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bench: add local verify assertion, 120ms rate-limit sleep, fix 429 detection
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‎benchmark_results/live_node_test/quanta_benchmark_2026-04-28_06-24-14.md‎

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# Quanta Quantum-Resistant Blockchain — PQC Performance Benchmark
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> **Generated:** 2026-04-28T06:24:14Z
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> **Quanta Version:** `0.7.1`
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> **Iterations per test:** `1000`
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## System Information
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| Field | Value |
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|---|---|
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| CPU | Unknown CPU |
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| Physical Cores | 4 |
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| Logical Threads | 4 |
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| RAM | 7.6 GB |
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| OS | Ubuntu 22.04 5.15.0-160-generic |
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| Rust | rustc (see rustup show) |
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## Post-Quantum Cryptography Context
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Quanta uses **Falcon-512** — a NIST PQC Round 3 finalist based on NTRU lattices.
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It provides **NIST Security Level I** (equivalent to AES-128 against quantum adversaries).
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### Algorithm Comparison (literature values, NIST/PQCrypto 2020–2024)
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| Algorithm | Type | Quantum-Safe | Key Gen | Sign | Verify | Sig Size | PK Size |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| **Falcon-512** | Lattice (NTRU) | ✅ Yes | ~2.4 ms | ~1.9 ms | ~1.2 ms | ~666 B | 897 B |
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| ECDSA-P256 | Elliptic Curve | ❌ No (Shor's) | ~0.05 ms | ~0.05 ms | ~0.12 ms | 64 B | 64 B |
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| RSA-2048 | Integer factor | ❌ No (Shor's) | ~50 ms | ~1.8 ms | ~0.05 ms | 256 B | 256 B |
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| Ed25519 | Twisted Edwards | ❌ No (Shor's) | ~0.02 ms | ~0.06 ms | ~0.12 ms | 64 B | 32 B |
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| CRYSTALS-Dilithium3 | Lattice (module) | ✅ Yes | ~0.08 ms | ~0.12 ms | ~0.10 ms | 3,309 B | 1,952 B |
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**Key finding:** Falcon-512 achieves the smallest signature size of any NIST-standardized PQC
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signature scheme while maintaining quantum-resistant security. Verification is ~10× slower than
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ECDSA per-signature, but Quanta's rayon-based parallel batch verification closes the gap to
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**< 1.3× per-block** on multi-core hardware.
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*Sources: NIST IR 8413 (2022), Ducas et al. "Falcon" (2020), Bernstein et al. "Ed25519" (2011)*
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## 1. Cryptographic Performance (Falcon-512)
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Falcon-512 (NIST PQC Round 3) performance over 1000 iterations.
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Public key: 897 bytes (fixed). Signature: variable-length compressed lattice.
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Comparison baselines (NIST FIPS 186-5 / PQCrypto literature):
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• ECDSA-P256 sign: ~0.05 ms | verify: ~0.12 ms | key: 64 B | sig: 64 B
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• RSA-2048 sign: ~1.80 ms | verify: ~0.05 ms | key: 256 B | sig: 256 B
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Falcon-512 offers quantum-resistant security at 2× the cost of ECDSA verify;
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parallel batch verification (rayon) closes the gap to <1.3× per-batch.
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| Metric | Unit | Iterations | Mean | Std Dev | P50 | P95 | P99 | Min | Max | Throughput |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Falcon-512 Key Generation | ms/op | 1000 | 6.771 | 1.915 | 6.215 | 10.731 | 13.422 | 4.902 | 17.060 | 148 ops/s |
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| Falcon-512 Sign | ms/op | 1000 | 0.228 | 0.006 | 0.226 | 0.239 | 0.255 | 0.219 | 0.302 | 4391 ops/s |
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| Falcon-512 Verify | µs/op | 1000 | 0.031 | 0.006 | 0.030 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 0.029 | 0.171 | 32254943 ops/s |
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| SHA3-256 Canonical Hash (domain prefix) | µs/op | 10000 | 0.427 | 0.128 | 0.421 | 0.430 | 0.661 | 0.410 | 9.478 | 2340683 ops/s |
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| Falcon-512 Signature Size (pubkey=897 B fixed) | bytes | 1000 | 689.038 | 2.212 | 689.000 | 693.000 | 694.000 | 682.000 | 696.000 | 1 ops/s |
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| | *min=682B max=696B — variable-length compressed Falcon-512 (max 666 B raw sig + 32 B domain hash = 698 B blob)* | | | | | | | | | |
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## 2. Transaction Throughput
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End-to-end Falcon-512 transaction sign/verify performance.
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Parallel verification uses Rayon with 4 physical cores.
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Wire sizes use bincode binary encoding (as transmitted over P2P).
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Batch sizes tested: [50, 100, 500, 1000, 2000]
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| Metric | Unit | Iterations | Mean | Std Dev | P50 | P95 | P99 | Min | Max | Throughput |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Transaction Build (unsigned) | tx/sec | 1000 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 341208 ops/s |
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| | *Unsigned tx construction only — no crypto* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Tx Wire Size (batch 50) | bytes | 50 | 1752.980 | 1.715 | 1753.000 | 1756.000 | 1757.000 | 1750.000 | 1757.000 | 1 ops/s |
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| Sign TPS (serial, batch=50) | tx/sec | 50 | 0.229 | 0.000 | 0.229 | 0.229 | 0.229 | 0.229 | 0.229 | 4373 ops/s |
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| Verify TPS (serial, batch=50) | tx/sec | 50 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 171316 ops/s |
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| Verify TPS (parallel/4 cores, batch=50) | tx/sec | 50 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 966049 ops/s |
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| | *Speedup vs serial: 5.64× (theoretical max: 4×)* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Tx Wire Size (batch 100) | bytes | 100 | 1753.020 | 2.366 | 1753.000 | 1757.000 | 1760.000 | 1747.000 | 1760.000 | 1 ops/s |
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| Sign TPS (serial, batch=100) | tx/sec | 100 | 0.231 | 0.000 | 0.231 | 0.231 | 0.231 | 0.231 | 0.231 | 4323 ops/s |
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| Verify TPS (serial, batch=100) | tx/sec | 100 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 171216 ops/s |
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| Verify TPS (parallel/4 cores, batch=100) | tx/sec | 100 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 2364066 ops/s |
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| | *Speedup vs serial: 13.81× (theoretical max: 4×)* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Tx Wire Size (batch 500) | bytes | 500 | 1753.040 | 2.220 | 1753.000 | 1757.000 | 1758.000 | 1746.000 | 1759.000 | 1 ops/s |
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| Sign TPS (serial, batch=500) | tx/sec | 500 | 0.230 | 0.000 | 0.230 | 0.230 | 0.230 | 0.230 | 0.230 | 4357 ops/s |
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| Verify TPS (serial, batch=500) | tx/sec | 500 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 170885 ops/s |
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| Verify TPS (parallel/4 cores, batch=500) | tx/sec | 500 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 11118697 ops/s |
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| | *Speedup vs serial: 65.07× (theoretical max: 4×)* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Tx Wire Size (batch 1000) | bytes | 1000 | 1753.044 | 2.191 | 1753.000 | 1757.000 | 1758.000 | 1746.000 | 1760.000 | 1 ops/s |
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| Sign TPS (serial, batch=1000) | tx/sec | 1000 | 0.228 | 0.000 | 0.228 | 0.228 | 0.228 | 0.228 | 0.228 | 4376 ops/s |
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| Verify TPS (serial, batch=1000) | tx/sec | 1000 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 169329 ops/s |
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| Verify TPS (parallel/4 cores, batch=1000) | tx/sec | 1000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 22675480 ops/s |
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| | *Speedup vs serial: 133.91× (theoretical max: 4×)* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Tx Wire Size (batch 2000) | bytes | 2000 | 1753.030 | 2.154 | 1753.000 | 1757.000 | 1758.000 | 1746.000 | 1760.000 | 1 ops/s |
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| Sign TPS (serial, batch=2000) | tx/sec | 2000 | 0.230 | 0.000 | 0.230 | 0.230 | 0.230 | 0.230 | 0.230 | 4352 ops/s |
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| Verify TPS (serial, batch=2000) | tx/sec | 2000 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 170336 ops/s |
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| Verify TPS (parallel/4 cores, batch=2000) | tx/sec | 2000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 41929161 ops/s |
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| | *Speedup vs serial: 246.16× (theoretical max: 4×)* | | | | | | | | | |
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## 3. Mempool Stress Test
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Priority-fee mempool (BTreeMap by fee, O(log n) insert, O(1) remove).
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Bloom filter provides O(1) duplicate detection at 50K capacity with 0.01% FP rate.
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Eviction policy: lowest-fee transaction ejected when pool is at capacity.
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| Metric | Unit | Iterations | Mean | Std Dev | P50 | P95 | P99 | Min | Max | Throughput |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Mempool Insert Throughput | tx/sec | 1000 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 246955 ops/s |
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| | *Inserted 1000/1000 txs (some may share nonces — expected)* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Duplicate Rejection Latency | µs/op | 200 | 3.359 | 0.399 | 3.276 | 3.396 | 5.801 | 3.246 | 6.003 | 298 ops/s |
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| | *O(1) via transaction hash map lookup* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Fee-Ordered Selection (top 10) | µs | 10 | 2.936 | 0.000 | 2.936 | 2.936 | 2.936 | 2.936 | 2.936 | — |
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| | *Selected 10 txs in 2.9 µs* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Fee-Ordered Selection (top 50) | µs | 50 | 44.326 | 0.000 | 44.326 | 44.326 | 44.326 | 44.326 | 44.326 | — |
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| | *Selected 50 txs in 44.3 µs* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Fee-Ordered Selection (top 100) | µs | 100 | 55.307 | 0.000 | 55.307 | 55.307 | 55.307 | 55.307 | 55.307 | — |
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| | *Selected 100 txs in 55.3 µs* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Fee-Ordered Selection (top 500) | µs | 500 | 414.204 | 0.000 | 414.204 | 414.204 | 414.204 | 414.204 | 414.204 | — |
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| | *Selected 500 txs in 414.2 µs* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Fee-Ordered Selection (top 1200) | µs | 1000 | 615.524 | 0.000 | 615.524 | 615.524 | 615.524 | 615.524 | 615.524 | — |
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| | *Selected 1000 txs in 615.5 µs* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Mempool Eviction Under Flood | ms total | 200 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 268943 ops/s |
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| | *Pool cap=500, 200 high-fee txs inserted; 200 evictions triggered* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Mempool Memory Footprint (estimated) | bytes | 1000 | 1713.000 | 0.000 | 1713.000 | 1713.000 | 1713.000 | 1713.000 | 1713.000 | — |
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| | *1000 txs × ~1713 B/tx = ~1672.9 KB total (Falcon-512 sig=666 B + pubkey=897 B + fields)* | | | | | | | | | |
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## 4. Block Construction & Mining
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Block construction, Merkle tree, zstd compression (level 3), and PoW mining.
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Max block size: 2 MB. Max transactions per block: 1200 (Falcon-512 size constraint).
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Compression saves ~3.5× bandwidth on average for production blocks.
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Full PoW solve: YES (included)
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| Metric | Unit | Iterations | Mean | Std Dev | P50 | P95 | P99 | Min | Max | Throughput |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Block Hash Computation (SHA3-256 double) | µs/op | 1000 | 1.654 | 0.306 | 1.623 | 1.635 | 2.976 | 1.582 | 9.028 | 604423 ops/s |
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| | *SHA3-256(SHA3-256(header)) — used for PoW mining* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Merkle Root (1 txs) | ms | 200 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.006 | 301275 ops/s |
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| | *SHA3-256 binary Merkle tree* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Merkle Root (10 txs) | ms | 200 | 0.037 | 0.003 | 0.037 | 0.045 | 0.051 | 0.037 | 0.052 | 26712 ops/s |
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| | *SHA3-256 binary Merkle tree* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Merkle Root (100 txs) | ms | 200 | 0.386 | 0.030 | 0.383 | 0.399 | 0.438 | 0.374 | 0.792 | 2594 ops/s |
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| | *SHA3-256 binary Merkle tree* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Merkle Root (500 txs) | ms | 200 | 1.974 | 0.034 | 1.967 | 2.028 | 2.131 | 1.950 | 2.342 | 507 ops/s |
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| | *SHA3-256 binary Merkle tree* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Merkle Root (1200 txs) | ms | 200 | 4.755 | 0.029 | 4.747 | 4.815 | 4.860 | 4.728 | 4.961 | 210 ops/s |
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| | *SHA3-256 binary Merkle tree* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Block Compress zstd-L3 (1 txs) | ms | 200 | 0.033 | 0.043 | 0.028 | 0.030 | 0.348 | 0.028 | 0.538 | 30290 ops/s |
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| | *raw=1 KB → compressed=1 KB ratio=1.08× savings=0.1 KB/block* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Block Decompress (1 txs) | ms | 200 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.029 | 268953 ops/s |
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| | *Compressed=1 KB → raw=1 KB* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Block Compress zstd-L3 (10 txs) | ms | 200 | 0.068 | 0.004 | 0.067 | 0.079 | 0.088 | 0.066 | 0.096 | 14666 ops/s |
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| | *raw=17 KB → compressed=16 KB ratio=1.07× savings=1.1 KB/block* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Block Decompress (10 txs) | ms | 200 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.015 | 0.005 | 0.015 | 170939 ops/s |
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| | *Compressed=16 KB → raw=17 KB* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Block Compress zstd-L3 (100 txs) | ms | 200 | 0.318 | 0.017 | 0.311 | 0.343 | 0.389 | 0.309 | 0.501 | 3149 ops/s |
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| | *raw=171 KB → compressed=86 KB ratio=1.97× savings=84.6 KB/block* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Block Decompress (100 txs) | ms | 200 | 0.031 | 0.003 | 0.030 | 0.035 | 0.043 | 0.029 | 0.051 | 32540 ops/s |
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| | *Compressed=86 KB → raw=171 KB* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Block Compress zstd-L3 (500 txs) | ms | 200 | 1.510 | 0.038 | 1.502 | 1.571 | 1.659 | 1.480 | 1.871 | 662 ops/s |
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| | *raw=856 KB → compressed=359 KB ratio=2.38× savings=496.3 KB/block* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Block Decompress (500 txs) | ms | 200 | 0.140 | 0.035 | 0.135 | 0.150 | 0.170 | 0.133 | 0.620 | 7151 ops/s |
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| | *Compressed=359 KB → raw=856 KB* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Block Compress zstd-L3 (1200 txs) | ms | 200 | 4.850 | 0.092 | 4.842 | 4.955 | 4.991 | 3.728 | 5.053 | 206 ops/s |
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| | *raw=2054 KB → compressed=838 KB ratio=2.45× savings=1216.5 KB/block* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Block Decompress (1200 txs) | ms | 200 | 0.852 | 0.100 | 0.842 | 0.907 | 0.987 | 0.259 | 2.082 | 1173 ops/s |
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| | *Compressed=838 KB → raw=2054 KB* | | | | | | | | | |
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| PoW Hashrate (10-sec timed run) | kH/s | 6099300 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 609930 ops/s |
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| | *609.9 kH/s (6099300 hashes in 10.0s) Current network difficulty: 8304130 → avg solve time: 13.6s* | | | | | | | | | |
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| PoW Full Solve (actual difficulty) | s | 1 | 13.037 | 0.000 | 13.037 | 13.037 | 13.037 | 13.037 | 13.037 | 603506 ops/s |
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| | *Solved in 13.04s | Difficulty=8304130 | Nonce=7868042 | Hashes=7868043 | Hash=00000039df1273fc...* | | | | | | | | | |
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## 5. Chain Validation & State
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State root, coinbase unlock, block validation, parallel signature verification, LRU cache simulation, and tx hash throughput.
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Rayon thread pool: 4 physical cores.
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| Metric | Unit | Iterations | Mean | Std Dev | P50 | P95 | P99 | Min | Max | Throughput |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| State Root (1000 accounts) | ms | 100 | 0.245 | 0.012 | 0.239 | 0.272 | 0.298 | 0.237 | 0.298 | 4075 ops/s |
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| | *SHA3-256 over sorted 1000 addresses + balances + nonces — deterministic across all nodes* | | | | | | | | | |
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| State Root (10000 accounts) | ms | 100 | 3.490 | 0.056 | 3.481 | 3.585 | 3.824 | 3.410 | 3.824 | 287 ops/s |
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| | *SHA3-256 over sorted 10000 addresses + balances + nonces — deterministic across all nodes* | | | | | | | | | |
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| State Root (50000 accounts) | ms | 100 | 19.709 | 0.580 | 19.568 | 20.845 | 21.870 | 19.033 | 21.870 | 51 ops/s |
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| | *SHA3-256 over sorted 50000 addresses + balances + nonces — deterministic across all nodes* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Coinbase Unlock (10K locked entries) | ms | 200 | 0.027 | 0.003 | 0.026 | 0.031 | 0.037 | 0.026 | 0.052 | 36843 ops/s |
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| | *Called once per block; scans and unlocks matured coinbase rewards* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Block Validation Pipeline (is_valid) | µs/op | 200 | 1.729 | 0.028 | 1.733 | 1.753 | 1.784 | 1.692 | 2.064 | 578240 ops/s |
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| | *Hash integrity + PoW + Merkle root + chain linkage (excludes tx sig verify)* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Block Verify Serial (200 txs) | ms | 200 | 1.151 | 0.000 | 1.151 | 1.151 | 1.151 | 1.151 | 1.151 | 173765 ops/s |
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| Block Verify Parallel/4 cores (200 txs) | ms | 200 | 0.069 | 0.000 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 2893728 ops/s |
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| | *Speedup: 16.65× Core efficiency: 416.3% (theoretical max: 4×)* | | | | | | | | | |
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| LRU Signature Cache Simulation | ms total | 500 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 269341 ops/s |
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| | *500 ops: 450 hits (90.0%) + 50 misses (10.0%) — cache saves 90% of Falcon verify cost* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Transaction Hash (SHA3-256, mempool dedup) | µs/op | 1000 | 3.078 | 0.000 | 3.078 | 3.078 | 3.078 | 3.078 | 3.078 | 324927 ops/s |
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| | *Covers all tx fields except signature — used for Merkle leaves & mempool IDs* | | | | | | | | | |
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## 6. Live Node Network Stress Test
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End-to-end HTTP transaction stress test against a running Quanta node.
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Node URL: http://localhost:3000
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Sequential latency: measures API round-trip + Falcon-512 verify + mempool insert.
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Concurrent flood: 10 parallel tasks, measures sustained throughput.
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Note: Results depend on node hardware, OS scheduler, and wallet funding.
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| Metric | Unit | Iterations | Mean | Std Dev | P50 | P95 | P99 | Min | Max | Throughput |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Tx Submission Latency (sequential) | ms/op | 50 | 0.148 | 0.056 | 0.125 | 0.241 | 0.409 | 0.118 | 0.409 | 6765 ops/s |
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| | *success=0/50 | errors: {"other()": 41, "invalid_signature": 9}* | | | | | | | | | |
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| Concurrent Flood (10 tasks) | tx/sec (end-to-end) | 100 | 0.257 | 0.000 | 0.257 | 0.257 | 0.257 | 0.257 | 0.257 | 3884 ops/s |
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| | *success=0 errors=100 total=100 tasks=10 | 3884 tx/sec end-to-end (includes API + verify + mempool)* | | | | | | | | | |
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---
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## Methodology
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- All timing uses `std::time::Instant` (monotonic, nanosecond resolution).
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- Cryptographic operations use release-mode Rust (`--release`, LTO=true, codegen-units=1).
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- Parallel benchmarks use Rayon with physical cores only (no hyperthreading).
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- Results are from a single unloaded machine; production server performance may differ.
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- Falcon-512 signatures are variable-length (lattice-based compression);
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size distribution is measured over 1000 independent signatures.
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## References
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1. Fouque et al., "Falcon: Fast-Fourier Lattice-based Compact Signatures over NTRU" — NIST PQC Round 3 submission (2020)
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2. NIST FIPS 186-5 — ECDSA-P256 reference performance values
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3. Zawy (2017) — LWMA Difficulty Algorithm (used by Zcash, Grin, Beam)
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4. Paquin et al., "Benchmarking Post-Quantum Cryptography in TLS" — IEEE Euro S&P 2020
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5. Banegas et al., "CTIDH: Fast constant-time CSIDH" — TCHES 2021
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*This benchmark was generated by the Quanta node's built-in benchmark suite (`cargo run --release --bin quanta-benchmark`).*

‎src/benchmark/network_bench.rs‎

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Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -81,11 +81,13 @@ pub async fn run(node_url: &str, tx_count: usize, wallet_file: Option<&str>, wal
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for i in 0..sequential_count {
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let tx = build_test_tx(&kp, start_nonce + i as u64 + 1);
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// Serialize Transaction struct directly — identical to wallet_cli.rs broadcast_tx().
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// The API handler does Json<Transaction> deserialization:
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// - Vec<u8> fields (signature, public_key) must be JSON integer arrays, not hex strings.
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// - tx_type field is required (no serde default).
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// Using .json(&tx) lets serde handle all fields correctly.
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// Local sanity check: verify the tx before sending.
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// If this fails → signing bug. If this passes but node rejects → rate limiter or nonce.
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if !tx.verify() {
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eprintln!(" ⚠️ build_test_tx local verify FAILED at nonce={} — signing issue!", start_nonce + i as u64 + 1);
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}
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let url = format!("{}/api/transactions/submit", node_url);
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let t = Instant::now();
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let result = client.post(&url).json(&tx).send().await;
@@ -98,8 +100,13 @@ pub async fn run(node_url: &str, tx_count: usize, wallet_file: Option<&str>, wal
98100
if status.is_success() {
99101
success_count += 1;
100102
} else {
101-
let body = resp.text().await.unwrap_or_default();
102-
let key = extract_error_key(&body);
103+
// Detect 429 before reading body (body is empty for rate limit)
104+
let key = if status == reqwest::StatusCode::TOO_MANY_REQUESTS {
105+
"rate_limited".to_string()
106+
} else {
107+
let body = resp.text().await.unwrap_or_default();
108+
extract_error_key(&body)
109+
};
103110
*error_counts.entry(key).or_insert(0) += 1;
104111
}
105112
}
@@ -110,6 +117,10 @@ pub async fn run(node_url: &str, tx_count: usize, wallet_file: Option<&str>, wal
110117
*error_counts.entry(key).or_insert(0) += 1;
111118
}
112119
}
120+
121+
// Stay within the node's 10 req/sec per-IP rate limit.
122+
// 120 ms between requests = ~8 req/sec — leaves headroom for other API calls.
123+
tokio::time::sleep(tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(120)).await;
113124
}
114125

115126
let mut stats = Vec::new();

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