant.",
    99: "The Committee considers that article 4 — permitting derogation in time of public emergency — is of paramount importance for the system of protection under the Covenant, and clarifies the strict conditions of proclamation, notification, proportionality and non-derogability that must be observed when a State party invokes it.",
    100: "The Committee, replacing general comment No. 4 (1981), elaborates the application of article 3 — the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all civil and political rights — and clarifies the legislative, policy and structural measures States parties must adopt to give effect to substantive equality across the Covenant rights.",
    101: "The Committee considers that liberty of movement under article 12 is an indispensable condition for the free development of the person, and elaborates the right to move within a State, the right to leave any country, the right to enter one's own country and the strict conditions under which any restriction may be imposed.",
    102: "The Committee considers that the Covenant does not contain any provision regarding its termination, denunciation or withdrawal, and concludes that — in light of the rights it enshrines and the lack of any provision permitting denunciation — the Covenant is not subject to denunciation or withdrawal once a State has acceded to it.",
    103: "The Committee considers that article 25 lies at the core of democratic government, and elaborates the right of every citizen to take part in the conduct of public affairs, the right to vote and stand for election, and the right of equal access to public service, including the conditions under which any restriction may be imposed.",
    104: "The Committee, concerned by the number and nature of reservations entered to the Covenant and Optional Protocols, considers that reservations incompatible with the object and purpose of the Covenant are inadmissible, and clarifies that the Committee itself has competence to determine whether reservations are compatible.",
    105: "The Committee considers that article 27 protects the right of persons belonging to ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities, in community with other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, profess and practise their own religion, or use their own language, and clarifies that these rights are individual rights that may require positive measures by the State.",
    106: "The Committee considers that the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion under article 18 is far-reaching and profound, encompassing the freedom to hold beliefs and the freedom to manifest religion or belief, and clarifies the strict conditions under which any restriction on manifestation may be imposed.",
    107: "The Committee, replacing general comment No. 9 (1982), considers that article 10 imposes a positive obligation on States parties towards persons deprived of their liberty, who are particularly vulnerable, and elaborates the requirements of humane treatment, segregation regimes and the rehabilitative aim of the penitentiary system.",
    108: "The Committee, replacing general comment No. 7 (1982), considers that article 7 protects the dignity and physical and mental integrity of the individual, and clarifies that the prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment is non-derogable, encompasses corporal punishment and applies regardless of the purpose for which the act is committed.",
    109: "The Committee considers that the family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society entitled to protection under article 23, and clarifies the obligations of States parties regarding the right to marry, equality between spouses, and protection of the family — including in the context of dissolution of marriage and the rights of the child.",
    110: "The Committee considers that non-discrimination, together with equality before the law and equal protection of the law, constitutes a basic and general principle of human rights protection, and elaborates the meaning of discrimination under article 26 and the corresponding obligations of States parties.",
    111: "The Committee considers that article 24 recognizes the right of every child, without discrimination, to receive from the family, society and the State the protection required by the child's status as a minor, and that its implementation entails the adoption of special measures supplementing those required for adults under article 2.",
    112: "The Committee considers that article 17 protects every person against arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy, family, home or correspondence, and clarifies that this protection extends to interferences from State and non-State actors and requires legislative, administrative and other measures to give it effect.",
    113: "The Committee considers that the rights set forth in the Covenant apply to everyone within a State party's territory and subject to its jurisdiction, regardless of nationality or statelessness, and clarifies the position of aliens — including non-discrimination, expulsion safeguards under article 13 and access to procedural protections.",
    114: "The Committee, considering the right to life enunciated in article 6 as the supreme right from which no derogation is permitted even in time of public emergency, draws attention to the threat posed by nuclear weapons to human life and considers that their production, deployment and use should be prohibited and recognized as a crime against humanity. (Replaced by general comment No. 36.)",
    115: "The Committee, considering article 14 to be of a complex nature, draws attention to the need for States parties to provide more detailed information in their reports on the implementation of each of its provisions on the proper administration of justice, including the guarantees of equality before courts, fair and public hearing, and rights of the defence. (Replaced by general comment No. 32.)",
    116: "The Committee considers that the right of all peoples to self-determination under article 1 is of particular importance because its realization is an essential condition for the effective guarantee of individual human rights, and clarifies that States parties have obligations both with respect to their own peoples and with respect to other peoples.",
    117: "The Committee considers that article 20 obliges States parties to prohibit by law any propaganda for war and any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence, and clarifies that compatibility of such prohibitions with the rights to freedom of expression and association requires careful and lawful design.",
    118: "The Committee considers that the right to hold opinions without interference under article 19, paragraph 1, is a right to which the Covenant permits no exception or restriction, and requests States parties to provide information on the implementation of this right and on the conditions under which any restrictions on freedom of expression are imposed. (Replaced by general comment No. 34.)",
    119: "The Committee considers that article 10 (1) requires that all persons deprived of their liberty be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person, and requests States parties to provide specific information on the legal measures and concrete practices designed to give effect to this right. (Replaced by general comment No. 21.)",
    120: "The Committee considers that article 9 — the right to liberty and security of person — applies to all deprivations of liberty, including in non-criminal contexts such as mental illness, vagrancy, drug addiction, educational purposes and immigration control, and clarifies the procedural guarantees applicable to each. (Replaced by general comment No. 35.)",
    121: "The Committee considers that the prohibition of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under article 7 is non-derogable even in situations of public emergency, and clarifies that its implementation requires more than legal prohibition — it demands education, training, and effective remedies including the right to lodge complaints. (Replaced by general comment No. 20.)",
    122: "The Committee considers that the right to life under article 6 is the supreme right from which no derogation is permitted even in time of public emergency, and that it should not be interpreted narrowly — it requires States parties to take positive measures to prevent loss of life, including by reducing infant mortality, increasing life expectancy and addressing the causes of unnatural death. (Replaced by general comment No. 36.)",
    123: "The Committee considers that article 4 of the Covenant has posed a number of problems for the Committee in considering reports, and clarifies that any derogation in time of public emergency must be officially proclaimed, strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, non-discriminatory and notified to other States parties through the Secretary-General. (Replaced by general comment No. 29.)",
    124: "The Committee considers that article 3 — the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all civil and political rights — has been insufficiently dealt with in many States reports, and clarifies that legal equality alone is not sufficient: States parties must also report on the practical measures taken to give effect to substantive equality. (Replaced by general comment No. 28.)",
    125: "The Committee considers that article 2 generally leaves it to States parties to choose their method of implementation, but recognizes that the obligation under the Covenant is not confined to the respect of human rights — States parties have also undertaken to ensure their enjoyment, including through legislative measures and effective remedies. (Replaced by general comment No. 31.)",
    126: "The Committee, having noted that initial reports were often too brief to enable proper assessment, draws attention to the general guidelines on the form and content of reports and recommends that States parties follow them carefully so as to give the Committee a complete picture of the implementation of the Covenant.",
    127: "The Committee draws attention to the reporting obligation under article 40 — under which States parties have undertaken to submit initial and periodic reports on the measures they have adopted and the progress made in the enjoyment of Covenant rights — and notes the widespread delays in submission, urging States parties to comply on time.",

    # ─── CRPD ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    128: "The Committee considers that equal recognition before the law under article 12 is a basic general principle of human rights protection, and clarifies that States parties must abolish substitute decision-making regimes and replace them with supported decision-making that respects the autonomy, will and preferences of persons with disabilities.",
    129: "The Committee considers that accessibility under article 9 is a precondition for persons with disabilities to live independently and participate fully and equally in society, and clarifies that States parties have obligations to identify and eliminate obstacles and barriers in built environments, transportation, information and communications, and services open to the public.",
    130: "The Committee considers that women and girls with disabilities face multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination, and provides authoritative guidance on States parties' obligations under article 6 of the Convention to address gender-based discrimination across all areas of life and to ensure their full participation, including through reasonable accommodation and gender-mainstreaming.",
    131: "The Committee considers that the right to inclusive education under article 24 is a fundamental human right and the only means to achieve quality education for all, and clarifies States parties' obligations to develop inclusive education systems that combat discrimination, respect diversity and accommodate every learner.",
    132: "The Committee considers that article 19 — the right to live independently and be included in the community — entails a fundamental shift away from institutionalization and segregation towards community-based living arrangements, and clarifies States parties' obligations to provide individualized support, accessible services and choice over living arrangements.",
    133: "The Committee considers that article 5 prohibits all forms of disability-based discrimination — direct, indirect, by association, denial of reasonable accommodation and harassment — and clarifies States parties' obligations to recognize disability-based discrimination as a violation of human rights and to ensure equality through positive measures.",
    134: "The Committee considers that meaningful participation of persons with disabilities through their representative organizations is a Convention principle and a tool for empowerment, and clarifies States parties' obligations under articles 4 (3) and 33 (3) to consult closely and actively involve persons with disabilities in the development of laws, policies and decisions concerning them.",
    135: "The Committee clarifies the obligations of States parties regarding the right to work and employment of persons with disabilities under article 27 of the Convention, and considers that meaningful realization of this right requires the elimination of disability-based discrimination in employment, equal access to the open labour market, reasonable accommodation and inclusive support measures.",

    # ─── CERD (37 → 1) ────────────────────────────────────────────────
    136: "The Committee considers that the right to equality and non-discrimination is an absolute prerequisite for the effective enjoyment of the right to the highest attainable standard of health, and provides authoritative guidance on States parties' obligations under the Convention to address racial discrimination across all dimensions of the right to health.",
    137: "The Committee considers that racial profiling — distinguishing law enforcement and decision-making practices that target persons on the basis of race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin — is incompatible with the Convention, and clarifies States parties' obligations to prevent, prohibit and combat racial profiling, including in the context of digital technologies.",
    138: "The Committee considers that combating racist hate speech is essential to giving effect to the Convention, and provides comprehensive guidance on States parties' obligations under articles 4 and 7 to prohibit certain forms of hate speech, foster cultures of plural and respectful public discourse, and counter racist hate speech with affirmative action.",
    139: "The Committee considers that people of African descent face systemic and structural racial discrimination as a legacy of slavery and colonialism, and clarifies States parties' obligations under the Convention to prevent and combat such discrimination across all areas of life, including through legislation, justice system reform and affirmative action.",
    140: "The Committee, building on the outcomes of the Durban Review Conference, recommends that States parties take legislative, judicial, regulatory, administrative and other measures to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and to enhance their cooperation with the Committee in implementing the Convention.",
    141: "The Committee clarifies the meaning and scope of special measures within articles 1 (4) and 2 (2) of the Convention, considers that such measures are a necessary tool for combating structural inequalities and accelerating equality, and elaborates the conditions under which they are required, permissible and consistent with non-discrimination.",
    142: "The Committee provides authoritative guidance on the prevention of racial discrimination in the administration and functioning of the criminal justice system, and recommends that States parties pay attention to indicators such as victimization, complaint patterns, treatment by law-enforcement officials and disproportionate representation in detention.",
    143: "The Committee, reflecting on article 1 of the Convention which permits differentiation between citizens and non-citizens, considers that States parties' treatment of non-citizens nonetheless falls within the scope of the Convention and that differential treatment will constitute racial discrimination if its criteria are not applied pursuant to a legitimate aim.",
    144: "The Committee considers that descent-based discrimination — including caste and analogous systems of inherited status — falls within the scope of article 1 of the Convention, and recommends that States parties identify affected communities, prohibit such discrimination and adopt remedial measures across all areas of life.",
    145: "The Committee, building on the World Conference against Racism in Durban, recommends comprehensive measures States parties should take to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including ratifying relevant instruments, complying with reporting obligations and adopting national action plans.",
    146: "The Committee considers that Roma communities continue to face widespread racial discrimination across Europe and elsewhere, and recommends that States parties review and amend legislation, ensure effective protection against violence, combat segregation in education and housing, and improve the participation of Roma in public life.",
    147: "The Committee considers that the harm caused by racial discrimination and racial insults to a victim's perception of self-worth and reputation is often underestimated, and clarifies States parties' obligations under article 6 to ensure effective remedies, including reparation and satisfaction commensurate with the damage suffered.",
    148: "The Committee considers that racial discrimination does not always affect women and men equally, and clarifies that there are circumstances in which racial discrimination only or primarily affects women, or affects them differently, and that periodic reports must reflect the gender-related dimensions of racial discrimination.",
    149: "The Committee considers that — in line with the definition in article 1, paragraph 1 — the Convention applies to all persons belonging to different races, national or ethnic groups or to indigenous peoples, and recommends that States parties provide as far as possible information on the presence of such groups within their territory.",
    150: "The Committee draws attention to the situation of indigenous peoples and considers that discrimination against them falls under the Convention, recommending that States parties recognize and respect indigenous distinct culture, history, language, ways of life, communal land and resource rights, and meaningful participation in public life.",
    151: "The Committee draws attention to article 5 in the context of refugees and displaced persons, and recommends that States parties ensure such persons enjoy without racial discrimination civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights — including the right to return in safety to their homes — and the obligation to address the root causes of their displacement.",
    152: "The Committee considers that ethnic or religious groups frequently invoke the right to self-determination as a basis for an alleged right to secession, and clarifies that the right of self-determination has both internal and external aspects and that international law does not recognize a general right to unilateral secession from a State.",
    153: "The Committee considers that article 5 contains a non-exhaustive obligation of States parties to guarantee the enjoyment of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights and freedoms without racial discrimination, and clarifies that States parties must report on the implementation of all the rights enumerated in article 5.",
    154: "The Committee draws attention to the wording of article 3 — by which States parties undertake to prevent, prohibit and eradicate all practices of racial segregation and apartheid — and considers that this article applies to all forms of racial segregation in all countries, not exclusively to South Africa under apartheid.",
    155: "The Committee considers that an international tribunal with general jurisdiction should be established urgently to prosecute genocide, crimes against humanity and grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, and recommends that States parties take all available measures to bring perpetrators of such crimes to justice.",
    156: "The Committee recommends that States parties consider the establishment of national institutions — within the framework of their legal systems — to facilitate the implementation of the Convention by providing advice, conducting investigations and publicizing the rights it protects.",
    157: "The Committee draws attention to the reporting obligations under article 9 and recommends that States parties submit reports promptly, follow the Committee's reporting guidelines, and treat the dialogue with the Committee as an ongoing means of ensuring effective implementation of the Convention.",
    158: "The Committee considers that article 4 — proscribing the dissemination of ideas of racial superiority and organized racist activity — was central to the adoption of the Convention and remains essential, and recommends that States parties whose legislation does not satisfy article 4 take the necessary steps to give it effect.",
    159: "The Committee draws attention to features of the definition of racial discrimination in article 1, paragraph 1, considers that the words 'based on' bear no different meaning from 'on the grounds of', and clarifies that a distinction is contrary to the Convention if it has either the purpose or the effect of impairing particular rights and freedoms.",
    160: "The Committee considers that the obligations of States parties under article 7 to combat prejudices and promote understanding extend to the training of law enforcement officials, and recommends that such training cover the principles of non-discrimination and the human rights of all persons regardless of race, colour, or national or ethnic origin.",
    161: "The Committee encourages successor States that have not yet done so to confirm to the Secretary-General, as depositary of the Convention, that they continue to be bound by obligations under the Convention if predecessor States were parties to it, and to give effect to the Convention in their territory.",
    162: "The Committee considers that — although article 1, paragraph 2, excepts from the definition of racial discrimination differential treatment between citizens and non-citizens — States parties may not discriminate against any particular nationality among non-citizens, and that the Convention's protections extend to non-citizens within their jurisdiction.",
    163: "The Committee requests the Secretary-General to organize, in consultation with States parties concerned, appropriate national training courses and workshops for reporting officials, so as to assist them in fulfilling their reporting obligations under article 9 of the Convention.",
    164: "The Committee considers that respect for the independence of its members as experts is essential to secure full observance of human rights, and strongly recommends that representatives of States, organizations and groups respect unreservedly the status of Committee members and refrain from putting pressure on them, especially country rapporteurs.",
    165: "The Committee, having considered information about the ways in which individuals are identified as belonging to a particular racial or ethnic group, is of the opinion that such identification shall — if no justification exists to the contrary — be based upon self-identification by the individual concerned.",
    166: "The Committee recommends that States parties whose legislation does not satisfy the provisions of article 4 (a) and (b) of the Convention take the necessary steps with a view to satisfying the mandatory requirements of that article, including the prohibition of organizations and propaganda promoting racial discrimination.",
    167: "The Committee, recognizing that ratification alone does not enable the Convention's control system to function effectively, recalls that article 9 obliges States parties to submit initial and periodic reports, draws attention to the substantial number of overdue reports and recommends that States parties bring their reporting up to date.",
    168: "The Committee requests every State party which has not already done so to include in its next report — or in a special report — adequate information on the measures it has adopted to give effect to article 7 of the Convention, including measures taken in the fields of teaching, education, culture and information.",
    169: "The Committee invites States parties to endeavour to include in their reports under article 9 relevant information on the demographic composition of the population referred to in article 1 of the Convention, so as to enable the Committee to assess the application of the Convention in the State party.",
    170: "The Committee, having considered reports of States parties on measures taken to implement United Nations resolutions relating to relations with racist regimes in southern Africa, recalls the obligations of article 3 to eradicate apartheid and racial segregation, and considers that compliance requires States parties to refrain from supporting such regimes.",
    171: "The Committee considers that some States parties have inferred that they need not provide information on the implementation of the Convention because racial discrimination does not exist on their territory, and clarifies that the obligation to report under article 9 applies to all States parties regardless of whether such discrimination is acknowledged.",
    172: "The Committee, having found that the legislation of a number of States parties did not include the provisions envisaged in article 4 (a) and (b), considers that the implementation of those provisions — including the prohibition of organizations and propaganda promoting racial discrimination — is obligatory for all States parties under the Convention.",

    # ─── CED ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    173: "The Committee provides authoritative guidance on the obligations of States parties under the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance in the context of migration, and clarifies that migrants are particularly vulnerable to enforced disappearance and that States parties have specific duties of prevention, search, investigation and reparation.",

    # ─── CAT ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    174: "The Committee considers that article 3 of the Convention applies where there are substantial grounds for believing that a person would be in danger of being subjected to torture as defined in article 1, and elaborates the test, the burden and the procedural standards for assessing the risk in the context of individual communications under article 22. (Replaced by general comment No. 4.)",
    175: "The Committee considers that article 2 sets out three interrelated and essential principles undergirding the Convention's absolute prohibition of torture, and clarifies that the prohibition is a peremptory jus cogens norm of customary international law and that the obligation to prevent torture extends to acts of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.",
    176: "The Committee elaborates the content and scope of the obligations under article 14 of the Convention, considers that all victims of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment are entitled to redress and rehabilitation, and clarifies that redress encompasses restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition.",
    177: "The Committee, replacing general comment No. 1 (1997), elaborates the application of article 3 in the context of individual communications under article 22, and clarifies the standards of risk assessment, the burden of proof, the role of country information, and the principle of non-refoulement as a non-derogable obligation.",

    # ─── CMW ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    178: "The Committee considers that domestic work is an important occupation accounting for a significant share of employment globally and is increasingly performed by migrants, predominantly women, and elaborates States parties' obligations under the Convention to ensure migrant domestic workers' rights to fair conditions of work, freedom from abuse and access to remedies.",
    179: "The Committee considers that migrant workers in an irregular situation and members of their families are entitled to the rights set out in part III of the Convention, and clarifies that States parties' obligations to respect and ensure those rights apply regardless of migration status, including with respect to liberty, due process, education, health and labour rights.",
    180: "The Committee, deeply concerned by the trend towards the criminalization of migration and the increasing use of immigration detention, clarifies that detention of migrants must be a measure of last resort, exceptional in nature, ordered for the shortest period possible, and subject to judicial review and effective alternatives.",

    # ─── New ingestion (E/C.12/GC/27, CMW/C/GC/6/7/8, CEDAW GR30/Add.1) ─
    181: "The Committee considers that a clean, healthy and sustainable environment is an essential precondition for the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights, and clarifies States parties' obligations under the Covenant to address the climate, biodiversity and pollution crises through sustainable, equitable and rights-based environmental policies.",
    182: "The Committee considers that the Convention and the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration are mutually reinforcing instruments, and clarifies how States parties may give convergent effect to their obligations to protect the human rights of migrant workers and members of their families through coordinated implementation of both frameworks.",
    183: "The Committees jointly clarify that xenophobia towards migrants and others perceived as such constitutes a form of racial discrimination prohibited by both Conventions, and provide general guidance to States parties on the comprehensive legislative, institutional and educational measures required to prevent, prohibit and combat xenophobia.",
    184: "The Committees jointly provide thematic guidance — complementary to the general guidelines adopted at the same time — on combating xenophobia towards migrants and others perceived as such across specific fields including the labour market, access to services, the digital environment, criminal justice, and political discourse, and on the substantive equality measures States parties must adopt.",
    185: "The Committee, marking the 25th anniversary of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000), updates general recommendation No. 30 to reflect the changing nature of conflict, the weaponization of technology and shifts in the global political economy, and reaffirms States parties' obligations to ensure women's full and meaningful participation in the Women, Peace and Security agenda.",
}

assert len(ABSTRACTS) == 186, f'Expected 186 abstracts, got {len(ABSTRACTS)}'