diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 156c380..347f179 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -143,6 +143,54 @@ router.param('user_id', function (req, res, next, id) {
 })
 ```
 
+### router.listRoutes()
+
+Returns an array with one `{ path, methods, router }` object per path
+registered on this router, in registration order.
+
+- `path` is the path the route was registered with (a string or a `RegExp`).
+  Routes registered with an array of paths produce one entry per path.
+- `methods` is an array of the uppercase HTTP method names the route responds
+  to, including the automatic `HEAD` for `GET` routes. It is `undefined` when
+  the entry matches all methods (routes registered only with `.all()`, and
+  mounted routers). Routes that combine `.all()` with specific methods list
+  those methods. An empty array means the route was created with
+  `router.route(path)` but has no handlers yet, so it matches no method.
+- `router` is the mounted router instance for `.use(path, router)` entries,
+  otherwise `undefined`. Nested routes are not resolved recursively; consumers
+  can recurse themselves by calling `router.listRoutes()` when the mounted
+  router implements it. Note that `.use()`
+  entries match their path as a prefix, while route entries match the full
+  path.
+
+Plain middleware functions registered with `.use()` are not listed.
+
+```js
+const router = new Router()
+const admin = new Router()
+
+admin.get('/', (req, res) => {
+  res.end('Hello')
+})
+
+router.use('/admin', admin)
+
+router.all('/:id', function (req, res) {
+  res.end('Hello')
+})
+
+console.log(router.listRoutes())
+// [
+//   { path: '/admin', methods: undefined, router: admin },
+//   { path: '/:id', methods: undefined, router: undefined }
+// ]
+
+console.log(admin.listRoutes())
+// [
+//   { path: '/', methods: ['GET', 'HEAD'], router: undefined }
+// ]
+```
+
 ### router.route(path)
 
 Creates an instance of a single `Route` for the given `path`.
diff --git a/index.js b/index.js
index 4358aeb..a0bd2a2 100644
--- a/index.js
+++ b/index.js
@@ -441,6 +441,54 @@ Router.prototype.route = function route (path) {
   return route
 }
 
+/**
+ * List the routes and mounted routers registered on this router.
+ *
+ * Returns one `{ path, methods, router }` object per registered path.
+ * `methods` lists the methods the route responds to, including the
+ * automatic `HEAD` for `GET` routes, and is `undefined` when the layer
+ * matches all methods (routes registered only with `.all()`, and
+ * mounted routers). Plain middleware is not listed. `router` is the
+ * mounted router instance for
+ * `.use(path, router)` layers, so consumers can recurse by calling
+ * `router.listRoutes()` themselves when it is available.
+ *
+ * @return {Array<{path: string|RegExp, methods: Array<string>|undefined, router: Router|undefined}>}
+ * @public
+ */
+Router.prototype.listRoutes = function listRoutes () {
+  const routes = []
+
+  for (const layer of this.stack) {
+    const route = layer.route
+    const router = !route && Array.isArray(layer.handle.stack)
+      ? layer.handle
+      : undefined
+
+    if (!route && !router) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    let methods
+    if (route) {
+      methods = route._methods()
+      if (methods.length === 0 && route.methods._all) {
+        methods = undefined
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (Array.isArray(layer.rawPath)) {
+      for (const path of layer.rawPath) {
+        routes.push({ path, methods: methods && methods.slice(), router })
+      }
+    } else {
+      routes.push({ path: layer.rawPath, methods, router })
+    }
+  }
+
+  return routes
+}
+
 // create Router#VERB functions
 methods.concat('all').forEach(function (method) {
   Router.prototype[method] = function (path) {
diff --git a/lib/layer.js b/lib/layer.js
index 6a4408f..4370e5a 100644
--- a/lib/layer.js
+++ b/lib/layer.js
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ function Layer (path, options, fn) {
   this.name = fn.name || '<anonymous>'
   this.params = undefined
   this.path = undefined
+  // flat unnests nested path arrays and snapshots the caller's array
+  this.rawPath = Array.isArray(path) ? path.flat(Infinity) : path
   this.slash = path === '/' && opts.end === false
 
   function matcher (_path) {
diff --git a/lib/route.js b/lib/route.js
index 1887d78..5e26960 100644
--- a/lib/route.js
+++ b/lib/route.js
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ Route.prototype._handlesMethod = function _handlesMethod (method) {
  */
 
 Route.prototype._methods = function _methods () {
-  const methods = Object.keys(this.methods)
+  const methods = Object.keys(this.methods).filter((method) => method !== '_all')
 
   // append automatic head
   if (this.methods.get && !this.methods.head) {
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index e465e6c..e6be557 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@
   },
   "scripts": {
     "lint": "standard",
-    "test": "mocha --reporter spec --bail --check-leaks test/",
-    "test:debug": "mocha --reporter spec --bail --check-leaks test/ --inspect --inspect-brk",
+    "test": "mocha --reporter spec --check-leaks test/",
+    "test:debug": "mocha --reporter spec --check-leaks test/ --inspect --inspect-brk",
     "test-ci": "nyc --reporter=lcov --reporter=text npm test",
     "test-cov": "nyc --reporter=text npm test",
     "version": "node scripts/version-history.js && git add HISTORY.md"
diff --git a/test/listRoutes.js b/test/listRoutes.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..509957e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/listRoutes.js
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+const { it, describe } = require('mocha')
+const Router = require('..')
+const utils = require('./support/utils')
+
+const assert = utils.assert
+
+describe('listRoutes', function () {
+  it('should return an empty array when no routes are registered', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [])
+  })
+
+  it('should list routes for strings, regexps, arrays, and parameterized paths', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+
+    router.get('/foo', noop)
+    router.post('/:id/setting/:thing', noop)
+    router.all(/^\/[a-z]oo$/, noop)
+    router.get(['/bar', '/baz'], noop)
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: '/foo', methods: ['GET', 'HEAD'], router: undefined },
+      { path: '/:id/setting/:thing', methods: ['POST'], router: undefined },
+      { path: /^\/[a-z]oo$/, methods: undefined, router: undefined },
+      { path: '/bar', methods: ['GET', 'HEAD'], router: undefined },
+      { path: '/baz', methods: ['GET', 'HEAD'], router: undefined }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('should include the automatic HEAD method for GET routes, but not duplicate an explicit one', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+
+    router.get('/implicit', noop)
+    router.route('/explicit').get(noop).head(noop)
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: '/implicit', methods: ['GET', 'HEAD'], router: undefined },
+      { path: '/explicit', methods: ['GET', 'HEAD'], router: undefined }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('should list all methods registered on a route', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+
+    router.route('/test')
+      .get(noop)
+      .post(noop)
+      .put(noop)
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: '/test', methods: ['GET', 'POST', 'PUT', 'HEAD'], router: undefined }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('should return empty methods for routes created without handlers', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+
+    router.route('/draft')
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: '/draft', methods: [], router: undefined }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('should return undefined methods for .all() routes', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+
+    router.all('/test', noop)
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: '/test', methods: undefined, router: undefined }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('should keep the specific methods of routes that combine .all() with verbs', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+
+    router.route('/users')
+      .all(noop)
+      .get(noop)
+      .post(noop)
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: '/users', methods: ['GET', 'POST', 'HEAD'], router: undefined }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('should repeat routes registered multiple times', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+
+    router.get('/test', noop)
+    router.get('/test', noop)
+    router.post('/test', noop)
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: '/test', methods: ['GET', 'HEAD'], router: undefined },
+      { path: '/test', methods: ['GET', 'HEAD'], router: undefined },
+      { path: '/test', methods: ['POST'], router: undefined }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('should not share the methods array between entries of an array path', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+
+    router.get(['/bar', '/baz'], noop)
+
+    const routes = router.listRoutes()
+
+    routes[0].methods.push('POST')
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(routes[1].methods, ['GET', 'HEAD'])
+  })
+
+  it('should not list plain middleware', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+
+    router.use(noop)
+    router.use('/admin', noop)
+    router.get('/test', noop)
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: '/test', methods: ['GET', 'HEAD'], router: undefined }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('should flatten nested arrays of paths', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+    const nested = ['/b']
+
+    router.get(['/a', nested], noop)
+    nested.push('/c')
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: '/a', methods: ['GET', 'HEAD'], router: undefined },
+      { path: '/b', methods: ['GET', 'HEAD'], router: undefined }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('should not reflect later mutations of a registered path array', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+    const paths = ['/a']
+
+    router.get(paths, noop)
+    paths.push('/b')
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: '/a', methods: ['GET', 'HEAD'], router: undefined }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('should not list middleware that merely has a listRoutes property', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+
+    function metrics (req, res, next) { next() }
+    metrics.listRoutes = () => 'not routes'
+
+    router.use('/status', metrics)
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [])
+  })
+
+  it('should list mounted routers that do not implement listRoutes', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+
+    function legacy (req, res, next) { next() }
+    legacy.stack = []
+
+    router.use('/legacy', legacy)
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: '/legacy', methods: undefined, router: legacy }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('should expose mounted routers without recursing', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+    const inner = new Router()
+
+    inner.get('/api', noop)
+    router.use('/inner', inner)
+    router.get('/test', noop)
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: '/inner', methods: undefined, router: inner },
+      { path: '/test', methods: ['GET', 'HEAD'], router: undefined }
+    ])
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(inner.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: '/api', methods: ['GET', 'HEAD'], router: undefined }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('should use the default path when mounting a router without a path', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+    const inner = new Router()
+
+    inner.get('/api', noop)
+    router.use(inner)
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: '/', methods: undefined, router: inner }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('should list routers mounted at a RegExp path', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+    const inner = new Router()
+
+    inner.get('/api', noop)
+    router.use(/^\/page_([0-9]+)/, inner)
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: /^\/page_([0-9]+)/, methods: undefined, router: inner }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('should list a mounted router once per path in an array', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+    const inner = new Router()
+
+    router.use(['/foo', '/bar'], inner)
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: '/foo', methods: undefined, router: inner },
+      { path: '/bar', methods: undefined, router: inner }
+    ])
+  })
+
+  it('should allow consumers to recurse into cyclic routers without blowing the stack', function () {
+    const router = new Router()
+    const inner = new Router()
+
+    inner.get('/api', noop)
+    router.use('/inner', inner)
+    inner.use('/loop', router)
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(router.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: '/inner', methods: undefined, router: inner }
+    ])
+
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(inner.listRoutes(), [
+      { path: '/api', methods: ['GET', 'HEAD'], router: undefined },
+      { path: '/loop', methods: undefined, router }
+    ])
+  })
+})
+
+function noop () {}