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    <title>Sam Heuck Web Development</title>
    <subtitle>Hand-crafted code = websites that work</subtitle>
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    <updated>2026-06-05T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
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    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>Free Website Checkup</title>
        <published>2026-06-05T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2026-06-05T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
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        <id>https://samheuck.com/website-checkup/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/website-checkup/">&lt;section class=&quot;teaser&quot;&gt;
  &lt;h1 class=&quot;tc page-title h1-dark&quot;&gt;Free Website Checkup&lt;&#x2F;h1&gt;
  &lt;h2 class=&quot;tc page-subtitle&quot;&gt;from Sam Heuck Web Development&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;alt-note quotation&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sam Heuck Web Development was incredibly helpful and generous with their time while reviewing my website and SEO. They gave thoughtful feedback, explained things clearly, and genuinely seemed to care about helping my business grow.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;– Desiree Steele, author and photographer&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;You&#x27;ve no doubt heard the phrase &quot;Don&#x27;t fix what isn&#x27;t broken.”&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When something is working, keep using it!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But... things break. And sometimes in ways that are not noticeable or obvious. So how do you know what to fix? The first step is to discover what is broken, or sub-optimal, or no longer working.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;That is why Sam Heuck Web Development offers free website checkups, no obligation and no pressure. Your business needs are our priority.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;What does our free checkup include?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Our free website checkup is a thorough review of your web presence. The results help you optimize your decision-making about where to focus. It generally includes the following:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Site-Wide Page Performance Assessment&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Visitor Experience &amp;amp; Accessibility Assessment&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mobile Responsive Design &amp;amp; Layout Inspection&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;SEO Inspection&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Semantic SEO for AI visibility&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Common Error Report&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Website Security Checklist&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Opportunities and Strategy&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Want to ensure your website is serving you, your mission, and your customers? &lt;br&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;tc&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;contact-me button&quot;&gt;Reach out today!&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;alt-note quotation&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;SEO need some help? Just had a meeting with Sam Heuck, and he was incredibly helpful! Took the time to explain what I was lacking and answered all my questions. Check him out if you are curious about how to improve your online presence.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;– Alma Duffey, CEO, Veloquix&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
  &lt;img src=&quot;&#x2F;website-checkup&#x2F;SEOreport-example1.png&quot; alt=&quot;example SEO report&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;h2 class=&quot;tc&quot;&gt;&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;section&gt;
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        <title>Welcome</title>
        <published>2026-06-01T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2026-06-01T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/web-development/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/web-development/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/web-development/">&lt;section class=&quot;teaser tc&quot;&gt;
  &lt;h2 class=&quot;h2-dark&quot;&gt;We build custom websites and apps for small business.&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If your business is online, you’re managing a lot: hosting, SEO, forms, emails, landing pages, analytics, accessibility, security, payments… when it all starts to feel like chasing a flock of wandering sheep, we’ll be your border collie, herding your code into place!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;section&gt;
&lt;section class=&quot;teaser&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;flex flex-column items-center&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;w-100 tc&quot;&gt;
  &lt;h2 class=&quot;h2-dark&quot;&gt;Free Website Checkup&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
  &lt;p class=&quot;tc b&quot;&gt;Local business owners:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
  &lt;ul class=&quot;list pl0&quot;&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Are customers finding you?&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;When they ask AI, do they see &lt;i&gt;you?&lt;&#x2F;i&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Could your website do more to help?&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
  &lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;tc&quot;&gt;Find out today with our free, no-obligation website checkup!&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; &lt;a class=&quot;button&quot; href=&quot;&#x2F;website-checkup&quot;&gt;Learn more&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;section&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;alt-note quotation&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sam and Kristi have helped us tremendously. Our website and SEO was not where it needed to be but they fixed everything pretty quick. They really know what they are doing and I highly recommend them. Even if you think you don’t need them, you do!!!! They have made my life so much easier as a business owner.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;– Cristina Calise, Wee Bee Waste Services&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;section class=&quot;teaser tc&quot;&gt;
    &lt;h2 class=&quot;h2-dark&quot;&gt;Learn more&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
    &lt;a class=&quot;mh3 grow dib&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&#x27;Ubuntu&#x27;,sans-serif&quot; href=&quot;&#x2F;portfolio&quot;&gt;See some of our work&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;
    &lt;a class=&quot;mh3 grow dib&quot; style=&quot;font-family:&#x27;Ubuntu&#x27;,sans-serif&quot; href=&quot;&#x2F;blog&quot;&gt;Check out the blog&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;
    &lt;p class=&quot;tc b&quot;&gt;Care to chat?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;&lt;br&gt;
    &lt;a class=&quot;contact-me button&quot;&gt;Reach out&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;section&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;alt-note quotation&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If you are considering hiring Sam, I envy you. You&#x27;re about to work with one of the most trustworthy technologists you&#x27;re likely to meet.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;– Diana Montalion, Architecting Systems&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
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    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>Esaltare Arts</title>
        <published>2026-05-11T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2026-05-11T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Kristi McGarity
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/portfolio/esaltare-arts/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/portfolio/esaltare-arts/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/portfolio/esaltare-arts/">&lt;div class=&quot;flex justify-between-ns flex-wrap&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;w-70&quot;&gt;
  &lt;img src=&quot;EsaltareArts-logo-small.jpeg&quot; alt=&quot;Esaltare Arts logo&quot; &#x2F;&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Esaltare Arts is a studio owned by artist Sondra Kretschmar in San Marcos, TX. Sondra designs and repairs custom stained glass for commercial and residential spaces throughout central Texas.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sondra came to us with a problem: when potential customers would ask an LLM (Large Language Model: ChatGPT, Google Gemini, etc.) about custom stained glass in San Marcos, they couldn&#x27;t see her new website. AI would recommend Sondra by name, but kept connecting her to a previous company she co-owned before launching Esaltare Arts.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Her results in ChatGPT looked like this:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;media-block&quot;&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;EsaltareArts-ChatGPT-before.jpeg&quot; &#x2F;&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sondra signed up for our free &lt;a href=&quot;&#x2F;website-checkup&quot;&gt;Website Checkup&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;, to get practical, no-nonsense advice on how to help potential clients find her new site. After just two hours of SEO work, priced at our affordable Site Builder rate, ChatGPT started saying this:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;media-block&quot;&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;EsaltareArts-ChatGPT-after.jpeg&quot; &#x2F;&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Progress!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Whether your website is new or established, SEO (Search Engine Optimization) can do a lot to help LLMs find and recommend you. On-Page SEO is work we can do right there in the code for your pages: faster load time, mobile compatibility, alt text and accessibility, images formatted for social sharing, titles and descriptions with keywords your target customers already search for, FAQs that answer questions your target customers already ask, and structured data (schema) code that describes your products and services in a format AI can easily read.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;SEO isn&#x27;t a one-and-done task, it&#x27;s an ongoing effort to improve visibility and add new content every month. On the other hand, for most small businesses, SEO doesn&#x27;t require committing to an expensive monthly contract.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At Sam Heuck Web Development, we offer concierge service: you choose a budget and you choose your priorities. We&#x27;ll work through your priority list from the top, doing as many items as we can, until we hit your budget. And when you&#x27;re ready for more website work, whether that&#x27;s next week or next month or next quarter - we&#x27;ll be here to help your local business thrive!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&quot;My win this month: I hired Kristi to work on my website, and now when you search for a custom stained glass artist in San Marcos, Esaltare Arts shows up!&quot;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;-- Sondra Kretschmar, owner, Esaltare Arts&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Launching a new small business? Not sure if your website is set up to be found? Find out with our &lt;a class=&quot;contact-me&quot;&gt;free website checkup&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; today!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
</content>
        
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    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>Mind over Math</title>
        <published>2026-03-24T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2026-03-24T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/blog/mind-over-math/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/blog/mind-over-math/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/blog/mind-over-math/">&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Why coders rule and droids drool&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;mind-over-math&#x2F;claude_pelican.svg&quot; alt=&quot;claude_pelican&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I am what some might call a &lt;del&gt;tool connoisseur&lt;&#x2F;del&gt; tool hoarder. I still have the Black &amp;amp; Decker bench-top drill press that was my dad’s, complete with decades of accumulation of dust and grease that I will never clean up due to a combination of superstition and nostalgia. It’s older than I am, and still drills perfectly cromulent holes for me on a regular basis. On the other end of the complexity spectrum, I recently added to my ridiculous collection of computing devices (I think I’m up to ~25 or so computers in my 120 sq. ft office) by replacing the computer I use as my daily driver. I upgraded from a 2018 Mac Mini to a 2025 Mac Studio stuffed with memory.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For me, a good tool can vary in complexity between something as simple as a well-balanced mallet, to as complex and high-tech as a computer with 28 billion transistors for a brain. I make no sharp distinctions when it comes to technology; The humble wheel was considered advanced technology at one point in time, and today, we have some very complex “wheels”.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Because of my &lt;del&gt;affinity for&lt;&#x2F;del&gt; obsession with tools, I tend to seek them out and test them out on the regular. I am excruciatingly picky though. Especially with software tools. If a software tool does not make a good first impression, I’m apt to banish it to the infinite depths of &#x2F;dev&#x2F;null. So what makes a good tool then?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For me, it must be, first and foremost, predictable. Take a screwdriver for example. My favorite screwdriver behaves very predictably. When I manage to use it properly, it saves me a lot of time and effort when I need to fasten two things together. It absolutely refuses to drive nails no matter how hard I bang it against the head of the nail. It only works on screws of specific sizes and shapes. When I apply too much torque at the wrong angle, it predictably fails in exactly the same way every single time, by stripping the threads off the screw. I admit that sounds a little funny, but predictable failure for a tool is just as important to me as predictable success.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So in case you haven’t heard, Artificial Intelligence has entered the proverbial chat. Specifically, generative pre-trained transformers (GPTs) and large language models (LLMs). Since software is written in text, the techniques brought to us by the AI field are a great fit for the job. Or so it would seem. Naturally, with &#x2F;dev&#x2F;null standing by, I gingerly pick up this new tool to evaluate its utility and ergonomics.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I chose to start by using Anthropic&#x27;s Claude Sonnet with the Claude Code tool as my interface. I chose Claude because, at one point in time, it was a breakthrough champion of the “draw a pelican riding a bicycle” contest &lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;mind-over-math&#x2F;#1&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;.  My criteria was simple. Could I, Sam, sketch a stick figure pelican riding a stick figure bicycle that was more convincing than the AI model’s sketch? Knowing that my ability to sketch such things is sorely lacking, I felt that this was a pretty low bar. Claude’s sketch was more convincing than mine, which was a pleasant surprise.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;media-block&quot;&gt;
&lt;img width=&quot;250px&quot; src=&quot;gpt_turbo_pelican.svg&quot; &#x2F;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Side note, I’m staying the hell away from GPT-3.5 Turbo - that pelican wants to run me over with its bicycle.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;First impressions…. Wow, it actually produced runnable code!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I was again, pleasantly surprised that Claude wrote code that actually runs. My prompts were fairly direct, and focused on what the user of this software wants to accomplish. For my first few interactions, I wanted to avoid, as much as possible, using the technical lingo that I have picked up over the course of the last 2 decades of my software development career. I asked Claude to write me a tool that would visit a website and produce an in-browser report of the state of SEO for that site. I wanted to see if it could build me a tool similar to SEO Moz - a way to evaluate how a website is doing with its SEO.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I proceeded to click on one of the links in the page it produced. I was expecting to see a page that shows a table of data - one row for every hyperlink on the site and whether or not that link was working, or 404 Not found. This is a very basic check to find broken links on a web page.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I immediately hit errors. The javascript for the page was full of syntax errors. What to do… what to do…. I decided to blindly copy and paste the errors, without reading them, back into Claude to see if it could fix them on its own. Again, I was pleasantly surprised - after several rounds of “guess and check” coding, I arrived at a page that looked more or less like what I wanted to see. Basic, yes, not detailed enough, but not broken. Whew - okay, bug fixed. Now let’s see about adding some more detail and new features….&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Rather than bore you, dear reader, with every little detail of my back-and-forth with Claude, let it suffice to say that producing something with an AI assistant is like asking your dog to fetch a tasty meal for you. Always eager to please, it jumps into the task with gusto. Sometimes it comes back with a savory duck confit served on a decadent bed of polenta that is to die for. Other times, it comes back with a live catfish, covered in mud and dog slobber, dropped wriggling and slimy onto your favorite pillow just as you’re headed to bed after an exhausting day of pixel wrangling. Don’t get me wrong, fried catfish is a southern delicacy when expertly prepared. I was just hoping my dog could bread it and fry it for me. Turns out I need to work with my dog for a few weeks before he learns the details of how to properly use the fryer. And darn it if he doesn’t completely forget everything we talked about the moment he sees a squirrel. This analogy is beginning to feel a bit tortured.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The point is, this is one tool that is not very predictable. I have definitely had a good time using it, and oh boy have I had some tough times using it too. Sometimes, the most powerful tools are also the most difficult to use. Take the piano for example. Piano is, hands down, the most playable instrument there is. All you have to do is push the keys down. Human babies can get piano sounds out of a piano. But if you want music? That’s an altogether more difficult ask that takes years to learn, and decades to master. AI coding assistants are very powerful and certainly have their uses. But they are a tool just the same. And I know from experience, that when a tool is misused, it can do more harm than good. Knowing what tool to bring to bear, and when and how to use it, is critical to success.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Now, I would be remiss, being a Texan, if I didn’t bring up football. (Hook ‘em Horns.) I don’t think I’m alone when I say that, for me, the Super Bowl is hilarious TV ads and musical spectacle with a bit of football mixed in. So we have got to talk about these ads.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Base 44&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Their slogan&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; “It’s App to You”&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Their value propositions:&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;“Wait, so anyone can make apps now?”&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;But can it make reports?&quot;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;video-embed&quot;&gt;
  &lt;iframe src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.youtube.com&#x2F;embed&#x2F;kLdaIxDM-_Y&quot; webkitallowfullscreen
    mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen&gt;
  &lt;&#x2F;iframe&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I like the way this ad pokes some fun at obviously bad app ideas - like the inter-office dating app…. for dogs of course. The TV show Silicon Valley took the comedy even further with its portrayal of a start-up incubator of app ideas that flop.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;video-embed&quot;&gt;
  &lt;iframe src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.youtube.com&#x2F;embed&#x2F;ACmydtFDTGs&quot; webkitallowfullscreen
    mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen&gt;
  &lt;&#x2F;iframe&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;More seriously, I think there are many challenges inherent to building successful software products. Coming up with an idea and building a quick prototype are the easy part. And yes, it is a wonderful rush to see your creation come to life, and there is value in that, don’t get me wrong. But I think it’s quite difficult to find a company where their main business problem is a lack of ideas. I prefer quality over quantity, and more people rapidly building more apps seems like it could lead to the opposite. But, then again, this feels like a personal nitpick to me. I mean, who am I to throw shade at someone’s passion project just because it’s derivative? I often work on my own little apps that I make entirely for myself, all of which already have an existing commercial solution.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There is a bigger problem with enabling more rapid app creation. In fact, it’s such a common problem that the industry has, for many years now, had a term for this entire category: &quot;Abandonware&quot;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;mind-over-math&#x2F;#2&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;sup&gt;. Anyone who has worked as a professional programmer for more than a few years will likely have a harrowing story of how they had to embark on a digital archeology expedition in order to prevent a catastrophe for a client whose entire livelihood depended on an abandoned piece of software that stopped working. It turns out that maintaining software is a far more challenging problem than creating software, and I believe this challenge is too easily amplified by LLM coding assistants. The sheer volume of code that can be produced using a coding assistant is mind boggling. And they are such eager beavers that wrangling them in by instructing them to make readable, reliable, maintainable code that is secure and can stand the test of time requires some expertise and patience. From my experience so far, I think LLM coding assistants lack 2 crucial things for writing maintainable code.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The first is that they are incapable of being up-to-date. Their knowledge is based on a snapshot in time - like a time capsule. But the tools developers use to make apps are constantly evolving on a daily basis. Most software stacks have a monthly or quarterly release cycle. That means that the way code was written with any given stack 6 months ago can be quite a bit different than the way it is written today. Since training a large language model is capital intensive, it is cost-inefficient to re-train it frequently. This means that as time goes on, the same coding assistant will make more and more mistakes that have to either be corrected manually by the programmer, or painstakingly explained via prompting.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And secondly, they lack the ability to know when software dependencies are problematic. Software development in this day and age relies very heavily on a supply chain of code written by people all over the world. It is a global ecosystem that is ever-changing. I spend a lot of time sifting through this ecosystem like a kid digging through a pile of Lego pieces. I don’t manufacture the individual pieces from scratch, I simply grab what I need, and use it when and where I need it. This way of building software has a lot of benefits, but it is not without risks. When your software depends on this supply chain, you give up a little bit of control for every dependency you choose to use. If you&#x27;ve ever used a WordPress plugin that broke another plugin on your site, you might understand how troublesome this problem can be.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Coding assistants lack the ability to understand the nuances of this supply chain. The influences on a developer’s choices regarding dependencies are difficult if not impossible for an LLM assistant to understand. The upshot for someone “vibe coding” using a coding assistant is that unless they have the knowledge and experience to spot problems, they will likely be completely unaware of the pitfalls lurking in their code. Sometimes these problems are minor inconveniences, but other times, they can devastate a business.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;How about website creation? Maybe that’s an easier problem to solve than the more complex case of building an app?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Wix Harmony&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Their slogan&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;: “The new way to create”&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Their value propositions&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Website creation should be as easy as describing your idea to a friend…&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Shape it into something that could only come from you...&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;video-embed&quot;&gt;
  &lt;iframe src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.youtube.com&#x2F;embed&#x2F;rRo5spaBfbo&quot; webkitallowfullscreen
    mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen&gt;
  &lt;&#x2F;iframe&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A friend who in reality is an enormous mathematical function that transforms your simple description into a website that is unique to you in the same way that your answer to a round of Family Feud is evaluated against a survey of hundreds of other people. Because AI assistants are trained with all the data that already exists on the web, their output is constrained to be derivative. It will have no soul. It might feel unique to you, but in reality, there is nothing unique about it at all. But again, I feel like this might be a personal nitpick. Good artists copy, great artists steal and all that.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;No I think the bigger issue is more technical. These types of website builders are gated communities. Everything about how these things work is proprietary, and relatively complex. In practice, this is very good for these companies because it makes their users sticky - it will be difficult to move your digital business presence to a bigger&#x2F;better&#x2F;cheaper solution if all of your creative content is tucked away inside Wix Harmony. In this case, Wix Harmony is the dependency - and if it doesn’t do something your business needs, by golly, all you have to do is opt in to a higher tier plan and all your wishes will come true!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In reality, the higher tier plans often give you access to features you don’t really need, at a subscription price that can be hard to justify in the long term. It’s a bit like buying the premium cable TV package - you wanted to watch the latest episode of your new favorite show, but you end up having to buy a subscription that includes “24&#x2F;7 Infomercials” too. You buy the banana, but instead, you are given a gorilla holding your banana. Not exactly ideal.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If you’re still reading, first, thank you, and next, let me sum up. AI coding and site-building assistants are wonderfully powerful tools with the potential to save a lot of time and effort. At the same time, they also have to power to create a lot of problems. Using them effectively still requires a lot of hard-won expertise and experience. So you, as a busy business owner, should ask yourself: do I want to focus on my passions? The core of my business? Or do I want to become an expert in the nuances of the software dependency supply chain? If your answer is the former, &lt;a class=&quot;contact-me&quot;&gt;drop us a line.&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; We’ve got the latter covered.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;github.com&#x2F;simonw&#x2F;pelican-bicycle&#x2F;blob&#x2F;main&#x2F;README.md&quot;&gt;Pelican on a bicycle experiment&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ol&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a id=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;2&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http:&#x2F;&#x2F;winworldpc.com&#x2F;library&#x2F;applications&quot;&gt;So many abandoned apps!&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ol&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>Veloquix</title>
        <published>2026-01-11T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2026-01-11T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Kristi McGarity
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/portfolio/veloquix/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/portfolio/veloquix/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/portfolio/veloquix/">&lt;div class=&quot;flex justify-between-ns flex-wrap&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;w-70&quot;&gt;
  &lt;img src=&quot;Veloquix-logo-brand.png&quot; alt=&quot;Veloquix logo&quot; &#x2F;&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Any business with a phone number faces the same conundrum: If you answer calls from unknown numbers, you get spammers, but if you don&#x27;t answer, you miss new customers.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Veloquix solves this problem with apps to build and run your own affordable interactive AI voice agent: connecting with leads, rejecting spam calls, and helping customers anytime, 24&#x2F;7.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&quot;Working with Kristi and Sam was a game-changer for our business. They worked within our budget and helped us out tremendously. Their expertise and professionalism made the process seamless, and we highly recommend them to anyone looking for a reliable, innovative technology partner.&quot;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;-- Alma Duffey, CEO, Veloquix&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And when your company needs extra hands on the development team to scale up a custom app - that&#x27;s exactly what we do. Here at Sam Heuck Web Development, we make your web app work - &lt;a class=&quot;contact-me&quot;&gt;find out how!&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>Defensive Computing</title>
        <published>2025-12-18T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2025-12-18T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/blog/defensive-computing/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/blog/defensive-computing/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/blog/defensive-computing/">&lt;p&gt;In today&#x27;s digital landscape, cybersecurity is no longer just an IT concern — it&#x27;s a fundamental skill for everyone. Much like defensive driving helps you navigate roads safely by anticipating risks, defensive computing is a mindset that helps you navigate the digital world. This guide provides practical strategies for protecting yourself and your organization from cyber threats in 2026.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;defensive-computing&#x2F;ransomware.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Ransomware&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;from-hackers-to-cybercriminals-understanding-the-threat&quot;&gt;From Hackers to Cybercriminals: Understanding the Threat&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The term &quot;hacker&quot; once conjured images of curious teenagers exploring computer systems for fun. Today we are dealing with &lt;strong&gt;cybercriminals&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; — organized crime syndicates operating as sophisticated businesses.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Consider &lt;strong&gt;Evil Corp&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;, a cybercriminal organization accused of stealing approximately &lt;strong&gt;$300 million&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; over nearly a decade of organized cyber-crime. To put this in perspective, Al Capone&#x27;s Chicago Outfit earned an estimated $85 million per year in 1920s dollars — equivalent to over $1 billion in today&#x27;s money. Cybercrime has become nearly as lucrative as the most notorious criminal enterprises in history.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;how-cybercriminals-make-money&quot;&gt;How Cybercriminals Make Money&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;1-ransomware&quot;&gt;1. Ransomware&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cybercriminals hold your critical technology hostage, encrypting your files and demanding payment for the decryption key. This has become one of the most profitable cybercrime models.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;2-selling-private-data&quot;&gt;2. Selling Private Data&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Stolen information — particularly medical records and personal financial data — is sold on black markets. This data can be used for identity theft or fraud, or sold to other criminals.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;3-selling-destruction&quot;&gt;3. Selling Destruction&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Criminals use your computer to launch attacks on others. Your compromised systems become part of a botnet, attacking other targets as a service.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;4-cons-and-scams&quot;&gt;4. Cons and Scams&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The oldest trick in the book: tricking you into voluntarily sending them money through social engineering and deception.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;cultivating-a-defensive-mindset&quot;&gt;Cultivating a Defensive Mindset&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Like defensive driving, defensive computing is fundamentally a mindset. Here are the core principles:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Knowledge is power&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;: Know what threats to watch for&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When in doubt, confirm identity&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;: Always verify who you&#x27;re dealing with&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pause and think before you click&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;: A moment of reflection can prevent disaster&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Teamwork makes the dream work&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;: Share information about threats with colleagues and family&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Seek to be UN-confused&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;: If something doesn&#x27;t make sense, stop and investigate&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Remember, cyber threats are constant—like the weather. Tools like &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;fortiguard.fortinet.com&#x2F;threat-map&quot;&gt;Fortinet&#x27;s Threat Map&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; show real-time cyber attacks happening globally. Awareness of this ongoing threat landscape is the first step in protection.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;understanding-common-threat-vectors&quot;&gt;Understanding Common Threat Vectors&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The FBI &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.ic3.gov&#x2F;Media&#x2F;News&#x2F;2021&#x2F;210521.pdf&quot;&gt;reports&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; that Conti, an active cyber-criminal gang, gains access to victim networks through:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Malicious email links&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Malicious attachments&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Stolen passwords&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Microsoft Office documents with embedded computer code&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These attack vectors haven&#x27;t changed dramatically because they continue to work. Let&#x27;s explore how to defend against each.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;password-security-your-first-line-of-defense&quot;&gt;Password Security: Your First Line of Defense&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;what-makes-a-good-password&quot;&gt;What Makes a Good Password?&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Strong passwords are:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Long (at least 16 characters)&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Unique to each account, not re-used&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Complex (mixing letters, numbers, and symbols)&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Unpredictable (not based on personal information)&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;password-managers&quot;&gt;Password Managers&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Remembering dozens of strong, unique passwords is impossible. Password managers solve this by:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Generating strong, random passwords&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Storing them securely with encryption&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Auto-filling login forms&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Syncing across devices&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Using 1Password (or another password manager) is one of the best security investments you can make.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;multi-factor-authentication-mfa&quot;&gt;Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;MFA adds an extra layer of security beyond your password. Even if criminals steal your password, they can&#x27;t access your account without the second factor. Always enable MFA when available.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;passkeys&quot;&gt;Passkeys&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Passkeys are a new type of authentication key, adding protection by requiring you to authenticate using a trusted device or password manager before you can log in to a website. Passkeys are not yet universal, and every service implements them a little differently. For now, strong password + 2-factor is still the most common and reliable method.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;email-security-the-primary-attack-vector&quot;&gt;Email Security: The Primary Attack Vector&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Email remains the most common way cybercriminals gain initial access to systems.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;recognizing-scams-and-cons&quot;&gt;Recognizing Scams and Cons&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Scams typically leverage two psychological triggers:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Urgency&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;: &quot;Act now or lose access to your account!&quot;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Authority&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;: Messages appearing to come from executives, IT departments, or government agencies&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ol&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When you encounter urgency and authority together, be especially suspicious.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;the-danger-of-links-and-attachments&quot;&gt;The Danger of Links and Attachments&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clicking on a malicious link is enough to compromise your computer&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;. Links can exploit browser vulnerabilities or direct you to phishing sites.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Opening an attachment can install and run malicious code&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; without any additional action on your part.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;email-security-best-practices&quot;&gt;Email Security Best Practices&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Never share passwords or codes via email or text message&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;If you get an request you aren&#x27;t expecting, verify it is legitimate by reaching out to the sender&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Hover over links to preview the actual URL before clicking&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Be wary of unexpected attachments, even from known senders&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;ransomware-preparation-is-everything&quot;&gt;Ransomware: Preparation is Everything&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Your level of preparation determines the impact:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Unprepared&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;: Ransomware is extremely damaging, potentially crippling your business or destroying irreplaceable files&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Prepared&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;: Ransomware becomes a minor inconvenience. With a reliable backup system you can ignore the ransom threat, restore from backups, and all you lose is a few hours of time.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;robust-backup-systems&quot;&gt;Robust Backup Systems&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For backup strategy, follow the &lt;strong&gt;3-2-1 Backup Rule&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; copies of your data&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;On &lt;strong&gt;2&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; different devices&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;With &lt;strong&gt;1&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; copy stored off-site&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Even if ransomware encrypts your primary system and local backups, you can restore from an off-site backup.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Make sure to test your backup strategy, to make sure you can restore quickly if needed.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;real-world-case-studies&quot;&gt;Real-World Case Studies&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;case-study-twitter-2020-phishing-and-social-engineering&quot;&gt;Case Study: Twitter 2020 - Phishing and Social Engineering&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In July 2020, a combination of phishing and social engineering led to one of Twitter&#x27;s most significant breaches:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Attackers created a fake website resembling an internal company website&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Posing as help desk staff, threat actors called Twitter employees&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;They directed employees to submit their credentials to the fake website&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Using these credentials, attackers seized control of high-profile accounts (Barack Obama, Elon Musk, Joe Biden, Apple Inc.)&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;They posted cryptocurrency scams, collecting over $100,000.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ol&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Defense&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;: You can prevent this attack by:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Requiring multi-factor authentication&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Instructing employees to hang up on unexpected calls and call back to the real help desk&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;case-study-colonial-pipeline-the-cost-of-weak-passwords&quot;&gt;Case Study: Colonial Pipeline - The Cost of Weak Passwords&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In May 2021, a weak password led to one of America&#x27;s most significant infrastructure attacks:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cybercriminals purchased an employee&#x27;s personal password from the black market&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The same password granted access to computers controlling critical infrastructure&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ransomware was installed, locking the company out of their own systems&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Colonial Pipeline paid &lt;strong&gt;$4.4 million&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; to unlock their systems&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The attack caused fuel shortages across the southeastern United States&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ol&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Defense&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;: You can prevent this attack with:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Long passwords unique to each account&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Multi-factor authentication&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Reliable backup systems&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;case-study-2025-nodejs-supply-chain-attack-the-ripple-effect&quot;&gt;Case Study: 2025 NodeJS Supply Chain Attack - The Ripple Effect&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In early 2025, a phishing email led to a supply chain attack affecting millions:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;A software developer maintaining dozens of popular code libraries responded to a phishing email&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The threat actor used the compromised account to inject malicious code into libraries downloaded &lt;strong&gt;2 billion times per week&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;This malicious code stole passwords and cryptocurrency from software developers worldwide&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ol&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Defense&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;: You can prevent this attack by:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Keeping software updated&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Checking email headers before you click or download anything&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;If an email directs you to log in to a website, log in by typing the website into a browser&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;conclusion&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cybercriminals operate as businesses because crime pays, but by adopting a defensive mindset and following security best practices, you can dramatically reduce your risk.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Remember that cybersecurity is like the weather — constantly present and ever-changing. With knowledge and preparation, you can prevent most attacks and minimize the impact of any that do occur.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;resources-and-references&quot;&gt;Resources and References&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;1password.com&#x2F;business-security&quot;&gt;1Password Business Security&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;1password.com&#x2F;resources&#x2F;9-principles-for-a-better-company-password-policy&#x2F;?utm_ref=resources&quot;&gt;9 Principles for a Better Company Password Policy&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.cisa.gov&#x2F;shields-up&quot;&gt;CISA Shields Up&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;us.norton.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;emerging-threats&#x2F;credential-stuffing&quot;&gt;Norton: Credential Stuffing&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;csrc.nist.gov&#x2F;CSRC&#x2F;media&#x2F;Projects&#x2F;ransomware-protection-and-response&#x2F;documents&#x2F;NIST_Tips_for_Preparing_for_Ransomware_Attacks.pdf&quot;&gt;NIST Tips for Preparing for Ransomware Attacks&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.cisa.gov&#x2F;stopransomware&quot;&gt;CISA StopRansomware&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.cisa.gov&#x2F;audiences&#x2F;small-and-medium-businesses&#x2F;secure-your-business&#x2F;teach-employees-avoid-phishing&quot;&gt;CISA: Teach Employees to Avoid Phishing&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;fbi.gov&#x2F;scams&quot;&gt;FBI Scams&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.fbi.gov&#x2F;how-we-can-help-you&#x2F;scams-and-safety&#x2F;common-frauds-and-scams&quot;&gt;FBI: Common Frauds and Scams&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;consumer.ftc.gov&#x2F;features&#x2F;pass-it&quot;&gt;FTC: Pass It On&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.backblaze.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;the-3-2-1-backup-strategy&#x2F;&quot;&gt;The 3-2-1 Backup Strategy&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.threatshub.org&#x2F;blog&#x2F;inside-look-at-cybercriminal-organizations&#x2F;&quot;&gt;Inside Look at Cybercriminal Organizations&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.bbc.com&#x2F;news&#x2F;articles&#x2F;cwy98824lk4o&quot;&gt;BBC: Evil Corp Article&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;documents.trendmicro.com&#x2F;assets&#x2F;white_papers&#x2F;wp-inside-the-halls-of-a-cybercrime-business.pdf&quot;&gt;Trend Micro: Inside the Halls of a Cybercrime Business&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>Trailside Creative</title>
        <published>2025-10-01T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2025-10-01T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/portfolio/trailside-creative/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/portfolio/trailside-creative/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/portfolio/trailside-creative/">&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;portfolio&#x2F;trailside-creative&#x2F;trailside_creative.png&quot; alt=&quot;Trailside Creative&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Trailside Creative is an industrial design studio based in Texas. The firm specializes in outdoor gear and action sports products. Their website, TrailsideCreative.com, highlights their commitment to beautiful yet functional, human-centered design, and a passion for active lifestyles.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&quot;We had a fantastic experience working with Sam to update our website!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sam made the entire process easy, taking the time to understand our challenges and clearly explain the issues holding our site back. He helped guide us through smart solutions that not only solved our functionality problems but also elevated the overall experience.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sam’s professionalism, problem-solving skills, and collaborative approach made the project effortless from start to finish, we couldn’t be happier and we&#x27;ll definitely be back for more! Highly recommend!&quot;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;– Kyle Ellison, Trailside Creative&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;the-process&quot;&gt;The Process:&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Trailside Creative aimed to create a digital platform that reflects their expertise in product design and development. The website needed to showcase their services, highlight past projects, and communicate their mission to inspire active, healthy lifestyles through design.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;goals&quot;&gt;Goals:&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Improve the user experience for site visitors.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Address page load times and performance issues.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Optimize the experience of handling incoming leads for the business development team.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Showcase expertise: Present a visually striking portfolio that demonstrates their capabilities in industrial design, prototyping, and manufacturing support.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;User-friendly navigation: Ensure visitors can easily access information about services, past work, and contact details.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Reflect brand identity: design a site that embodies Trailside Creative&#x27;s innovative and outdoor-focused ethos.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;design-approach&quot;&gt;Design approach:&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The website employs a clean, modern aesthetic with high-quality imagery and a cohesive color palette that aligns with the brand&#x27;s identity. Typography and layout choices enhance readability and visual appeal.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Content is organized to guide visitors through the company&#x27;s offerings, including:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Services: Detailed descriptions of capabilities such as research &amp;amp; strategy, 3D printing &amp;amp; prototyping, and sourcing &amp;amp; manufacturing support.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Portfolio: Showcases of past projects that highlight the studio&#x27;s design process and outcomes.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;About: Information about the team&#x27;s mission and approach to design.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;development&quot;&gt;Development:&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The site was originally built with WordPress and we didn&#x27;t want to &quot;fix&quot; what isn&#x27;t broken. We decided to stick with WordPress in order to take advantage of the familiarity and comfort level the team already had with their site and tools.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The site is responsive, ensuring readability across a variety of screen sizes. Much of the content needed tailoring to make it readable on smaller screens.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We also made some critical updates to the contact form integration, enabling the client to be more effective at processing
incoming leads from the web.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;results&quot;&gt;Results&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The updated website loads faster and has better SEO, all while effectively communicating Trailside Creative&#x27;s expertise and values. It serves as a great resource for potential clients to understand the studio&#x27;s services and view examples of their work. The user-friendly design and clear content structure enhance the user experience and encourage inquiries.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Trailside Creative&#x27;s website stands as a testament to their dedication to quality design and innovation. It successfully conveys their physical product design expertise via a compelling digital presence, and it supports their mission with thoughtful design.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;contact-me&quot;&gt;We can help you too! Find out how.&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>What we do</title>
        <published>2025-09-23T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2025-09-23T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/what-we-do/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/what-we-do/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/what-we-do/">&lt;section class=&quot;teaser&quot;&gt;
  &lt;h1 class=&quot;tc&quot;&gt;More &lt;span class=&quot;accent&quot;&gt;importantly...&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;h1&gt;
  &lt;h2 class=&quot;tc&quot;&gt;What can &lt;span class=&quot;accent&quot;&gt;your&lt;&#x2F;span&gt; website do for &lt;span class=&quot;accent&quot;&gt;you?&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
  &lt;img src=&quot;&#x2F;what-we-do&#x2F;code.webp&quot; alt=&quot;a screenshot of javascript code in a code editor&quot;&gt;
  &lt;h2 class=&quot;tc&quot;&gt;We bring the &lt;span class=&quot;accent&quot;&gt;power&lt;&#x2F;span&gt; of custom web development to &lt;span class=&quot;accent&quot;&gt;your small business.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;section&gt;
&lt;section class=&quot;teaser&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;accent b&quot;&gt;Welcome!&lt;&#x2F;span&gt; I’m Sam Heuck, and we are a new web shop in the Austin, Texas area. Whether you need a small portfolio site, updates and upgrades, e-commerce, secure hosting, or software built from scratch, we make your website work!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;With over ten years of professional experience in web development for companies large and small, we can help with all your website-related headaches.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Already have a website, but customers aren&#x27;t finding you? Are your users reporting bugs? Pages loading slowly? Not sure about SEO, AI visibility, accessibility, and security? We offer a free no-obligation &lt;a href=&quot;&#x2F;website-checkup&quot;&gt;
website checkup&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; - just &lt;a class=&quot;contact-me&quot;&gt;send us a link to your site&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; and we&#x27;ll set up a call!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;alt-note quotation&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If you’re a business owner struggling with website visibility, SEO issues, or just need someone knowledgeable to troubleshoot your site, I highly recommend Kristi and the team at Sam Heuck Web Development. Professional, responsive, and genuinely helpful.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;– Sondra Kretschmar, Esaltare Arts&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;doesn-t-a-custom-built-website-cost-thousands-of-dollars&quot;&gt;Doesn’t a custom built website cost thousands of dollars?&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Not anymore!&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Custom web development is your alternative to slow bulky templates, buggy AI page builders, and expensive contracts with extras your business doesn’t need. The power of a custom, hand-coded website is the flexibility to add only what you want, when you want.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When your potential customers search online, we help your business show up. We can do as much of the work as you like, from registering your domain name to updating content whenever you need.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Your site will be protected from spammers and hackers, backed up, optimized for search, beautiful on mobile, and always updated for industry-standard browser compatibility. Search engines AND customers love a site that loads lightning-fast - that’s our specialty!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Although we can work with budgets under $1000, if you need more advanced software, we do that too. We build web apps to streamline operations for small business: online ordering, scheduling, inventory tracking, and much more.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Is your company stuck with aging paper systems and spreadsheets? Replace those messy Excel docs named “final final no really THIS is the final version.xlsx” and delight your employees, with sleek custom software that follows your workflow.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Finally, once your site goes live, we offer affordable monthly maintenance plans, with the option to purchase updates and edits anytime. Your online presence will stay secure and reliable as technology evolves.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From our small business to yours, we hope to earn a place as your trusted technology partner. Sam Heuck Web Development is a family-owned, inclusive, neurodivergent-friendly shop, where you can be yourself, and we make your job easier!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;tc&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;contact-me button&quot;&gt;Drop us a note&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;alt-note quotation&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We chose Sam to work with on a custom web site because he had the necessary web development skills we needed, but mainly because he took the initiative to explain improvements he saw that could make our design work even better. Working with Sam was a delight; he is capable, intuitive, resourceful, and keenly interested in making a quality product.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;– Bob McDowell, engineering consultant&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;section&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>How a web developer helps your service business</title>
        <published>2025-08-15T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2025-08-15T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Kristi McGarity
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/blog/how-a-web-developer-helps/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/blog/how-a-web-developer-helps/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/blog/how-a-web-developer-helps/">&lt;div class=&quot;flex-l flex-row-l justify-around-l&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;pa2 w-50-l&quot;&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Hi! Kristi here, co-owner of Sam Heuck Web Development, with my first company blog post. 
&lt;p&gt;I’m here to tell you about an experience that really drove home, for me, the importance of the work we do here at Sam Heuck Web Development.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
 &lt;div class=&quot;pa2 tc w-50-l&quot;&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;Kristi-headshot-tree.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Headshot of Kristi McGarity&quot;&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
A few months ago, I noticed a social media post by a doctor who had just purchased a “no-code” AI website builder. He was singing its praises. By himself, he had designed a web portal for patients to type in their medical history and insurance, connected to his EHR (electronic health record) database, and launched a text-bot to schedule appointments – all without touching a line of code. He sounded genuinely happy that he would never need to hire a web developer again. 
&lt;p&gt;I don’t know this particular doctor… but knowing what I know about web software and the complexities of the U.S. medical system, I felt a pang of sympathy for the employees who will have to make this new system work.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cut to yesterday. I was trying to fill out paperwork for our son’s doctor appointment, at an office where I myself have also had appointments. I got the text link for the patient portal, signed in as instructed… and landed in my own patient portal account, not my son’s.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So then, when I tried to create a new portal account for my son, I was asked to enter name and date of birth. I typed in my son’s name and DOB, only to receive an error message with a mysterious numerical code.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I don’t know the reason for the error. Maybe the system was auto-configured to reject user accounts with birth dates indicating a child under 13. Maybe my son’s name was misspelled in their EHR. Maybe something went “sploink!” in the code when I tried to create two accounts from the same phone number.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The point is, when I called the office for help, I didn’t know the reason for the error and neither did they. They said “unfortunately, we don’t have any information about error messages on the portal website.” Is there a help desk to call, or anyone to email for support? They didn’t know. The only solution they could offer was for me to arrive at the office early and fill out my son’s paperwork on paper, without using the web portal at all.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If your business serves the public: Is “mysterious red error code” the experience you want for your customers? What if your employees bypass the system you paid for and resort to tedious paper workarounds, whenever the AI code stalls like a confused Waymo?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Now imagine our doctor’s office had built their patient portal with a custom web developer (possibly even our company!)&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The moment a patient encountered an error, the employee on the phone could have said “Let me call our web team, we’ll have that bug fixed by tomorrow!”&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;That’s if there was ever a bug in the first place. When you hire an experienced development team, we do QA testing on edge cases. Before your website goes live to the public, we have already tested what happens when a user tries to create an account for a kid under 13, or two accounts with the same phone number, or a misspelled name. If your system fails, we make sure it fails gracefully, so your customer is never left stranded with nothing but a big red error code.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;While we do use AI tools to speed up coding and save money for our clients, we test and debug by hand – and we stay within your budget. Our concierge plan lets you purchase support hours only when you need them.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;That’s the power of custom web development. Your front line employees will love the difference, when your website works smoothly without all those frustrated phone calls!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Best of all, custom software isn’t just for large enterprise corporations anymore. Sam Heuck Web Development works with organizations of all sizes, whether you need a small portfolio, a HIPAA-compliant patient portal, a CRM for a sales team of thousands, or a custom web app to lighten your workload and serve your customers.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;contact-me&quot;&gt;Reach out today&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; - let&#x27;s make your website work!
 
 &lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>SongInvention</title>
        <published>2025-08-10T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2025-08-10T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Kristi McGarity
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/portfolio/songinvention/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/portfolio/songinvention/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/portfolio/songinvention/">&lt;p&gt;Hi, I’m Kristi, co-owner of Sam Heuck Web Development.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;My degree and a lot of my experience is in music composition and audio engineering. In my side business SongInvention, I produce and engineer music on commission.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Some years ago, Sam and I prototyped a SongInvention website where people could order custom music for weddings, birthdays, and special events. As we built the site, I mostly designed the user experience, Sam did the coding.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Then life started life-ing, I started branching out into advocacy work, we started our company, and today SongInvention is in “stealth mode,” not yet launched to the public.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Still, this website is a good example of the branding and UX design we can do for small business e-commerce - so we present it here as a case study.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;All of the features you’ll see here - the custom order form, transactional email with company branding, landing pages and gated content - these are all features we can build for you and your organization.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If that sounds like something your business could use, &lt;a class=&quot;contact-me&quot;&gt;reach out&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; to us anytime, and thank you for watching!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;padding:56.25% 0 0 0;position:relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;player.vimeo.com&#x2F;video&#x2F;1108895913?h=eda8b3040a&amp;amp;badge=0&amp;amp;autopause=0&amp;amp;player_id=0&amp;amp;app_id=58479&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; allow=&quot;autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; web-share&quot; referrerpolicy=&quot;strict-origin-when-cross-origin&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;&quot; title=&quot;SongInvention video demo, by Sam Heuck Web Development&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;iframe&gt;&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;&lt;script src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;player.vimeo.com&#x2F;api&#x2F;player.js&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;script&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>OxiCat Sales Tool</title>
        <published>2025-08-04T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2025-08-04T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/portfolio/oxicat-sales-tool/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/portfolio/oxicat-sales-tool/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/portfolio/oxicat-sales-tool/">&lt;p&gt;Aristo Intelligent Catalyst Technology (acquired in 2014) develops cost-effective catalysts to reduce emissions from mobile sources of air pollution. They rely on proprietary methods developed through extensive R&amp;amp;D to manufacture catalysts customized to their customers&#x27; needs. One challenge they faced was enabling sales in a repeatable and consistent way, as they offer a wide array of products that require technical expertise to sell correctly.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To make sales easier, they developed an Excel spreadsheet with all of the proprietary calculations and R&amp;amp;D baked into formulas in the spreadsheet. However, this did not scale well - that&#x27;s where we stepped in.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&quot;Sam was able to rapidly break tasks into manageable tasks and implement the solutions, while providing management a view of progress and client utilization on a real time basis. The ease of use of the website tool by our clients translated into improved sales and client satisfaction.&quot;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;– Alex Georgopoulos, Aristo Global&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;goals&quot;&gt;Goals&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Create a web application for Aristo Sales technicians to generate quotes based on their Excel spreadsheet&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Produce customer-ready sales quotes faster&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Collect and store quotes in a database&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Keep the application small, lean and simple&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;process&quot;&gt;Process&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At Sam Heuck Web Development, we rely on a software development process that is consultative and agile. Through ongoing collaboration with subject matter experts and business stakeholders at Aristo, we identified the most important features of their custom quote process and baked them into a simple, easy-to-use web application.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In each two-week sprint, we met with the team to review progress, discuss what comes next, and address any bugs or misunderstandings that arose during development.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Due to the highly technical nature of the sales process for their products, it was absolutely critical that the mathematics and science painstakingly developed for the spreadsheet be translated to application code accurately and precisely.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thanks to continuous collaboration and communication with the experts at Aristo, we were able to write application code that handled every nuance within the spreadsheet, producing branded and easy-to-read sales quotes on demand.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;design-approach&quot;&gt;Design Approach&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So many businesses rely on Excel spreadsheets for critical operations. With growth often comes challenges that are too cumbersome to solve by sharing a spreadsheet with multiple teams.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;One common solution is to develop a business process in Excel, then upgrade to a cloud-based web application based on that spreadsheet, so the business process can scale with the growth of the business.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In this case, we relied on a tried-and-true 3-tier architecture: a SQL database, a custom PHP application server-side, and a Javascript Single-Page-Application (SPA) for the front-end.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This provided several advantages over the Excel spreadsheet:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;All input data would be stored in a database&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sales quote generation became automatic&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sales representatives could access the quote tool from the field&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The visual design and information architecture could vary independently from the business logic (separation of concerns)&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;development-features&quot;&gt;Development &amp;amp; Features&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The application itself was structured as a series of 5 web forms that would walk a customer step-by-step through the product selection process, gathering input on each form.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The customer needed to provide a handful of variables in order to ensure they received an accurate quote that would meet their unique needs.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To ensure accuracy and ease of use, the input forms featured input validation with real-time feedback every step of the way, with precise constraints devised by the experts on our client&#x27;s team.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The design was kept minimal and unobtrusive - favoring a function-over-form approach that aligned well with their ideal customer.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;results&quot;&gt;Results&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We delivered a custom web application with cloud hosting provided, on time and on budget. The OxiCat sizing tool helped our client scale their sales efforts more effectively.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Reduced the time &amp;amp; effort required to generate sales quotes&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Established a database for gathering customer input and preferences&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Enabled the sales team to scale up with less friction&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When you work with Sam Heuck Web Development to build a new web or mobile application, we provide you with working software throughout the agile development process. This means you get to test and provide feedback every step of the way.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;video controls&gt;
  &lt;source src=&quot;oxicat_demo.mp4&quot; type=&quot;video&#x2F;mp4&quot;&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;video&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>About Sam</title>
        <published>2025-07-29T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2025-07-29T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Kristi McGarity
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/about/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/about/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/about/">&lt;div class=&quot;teaser&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: var(--colorAccent)&quot;&gt;Sam Heuck Web Development&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;section id=&quot;about&quot; itemscope itemtype=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;schema.org&#x2F;Organization&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;meta itemprop=&quot;name&quot; content=&quot;Sam Heuck&quot;&gt;
At Sam Heuck Web Development, we bring the power of &lt;span itemprop=&quot;Service&quot;&gt;custom web development&lt;&#x2F;span&gt; to small business, in &lt;span itemprop=&quot;AreaServed&quot;&gt; Central Texas&lt;&#x2F;span&gt; and beyond.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We design, build, and host websites and apps to save you time and delight your customers. We help your business show up in search, grow beyond spreadsheets, and replace outdated paper processes. Our concierge support keeps your online presence running smoothly as technology evolves: optimized for search and mobile, fast, secure, on budget and reliable.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Is your website working for you? &lt;a href=&quot;&#x2F;what-we-do&#x2F;&quot;&gt;
Learn more&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; about the power of &lt;a href=&quot;&#x2F;blog&#x2F;the-hand-coded-advantage&#x2F;&quot;&gt; custom code &lt;&#x2F;a&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p class=&quot;tc mt4&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;contact-me button&quot;&gt;Get in touch today!&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;section&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;teaser&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: var(--colorAccent)&quot;&gt;About Sam&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;section id=&quot;about&quot; itemscope itemtype=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;schema.org&#x2F;Person&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;meta itemprop=&quot;name&quot; content=&quot;Sam Heuck&quot;&gt;
Sam is a &lt;span itemprop=&quot;role&quot;&gt;web developer&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;,
IT professional, woodworker and audio engineer. He specializes in custom software development and web hosting, using a variety of open source technologies. He has a passion for the endless pursuit of practical, elegant code.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sam has over 10 years of experience building and supporting custom web software for organizations large and small. He has developed everything from youth sports apps to customized CRMs to large-scale customer loyalty programs with users in the millions.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;His formative years were spent learning about the value of hard work within his family ranching business in Wyoming. He learned to solve problems and be resourceful, traits he puts to use for the benefit of businesses large and small. &lt;a href=&quot;&#x2F;resume&quot;&gt;See Sam&#x27;s Resume&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; for more details on past work.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sam&#x27;s degree is in Music Technology,  and he loves fly fishing and designing custom furniture. He lives near&lt;span itemprop=&quot;address&quot; itemscope itemtype=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;schema.org&#x2F;address&quot;&gt;
&lt;span itemprop=&quot;locality&quot;&gt;Austin&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;,
&lt;span itemprop=&quot;region&quot;&gt;Texas&lt;&#x2F;span&gt; with his wife and business partner Kristi, their son, and two dogs who lack cattle to herd and so have taken to following us around herding all of our code.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;teaser&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;color: var(--colorAccent)&quot;&gt;About Kristi&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;section id=&quot;about&quot; itemscope itemtype=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;schema.org&#x2F;Person&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;meta itemprop=&quot;name&quot; content=&quot;Kristi McGarity&quot;&gt;
Kristi is co-owner of Sam Heuck Web Development. She provides our website checkup service, manages custom development projects, and loves building and debugging websites for small business owners.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Her academic degrees are in music (DMA in Music Composition from the University of Texas at Austin). As a music professor, she founded the Music Technology program at Montana State University, building a new major for aspiring composers and sound engineers, while also managing technology and web applications for the music school.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since 2018, personal and family experience with health care policy led Kristi to join the National Council on Independent Living, where she chairs a workgroup under the Advocacy and Public Policy Committee. She was honored to be a recipient of the 2023 Corey Rowley National Advocacy Award, for efforts organizing access to health care for people with disabilities.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;She produces and engineers custom music as SongInvention, and long before that she made happy synthpop under the name Opposite Day.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Kristi’s affinity for storytelling and stagecraft underlies her work in music, advocacy, and web design. Now with Sam Heuck Web Development, we bring the power of custom website development to tell your story too!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;section&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>The hand-coded advantage</title>
        <published>2025-05-29T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2025-05-29T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/blog/the-hand-coded-advantage/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/blog/the-hand-coded-advantage/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/blog/the-hand-coded-advantage/">&lt;h2 id=&quot;how-do-you-make-your-web-presence&quot;&gt;How do &lt;span class=&quot;accent&quot;&gt;you&lt;&#x2F;span&gt; make your web presence?&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;the-hand-coded-advantage&#x2F;hand-coded-advantage.webp&quot; alt=&quot;The Hand-coded advantage&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;dropcap&quot;&gt;T&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;here is no doubt that presence on the internet is essential for businesses large and small. A website is a business card (and so much more) that can be seen by everyone, everywhere, instantly, without having to pay to have it printed each time someone happens to see it.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sorry to be a &lt;em&gt;Captain Obvious&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; here, but the digital world is overwhelming and complex. In my experience, most entrepreneurs are pretty smart cookies. No pun intended regarding cookies. (Digital cookies are kind of... necessary evils). But even they struggle at times with the truly mind-boggling array of choices that need to be made to do something as seemingly simple as set up a website for their new business.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I imagine they often think to themselves something along the lines of &quot;I don&#x27;t have the time or the desire to learn how to do all of this the right way. Maybe there&#x27;s a shortcut?&quot; and they find themselves turning to tools like Wix, WordPress and WPEngine, SquareSpace, Shopfiy and the like. These services are great at providing easy to use tools for those who need a website, and they have their place. Many of our clients rely on WordPress or Wix for their businesses.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In my experience, however, these tools tend to take up more time in the long run.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Like all technology, and any tool really, the choice to use these tools comes with tradeoffs. On one hand, they provide comforting drag-and-drop editors that let you edit your content yourself without having to even think about the code underneath. In my experience, however, these tools tend to take up more time in the long run. Let me explain.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Websites grow. Websites change over time. What you wanted &quot;yesterday&quot; slowly morphs into something different &quot;tomorrow&quot;. What starts as one page with a few images and some text will inevitably grow into a more complex web of multiple pages, maybe some small widgets that you want to reuse in multiple pages, and the desire for a different experience for a visitor using their phone than someone on their laptop. All of these things on their own are commonplace for websites. But soon you&#x27;ll find yourself repeating the same &quot;drag this image to the center&quot; task on dozens of pages. Or &quot;copy all of this to a temporary page so I can paste it and edit on the new page&quot;. These design tasks take a little bit of time for you to do. But you will end up doing them constantly. All of those little time drag &amp;amp; drops will add up, and suddenly, it&#x27;s nearly 5 o&#x27;clock and all you got done was putting some images on a some pages.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Imagine if, instead of dragging &amp;amp; dropping, you could describe what you want all of your blog posts to look like? Then, instead of clicking and dragging all day, you can go have some meetings with potential customers. And by the time you meet again, Sam Heuck Web Development will have a hand-coded blog set up for you that places all that text, all those widgets, and all those images in the pixel perfect spot on &lt;strong&gt;every single page&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; without you having to lift a finger?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;the-hand-coded-advantage&quot;&gt;The Hand-coded advantage:&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;accent&quot;&gt;Page speed&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pages loading slowly? There&#x27;s nothing faster than a page designed and hand-built by an expert.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;accent&quot;&gt;Precision&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Images and text in weird places on some pages but not others? Hand-built websites offer pixel perfection.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;accent&quot;&gt;Efficiency&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Have dozens of pages that need new images? A hand-coded site allows them to be replaced quickly without affecting your layout&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;accent&quot;&gt;Focus&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Would you rather be dragging around that product image endlessly? Or would you rather be chatting up your next customer? Or improving your product? Let the experts at SHWD help you control your business focus and your time the way you want.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong class=&quot;accent&quot;&gt;Ownership&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When you make a hand-coded website, it is uniquely yours. It represents your brand, your way.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The underrated advantage of hand-coded websites and apps is that nothing beats the precision, speed, and efficient consistency of code. This is what &lt;strong&gt;Sam Heuck &lt;span class=&quot;accent&quot;&gt;Web Development&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; is offering you. Go meet with your next client, and after, sip a margarita while we do the hard work for you. &lt;a class=&quot;contact-me&quot;&gt;Reach out today.&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>Beck Audio Forensics</title>
        <published>2025-04-25T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2025-04-25T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/portfolio/beck-audio-forensics/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/portfolio/beck-audio-forensics/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/portfolio/beck-audio-forensics/">&lt;p&gt;Beck Audio Forensics is a professional audio forensics service offering expert analysis of audio evidence, focusing on gunshots for legal proceedings. The client needed a website that not only reflected their credibility and professionalism but also clearly communicated their services to a target audience of attorneys, law enforcement, and private investigators. The goal was to update their existing site and transform it from a one-pager into a multi-page site with richer content that would improve their visibility in search results.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;flex justify-between-ns flex-wrap&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;w-70&quot;&gt;
  &lt;img src=&quot;BeckAudioForensics-Home-desktop.webp&quot; alt=&quot;Beck Audio Forensics - Desktop Design&quot; &#x2F;&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;w-30&quot;&gt;
  &lt;img src=&quot;BeckAudioForensics-SpeakingEngagements-mobile.webp&quot; alt=&quot;Beck Audio Forensics - Mobile Design&quot; style=&quot;max-height: 475px&quot; &#x2F;&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;goals&quot;&gt;Goals&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;hr &#x2F;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Design a clean, modern, and professional web presence&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Improve information architecture for easier navigation&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Clearly explain services offered and areas of expertise&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Implement contact and inquiry functionality&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Employ SEO best practices&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;the-process&quot;&gt;The Process&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We started by taking some time to better understand the unique world of forensic audio. We identified that many existing sites in this field were focusing on specific niches. Our strategy was to position Beck Audio Forensics as a highly experienced expert in the field, specifically around analyzing audio recordings of gunshots, Beck Audio&#x27;s unique niche.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;our-assumptions&quot;&gt;Our assumptions:&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Visitors often seek validation (credentials, past work, testimonials)&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Content must be legally sensitive and professional&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Visual clarity and simplicity are crucial for credibility&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;design-approach&quot;&gt;Design Approach&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We opted for a minimalist aesthetic with a focus on typography and content clarity. The palette is bold and features high contrast for readability, reflecting the precision and neutrality expected in forensic work.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The homepage was updated and restructured to immediately communicate the core services, experience, and value proposition. Sectional layouts make these key ideas scannable, and make responsive design challenges easier to manage.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;While the brand already had an established aesthetic, we refined its use in digital contexts and paired it with modern typefaces that convey professionalism and clarity.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;development-features&quot;&gt;Development &amp;amp; Features&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;We chose to keep the site hosted with Wix so that
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The client could use more of their budget on content &amp;amp; design&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ease of making content updates as the need arises for the client&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ol&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;We introduced a blog, &quot;Case Notes&quot;, to enable SEO, enhance page rank, and improve lead generation&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;SEO Optimized: Structured data, proper use of meta tags, and more content&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Security: HTTPS setup, spam protection, and secure contact forms&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;results&quot;&gt;Results&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Improved Engagement: Lower bounce rate and longer session durations&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Increased Inquiries: more contact form submissions within the first three months&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Positive Feedback: From both new clients and legal professionals&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This project is an on-going successful collaboration focused on transforming a site which was quickly thrown together into a richer experience for prospective clients. Through thoughtful design and development, Beck Audio Forensics now has a website that supports its unique niche and expands its reach within the forensic audio field.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;media-block&quot;&gt;
  &lt;img class=&quot;ml3 circle-frame&quot; src=&quot;&#x2F;steve_beck_testimonial.webp&quot; width=&quot;100&quot; &#x2F;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&quot;Sam was a real pleasure to work with upgrading my web site. He listened to what I wanted and worked closely with me throughout the development process. He suggested a number of great ideas, and I plan to continue working with him to improve my search scores.&quot;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;-- Steve Beck, Beck Audio Forensics&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;contact-me&quot;&gt;Find out what we can do for your business.&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>Silver Bow Technology Group</title>
        <published>2025-04-25T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2025-04-25T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/portfolio/silver-bow/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/portfolio/silver-bow/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/portfolio/silver-bow/">&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;portfolio&#x2F;silver-bow&#x2F;silver_bow.png&quot; alt=&quot;Silver Bow Technology Group&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Silver Bow Technology Group&#x27;s CRM project came together out of a passion for continuous improvement of their tools and processes. Their aim was to replace an outdated, custom tool that their clients relied upon for organizing their sales efforts. To do this, Sam Heuck Web Development led a software team to design and develop a new, fully custom CRM.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&quot;Sam is a unicorn. He is a leader and a technical expert.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sam is a technical polyglot. Not just with languages, but with all of the interconnected systems that come together to make software actually work. Sam just makes things work - Both with technology and people.&quot;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;-Joe Williamson, Silver Bow Technology Group&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;the-process&quot;&gt;The Process:&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In order to be as efficient as possible with the company&#x27;s limited resources, an agile development process was used. This allowed a small team to produce working software quickly, as well as iterate quickly to develop features with maximum value and impact for the people relying on the software every day.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Silver Bow had a UI design fully developed when the team started work. This enabled the software team to focus on building quality into the software product from the beginning, because many key design and aesthetic choices had already been settled.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;What they didn&#x27;t have was an established practice of building software with agility, or continuously delivering secure, performant, quality code with a predictable cadence.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;goals&quot;&gt;Goals:&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;hr &#x2F;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Establish a professional and transparent software development process&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Replace an outdated, yet critical software component for the business&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Identify and enhance the most impactful features from the original CRM product&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Enable existing users to spend less time juggling data, and more time developing their businesses&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Close security and performance gaps to better enable a smooth transition to a new software product&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;the-approach&quot;&gt;The approach:&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The first step was to gain a thorough understanding of the existing product and how it was used. Software product transitions often fail because key features are removed or diminished, making existing users less willing to adopt the new tools. In order to avoid harming future adoption potential, we worked together to identify the most important aspects of the existing software that users relied on every day. Through a series of meetings, the team broke down the the software into its key parts and made critical decisions based on the intrinsic value of each part of the application. This allowed our team to effectively prioritize the highest value features.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Once the team had a strong understanding of what mattered to users, we dove straight into a formal, lightweight process of agile development. The team, made up of a dedicated product owner, a subject matter expert, and two software engineers, collaborated regularly to ensure the business aspects, user-experience aspects, as well as the technical aspects of the product were well cared for.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;development&quot;&gt;Development:&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The engineering team started by evaluating several options for an effective technology stack given their available skills and experience. This was key, because a team that doesn&#x27;t like their tools will struggle to produce good results.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The chosen stack enabled the team to move quickly with minimal risk of accumulating technical debt. NodeJS paired with a SQL-based RDBMS on the backend, combined with a single-page React application on the frontend, made for a modern approach without being too cutting-edge. This stack was chosen in order to balance implementation risks against bleeding-edge technology risks.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Active development was managed directly, Kanban style, by the team itself, including the all-important role of product owner. The team worked together to write useful requirements in the form of user stories, implement key features, and identify opportunities for improving each and every work cycle.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The development team used modern continuous delivery practices to build and deliver working code to the cloud every sprint. Automation specifically for producing their software product enabled the team to focus on the users and produce quality features.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;results&quot;&gt;Results:&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Over the course of a few months, Silver Bow established a development process that produced a solid foundational architecture for their future product line. Together, we improved the security and performance of their existing product, while at the same time preparing for the next iteration of their next product.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;contact-me&quot;&gt;Care to find out what we can do for your business?&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>What I&#x27;m listening to</title>
        <published>2024-05-11T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2024-05-11T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/blog/what-im-listening-to/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/blog/what-im-listening-to/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/blog/what-im-listening-to/">&lt;h2 id=&quot;what-i-m-listening-to&quot;&gt;What I&#x27;m listening to&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;section class=&quot;teaser&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;media-block&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.snarkypuppy.com&#x2F;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;
    &lt;img src=&quot;&#x2F;snarky_puppy.jpg&quot; width=&quot;250&quot;
        alt=&quot;Dark blue stamp-like drawing of a cocked puppy dog head with very pointy ears, wearing headphones.&quot;
    &gt;
&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Snarky Puppy&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I got to see this group live in Austin, TX in 2023. These musicians are akin to olympic athletes.
They&#x27;re &lt;em&gt;that&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; good on their instruments. Their compositions are creative and unique, and they have a
sound that is unlike any other funky jazz group I have ever heard. If you get a chance, unplug from
your life for an hour and listen to &quot;We Like It Here&quot; from 2014 - start to finish. Or any album really.
Their albums are crafted with an arc that will take your ears on a roller-coaster ride. Preferably
with your favorite beverage in hand.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;media-block&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.jackdejohnette.com&#x2F;discography&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;
    &lt;img src=&quot;&#x2F;InMovement.jpg&quot; width=&quot;250&quot;
        alt=&quot;Album Cover of In Movement by Jack DeJohnette. Swirling black &amp; white brush-strokes.&quot;
    &gt;
&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;In Movement&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I had the amazing privilege of hearing Jack DeJohnette, Ravi Coltrane, and Matt Garrison
play live in Austin, TX. To hear Garrison augment his incredible bass playing with
electronics, Coltrane&#x27;s artful saxophone playing, and DeJohnette&#x27;s always impressive drumming
was a dream come true.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;media-block&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;balmorheamusic.com&#x2F;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;
    &lt;img src=&quot;&#x2F;balmorhea.jpg&quot; width=&quot;250&quot;
        alt=&quot;Album cover of Balmorhea Live at Sint-Elisabethkerk. 4 classical musicians performing beneath an antique,brightly lit chandelier&quot;
    &gt;
&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Balmorhea Live at Sint-Elisabethkerk&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The traditional and unique acoustic style of these two Texas musicians is a delight to listen to.
They write and perform music that &quot;evokes imagery of brilliant landscapes&quot; that fills my spirit and
reminds me of the wide open spaces I grew up in. The tone they achieve with stringed instruments is
the sound of musicians who have mastered the strings. The quality of the recordings, the mix, and the
master is very high, and I often reference their work when thinking about my own style of music
production.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;section&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>The outrage is warranted.</title>
        <published>2024-05-10T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2024-05-10T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/blog/the-outrage-is-warranted/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/blog/the-outrage-is-warranted/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/blog/the-outrage-is-warranted/">&lt;img src=&quot;crushed-guitar.png&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot; alt=&quot;A beautiful acoustic guitar being crushed by a hydraulic press in an Apple ad.&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I am a musician. My instrument is Saxophone. My influences are many, but my sound is informed by a few of the greatest saxophonists who ever played. John Coltrane. Lee Konitz. His contemporary Paul Desmond whose sound was once compared to a &lt;em&gt;dry martini&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; to which he responded, &lt;em&gt;Awww, I always thought it was two dry martinis&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;More specifically, I am a music technologist. Not only do I have the training and skills to write and perform music, but also the ear training, audio engineering knowledge, and digital technology knowledge to create beautiful recordings.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I&#x27;m also a wood worker. When I turn bowls and make bookshelves, I pour myself - my heart, my life force, into my projects.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The wood I use for the art of woodworking was, at one time, a living thing believe it or not. For me, I have found that a profound respect for the medium is required for success in the art form. Wood is a forgiving medium, but it also has a will of its own.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;My aunt, who died of cancer when I was young, was the only musical talent in my family. Her name was Susan. When I was very little, she taught me how to spell by singing little songs to me like: &quot;R - E - D spells red! Red as a tomato head!&quot; while playing this guitar. Her guitar hangs in a place of honor in my living room.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;susans-guitar.jpg&quot; width=&quot;800px&quot; alt=&quot;My Aunt Susan&#x27;s guitar hanging on my living room wall.&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I have some questions. Who made that guitar you destroyed? Who did they make it for? How long did it take to destroy something that took decades of practice for a luthier to learn to build, years to dry the wood, months to mill, assemble and finish the pieces, CENTURIES it took the TREE to grow into the beautiful wood we are graced with... a few seconds for a hydraulic press?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This video of a guitar being made is nearly 2 hours long. I dare you to watch it, and then try to describe the feelings that come up for you when you watch one being crushed. &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.youtube.com&#x2F;watch?v=Dj5RewW11uM&quot;&gt;Watch a Master Luthier Build a Guitar (from scratch)&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Check out this clip of Apple&#x27;s #brilliant ad: &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.youtube.com&#x2F;watch?v=ntjkwIXWtrc&quot;&gt;Crush! | iPad Pro | Apple&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The response is classic internet pitchfork rage. But it is also warranted. What were they thinking?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>Customer Oriented DevOps</title>
        <published>2024-04-18T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2024-04-18T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/blog/customer-oriented-devops/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/blog/customer-oriented-devops/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/blog/customer-oriented-devops/">&lt;img src=&quot;cyborg.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Cyberpunk themed, Half robot, half human typing at a computer desk while plugged in to various futuristic machinery.&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Do DevOps and SRE teams have customers? They must, right? I mean, don&#x27;t they just fix the servers when something breaks?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To put it another way, DevOps successes are invisible, but their failures can be extremely disruptive. Kind of like plumbers.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;How often do you think about plumbers? I would venture to guess that many people only ever interact with a plumber when their pipes freeze and break. At which point, they urgently need attention from a good plumber. But have you ever considered that plumbers, in fact, offer a service, and the complexity of that service is blissfully out-of-sight and out-of-mind?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For example, hospitals would not function if it weren&#x27;t for the efforts of plumbers. They built everything from the pipes to deliver oxygen to the ICU, to the natural gas lines for the backup power generators.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DevOps and DevSecOps are similar in some ways to plumbing. It is sometimes hard to remember what they do day-to-day, and when something goes wrong, they show up to fix problems as quickly as they can. This &lt;em&gt;is&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; a really important part of their jobs.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But look beyond the on-demand support, and you will see the day-to-day services they provide are also essential to the smooth operation of so much of daily life. Just as it takes continuous effort to design, build, and maintain the pipes beneath our houses and roads, so too does it take continuous effort to design, build, and maintain the servers and software delivery pipelines that, for example, enable banks to provide checking accounts.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I would consider myself naive if I thought of my job as a DevOps engineer (a.k.a Digital Plumber) as simply responding to urgent calls to fix broken things. An effective DevOps engineer provides a valuable service to his customers that goes far beyond fixing broken build pipelines.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DevOps and DevSecOps responsibilities are best handled by collaborative teams of technical experts who complement each other&#x27;s skills and knowledge. They also need to be empowered to experiment today in order to get ahead of the inevitable decay and &quot;digital rot&quot; that is a natural process of constant evolution in our highly connected world.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An effective DevOps team is customer oriented, risk aware, collaborative, security conscious, and pragmatic.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;blockquote&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thinking ahead is never easy, but it is an essential service that DevOps teams provide. With input from the business, DevOps teams can plot a path through the technology landscape that will help increase developer productivity, reduce downtime and outages, improve information security for an organization, tackle regulatory requirements, and even reduce stress on software delivery teams.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I would submit that a continuing mission of DevOps is to ensure the stable, day-to-day operation of secure software delivery over long periods of growth, opportunity, and digital evolution for businesses large and small.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The vision for DevOps teams can include ensuring business critical software-based services are available, performing well, appropriately secured, monitored, continuously updated, backed-up, &lt;em&gt;and&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; meeting the needs of their users.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;An effective DevOps team is customer oriented, risk aware, collaborative, security conscious, and pragmatic.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So today, I&#x27;m thinking about how to be customer oriented. Assuming we can accept the premise that DevOps teams are providing a service that goes beyond being on-call, then we can also assume a customer oriented mindset is key to their success. But what does it take to have great customer service?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;First, I think you need to know your customer: software developers. They are one type of customer that DevOps teams need to serve. And I think it&#x27;s important to keep in mind that software teams &lt;em&gt;also&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; need to serve their users and customers. If problems and inefficiencies pop-up with their tools and environments, their users and customers are negatively affected. In order to meet the needs of this ever-evolving customer, DevOps teams need to think deeply about how to balance the needs of the business against the needs of the developers in order to provide top-shelf customer service.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A few years back, I had the good fortune to attend a talk by the one and only Frances Frei. She wrote a book called &quot;Uncommon Service: How to Win by Putting Customers at the Core of Your Business&quot;. One of the themes Miss Frei emphasized in her talk was about being very deliberate and conscious of the trade-offs involved in making choices about customer service. The idea is that if you decide to pursue excellence for every single person who &lt;em&gt;might&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; use your services, then the quality of that service will be mediocre at best. But, if you look at all of your potential customers and make deliberate choices about the type of customer you want to serve, then you are enabled to provide excellent service for some, at the expense of poor or even zero service for others. This is a really powerful concept for the customer oriented team.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This mental model can help direct a team&#x27;s efforts and maximize business impact. For example, let&#x27;s say you want to design a DevOps team to serve your organization. What aspects of DevOps services are important to the business? You can imagine, for example, that if the business values flexibility very highly, then your customers (the dev teams) will need to be able to release code changes very quickly and potentially very often. You can also imagine that if you prioritize flexibility, that may increase risk when it comes to overall stability. In other words, the more code you push, the more work you add to related processes like code review, QA, security verification, and change approval processes. On the other hand, if you prioritize stability and risk management, then you can imagine that flexibility will be much more challenging to accommodate because of the necessary constraints that come with a higher level of scrutiny.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These kinds of tradeoffs vary according to the needs of the business being served. An engineering culture at a startup for example, needs to innovate quickly and likely values flexibility over stability, at least at first. Note that does not mean stability is unimportant, just that when faced with a design or implementation decision, if one improves flexibility but might be more risky, the choice becomes clearer.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, engineering culture in a more strictly regulated industry like financial services values stability, security, and accountability over flexibility. Again, that does not mean flexibility is unimportant, just that if a change improves stability and security at the expense of flexibility, the choice becomes clearer.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The flexibility vs. stability tradeoff is somewhat abstract, but you get the idea. To make the concept of these trade-off decisions more concrete, I want to consider another example.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;DevOps teams provide a valuable service to developers. They are directly involved in provisioning and maintaining the servers that allow developers to package up their software products and deliver them to end-users. When done well, this work reduces the cognitive load on developers by allowing them to delegate the work involved in setting up and troubleshooting their software delivery pipelines.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dev teams, in collaboration with DevOps teams, also try to automate processes like deployment wherever they can. This eliminates the human error introduced by people performing build and test steps manually.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The software tools that enable all of this are constantly evolving. One dev team might start using an automated testing tool that over time, becomes more and more integral to their success. This is a good thing! Automated testing provides early and clear feedback to developers who are trying to produce high quality software and reduce the occurrence of bugs in their product. However, the testing tools themselves also change over time, and they can easily become incompatible with the CI&#x2F;CD (Continuous Integration&#x2F;Continuous Delivery is an important service offering for DevOps teams) pipelines for that project. The reasons for this are numerous, and a topic for another day. What is important for a DevOps team, is that our sophisticated customer has more than one need.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When we endeavor to serve both a growing business &lt;em&gt;and&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; its software development teams, we need to be deliberate about what our service is offering. To take a few examples, I submit the following: to the business, our service offers reliability, stability, security and accountability. To the dev teams, our service offers on-demand support and actionable feedback quickly and constantly.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;What are the trade-offs we need to consider given these offerings? Do we accommodate every methodology and tool for automated testing ever built and thereby force ourselves into providing mediocre service to dev teams? Or do we do as Ms. Frei suggests and choose to be bad at some of them so that we can be great at others. That all depends on the circumstances of your customer.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>Top 10 tools that make me happy</title>
        <published>2022-10-12T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2022-10-12T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/blog/top-10-tools/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/blog/top-10-tools/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/blog/top-10-tools/">&lt;img src=&quot;top-10-tools.jpg&quot; style=&quot;width: auto; height: 80%;&quot; alt=&quot;Workbench and tools&quot; title=&quot;Ahhh. The humble holdfast...&quot; &#x2F;&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;10-git-git&quot;&gt;#10. &lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;top-10-tools&#x2F;git.png&quot; alt=&quot;Git&quot; &#x2F;&gt; &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;git-scm.com&#x2F;&quot;&gt;git&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Happy&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; might be a bit of stretch with this one. So named because when you use it, it makes you feel like a git. But my &lt;em&gt;developer&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; age has granted me the gift of learning git just after it started becoming really popular for all kinds of programming work. I didn&#x27;t need to learn cvs, bitkeeper, svn or mercurial. Writing code of any kind without git is like... taking a unicycle to the grocery store. I could probably make it work (and I have) but once I discovered the car, I sold the unicycle to the nearest circus performer. Okay this analogy may have fell apart a little bit.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;9-vscode-vscode&quot;&gt;#9. &lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;top-10-tools&#x2F;vscode.png&quot; alt=&quot;VSCode&quot; &#x2F;&gt; &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;code.visualstudio.com&#x2F;&quot;&gt;VSCode&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Visual Studio Code is my editor of choice today. The reason it&#x27;s great is the rich and mature extension store that enables it to work with just about any software stack you can manage to think up. I also get a lot of mileage out of the built-in terminal and native git integration. There are many useful built-in features for polyglot, multi-project development work like workspaces and a generic debugger that can hook into any language with the right extensions. I particularly enjoy using the extensions for remote container development because it allows me to keep projects completely isolated from each other without the challenges of setting up network file shares to get access to the code.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;8-tig-tig&quot;&gt;#8. &lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;top-10-tools&#x2F;tig.png&quot; alt=&quot;tig&quot; &#x2F;&gt; &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;jonas.github.io&#x2F;tig&#x2F;&quot;&gt;tig&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gui tools are great, but sometimes it&#x27;s just more convenient to look at something in the tool that is right in front of you. The terminal might as well be the computer for me, so when I find a tool designed for it that helps me get information quickly and easily... well that makes me happy! Tig is a command line tool that can visualize and explore git repository history and diffs right in the command line. It&#x27;s great for jogging my memory on an old repository I&#x27;m coming back to, or for exploring what has been done recently in a project I am unfamiliar with.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;7-three-js-three-js&quot;&gt;#7. &lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;top-10-tools&#x2F;threejs.png&quot; alt=&quot;three.js&quot; &#x2F;&gt; &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;threejs.org&#x2F;editor&#x2F;&quot;&gt;three.js&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There are more JavaScript tools in the world than I can count. But this one really impressed me. three.js enables a web browser to load and visualize CAD files using WebGL. This is a great way to feature that beautiful new product the designers just finished, add lighting effects, animations, and show a product in various environments. It is packaged with a lot of different modules, including &lt;em&gt;Orbit Controls&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; that enable a user to pan, zoom, fly and rotate around a design using their mouse. The library works with webpack and can be easily integrated into any website.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;6-runjs-runjs&quot;&gt;#6. &lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;top-10-tools&#x2F;runjs.svg&quot; alt=&quot;runjs&quot; &#x2F;&gt; &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;runjs.app&#x2F;&quot;&gt;RunJS&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;JavaScript is widely used, across the globe. I imagine that I will never have a programming job that doesn&#x27;t have me working with JavaScript, even just a little bit, at some point. That&#x27;s why I like RunJS. Anytime I need to quickly bang out a couple of lines of js to reassure myself the code does what I think it does, I fire up RunJS. It&#x27;s incredibly useful to have a REPL (read, eval, print loop) in the language you&#x27;re using to test out ideas, remember syntax, write throw-away code, and do experiments. RunJS is feature rich too. It can even load dependencies from NPM so you can refresh your memory on that package API you haven&#x27;t used for a while.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;5-homebrew-homebrew&quot;&gt;#5. &lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;top-10-tools&#x2F;homebrew.png&quot; alt=&quot;homebrew&quot; &#x2F;&gt; &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;brew.sh&#x2F;&quot;&gt;homebrew&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I would venture to say it&#x27;s pretty much impossible to be a software developer on MacOS without using homebrew. It just works. It gives me access to a massive community of software people who are making and maintaining the tools that I rely on every day. It isn&#x27;t a glamorous tool, but it is essential, and works perfectly.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;4-xsv-xsv&quot;&gt;#4. &lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;top-10-tools&#x2F;xsv.png&quot; alt=&quot;xsv&quot; &#x2F;&gt; &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;github.com&#x2F;BurntSushi&#x2F;xsv&quot;&gt;xsv&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If you work with CSV files everyday and you&#x27;re not using xsv, you&#x27;re missing out. &lt;code&gt;xsv&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is a free tool that is ridiculously fast and full of features to read, analyze, and manipulate CSV files. I&#x27;ve personally thrown several GiB (yes, Gigs) of CSV data at xsv and I always get results quickly. This command-line tool beats the heck out of inspecting a CSV by opening it in Excel.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;3-zola-zola&quot;&gt;#3. &lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;top-10-tools&#x2F;zola.png&quot; alt=&quot;zola&quot; &#x2F;&gt; &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.getzola.org&#x2F;&quot;&gt;Zola&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So long Jekyll! I hardly knew ye. Zola is my new favorite static site generator. This website is built with Zola and it makes blogging a breeze. Zola is written in Rust, and that means I have a nice little static binary that just lives right next to my website&#x27;s content. As long as that binary can execute on my machine, I will always be able to build my website, even as the rest of the world chugs along its usual path of constant improvement and updates. It also comes with some really nice features built right in: code syntax highlighting, a link checker that warns of 404s &lt;em&gt;before&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; I deploy updates, and automatic compilation of sass to css.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;2-rust-the-rust-programming-language&quot;&gt;#2. &lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;top-10-tools&#x2F;rust.svg&quot; alt=&quot;rust&quot; &#x2F;&gt; &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.rust-lang.org&#x2F;&quot;&gt;The Rust Programming Language&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I haven&#x27;t used the Rust programming language much yet, but so far, I&#x27;m really enjoying what I&#x27;ve learned. The reasons &lt;em&gt;I&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; like Rust are the well designed tooling for one. The built-in developer tool &lt;code&gt;cargo&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; does everything I need from fetching crates (aka open-source dependencies), running tests, which by the way are integrated directly into the language itself (no need for a separate unit-testing package), and serving as the build-tool for my project. It handles incremental compilation so that I don&#x27;t have to think about it. The Rust language has really helped me learn and grow as a developer because it has forced me into good habits for writing memory safe and thread safe code. It&#x27;s also incredibly fast, has a helpful compiler, and has great editor support in VSCode. Code-completion and documentation are available in the editor which is essential for being productive.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;1-muse-muse&quot;&gt;#1. &lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;top-10-tools&#x2F;museapp.svg&quot; alt=&quot;muse&quot; &#x2F;&gt; &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;museapp.com&#x2F;&quot;&gt;Muse&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is my favorite iPad app for design and thinking. It is an infinite canvas whiteboard that was designed with a unique philosophy. It has a minimalist interface, but it is packed with useful features. It&#x27;s perfect for organizing my thinking because content is stored and presented spatially. It is fun to manipulate content in Muse using an Apple Pencil, and Muse also makes it easy to export that content for sharing. This app is worth every penny - there really isn&#x27;t anything else quite like it.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
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    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>Serve it up with Rust</title>
        <published>2021-08-20T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2021-08-20T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/blog/learning-rust/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/blog/learning-rust/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/blog/learning-rust/">&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;learning-rust&#x2F;crab_cakes.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Crab Cakes&quot; title=&quot;~(_8^(I) mmmm. craaab caaakes...&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;a-fortunate-find&quot;&gt;A fortunate find...&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I recently stumbled on some wonderful material by a guy named Greg Wilson. While I was reading, I saw that he had contributed a chapter to a book (you know, the physical object with paper pages?!) that I happened to have on my shelf. It&#x27;s called &lt;em&gt;500 Lines or Less: Experienced programmers solve interesting problems&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I enjoyed Greg&#x27;s material so much that I decided to see what his chapter was all about. It turns out that he wrote a chapter on building a web server using Python. I thought this might be a good way for me to continue my learning journey with the Rust programming language.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;breaking-down-the-chapter&quot;&gt;Breaking down the chapter&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Some things I know going in&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;I&#x27;m confident in my knowledge of what a web server does&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;I have a firm understanding of TCP&#x2F;IP i.e. I understand connections, network addressing and ports.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;I know what a raw HTTP request looks like&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;I know the parlance of HTTP: e.g. GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, Request, Response, URL etc.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Things I&#x27;m less sure of going in&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;I&#x27;m still a little fuzzy on how memory works in Rust, the ownership and borrowing stuff. I think
this is because most of my experience is with dynamically typed, interpreted, and garbage collected languages.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;With a focus on Rust specifically, here&#x27;s what I will learn&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;How to use some &lt;strong&gt;free code&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; (a dependency) to avoid writing code that parses HTTP and handles network connections&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;How to make it &lt;strong&gt;easier to add features later&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;, a.k.a extensibility&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;How to create a set of functions that &lt;strong&gt;solve the general problem&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; of handling HTTP requests&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;where-i-m-at-with-rust&quot;&gt;Where I&#x27;m at with Rust&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This post is the first time I&#x27;ve tried to get some of my experience working with Rust down on paper. At this point in my journey with Rust, I have read parts of &quot;The Rust Programming Language&quot; - but I haven&#x27;t read it cover-to-cover. I have also written some small, menial programs.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;learning-rust&#x2F;bart_learns_rust.png&quot; alt=&quot;Bart learns rust&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;the-questions&quot;&gt;The questions&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Absorbing some of the knowledge of how to learn is also something I&#x27;ve been doing lately. Another person who has contributed a lot on this topic is &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;jvns.ca&#x2F;blog&#x2F;2018&#x2F;09&#x2F;01&#x2F;learning-skills-you-can-practice&#x2F;&quot;&gt;Julia Evans&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;. In particular, she has written about using questions to hone in on what you don&#x27;t understand. In thinking about how to apply some of those techniques to my own learning, I&#x27;m making note of my questions throughout this mini-project.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;One interesting thing about some of these questions is that they came to mind while working with Rust in the code editor. The compiler nudged me in various directions that led me to some of these questions.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;learning-rust&#x2F;#q1&quot;&gt;How is this program going to speak HTTP and handle network connections?&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;learning-rust&#x2F;#q2&quot;&gt;Why isn&#x27;t this method call working... what is an associated function?&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;learning-rust&#x2F;#q3&quot;&gt;What&#x27;s a simple way to return some static HTML?&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;learning-rust&#x2F;#q4&quot;&gt;What&#x27;s a &lt;code&gt;std::io::Cursor&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;?&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;learning-rust&#x2F;#q5&quot;&gt;Who &quot;owns&quot; the request?&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;learning-rust&#x2F;#q6&quot;&gt;What is a lifetime parameter and why do I need it?&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;learning-rust&#x2F;#q7&quot;&gt;Can I avoid lifetime annotations in this project?&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;learning-rust&#x2F;#q8&quot;&gt;Can I avoid creating a new instance of the request handler for every request?&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;learning-rust&#x2F;#q9&quot;&gt;In Rust, how do I do &quot;duck typing&quot;?&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;learning-rust&#x2F;#q10&quot;&gt;What is &lt;code&gt;Box&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; and how is it used?&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;learning-rust&#x2F;#q11&quot;&gt;It compiles, but how do I know it works?&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ol&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;how-to-write-less-code-crates&quot;&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;q1&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; How to write less code? Crates!&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It is &quot;500 lines or less&quot; after all.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I know that HTTP is a solved problem. Receiving HTTP requests from HTTP clients, de-serializing those requests, and sending the responses back down the wire are common to every interaction a client has with a server. Writing a parser to turn an HTTP request into an &quot;object&quot; in my program is biting off more than I want to chew for this mini-project.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the Python programming language, the http package is included in the standard library. The solution in the book uses &lt;code&gt;BaseHTTPServer&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;. A quick check of the docs for Rust reveals that its standard library doesn&#x27;t come with an http module. But I bet there are lots of Rust crates written by developers all over the world that solve this problem. So, how do I select a crate that will meet my needs?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A suitable crate will need to handle network connections to and from the client, and provide the HTTP APIs I need. With this in mind, it&#x27;s time to go shopping on crates.io! Who doesn&#x27;t love shopping?!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;searching-for-a-suitable-http-crate&quot;&gt;Searching for a suitable HTTP crate&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Searching crates.io with keywords like &lt;code&gt;http&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;web server&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;http server&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; shows lots of options. There are a lot of crates to choose from. How to narrow it down?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When selecting any dependency my goal is to find just the right package &lt;em&gt;given the context&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;. This mini-project is low stakes and its purpose is for me to learn some specific things. I want to choose a dependency that is appropriate for the context.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The context is: a personal mini-project I&#x27;m using in order to learn some things about the Rust programming language.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I&#x27;m going to need to eliminate some options.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Here are some guidelines I can think of straight away:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Some of the crates solve problems I don&#x27;t have&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Some of the crates are small and only solve parts of my problem&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Some of the crates are feature-rich and have features I don&#x27;t need, and&#x2F;or would be time consuming to learn&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I can also think about this in terms of risk. The risk profile for this project is considerably different than the one I might think about for a more serious project. What might actually be a benefit of any given dependency in a serious project might in fact be a risk in &lt;em&gt;this&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; project. Even a project like this has risks - after all, my free time listening to music with a tasty beverage is at stake!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So what are the risks specific to this project?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;table class=&quot;w-100 mw8 center pv4 f5&quot;&gt;
  &lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;th&gt;Risk&lt;&#x2F;th&gt;
    &lt;th&gt;Level&lt;&#x2F;th&gt;
    &lt;th&gt;Mitigation&lt;&#x2F;th&gt;
  &lt;&#x2F;tr&gt;
  &lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;1. Written by people I don&#x27;t know&lt;&#x2F;td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Minor&lt;&#x2F;td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Research the authors, read the source code&lt;&#x2F;td&gt;
  &lt;&#x2F;tr&gt;
  &lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;2. Written as components of larger frameworks &lt;super&gt;*&lt;&#x2F;super&gt;&lt;&#x2F;td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Major&lt;&#x2F;td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Avoid&lt;&#x2F;td&gt;
  &lt;&#x2F;tr&gt;
  &lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;3. Has Lots of dependencies on other crates&lt;&#x2F;td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Minor&lt;&#x2F;td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Do nothing&lt;&#x2F;td&gt;
  &lt;&#x2F;tr&gt;
  &lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;4. Has &quot;pre-1.0&quot; dependencies&lt;&#x2F;td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Minor&lt;&#x2F;td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Try it out, but switch to something else if necessary&lt;&#x2F;td&gt;
  &lt;&#x2F;tr&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;table&gt;
&lt;small&gt;
&lt;p&gt;* &lt;em&gt;Might mean they will be difficult to integrate into my mini-project, they might also change down the road, which might break my little web-server when I update my dependencies&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;small&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;To get specific:&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;hr &#x2F;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;reqwest&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; - a &quot;higher level HTTP client library&quot; solves a problem I don&#x27;t have - I&#x27;m building a server, not a client&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;http-types&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; - too small for this project as it solves getting an object to work with but it doesn&#x27;t manage the networking stuff&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;http-connection&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; - also too small for this project - it solves the networking stuff but not the parsing&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;I know I&#x27;m &lt;em&gt;not&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; going to be doing asynchronous stuff, so even though it&#x27;s incredibly cool and worth learning about, anything that depends on &lt;code&gt;Tokio&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is not a fit for my mini-project&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;actix-http&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; looks very promising but it&#x27;s a component of a larger framework - the &quot;Actix Ecosystem&quot; (Also incredibly cool) and not a fit given risk #2&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Oooh &lt;code&gt;hyper&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; looks promising too: &quot;A fast and correct http library&quot; - but it&#x27;s asynchronous which means it depends on &lt;code&gt;Tokio&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; - not a fit for this context&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;web_server&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; - getting a LOT closer, but this one includes an API for routing requests, which isn&#x27;t quite what I&#x27;m looking for&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;webby&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; - the API looks good but the only author is a game developer from Amsterdam who wrote it just for kicks&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;w-50 center&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Or, as my son William would say...&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;learning-rust&#x2F;william_yeet.gif&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Hmm... I want to take a look at &lt;code&gt;tiny-http&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;It&#x27;s written to be compliant with the HTTP standard&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;It accepts and manages connections&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;It parses requests which means I will get relevant objects to work with&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;It has an active repository owner and more than one contributor&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;It has relatively stable dependencies that make sense given the problem being solved&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;A cursory scan of the source code itself reveals nothing strange or glaringly out of place&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I think we have a winner!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;learning-to-use-the-selected-crate&quot;&gt;Learning to use the selected crate&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Time to get the example from &lt;code&gt;tiny_http&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&#x27;s README working. After initializing a new rust project and adding &lt;code&gt;tiny_http&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; as a dependency in &lt;code&gt;Cargo.toml&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;, I got to work creating a web server.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;extern crate&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; tiny_http &lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F;v0.8.2&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;use&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; tiny_http&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Server;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; Run this, and visit localhost:8000&#x2F;foo with a browser, OR&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; make a get request using curl or httpie&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; main&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; server&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Server&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;http&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;127.0.0.1:8000&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;unwrap&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  for&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; in&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; server&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;incoming_requests&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;    println!&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;{}&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;url&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;());&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Under the hood, tiny_http takes care of creating network sockets and provides APIs with &lt;code&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Response&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Header&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; &lt;code&gt;Method&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;StatusCode&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; types. This will do nicely to play the role of &lt;em&gt;Python&#x27;s &lt;code&gt;BaseHttpServer&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; That&#x27;s my first question solved!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, I don&#x27;t have a &lt;code&gt;BaseHttpRequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;, like the program from Chapter 22 of the book. I guess I&#x27;ll have to write one because I need a way to handle requests coming from clients. I&#x27;ll start by doing something more interesting in &lt;code&gt;main&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;. In addition to sending some more useful info to the console via stdout, I will pass requests to a &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;for&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; in&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; server&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;incoming_requests&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;  println!&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;method: {:?}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;url: {:?}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;user-agent: {:?}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;method&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(),&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;url&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(),&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;headers&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()[&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;1&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;]&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;value&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  );&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;  &#x2F;&#x2F; Doesn&amp;#39;t compile yet.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(request)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;handle_request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I&#x27;m learning to read the compiler output, so I like to run &lt;code&gt;cargo build&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; a lot in order to train my eyeballs to look at the useful data coming out of the compiler. I know this won&#x27;t compile yet because I haven&#x27;t implemented this type yet, but it&#x27;s giving me good practice - like practicing free-throws on the basketball court.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;plain&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;error[E0433]: failed to resolve: use of undeclared type `RequestHandler`&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  --&amp;gt; src&#x2F;main.rs:78:24&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;78 |         let response = RequestHandler::new(request).handle_request();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |                        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ use of undeclared type `RequestHandler`&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So here&#x27;s an implementation that might work. For now, I&#x27;m just going to print something.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;use&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; tiny_http&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Server&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;};&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;struct&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;impl&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; Self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;    RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;      request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  pub fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; handle_request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;    println!&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;handling request...&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;plain&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;error[E0599]: no method named `handle_request` found for struct `RequestHandler` in the current scope&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  --&amp;gt; src&#x2F;main.rs:85:53&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;20 | struct RequestHandler {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   | --------------------- method `handle_request` not found for this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;...&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;85 |         let response = RequestHandler::new(request).handle_request();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |                        -----------------------------^^^^^^^^^^^^^^&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |                        |                            |&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |                        |                            this is an associated function, not a method&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |                        help: use associated function syntax instead: `RequestHandler::handle_request`&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   = note: found the following associated functions; to be used as methods, functions must have a `self` parameter&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;note: the candidate is defined in an impl for the type `RequestHandler`&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  --&amp;gt; src&#x2F;main.rs:31:5&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;31 |     fn handle_request() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;q2&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So why isn&#x27;t this method working... wait what is an &lt;em&gt;&quot;associated function&quot;&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;? Running a search...&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;From &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;doc.rust-lang.org&#x2F;book&#x2F;ch05-03-method-syntax.html#associated-functions&quot;&gt;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;doc.rust-lang.org&#x2F;book&#x2F;ch05-03-method-syntax.html#associated-functions&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;small&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;... Another useful feature of impl blocks is that we’re allowed to define functions within impl blocks that don’t take self as a parameter. These are called associated functions because they’re associated with the struct.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Oh right - I forgot. Method syntax in Rust requires the first parameter of the method to be &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;self&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; - a reference to the struct the method belongs to. But it&#x27;s &lt;em&gt;also&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; possible to omit &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;self&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; which is called an &quot;associated function&quot;. Associated functions have to be called with a different syntax: &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler::handle_request()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;. Adding the &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;self&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; param and moving right along...&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The simplest design I can think to start with is to have the &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; return &lt;code&gt;tiny_http::Response&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; objects. It looks like the &lt;code&gt;tiny_http::Request&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; has a method called &lt;code&gt;respond()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; which takes a &lt;code&gt;Response&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; instance as an argument. So my request handler just needs to return &lt;code&gt;Response&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; Leaving off the semicolon for expressions that are being returned means the &lt;code&gt;return&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; keyword can be omitted.)&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; Doesn&amp;#39;t compile - the return type ( -&amp;gt; Response ) isn&amp;#39;t right&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; handle_request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;  Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;plain&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;error[E0107]: missing generics for struct `Response`&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  --&amp;gt; src&#x2F;main.rs:31:37&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;31 |     pub fn handle_request(&amp;amp;self) -&amp;gt; Response {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |                                     ^^^^^^^^ expected 1 generic argument&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;q3&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So I need to learn how &lt;code&gt;tiny_http::Response&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; types work. How do I create one? Looking at the docs shows a few different ways of creating a &lt;code&gt;Response&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;Response::from_string()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; looks like it will do the trick. What is the type signature of its return? &lt;code&gt;Response&amp;lt;std::io::Cursor&amp;lt;Vec&amp;lt;u8&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;q4&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I know what a &lt;code&gt;Vec&amp;lt;u8&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is, but what is a &lt;code&gt;std::io::Cursor&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;? To the docs I go!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;From &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;doc.rust-lang.org&#x2F;std&#x2F;io&#x2F;index.html#structs&quot;&gt;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;doc.rust-lang.org&#x2F;std&#x2F;io&#x2F;index.html#structs&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;small&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cursors are used with in-memory buffers, anything implementing AsRef&amp;lt;[u8]&amp;gt;, to allow them to implement Read and&#x2F;or Write, allowing these buffers to be used anywhere you might use a reader or writer that does actual I&#x2F;O.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Sounds good to me. I don&#x27;t think I have a compelling reason to use anything other than a buffer of bytes to respond to requests. And now I know how to return some static HTML!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; handle_request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Cursor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Vec&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;u8&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;    Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;from_string&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&amp;lt;body&amp;gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Hello web!&amp;lt;&#x2F;h1&amp;gt;&amp;lt;&#x2F;body&amp;gt;&amp;lt;&#x2F;html&amp;gt;&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So that function compiles (no red squiggles in my editor!), &lt;em&gt;but&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; back in &lt;code&gt;main&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;, the compiler is not happy.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;plain&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;error[E0382]: use of moved value: `request`&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  --&amp;gt; src&#x2F;main.rs:85:9&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;77 |     for request in server.incoming_requests() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |         ------- move occurs because `request` has type `Request`, which does not implement the `Copy` trait&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;...&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;84 |         let response = RequestHandler::new(request).handle_request();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |                                            ------- value moved here&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;85 |         request.respond(response).unwrap();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |         ^^^^^^^ value used here after move&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;q5&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So... my first stab at this threw me right into learning about ownership. Which brings me to the next question. Which function actually &lt;em&gt;owns&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; the request?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Requests are sent by clients into a network socket which is managed internally by the &lt;code&gt;server&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; variable. The method &lt;code&gt;incoming_requests()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is an iterator over the requests that are received - so it is creating &lt;code&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; objects and then handing them over.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; main&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; server&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Server&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;http&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;127.0.0.1:8000&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;unwrap&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    for&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; in&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; server&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;incoming_requests&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;        println!&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;method: {:?}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;url: {:?}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;user-agent: {:?}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;\n&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;            request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;method&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(),&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;            request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;url&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(),&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;            request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;headers&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()[&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;1&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;]&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;value&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        );&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(request)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;handle_request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;respond&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(response)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;unwrap&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So when this for loop completes an iteration, the &lt;code&gt;request&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; variable goes out of scope and gets dropped. In other words, the memory that the for loop is keeping track of for the &lt;code&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; objects it creates gets cleared out after &lt;code&gt;request.respond()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; method returns.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At least for now in this program, I&#x27;m going to make a mental note and think of &lt;code&gt;main&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; as having ownership of the requests. (Although it&#x27;s more like the for loop itself has ownership.)&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Taking a closer look at the &lt;code&gt;tiny_http::Request.respond()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; method, I see the function signature is:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;pub fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; respond&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;R&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;mut&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;R&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Result&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;(),&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; IoError&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  where&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; R&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Read&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Because the response parameter in the function signature is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; a reference (there&#x27;s no &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; character), I can say that it consumes the response. It takes ownership of it. This makes sense because after the response is sent back to the client, there is no need to keep it hanging around in memory. The program is done with it. So it gets freed when &lt;code&gt;respond()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; finishes its work.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Having a mental model for ownership and borrowing really helps when writing Rust. This explanation works well for me: &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http:&#x2F;&#x2F;intorust.com&#x2F;tutorial&#x2F;ownership&#x2F;&quot;&gt;intorust.com - Ownership&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; - or a more detailed explanation here: &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;youtu.be&#x2F;9wOzjbgRoNU?t=766&quot;&gt;youtube - Rust Ownership&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A quick and dirty way to think of ownership and borrowing translated directly into code is:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Borrowing Basics&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;name: String&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;: owned value. freed when it goes out of scope. &quot;Consumed&quot;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;name: &amp;amp;String&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;: borrowed (a.k.a shared) reference. &quot;Many readers, no writers&quot;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;code&gt;name &amp;amp;mut String&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;: mutable reference. &quot;exactly 1 writer, no outside readers&quot;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;With this in mind, I take another look at my implementation of the request handler.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;struct&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;impl&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; Self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;        RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;            request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; handle_request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Cursor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Vec&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;u8&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;        Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;from_string&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&amp;lt;body&amp;gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Hello web!&amp;lt;&#x2F;h1&amp;gt;&amp;lt;&#x2F;body&amp;gt;&amp;lt;&#x2F;html&amp;gt;&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There is no &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; character on the &lt;code&gt;request&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;. The &lt;code&gt;new()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; function consumes (or expects to take ownership of) the request. This is a problem because back in &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;request.respond()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is called next.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since &lt;code&gt;request&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is not borrowed by the handler, it can&#x27;t be given back to &lt;code&gt;main()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; so that &lt;code&gt;request.respond()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; can be called.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The way it is currently written, the expectation is that the handler will be responsible for freeing &lt;code&gt;request&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; whenever it goes out of scope.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I could try to use &lt;code&gt;clone()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; in this situation to make a byte-for-byte, deep copy of the request, but that seems like it would use more memory than necessary. It would be inefficient.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The thing to do then, is to pass a reference so that &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; can borrow the request. There should be no need to change (or mutate) the data within the request itself, so it doesn&#x27;t need to be mutable. That means I could pass it around to as many functions as needed. This would be the &quot;many readers&quot; case for borrowing.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;request)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;handle_request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A reference to a value has a different &lt;em&gt;type&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; than an owned value. So the &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; struct also has to be changed to accept a &lt;code&gt;ref&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; type.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;struct&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;: &amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;plain&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;error[E0106]: missing lifetime specifier&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  --&amp;gt; src&#x2F;main.rs:21:14&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;21 |     request: &amp;amp;Request,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |              ^ expected named lifetime parameter&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;help: consider introducing a named lifetime parameter&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;20 | struct RequestHandler&amp;lt;&amp;#39;a&amp;gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;21 |     request: &amp;amp;&amp;#39;a Request,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Why &lt;em&gt;thank you&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; compiler! I think I will introduce a named lifetime parameter... just as soon as I figure out what that means. I guess you want me to do this...? A little sprinkling of &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;&#x27;a&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;&#x27;a&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;struct&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;a&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;: &amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;a tiny_http&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;impl&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;a&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;a&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;: &amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;a tiny_http&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; Self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;        RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;            request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;: &amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; -- snip --&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;q6&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;What &lt;em&gt;is&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; this &quot;lifetime parameter&quot; thing?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Wait a minute. Before I dive into that, I just noticed something. This is the first time this program has compiled without &lt;em&gt;any&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; errors! So before I do anything else, I&#x27;m going to celebrate; I&#x27;m going to send a real-life, honest-to-goodness http request to this newly minted http server.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Using &lt;code&gt;cargo run&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; to start the server, and a lovely http client called &lt;code&gt;httpie&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; to make the request, I hereby claim a small but well deserved &lt;em&gt;victory&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;plain&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;~ http get 127.0.0.1:8000&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;HTTP&#x2F;1.1 200 OK&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Content-Length: 45&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Content-Type: text&#x2F;plain; charset=UTF-8&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Date: Sat, 18 Sep 2021 20:41:44 GMT&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Server: tiny-http (Rust)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&amp;lt;body&amp;gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Hello web!&amp;lt;&#x2F;h1&amp;gt;&amp;lt;&#x2F;body&amp;gt;&amp;lt;&#x2F;html&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;~&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;-- VICTORY DANCE --&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At this point, I have answered 5 of my questions. I now know:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;This program will speak HTTP using the &lt;code&gt;tiny_http&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; crate&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Method versus associated function syntax in Rust&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;How to return some static HTML&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;That a &lt;code&gt;std::io::Cursor&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is a chunk of memory that can be read like a file&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;That the &lt;code&gt;main&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; function has ownership of the request instances&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I also find that taking notice of small victories throughout the learning process is helpful. This is one reason why it&#x27;s helpful to keep the program runnable as I go. Making sure things compile along the way as I add new code can be tricky when I don&#x27;t know exactly what I want the program to do yet. Little tricks like just printing something in a function that isn&#x27;t finished yet can sometimes be helpful. Or in the case of this server, just getting out a single, hard-coded HTTP response. Setting an overly-simplified, tiny goal that uses the minimal amount of functionality possible to get to a runnable program is especially helpful when learning something new.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So. &lt;em&gt;Lifetimes.&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;From &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;doc.rust-lang.org&#x2F;book&#x2F;ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html&quot;&gt;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;doc.rust-lang.org&#x2F;book&#x2F;ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;small&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;...every reference in Rust has a lifetime, which is the scope for which that reference is valid. Most of the time, lifetimes are implicit and inferred, just like most of the time, types are inferred. We must annotate types when multiple types are possible. In a similar way, we must annotate lifetimes when the lifetimes of references could be related in a few different ways. Rust requires us to annotate the relationships using generic lifetime parameters to ensure the actual references used at runtime will definitely be valid.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So... because the request being handled is now a &lt;em&gt;reference&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; (&lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;request&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; instead of &lt;code&gt;request&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;), I have to tell the compiler how that reference relates to the object that borrows it. Lifetime annotations can usually be inferred. In many cases they are filled in for me, magically by the compiler, at compile time. But, in this case, the compiler needs a lifetime annotation. (Somewhere in the back of my mind I wonder if that can be avoided...)&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I&#x27;m passing a reference to the incoming request to my &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;. I have already established that &lt;code&gt;main&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; owns the request. Which means any function that needs access to the request, needs to borrow it from &lt;code&gt;main&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;. So what is the relationship between the request and the request &lt;em&gt;handler&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;? Also, what function owns &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;? What &lt;em&gt;should&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; own &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It makes sense that the &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; would need to be hanging around in memory &lt;em&gt;at least&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; as long as the request itself. Does it also make sense that when the request is freed, the request handler no longer serves a purpose, so it could also be freed?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As currently written, the lifetime annotations that were added to &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; specify that the reference to the request has a lifetime of &lt;code&gt;&#x27;a&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;. Because the &lt;code&gt;struct&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; holds onto that reference, it &lt;em&gt;also&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; needs a lifetime of &lt;code&gt;&#x27;a&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;, and so does the &lt;code&gt;impl&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the &lt;code&gt;new()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; function, the relationship between the &lt;code&gt;request&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; reference and the &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; becomes visually very clear. The lifetime annotations are explicitly tying the two together. Those &lt;code&gt;&#x27;a&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; annotations are saying that these two things need to stick around in memory for exactly the same amount of time.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&#x27;q7&#x27;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;
&lt;a name=&#x27;q8&#x27;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But wait a minute... the web server needs to handle a whole bunch of requests. Requests will be coming in constantly - the job of the &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is to figure out how to respond to any request that gets sent its way.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So wouldn&#x27;t it make more sense for the &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; to outlive the request? Wouldn&#x27;t it be better for it to stick around longer in memory so that it can also handle subsequent requests?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Then, ideally, &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; would have the same lifetime as the &lt;em&gt;server&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;. The server already outlives the requests, and so should the &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since &lt;code&gt;main&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; owns the &lt;code&gt;tiny_http::Server&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;, then, &lt;code&gt;main&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; also needs to own the &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;. When the entire process exits, &lt;code&gt;Server&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; will be freed.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;That is starting to sound closer to what I want. Rather than specifying matching lifetimes between a &lt;code&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; object and a &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; object, it sounds much better to have matching lifetimes between a &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; and the &lt;code&gt;Server&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;. The individual requests should be freed after a response is sent, but the handler will still be alive and kicking, reading requests and returning responses.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Here&#x27;s what &lt;code&gt;main&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; looks like right now:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; main&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; server&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Server&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;http&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;127.0.0.1:8000&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;unwrap&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    for&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; in&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; server&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;incoming_requests&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;        &#x2F;&#x2F; -- snip --&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;request)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;handle_request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;respond&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(response)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;unwrap&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A new &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is created inside the loop - which means a new one gets created every time a client makes a request. That&#x27;s why they have the same lifetime! Also, it could be inefficient to create a brand new handler every single time a request is received. &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler::new()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is in the wrong spot.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The handler needs to be owned by &lt;code&gt;main&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; just like &lt;code&gt;server&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;, therefore it needs to be created outside of the loop.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This will also mean that instead of passing the &lt;code&gt;&amp;amp;request&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;new()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;, it needs to be passed to the &lt;code&gt;handle_request()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; method on the &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; main&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; server&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; tiny_http&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Server&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;http&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;127.0.0.1:8000&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;unwrap&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; handler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    for&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; in&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; server&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;incoming_requests&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;        &#x2F;&#x2F; -- snip --&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; handler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;handle_request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;request);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;respond&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(response)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;unwrap&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is much closer to to how the server is initialized in the Python example from &lt;em&gt;500 Lines Or Less&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In Python, using the &lt;code&gt;http.server&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; module looks like this:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;def&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; run&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(server_class&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;=&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;HTTPServer, handler_class&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;=&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;BaseHTTPRequestHandler):&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    server_address&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; (&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; 8000&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    httpd&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; server_class(server_address, handler_class)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    httpd.serve_forever()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the above Python snippet, The &lt;code&gt;handler_class&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; parameter is passed to the server. It must exist in memory for as long as &lt;code&gt;server_class&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; exists in memory.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Now that the relationship (lifetimes) between an incoming &lt;code&gt;request&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; and the &lt;code&gt;handler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; have been separated, the &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; struct no longer needs to have a request field.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The compiler can then infer lifetimes again, and the &lt;code&gt;&#x27;a&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; annotations are no longer necessary. Woo hoo!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Here&#x27;s what the implementation looks like now:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;struct&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;impl&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; Self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;        RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; handle_request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;: &amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Cursor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Vec&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;u8&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;        Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;from_string&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&amp;lt;body&amp;gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Hello web!&amp;lt;&#x2F;h1&amp;gt;&amp;lt;&#x2F;body&amp;gt;&amp;lt;&#x2F;html&amp;gt;&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At this point, the small goal of returning a hard-coded bit of HTML has been met. So now I need to move on to adding some more functionality to this server. Right now it&#x27;s useless. It&#x27;s time to change that!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;q9&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;adapting-the-concepts-from-python-to-rust&quot;&gt;Adapting the concepts from Python to Rust&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is where the fun begins!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In reading a bit more of the chapter of the book, I noticed a pattern. The general idea is that the server needs to respond to a handful of different scenarios. For example, in one case, an incoming request could be for a specific file. In another case, it could be a directory. In either case, the web server needs to decide what to do. Both of these cases have two things in common. The server needs to decide if the request can be handled, and then it needs to handle it by creating an appropriate response.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Each case is represented as its own class. The classes for every case all have the same two functions &lt;code&gt;test()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;act()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;. &lt;code&gt;test()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; determines if the request &lt;em&gt;can&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; be handled and &lt;code&gt;act()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; does the work of responding to the request. Because these two functions are common to multiple classes, this feels like a concept called &quot;duck typing&quot;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;From &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;docs.python.org&#x2F;3&#x2F;glossary.html#term-duck-typing&quot;&gt;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;docs.python.org&#x2F;3&#x2F;glossary.html#term-duck-typing&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;small&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;duck-typing&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A programming style which does not look at an object’s type to determine if it has the right interface; instead, the method or attribute is simply called or used (“If it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it must be a duck.”) By emphasizing interfaces rather than specific types, well-designed code improves its flexibility by allowing polymorphic substitution.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So, how do I do duck-typing in Rust? The first language feature that immediately comes to mind is the &lt;code&gt;trait&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;. Rust traits are a lot like &lt;code&gt;interface&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; in other languages. Traits tell that &lt;del&gt;persnickety&lt;&#x2F;del&gt; detail-oriented compiler that an &lt;code&gt;impl&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; &lt;em&gt;is required&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; to have certain functions. Traits enable polymorphism in Rust. So I think I need a trait.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;trait&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; HandleRequest&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; can_handle&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;: &amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; bool&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt; &#x2F;&#x2F; my chosen name for test()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; handle&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;: &amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Cursor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Vec&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;u8&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt; &#x2F;&#x2F; my chosen name for act()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So, to take the case: &quot;get me a static file please&quot;, I need an &lt;code&gt;impl&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; to be in charge of handling that case. I&#x27;ll use a &lt;code&gt;struct&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; and an &lt;code&gt;impl&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; to create a type for the static file case, as well as an implementation for the trait I already wrote.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since the interface for handling a request only needs to be able to read the request, read it but not change it, the request can be borrowed as an immutable reference.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(Note: &lt;code&gt;todo!()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is a helpful macro when stubbing out code structure).&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; Side-note, a struct declaration without braces is known as a &amp;#39;Unit Struct&amp;#39;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; &amp;#39;Unit structs&amp;#39; are 0 bytes in size, evaluate to `()` and are used&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; when a trait needs to be implemented, but there is no need to store&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; any data or fields.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;struct&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; StaticFile&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;impl&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; HandleRequest&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; for&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; StaticFile&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; can_handle&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, _&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;: &amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;tiny_http&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; bool&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;        todo!&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; handle&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, _&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;: &amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;tiny_http&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; tiny_http&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;std&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;io&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Cursor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;std&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;vec&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Vec&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;u8&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;        todo!&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Next, I need to loop over all the various cases, calling &lt;code&gt;can_handle()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;handle()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;. While I&#x27;m at it, I&#x27;m going to change &lt;code&gt;handle_request()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; so that it can delegate the handling of incoming requests to another function that is specific to the kind of HTTP request being handled.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I&#x27;m not thinking about PUT, POST, or DELETE requests yet, but web servers do need to know what to do with those. Delegating will be better because handling all of those different kinds of requests in one function could get messy. This will also follow more closely with the structure of the Python example from the book.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;impl&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; -- snip --&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; handle_request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;: &amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Cursor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Vec&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;u8&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  match&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;method&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;      Method&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Get&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;handle_get&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(request),&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;      _&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; panic!&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; handle_get&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;: &amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Cursor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Vec&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;u8&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  for&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; case&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; in&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;handlers&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;iter&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    if&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; case&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;can_handle&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(request) {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;      let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; case&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;handle&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(request);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;      return&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; response;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I enjoy using pattern matching (the &lt;code&gt;match&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; keyword) in Rust - it&#x27;s a satisfying language feature.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Don&#x27;t send a POST request lest you crash the server! &lt;code&gt;panic!()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is a placeholder for now - I&#x27;ll figure out what to do with that later.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I&#x27;ll also need a &lt;code&gt;handlers&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; field to hold a collection of the objects for each of the cases. For now, it will just hold the &lt;code&gt;StaticFile&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; case, but there will be other cases, like file not found for example.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;struct&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  handlers&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Vec&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;dyn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; HandleRequest&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;impl&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; Self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; cases&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Vec&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;dyn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; HandleRequest&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; vec!&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;            StaticFile&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        ];&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;        RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;            handlers&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; cases&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;  &#x2F;&#x2F; -- snip --&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;plain&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;error[E0277]: the size for values of type `(dyn HandleRequest + &amp;#39;static)` cannot be known at compilation time&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   --&amp;gt; src&#x2F;main.rs:21:15&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    |&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;21  |     handlers: Vec&amp;lt;dyn HandleRequest&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    |               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ doesn&amp;#39;t have a size known at compile-time&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    |&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is one crux of doing duck-typing in Rust. The compiler needs to know how much memory objects will take up. But in this case, the objects stored in &lt;code&gt;handlers&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; aren&#x27;t all the same type, they just share the same interface. I wonder what the Rust book has to say on this topic... To the Book!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;From &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;doc.rust-lang.org&#x2F;book&#x2F;ch17-02-trait-objects.html&quot;&gt;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;doc.rust-lang.org&#x2F;book&#x2F;ch17-02-trait-objects.html&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;small&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;...create a trait object by specifying some sort of pointer, such as a &amp;amp; reference or a Box&lt;T&gt; smart pointer, then the dyn keyword, and then specifying the relevant trait.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;q10&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;
So I need to put each case in a &lt;code&gt;Box&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;. Fair enough. What exactly is a &lt;code&gt;Box&amp;lt;T&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;From &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;doc.rust-lang.org&#x2F;book&#x2F;ch15-01-box.html&quot;&gt;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;doc.rust-lang.org&#x2F;book&#x2F;ch15-01-box.html&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;small&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The most straightforward smart pointer is a box, whose type is written Box&lt;T&gt;. Boxes allow you to store data on the heap rather than the stack. What remains on the stack is the pointer to the heap data.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;You’ll use them most often in these situations:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;When you have a type whose size can’t be known at compile time and you want to use a value of that type in a context that requires an exact size&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;When you have a large amount of data and you want to transfer ownership but ensure the data won’t be copied when you do so&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;When you want to own a value and you care only that it’s a type that implements a particular trait rather than being of a specific type&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Of the above common use-cases for &lt;code&gt;Box&amp;lt;T&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;, the first and third apply to this problem.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The compiler is telling me it doesn&#x27;t know the size of the type because &lt;code&gt;dyn HandleRequest&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is a trait object. It only represents a common set of functions that are needed, it doesn&#x27;t refer to a concrete type.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;What I need is a collection of pointers to my handlers. Since pointers &lt;em&gt;are&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; a known, fixed size, the compiler should be happy. &lt;code&gt;Vec&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is my goto whenever I need a collection of something, so I will try a &lt;code&gt;Vec&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; of &lt;code&gt;Box&amp;lt;T&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;s.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;struct&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    handlers&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Vec&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Box&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;dyn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; HandleRequest&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;impl&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; Self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; cases&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Vec&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Box&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;dyn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; HandleRequest&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; vec!&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;            Box&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;StaticFile&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;),&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        ];&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;        RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;            handlers&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; cases&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; -- snip --&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Now that &lt;code&gt;RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is happy, I have another error to sort out:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;plain&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;42 |       fn handle_get(&amp;amp;self, request: &amp;amp;Request) -&amp;gt; Response&amp;lt;Cursor&amp;lt;Vec&amp;lt;u8&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |                                                  ------------------------- expected `Response&amp;lt;std::io::Cursor&amp;lt;Vec&amp;lt;u8&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;` because of return type&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;43 | &#x2F;         for case in self.handlers.iter() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;44 | |             if case.can_handle(&amp;amp;request) {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;45 | |                 let response = case.handle(&amp;amp;request);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;46 | |                 return response;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;47 | |             }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;48 | |         }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   | |_________^ expected struct `Response`, found `()`&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;   |&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;handle_get()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is supposed to return a &lt;code&gt;tiny_http::Response&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; type - which it will do when it finds the right handler to use. But what if it doesn&#x27;t? If it gets all the way through this loop and has nothing to show for it, what should the server do then?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;One option would be to call &lt;code&gt;panic!()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; and crash the program, but keeping the server running would be better for clients.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So the server needs to return a response that indicates an error of some kind instead of crashing. What does HTTP have to offer for errors?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;small&gt;From &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;httpwg.org&#x2F;specs&#x2F;rfc7231.html#status.codes&quot;&gt;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;httpwg.org&#x2F;specs&#x2F;rfc7231.html#status.codes&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;small&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The first digit of the status-code defines the class of response. The last two digits do not have any categorization role. There are five values for the first digit:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;1xx (Informational): The request was received, continuing process&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;2xx (Successful): The request was successfully received, understood, and accepted&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;3xx (Redirection): Further action needs to be taken in order to complete the request&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;4xx (Client Error): The request contains bad syntax or cannot be fulfilled&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;5xx (Server Error): The server failed to fulfill an apparently valid request&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I see two options that look appropriate. &lt;code&gt;500 Internal Server Error&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;501 Not Implemented&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;After reading the descriptions of these errors, I think &lt;code&gt;500&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is the best choice. &lt;code&gt;501&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is for request methods (e.g. GET, PUT, POST, DELETE etc.) that the server can&#x27;t respond to but may be able to in the future.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; handle_get&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;: &amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Cursor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Vec&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;u8&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    for&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; case&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; in&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;handlers&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;iter&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        if&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; case&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;can_handle&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(request) {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;            let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; case&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;handle&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(request);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;            return&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; response;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;    &#x2F;&#x2F; Catch-all server error if no other handlers can handle the request.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;    Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;from_string&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&amp;lt;body&amp;gt;500 Internal Server Error&amp;lt;&#x2F;body&amp;gt;&amp;lt;&#x2F;html&amp;gt;&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        .&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;with_status_code&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;StatusCode&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;from&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;500&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;))&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And this now compiles, woo hoo! This 500 error is great because it will handle my programming mistakes with some grace. The next thing I need to do is actually flesh out the implementation for each case. That&#x27;s the fun part! Now, I&#x27;ll turn my attention to implementing the &lt;code&gt;StaticFile&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; case. I need to write &lt;code&gt;can_handle()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;handle()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; for requests that are for a file that exists, and is readable.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To figure out which file is being requested, I need to look at the request itself and return a local path to the file. I think a function on the trait &lt;code&gt;HandleRequest&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; called &lt;code&gt;get_path(req)&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; makes sense. But what should it return? I need to make sure the file exists &lt;em&gt;and&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; it can be opened. Poking around the rust standard library shows the &lt;code&gt;PathBuf&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; type in &lt;code&gt;std::path&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; has what I need to implement these methods.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;trait&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; HandleRequest&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;    &#x2F;&#x2F; -- snip --&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;    get_path&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, req&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;: &amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; PathBuf&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;        &#x2F;&#x2F; Disregard the leading slash.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; (_, uri)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; req&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;url&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;split_at&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;1&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; uri&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; uri&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;as_ref&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;        &#x2F;&#x2F; Use the working directory as the server root.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; cwd&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; env&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;current_dir&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;unwrap&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        cwd&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;join&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(uri)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Now that I can get a file path out of the request, I need to deal with the file itself.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;struct&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; StaticFile&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;impl&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; HandleRequest&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; for&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; StaticFile&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; can_handle&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, req&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;: &amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; bool&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; path&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;get_path&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(req);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        path&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;is_file&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; &amp;amp;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; File&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;open&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(path)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;is_ok&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; handle&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, req&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;: &amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Cursor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Vec&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;u8&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; path&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;get_path(req);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;        self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;handle_file(path)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As well as implement a &lt;code&gt;handle_file()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; function. This is will be the meat and potatoes
of dealing with a static file.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  trait&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; HandleRequest&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;    &#x2F;&#x2F; -- snip --&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; handle_file&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;self&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, path&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; PathBuf&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Cursor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Vec&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;u8&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt;&amp;gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let mut&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; buffer&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Vec&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; content_type&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; get_content_type&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;path);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; headers&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; vec!&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Header&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;            field&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;quot;Content-Type&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;parse&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;unwrap&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(),&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;            value&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; content_type&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;parse&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;unwrap&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(),&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        }];&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let mut&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; file&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; File&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;open&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(path)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;unwrap&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        file&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;read_to_end&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;mut&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; buffer)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;unwrap&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; data&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Cursor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(buffer)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;unwrap&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;        Ok&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;            StatusCode&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;from&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;200&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;),&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;            headers,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;            data,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;            None&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;            None&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        ))&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a name=&quot;q11&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So that compiles, yay, but, how do I know it actually works? I could test it just by running the
server and making a request like before, &lt;em&gt;or&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; I could write a test. Rust has unit testing built
right in to the language and tool set, which is really convenient.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The trick is going to be making a &quot;fake request&quot; from code, instead of using the
&lt;code&gt;httpie&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; utility from the command line like I did before. I&#x27;m wondering if the &lt;code&gt;tiny_http&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; crate
has any testing of its own? Perhaps it provides something handy for this? Ah... &lt;code&gt;TestRequest&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;.
All I need to do is have &lt;code&gt;tiny_http&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; create a test request, pass it into the request handler,
and then check that the result is 200 A-Okay.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;rust&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; Note that it is good style to put tests into their own module.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;#[cfg(test)]&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;mod&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; tests&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    use&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; super&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::*&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    #[test]&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    fn&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; serves_static_file&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; handler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; RequestHandler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; tiny_http&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;TestRequest&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;            .&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;with_method&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Method&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;Get&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;            .&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;with_path&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&#x2F;test_data&#x2F;test_file&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        let&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; handler&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;handle_request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;amp;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;request&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;into&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;());&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;        assert_eq!&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;tiny_http&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;StatusCode&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;200&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;), response&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;status_code&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;());&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Run &lt;code&gt;cargo test&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; at the command line and...&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;plain&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Finished test [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.03s&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Running unittests src&#x2F;main.rs (target&#x2F;debug&#x2F;deps&#x2F;ch22-fb3f2637e9d26e83)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;running 1 test&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;test tests::serves_static_file ... ok&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Bingo. Static file delivered.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;cowabunga&quot;&gt;Cowabunga!&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This has been a firehose of learning, and a lot of fun to work on. I&#x27;m really happy I managed to answer
all of the questions I had. And I&#x27;m even &lt;em&gt;more&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; happy that I now have many more questions to dive into!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;w-50 center&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;learning-rust&#x2F;cowabunga.gif&quot; alt=&quot;Bart Simpson&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For example, what&#x27;s up with all these calls to &lt;code&gt;unwrap()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;? That seems kinda smelly to me because
&lt;code&gt;unwrap()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; will crash the program if it fails. It&#x27;s like saying to the compiler, &quot;Don&#x27;t worry buddy,
this can&#x27;t POSSIBLY fail so just give me what I need.&quot; But what if the file doesn&#x27;t exist?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In order for this code to be closer to production ready, it will need to handle errors properly. But
that&#x27;s a post for another day.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;summing-up-some-rust-learnings&quot;&gt;Summing up some Rust learnings&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Crates.io is an excellent resource for finding and doing homework on external packages &amp;amp; libraries known as crates.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The difference between an associated function and a method is the first parameter &lt;code&gt;self&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; (lowercase s, not &lt;code&gt;Self&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; uppercase S).&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Buffered I&#x2F;O can be done with &lt;code&gt;Cursor&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lifetimes are hints added to the code to tell the complier about the relationship between function parameters that
are references so that they can be checked for validity at compile time. This means no more segfaults because of
use after free errors, dangling pointers, and race conditions.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Rust doesn&#x27;t really have &quot;Classes, Objects, and Interfaces&quot; in the traditional sense. It has &lt;code&gt;struct&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; which holds data fields, and &lt;code&gt;impl&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;trait&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; which define and enforce an API.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;Box&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is the smart pointer type, and it stores stuff on the heap.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Polymorphism can be done with traits and dynamic dispatch - a bit like v-tables in C++.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Successful compilation does not guarantee correctness - so use tests. It&#x27;s incredibly
convenient in Rust because it&#x27;s baked right in to the standard tools that come with the language.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;hr &#x2F;&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;development-environment-used&quot;&gt;Development environment used&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Rust is well supported on many platforms. Here&#x27;s what I used for this mini-project:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Mac OS (with XCode 12.4 &amp;amp; command line tools installed)&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;rustup for managing the Rust language itself (Rust v1.54.0, 2018 Edition)&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;rustup components:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;rls-x86_64-apple-darwin (deprecated in favor of rust-analyzer)&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;rust-analysis-x86_64-apple-darwin&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;rust-src&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;rust-std-x86_64-apple-darwin&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;rustc-x86_64-apple-darwin&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;rustfmt-x86_64-apple-darwin&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Visual Studio Code &amp;amp; the following extensions:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;marketplace.visualstudio.com&#x2F;items?itemName=rust-lang.rust&quot;&gt;Rust support for Visual Studio Code&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;marketplace.visualstudio.com&#x2F;items?itemName=dustypomerleau.rust-syntax&quot;&gt;Rust Syntax&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;httpie.io&#x2F;&quot;&gt;httpie&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; for sending http requests to my web server from the command line&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Note from Fall of 2022: Recommended VSCode extension for Rust is now &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;marketplace.visualstudio.com&#x2F;items?itemName=rust-lang.rust-analyzer&quot;&gt;rust-analyzer&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
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  &quot;headline&quot;: &quot;Serve it up with Rust&quot;,
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    &quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;learning-rust&#x2F;crab_cakes.jpg&quot;
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      &quot;name&quot;: &quot;Sam Heuck&quot;,
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&lt;&#x2F;script&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>Need more digital storage? Upgrade the NAS!</title>
        <published>2021-02-01T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2021-02-01T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/blog/easy-nas-upgrade/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/blog/easy-nas-upgrade/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/blog/easy-nas-upgrade/">&lt;p&gt;I suppose my love for the vast landscapes of the American west also carries over into my digital life. I like having extra storage space for code, photos, backups, email, audio recordings, random database experiments, and my music library. So I recently decided to upgrade the storage capacity of my network attachable storage (NAS). I also needed to move a bunch of files from some old external drives to one central location for easy access.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;One of the nice things about a NAS device like this is that you can upgrade the drives over time. Once you have made the initial investment of the NAS itself, it&#x27;s possible to upgrade the storage capacity as needed, so you don&#x27;t have to spend too much on storage space up front.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Another interesting thing about NAS solutions these days is that they are just another computer on your network. The Synology OS is well-built, and the app store it comes with is convenient. This means you can do some really cool things like install a WebDAV server for your &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; title=&quot;Tiddly Wiki&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;tiddlywiki.com&#x2F;&quot;&gt;personal wiki&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Before I bought a NAS, I relied mostly on external USB and firewire drives for extra storage. That started getting unwieldy, so I decided to try a NAS. I started with 750 GB drives, but after a few years I found I needed some more breathing room, and I decided to upgrade the storage capacity by replacing the disks themselves. Here&#x27;s how the upgrade process went.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;easy-nas-upgrade&#x2F;.&#x2F;drives.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Hard Drives&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If you are skeptical about the upgrade-ability over time, fear not! RAID is designed to allow you to change out drives when needed. Personally, I like the peace of mind of using a RAID 1 (mirror) configuration so that if one of the disks fails, I don&#x27;t lose any data, and the NAS beeps loudly and incessantly until I replace the dead drive.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I have set up my NAS to use the mode called: &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; title=&quot;Synology Hybrid RAID&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.synology.com&#x2F;en-us&#x2F;knowledgebase&#x2F;DSM&#x2F;tutorial&#x2F;Storage&#x2F;What_is_Synology_Hybrid_RAID_SHR&quot;&gt;Synology Hybrid RAID (SHR)&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; (With data protection for 1 drive fault tolerance). It&#x27;s functionally equivalent to RAID 1. The nice thing about RAID is that it&#x27;s fault-tolerant, upgradeable, and has performance benefits even with spinners instead of SSDs.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;With a project like this, I definitely recommend checking out the official documentation before doing anything else, especially if you are unfamiliar with any part of the process. If the product is any good, there is usually vital information that can help you avoid common pitfalls. Synology has a really helpful in-depth doc for this here: &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; title=&quot;Synology Docs&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.synology.com&#x2F;en-us&#x2F;knowledgebase&#x2F;DSM&#x2F;help&#x2F;DSM&#x2F;StorageManager&#x2F;storage_pool_expand_replace_disk&quot;&gt;Synology Docs&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Before you proceed with the upgrade&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;, here&#x27;s a few things you should know.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Important&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Be cautious&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;: This process worked specifically for the Synology DS216j in the hybrid RAID configuration. Other NAS devices may be different.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Have a backup&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;: This upgrade process does not delete existing data, but MURPHY IS OUT THERE, so make sure you have a full data backup in case something goes wrong.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Check the status&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;: Make sure the storage pool is in a &quot;Normal&quot; healthy status.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Double check the docs&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; on your make &amp;amp; model for things like drive compatibility and OS version compatibility. For example, DSM 3.0 or later is required for drives larger than 3 terabytes (3 TB)&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Replace drives one at a time&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;: For RAID 1 (mirror) configurations, if you want the existing data on the old drives to remain on the NAS, you will need to replace the old drives &lt;strong&gt;one at a time&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;, and power up the NAS between each drive replacement, so that the NAS software has a chance to rebuild the RAID array between each drive replacement.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Don&#x27;t use during upgrade&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;: I don&#x27;t recommend uploading or downloading any files from the NAS during the upgrade process if you can help it.&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I chose the WD Red series drives for this upgrade. You can check out the &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; title=&quot;Drive Specs&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.westerndigital.com&#x2F;products&#x2F;internal-drives&#x2F;wd-red-hdd&quot;&gt;drive-specs&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; if you&#x27;re curious. I like these because they come in a wide variety of spectacular sizes, they&#x27;re specifically designed for NAS compatibility, they consume a little less power than standard desktop drives, and they are designed to have a longer overall lifespan than your typical desktop computer drive.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;step-1&quot;&gt;Step 1&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Remove 2 screws&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; on the back.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;easy-nas-upgrade&#x2F;.&#x2F;NAS_step1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Synology upgrade Step 1.jpg&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;step-2&quot;&gt;Step 2&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Gently pry the internal frame backward, while &lt;strong&gt;sliding the chassis off&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; of the internal frame.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;easy-nas-upgrade&#x2F;.&#x2F;NAS_step2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Synology upgrade Step 2.jpg&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;step-3&quot;&gt;Step 3&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Now that the case is opened up and the drives are exposed, &lt;strong&gt;remove the 4 screws holding the first drive in place&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;. Then, gently tug on the drive to pull it free from the SATA ports.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Important&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It&#x27;s important to pull straight back with steady, even pressure so that you don&#x27;t accidentally damage the plastic SATA ports. Avoid pulling with too much force on either side of the drive, or at an angle up or down.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Once the old drive is removed&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; from the mounting bracket, &lt;strong&gt;slide in the new drive&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;. Push it onto the SATA ports gently with steady, even pressure. The holes for the screws will line up well if the drive is fully connected to the SATA ports. Once it is, secure it with the 4 screws you previously removed.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Since this is the first of two drive replacements, you do not need to put the outer case back onto the NAS before you power it back up.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;easy-nas-upgrade&#x2F;.&#x2F;NAS_step3.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Synology upgrade step 3&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Once the new drive is securely in place, it&#x27;s time to power up the NAS so that it can repair the now &quot;broken&quot; RAID array. During the repair process, existing data will be copied automatically from the other original drive onto the brand new drive you just inserted. Once the repair process is complete and the NAS status is healthy, you can power off the NAS once more and replace the other drive.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Quick Tip&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As a general rule of thumb, I find it useful to buy drives in pairs.
One for day-to-day use, and one for a backup.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In this case, the RAID 1 mirror provides redundancy in case of a hardware failure. Lest you think &lt;em&gt;this&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; is paranoid, I also keep cloud backups. :) You can never really know when waiting for 4 TB of data downloading over the internet will work, or be a very bad day.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;step-4&quot;&gt;Step 4&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The first thing you&#x27;ll notice when you power on the Synology NAS to &lt;strong&gt;repair the array&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; is a semi-annoying, surprisingly loud BEEEEEEEEEEEP, indicating that something terrible has happened! A DRIVE HAS FAILED!!!!!!1! But don&#x27;t worry, this is expected because you just replaced a drive, which &quot;breaks&quot; the existing RAID 1 mirror. So, in order to hear yourself think, you&#x27;ll want to turn off the beeping. For your auditory pleasure, here&#x27;s how to do it:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;easy-nas-upgrade&#x2F;.&#x2F;NAS_stop_beep.png&quot; alt=&quot;Synology stop BEEP&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Once that is taken care of, head over to the &quot;Storage Manager&quot; in the main menu, and start the repair process. It will take some time so be patient. It&#x27;s important to make sure the health status returns to normal before shutting down and replacing the other drive.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;easy-nas-upgrade&#x2F;.&#x2F;NAS_step4.png&quot; alt=&quot;Synology upgrade Step 4&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;rinse-repeat&quot;&gt;Rinse &amp;amp; Repeat&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Once the repair process for the RAID array is complete, shut down the NAS as you normally would, and &lt;strong&gt;repeat steps 3 and 4 to replace the other drive&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; in the array. You will, in fact, &quot;break&quot; the array again when you do this. And with that, comes more incessant beeping, followed by another quick &quot;Beep off&quot; button clicking extravaganza.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Note that total capacity will not be updated until this final repair process is completed.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And that&#x27;s it! Capacity upgrade complete.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;quick-reference&quot;&gt;Quick Reference:&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Turning off the warning BEEP: Control Panel -&amp;gt; Hardware &amp;amp; Power -&amp;gt; Beep Control&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; title=&quot;Synology Docs&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.synology.com&#x2F;en-us&#x2F;knowledgebase&#x2F;DSM&#x2F;help&#x2F;DSM&#x2F;StorageManager&#x2F;storage_pool_expand_replace_disk&quot;&gt;Synology Documentation&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; title=&quot;Synology Hybrid RAID&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.synology.com&#x2F;en-us&#x2F;knowledgebase&#x2F;DSM&#x2F;tutorial&#x2F;Storage&#x2F;What_is_Synology_Hybrid_RAID_SHR&quot;&gt;Synology Hybrid Raid&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; title=&quot;Drive Specs&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.westerndigital.com&#x2F;products&#x2F;internal-drives&#x2F;wd-red-hdd&quot;&gt;Drive specs&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
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</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>The unforeseen challenge of dabbling in a new language</title>
        <published>2015-09-23T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2015-09-23T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/blog/dabbling-in-a-new-language/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/blog/dabbling-in-a-new-language/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/blog/dabbling-in-a-new-language/">&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;dabbling-in-a-new-language&#x2F;php-hammer.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;php-hammer&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I was recently surprised by the realization that my dabbling, or perhaps more appropriately bumbling, with &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; title=&quot;haskell.org&quot; href=&quot;http:&#x2F;&#x2F;haskell.org&quot;&gt;Haskell&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; may have actually degraded my performance as a PHP developer.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To be clear, I happen to think PHP is a decent language. It is the language I used for my first honest-to-goodness web application that was useful to someone. Liking PHP is unpopular - as one could easily discover with a bit of &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; title=&quot;The PHP Singularity&quot; href=&quot;http:&#x2F;&#x2F;blog.codinghorror.com&#x2F;the-php-singularity&quot;&gt;reading&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;. But the fact is that PHP is often the &quot;gateway drug&quot; for aspiring web developers. It certainly was for me, and seven years later (during which I picked up javascript) I find myself attending a Haskell meet up.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Haskell is about as far from PHP as you can possibly get. Haskell is compiled - PHP is interpreted. Haskell is statically typed - PHP is dynamically typed. Haskell is purely functional - PHP is procedural with bolted on object-oriented features and lambdas. Haskell is lazy - PHP is... not. But the particular dichotomy causing me difficulty is mutability.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In PHP, nearly everything is mutable. Variable assignments, and their types, can change at runtime. Any bit of code can change global or local state at any time. Stating &lt;code&gt;$x = 4;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; at the top of a function, and then later stating &lt;code&gt;$x = &#x27;purple cat&#x27;;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; at the bottom of a function is not only valid, but commonplace in PHP.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, in Haskell, nothing is mutable. The compiler forbids doing such blasphemous things. This means that it expresses ideas the same way that algebra does. If you tell the compiler that &lt;code&gt;x = 4&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; for example, x will always be 4. Forever. The &lt;code&gt;=&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; symbol means &lt;em&gt;define&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;, not assign. If the program ever tries to change the definition of x the compiler will complain.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At this point you might be wondering what the problem is. Of course these two languages are different, why would learning about one affect my ability to do useful work in the other?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I think the answer is buried deep inside a characteristic of PHP that is both its greatest strength, and its greatest weakness. As I said, PHP is a &quot;gateway drug&quot; to programming. It entices the bright-eyed and bushy-tailed with its gentle learning curve, and its &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http:&#x2F;&#x2F;w3techs.com&#x2F;technologies&#x2F;history_overview&#x2F;programming_language&#x2F;ms&#x2F;y&quot;&gt;ubiquity&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;. All you need to get started is a simple text editor. You don&#x27;t need to know what mutability even means. You don&#x27;t need to know any set theory, type theory, or discrete mathematics. You don&#x27;t need to concern yourself with compilers or type systems or object oriented design principles. You can get a blog up and running in a matter of &lt;em&gt;minutes&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; by following any of the ridiculous number of PHP tutorials available online.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is a wonderful thing! So many people can start doing useful work in PHP with very little or no programming experience. And a whole lot of people have. And a whole lot of those people, myself included, turned that into a career.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But when you start to broaden your horizons as a programmer, you learn new ways of approaching problems. You learn to &lt;em&gt;think&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; differently. Languages like Haskell open your mind to concepts that you never considered before. Like mutability. And I believe this is where the surprising double edged-sword is forged.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When you program professionally, business value is always the number one pressure. If the code you are about to write does not add business value, you are wasting money. If you spend time thinking about something that you need not think about, you are wasting money. If I spend time worrying about the fact that this PHP function just reached into global state and changed some values on the object that represents the currently logged in user, just as a convenient way to add some business value, I have wasted time and therefore money.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Before I started tinkering with Haskell, I didn&#x27;t think twice about grabbing the global user object and changing some values. But now, I see mutable state as something dangerous and scary! Sometimes particularly egregious violations need to be discussed at length with a teammate before I feel comfortable doing something that is perfectly acceptable in PHP. All of this extra worrying slows me down.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;That said, I believe that stretching your mind by learning antithetical techniques is important for a developer&#x27;s growth, and I&#x27;m a better developer for it. I just need to learn to focus my mind in a different way before sitting down in front of a PHP project.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>Why clean code matters</title>
        <published>2013-11-01T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2013-11-01T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/blog/why-clean-code-matters/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/blog/why-clean-code-matters/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/blog/why-clean-code-matters/">&lt;p&gt;I&#x27;m going to give you two crucial pieces of information, and I want you to answer one very simple question based on
this information.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1:&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; The name of a file: hourly_sync.py&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2:&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; This file is a cronjob&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The question is, how often does this job run?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If you thought to yourself, &lt;em&gt;I don&#x27;t know yet&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;, you might be a developer. If you are a normal human being,
you thought, &lt;em&gt;That job runs every hour&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;. You normal people would be dead wrong, but certainly by no fault
of your own. No, the blame lies with the developer, who made the seemingly innocuous decision to name this
job based on the frequency with which it runs. This job actually runs every 2 minutes. So why is it called hourly
sync? Why, when the frequency at which the job needed to run, was the name of the job not changed to match?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The only &lt;em&gt;true&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; constant in software development, the &lt;em&gt;only&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; thing you can count on happening every time, on
every project, is change. This job was once actually run every hour. But as the user base for the application grew,
hourly was not frequent enough to keep things... synced. So the cadence was increased, but the name of the job could
not be changed, for fear of breaking the calling code.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It is for this reason, the fact that change always rears its head, that developers want to write clean code. It is
why we cling to principles like DRY, single responsibility, encapsulation, inversion of control, and open closed. So
when a change request comes in, you can say, &quot;yeah that&#x27;s easy&quot; instead of, &quot;this might break other things, I&#x27;ll need a few days to sort this out&quot;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So &lt;em&gt;invest&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; in refactoring. &lt;em&gt;Invest&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; in solution architecture. Yes, in some cases, you may violate the
80&#x2F;20 rule, but believe me, when that inevitable change comes around, you&#x27;ll be glad you did.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>Meet Jekyll the Static Site Generator - Part 2</title>
        <published>2013-03-19T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2013-03-19T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/blog/meet-jekyll-the-static-site-generator-part-2/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/blog/meet-jekyll-the-static-site-generator-part-2/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/blog/meet-jekyll-the-static-site-generator-part-2/">&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;meet-jekyll-the-static-site-generator-part-2&#x2F;meet_jekyll_2.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Jekyll&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;part-ii&quot;&gt;Part II&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;&#x2F;blog&#x2F;meet-jekyll-the-static-site-generator-part-1&quot;&gt;part 1&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; I discussed why I
chose Jekyll to build this site and presented a high level overview of how
Jekyll works. In this post, I&#x27;ll dive into the depths of Jekyll and show off
some of its features.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;liquid-templates&quot;&gt;Liquid Templates&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The template engine used by Jekyll is called &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http:&#x2F;&#x2F;liquidmarkup.org&#x2F;&quot;&gt;Liquid&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;.
Liquid makes it easy to create a layout and pull in page elements dynamically.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jekyll will compile content into a page using a layout like this:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; _layouts&#x2F;default.html&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;!&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;DOCTYPE&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; html&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;html&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; lang&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  &amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;head&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    {% include head.inc %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  &amp;lt;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;head&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  &amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;body&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    &amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;header&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;      {% include header.inc %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    &amp;lt;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;header&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    &amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;div&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; id&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;main&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;      {{ content }}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    &amp;lt;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;div&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    &amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;aside&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;      {% include sidebar.inc %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    &amp;lt;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;aside&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  &amp;lt;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;body&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  {% include js.inc %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;html&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Including partials&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jekyll will automatically find includes in the _includes directory.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;plain&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{% include links.inc %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Loops and conditionals&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Any page that begins with a YAML Front matter block...&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;yaml&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;---&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; predefined default variables&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;layout&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; default&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;category&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; funny&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;published&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; true&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;tags&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; cats&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; custom variables&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;context&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; cats&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;title&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; Funny Cats&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;---&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;can declare variables which can be accessed in Liquid. This allows the
conditional placement of content. For instance, you can place a sidebar on a
page based on a context variable...&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;plain&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;--snip--&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;aside&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  {% case page.context %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    {% when &amp;#39;about&amp;#39; %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;      {% include sidebars&#x2F;about-sidebar.inc %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    {% when &amp;#39;contact&amp;#39; %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;      {% include sidebars&#x2F;contact-sidebar.inc %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    {% when &amp;#39;home&amp;#39; %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;      {% include sidebars&#x2F;home-sidebar.inc %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    {% when &amp;#39;blog&amp;#39; %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;      {% include sidebars&#x2F;blog-sidebar.inc %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    {% else %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  {% endcase %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&#x2F;aside&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It&#x27;s also simple to create a recent posts block with a loop...&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;h3&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;Recent Posts&amp;lt;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;h3&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;ul&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  {% for post in site.posts limit: 6 %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  &amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;li&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;a&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; href&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;=&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;{{ post.url }}&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;{{ post.title }}&amp;lt;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;a&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;li&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  {% endfor %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;ul&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Site-wide variables can be declared in _config.yml. This is a convenient place
to put primary navigation…&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;yaml&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; _config.yml&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;---&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;nav&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  -&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt; text&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; about&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;    url&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &#x2F;about&#x2F;index.html&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  -&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt; text&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; resume&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;    url&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &#x2F;resume&#x2F;index.html&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  -&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt; text&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; contact&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;    url&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &#x2F;contact&#x2F;index.html&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  -&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt; text&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; blog&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;    url&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &#x2F;blog&#x2F;index.html&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Which can be included in the layout&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;plain&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;nav&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  {% for link in site.nav %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    {% assign active = nil %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    {% if page.url == link.url or page.layout == link.layout %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;      {% assign active = &amp;#39;class=&amp;quot;active&amp;quot;&amp;#39; %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    {% endif %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    &amp;lt;li&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a {{ active }} href=&amp;quot;&#x2F;{{ link.text }}&#x2F;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{ link.text }}&amp;lt;&#x2F;a&amp;gt;{{ indicator }}&amp;lt;&#x2F;li&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  {% endfor %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&#x2F;nav&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;&lt;h3 id=&quot;plug-ins&quot;&gt;Plug-ins&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Out of the box, Jekyll is well equipped to create a blog with a custom layout,
and it has built in support for markdown. But augment Jekyll with plugins and
you can start cooking with gas.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jekyll Asset pipeline&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is an essential plug-in for Jekyll that will compile sass, and also
aggregate and compress javascript and css.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;shellscript&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;~&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; gem install Jekyll-asset-pipeline&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;You have to install a compressor. I like the yui-compressor because it will
minify both javascript and css.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;shellscript&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;~&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; gem install yui-compressor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Once these Ruby gems are installed, enabling the asset pipeline plug-in is as
simple as putting a config file inside the _plugins directory. Here&#x27;s the one I
use for this site…&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;ruby&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;require&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;#39;Jekyll_asset_pipeline&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;module&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; JekyllAssetPipeline&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  class&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; SassConverter&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; JekyllAssetPipeline::Converter&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    require&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;#39;sass&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    def&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; self.filetype&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;      &amp;#39;.sass&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    end&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    def&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; convert&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;      return&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; Sass&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;Engine&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(@content,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;        :load_paths&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; =&amp;gt; [&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;.&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;..&#x2F;_assets&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;_assets&#x2F;sass&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;..&#x2F;_assets&#x2F;sass&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;],&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;        :syntax&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; =&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; :sass&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;      ).&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;render&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    end&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  end&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  class&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; CssCompressor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; JekyllAssetPipeline::Compressor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    require&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;#39;yui&#x2F;compressor&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    def&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; self.filetype&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;      &amp;#39;.css&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    end&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    def&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; compress&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;      return&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; YUI&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;CssCompressor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;compress&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(@content)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    end&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  end&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  class&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; JavaScriptCompressor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; JekyllAssetPipeline::Compressor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    require&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;#39;yui&#x2F;compressor&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    def&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; self.filetype&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;      &amp;#39;.js&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    end&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    def&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; compress&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;      return&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; YUI&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;JavaScriptCompressor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;:munge&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; =&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; true&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;).&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;compress&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(@content)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    end&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  end&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;end&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The asset pipeline plug-in hooks into Liquid and looks for assets to include
inside the &lt;code&gt;_assets&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; folder.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Adding javascript looks like this:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;plain&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{% javascript_asset_tag global %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  - &#x2F;_assets&#x2F;js&#x2F;jquery.js&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  - &#x2F;_assets&#x2F;js&#x2F;highlight.js&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  - &#x2F;_assets&#x2F;js&#x2F;init.js&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{% endjavascript_asset_tag %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And css:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;plain&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{% css_asset_tag global %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  - &#x2F;_assets&#x2F;css&#x2F;normalize.css&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  - &#x2F;_assets&#x2F;screen.sass&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{% endcss_asset_tag %}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Including any file ending in .sass will cause asset pipeline to compile the sass
into css on site build.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I also like to use a plug-in for &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;github.com&#x2F;kinnetica&#x2F;Jekyll-plugins&quot;&gt;sitemap generation&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;.
Just include it in the &lt;code&gt;_plugins&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; directory and a sitemap will be automatically
generated on site build.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;helpers&quot;&gt;Helpers&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thor is an alternative to Rake. I like to use it as a helper for creating posts
and deploying my site. &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http:&#x2F;&#x2F;whatisthor.com&#x2F;&quot;&gt;Thor has some nifty features.&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;shellscript&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;~&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; gem install thor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A Thor task for creating posts:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;ruby&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;class&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Site&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Thor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  include&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; Thor&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;::&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;Actions&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  desc &lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;post&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;quot;create a new post&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  def&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; post&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #FFAB70;&quot;&gt;    title&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; ask&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Title:&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    @title&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; title&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    @description&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; ask&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Description:&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    @category&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; ask&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Category:&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    @date&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; Time&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;now&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;strftime&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;%Y-%m-%d %k:%M:%S&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #FFAB70;&quot;&gt;      filename&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;quot;#{&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;Time&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;now&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;strftime&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;(&amp;#39;%Y-%m-%d&amp;#39;)}-#{title.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;gsub&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #DBEDFF;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;\s&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #DBEDFF;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;, &amp;#39;-&amp;#39;).&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;downcase&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;}.md&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;      template &lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;_thor&#x2F;templates&#x2F;post&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;quot;_posts&#x2F;#{filename}&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    if&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; ENV&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;EDITOR&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;]&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;        system&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;$EDITOR _posts&#x2F;#{filename}&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    else&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;      system&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;vim _posts&#x2F;#{filename}&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    end&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  end&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;end&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;yaml&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; Thor template for posts&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; lives in _thor&#x2F;templates&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;---&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;layout&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; post&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;published&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; false&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;date&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;lt;%= @date %&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;title&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;lt;%= @title %&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;description&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;lt;%= @description %&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;category&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;lt;%= @category %&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;image&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;lt;%= @image %&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;---&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;From the command line, run thor site:post and it will prompt for info about
the post - title, description, category and an image - and then create a file
in &lt;code&gt;_posts&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; and open that file in your editor.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thor could also be used to run Jekyll, and then &lt;code&gt;rsync&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; the contents of _site to
a server for easy deployment.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;You can also use &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http:&#x2F;&#x2F;jenkins-ci.org&#x2F;&quot;&gt;Jenkins&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; for deployment. For this site,
I have the Jekyll stack and Thor installed on my host server. I then use Jenkins
to run the thor deploy task which copies the contents of _site into the public
html folder on my host. Updating my site is as simple as writing some content,
saving that content into version control, and then running the Jenkins build.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Taking this one step further, you could have Jenkins watch a remote repository
for changes, and automatically run a build and deploy whenever it sees a change
in the code base. That way, the site would be updated every time you pushed
changes to your repository.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So go start using Jekyll! Trust me, it&#x27;s fun...&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>Meet Jekyll, the Static Site Generator - Part 1</title>
        <published>2013-03-07T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2013-03-07T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/blog/meet-jekyll-the-static-site-generator-part-1/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/blog/meet-jekyll-the-static-site-generator-part-1/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/blog/meet-jekyll-the-static-site-generator-part-1/">&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;meet-jekyll-the-static-site-generator-part-1&#x2F;meet_jekyll_1.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Jekyll&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jekyll is a static site generator written in Ruby that uses the Liquid template
engine. In combination with git for version control and Jenkins for deployment,
Jekyll is a powerful tool not just for blogging, but also for small to medium-
sized websites. Give Jekyll a try, and you can blog like a hacker.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;first-a-minor-diatribe&quot;&gt;First, a minor diatribe...&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Web sites used to be simple. A little HTML, some text and maybe an image or two.
When you wanted to add content to a site, you would simply upload some html
to the server with an FTP client, and your new content would be live. Someone would
request to view that page, and the server would serve the HTML requested. No
databases had to be queried, no code had to be interpreted by the server, and
because of the simplicity, the site was fast and secure. Sometimes, when I am
neck deep in a Drupal site trying to wrangle it into submission, I think to
myself &quot;Wow, whatever happened to just uploading an HTML file...&quot;.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;enter-the-static-site-generator&quot;&gt;Enter the static site generator...&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So what if, instead of using an application stack powered by PHP and MySQL to
create web pages on the fly, a website were compiled, in effect &lt;em&gt;frozen&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; into a
static state, and then served to the client browser. Just like the good old days!
&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http:&#x2F;&#x2F;jekyllrb.com&#x2F;&quot;&gt;Jekyll&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; is an open source project written in Ruby by
github co-founder Tom Preston-Werner. Designed for blogs, and flexible enough
that it could be used to create just about anything, Jekyll is a tool that does
exactly that. It gathers up content, styling and javascript, organizes it into
a predefined directory structure, and writes the necessary HTML.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;advantages-of-static-websites&quot;&gt;Advantages of static websites&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;center-list&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#x27;icon-kub-approve green&#x27;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Speed&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Web servers were originally designed to do one thing, serve a document.
With Jekyll, that is exactly what your web server is doing. It doesn&#x27;t
have to provision an instance of the PHP interpreter to execute expensive
code. No database queries have to be made. Content is simply... delivered.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#x27;icon-kub-approve green&#x27;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Security&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Because there is no backend application, there can be no database
injection attacks, session highjacking, or malicious cross-site scripting.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#x27;icon-kub-approve green&#x27;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Version Control&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jekyll is designed to pair with source code control systems like Git. This
means your posts are automatically versioned and can easily be backed up
on github or bitbucket.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#x27;icon-kub-approve green&#x27;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Easy deployment&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;How do you deploy a static site? Copy the files to the server. Done.
With source control, this is a trivial push and subsequent pull. You
could also use rsync, or even plain old FTP to send files to the server.
The 1337 among us might like to use Jenkins and a post commit hook
to automatically build and publish the site, but that requires some
extra setup server side. No matter how you deploy, though, static sites
make it painless.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#x27;icon-kub-approve green&#x27;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Free Hosting!&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For simple sites, you can use github pages or Dropbox to store and host
your website. This isn&#x27;t right for everyone, but free hosting is a nice
perk. Github pages is a great option for coders. You just have to create
a repository using your account name and anything in the master branch
will be published using jekyll.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;disadvantages-of-static-site-generators&quot;&gt;Disadvantages of static site generators&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;center-list&quot;&gt;
  &lt;span class=&#x27;icon-kub-remove red&#x27;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Persistence&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There is no database. Anything that requires persistence, such as comments,
will need to be outsourced to a service. Also database access of any kind
has to be managed from the front end. This isn&#x27;t a huge problem with javascript
frameworks like Ember and Backbone, but if you are used to server-side coding,
there is a learning curve.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span class=&#x27;icon-kub-remove red&#x27;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt; &lt;strong&gt;This is &lt;em&gt;not&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; Wordpress...&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;note&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There is a reason this is called &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http:&#x2F;&#x2F;tom.preston-werner.com&#x2F;2008&#x2F;11&#x2F;17&#x2F;blogging-like-a-hacker.html&quot;&gt;blogging like a hacker&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;.
You need a solid HTML &amp;amp; CSS background, and some knowledge of how to install, maintain, and
configure Ruby gems. You need to know how template engines work. And you also have
to be willing to spend some time sifting through issue cues and bug reports when
you run into an problem. If &quot;user friendly&quot; and one button install is what you&#x27;re
looking for, Jekyll is not for you.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;the-basics&quot;&gt;The basics&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When jekyll runs, it will copy all files and folders in the project root into
its build directory &lt;em&gt;except&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; for directories and files with a preceding
underscore. You can also specify files to ignore in _config.yml. A typical site
might look something like this:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;plain&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&#x2F;project-root&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  _layouts&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  _includes&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  _posts&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  _plugins&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  _site&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  _config.yml&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  index.md&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  images&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  about&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  blog&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When the &lt;code&gt;~$ jekyll&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; command is issued, the site is generated inside the
_site directory. _layouts contains the main template files, and _includes can
be used for content partials which can be placed into pages with Liquid. Any
file that begins with:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;yaml&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;---&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;layout&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; default&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;title&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; a page&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;foo&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; bar&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;---&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;... will be parsed by Jekyll. This special header is the
&lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;github.com&#x2F;mojombo&#x2F;jekyll&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;YAML-Front-Matter&quot;&gt;YAML Front Matter&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;
block. There are some reserved variables like layout, and publish, but you
can also add any variable you need. For example, you could have a variable
called sidebar that could be used to include a specific piece of sidebar
content on a specific page.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Jekyll relies on the &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;github.com&#x2F;Shopify&#x2F;liquid&#x2F;wiki&quot;&gt;Liquid&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; template
engine to compile content. The syntax is intuitive and I found the learning
curve for Liquid to be smooth and easy. Jekyll will parse Liquid include
statements and search for the included content inside the _includes directory
automatically. You don&#x27;t have to worry about registering paths to things.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;One of my favorite features of Jekyll is that it has built-in support
for &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http:&#x2F;&#x2F;daringfireball.net&#x2F;projects&#x2F;markdown&#x2F;&quot;&gt;Markdown&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;.
You can write posts in plain text, and Jekyll will convert the Markdown
into HTML. For example, paragraphs of text will be properly wrapped in &amp;lt;p&amp;gt;
tags, and any text surrounded by asterisks will be bold. Jekyll has
support for several Markdown engines; I like to use
Kramdown (http:&#x2F;&#x2F;kramdown.rubyforge.org&#x2F;).&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This constitutes the basic stack for Jekyll. Write content in Markdown, create
layouts for different types of content, and separate out partial blocks with
Liquid includes. Then run &lt;code&gt;~$ jekyll&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; from the project root, and upload the
contents of _site to your webserver.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I built this site in Drupal, and then discovered Jekyll. I promptly redesigned
my site using Jekyll and &lt;em&gt;I haven&#x27;t looked back&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;. In that process I discovered
some essential add-ons and helpers for Jekyll. The next post will be a tutorial
on some of what I learned.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Jekyll plugins&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Automatic &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http:&#x2F;&#x2F;sass-lang.com&#x2F;&quot;&gt;sass&lt;&#x2F;a&gt; compilation with Jekyll&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Automatic compression of CSS and javascript using &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;github.com&#x2F;yui&#x2F;yuicompressor&quot;&gt;yui-compressor&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Workflow helper tasks with &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;github.com&#x2F;wycats&#x2F;thor&quot;&gt;Thor&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;, a Rake alternative&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sitemap generation on build&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Deployment with &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http:&#x2F;&#x2F;jenkins-ci.org&#x2F;&quot;&gt;Jenkins&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;So stay tuned, and happy coding!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>View templates in PHP</title>
        <published>2013-02-06T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2013-02-06T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/blog/view-templates-in-php/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/blog/view-templates-in-php/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/blog/view-templates-in-php/">&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;view-templates-in-php&#x2F;view_templates_in_php01.png&quot; alt=&quot;PHP&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When first learning PHP, it is quite easy to shoot yourself in the foot. PHP is
forgiving and you can get away with writing some seriously crappy code.
Consequently, PHP programmers often follow a similar path as they develop their
skills. I started off writing horrendous code that was utterly unmaintainable. Of
course I ended up rewriting all of it. Twice. And through that process, one
which all programmers are familiar with, I learned some fundamentals of design
and architecture. &quot;Separation of Concerns&quot;, and &quot;DRY&quot; or &quot;Don&#x27;t Repeat
Yourself&quot; are terms you&#x27;ve no doubt heard, but they are a little abstract.
I hope to shed some light on these concepts.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A templating system is one way to significantly improve both separation of
concerns and DRY. View templates separate logic and data from design and layout,
and provide a set of common functions for creating views. This post will
introduce and explore templating techniques. The code in this post is mostly an
exercise, because normally, you will be using external libraries and frameworks
to do these same things. But writing your own system is a great way to level up
your skills, not to mention it will teach you to recognize these techniques in
existing systems, which will allow you to debug and troubleshoot more
effectively.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We&#x27;ll take a look at two common yet diametrical approaches to templating:
search &amp;amp; replace templates, and include templates - as well as some other nifty
tricks.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Think about what goes into a simple page of HTML. First there is a standard
structure that never changes - Doctype followed by head with some meta tags, a
title, stylesheets and maybe some javascript. Then comes the body tag, and
some content. Some elements of this basic structure are the same on every
page, and other elements vary. This is the perfect situation to use a template.
The template will contain those elements that are static, and then PHP will
inject the dynamic elements into the template. This is DRY because we don&#x27;t
have to write the same bits of HTML for every single page in a site. It also
separates concerns by allowing content to be completely separate from layout.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Let&#x27;s start with the code that will actually create and display a page of HTML.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;?&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;php&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  $page&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; = new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; HtmlPage&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  $page&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;setTitle&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;Home&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;setMeta&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;keywords&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;#39;some slightly-less-than-random words&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;addStylesheet&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;base.css&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;addStylesheet&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;my_beautiful_styles.css&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;addScript&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;jquery.js&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;addScript&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;awesome_blinky_text.js&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;setBodyId&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;home&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;setBodyClass&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;blue&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;addContent&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;($some_content)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;addContent&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;($more_content)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    -&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;render&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;layout.phtml&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;?&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Did you notice this code is...&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Object oriented&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Configurable (more on this later)&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Stringing function calls together &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Fluent_interface&quot;&gt;(fluent interface)&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Declarative (stating what to do, not how)&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This PHP &lt;em&gt;writes&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; HTML code. Make note of the HTML elements that are being
injected: CSS, javascript, titles, ids and content. These are the dynamic
elements - different on each page. These dynamic elements could really come
from any source, a text file on the local file system, a database, or even
a RESTful API.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Once all of the dynamic elements are declared, the page is rendered. Let&#x27;s
take a closer look at the &lt;code&gt;HtmlPage::render()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; function. It takes a single
argument that references a file containing the HTML template for a basic page.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F;layout.phtml&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;?&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;php echo $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;doctype;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; ?&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;html xmlns&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;=&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;http:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.w3.org&#x2F;1999&#x2F;xhtml&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; xml&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;:&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;lang&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;=&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; lang&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;=&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  &amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;head&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    &amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;meta http&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;equiv&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;=&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Content-Type&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; content&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;=&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;text&#x2F;html;charset=utf-8&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; &#x2F;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    &amp;lt;?&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;php echo $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;title;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; ?&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    &amp;lt;?&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;php echo $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;meta;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; ?&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    &amp;lt;!--&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; STYLES&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; --&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    &amp;lt;?&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;php echo $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;stylesheets;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; ?&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    &amp;lt;!--&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; SCRIPTS&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; --&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    &amp;lt;?&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;php echo $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;scripts;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; ?&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  &amp;lt;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;head&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  &amp;lt;?&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;php echo $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;bodyTag;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; ?&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  &amp;lt;?&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;php echo $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;content;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; ?&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;body&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;html&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This HTML template uses PHP to print out the dynamic elements declared by the
HtmlPage class. &lt;code&gt;$this&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; refers to a specific instance of HtmlPage. So
the HtmlPage class is including the template file, and the template file refers
to instance variables of the HtmlPage class. Here&#x27;s how that works.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;?&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;php&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  ...&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;  &#x2F;**&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;    * The render function.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;    *&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;    * Responsible for displaying the page.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;    *&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;    * &lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;@param&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; String&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;    *   - path to template&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;    *&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  public function&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; render&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;($template) {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;    ob_start&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;    $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;_include&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;($template);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    return&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; print ob_get_clean&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;  &#x2F;**&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;    * Include wrapper.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;    *&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;    * Using the include keyword, a&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;    * template is included.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;    *&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  private function&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; _include&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;() {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    include&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; func_get_arg&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;0&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;?&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;HtmlPage::render()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; creates an output buffer to capture the template content
being included. Then the include wrapper function is called with a reference to
a template file. This reference is just a string that represents the file path
to the template. The call to &lt;code&gt;func_get_arg(0)&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; limits the available scope of
the template to the object referenced by &lt;code&gt;$this&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;. This is the heart of the
include template technique.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The major advantage&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; to this technique is that there is now one place which
defines layout and static elements. The template can be changed or updated,
and all other instances of HtmlPage will in turn reflect that change.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;So how do the methods generate HTML?&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;public function&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; __get&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;($key) {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;  &#x2F;&#x2F; Tries to find and call a getter.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  $method&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;#39;get&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; .&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; ucfirst&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;($key);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  return&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; method_exists&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;$this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, $method)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; ?&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;$method()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; :&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; null&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The function &lt;code&gt;__get()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is a &lt;a rel=&quot;noopener external&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;http:&#x2F;&#x2F;php.net&#x2F;manual&#x2F;en&#x2F;language.oop5.magic.php&quot;&gt;magic function&lt;&#x2F;a&gt;
that gets called whenever a class variable that has not been defined is
referenced. In other words, I can refer to &lt;code&gt;$this-&amp;gt;foo&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; in a template,
and that instance of HtmlPage will call the &lt;code&gt;__get(foo)&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; function because
the foo variable was not explicitly defined in the HtmlPage class.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The implementation of &lt;code&gt;__get()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; can be customized, as is the case here, to
do anything we need. In this example, I use the passed in string to call another
function which returns HTML.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F; A &amp;#39;getter&amp;#39; method, called by __get&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;public function&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; getBodyTag&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  return&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; sprintf&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;lt;body%s%s&amp;gt;&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;_bodyId,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;_bodyClass);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the template, &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php echo $this-&amp;gt;bodyTag; ?&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is really calling the
getter function &lt;code&gt;HtmlPage::getBodyTag()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; via the magical &lt;code&gt;__get()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;
function. A similar getter function exists for each setter function.
&lt;code&gt;HtmlPage::addScript()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; for instance, allows us to add as many scripts as we
like. Each string passed in from &lt;code&gt;HtmlPage::addScript()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; gets stored in an
array, and the getter method iterates through the array, adds the appropriate
javascript element tags, and sets the source to the value of the string passed
in by addScript(). Each getter will have its own unique implementation depending
on the output that is needed. HtmlPage contains the setters and getters
necessary for creating HTML pages, but it could easily be extended to add new
functions.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Including pieces of content calls for a slightly different templating technique.
Individual pieces of content often contain a few dynamic elements - the name
of a logged in user for example. Search and replace templating is a technique
you can use to inject variables into a piece of content. The &lt;code&gt;addContent()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;
function uses this technique. Its argument is actually an object defined by
this class.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;?&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;php&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;class&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; Partial&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  private&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; $_html;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  private&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; $_items&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; array&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;();&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  public function&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; __construct&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;($file)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    if&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; (&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;!&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;$this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;_html&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; file_get_contents&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;($file,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; FILE_USE_INCLUDE_PATH&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)) {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;      throw new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; Exception&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;Error Reading File: &lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;$file&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  public function&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; set&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;($item, $value)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;    $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;_items[$item]&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; $value;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    return&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;  public function&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt; output&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    if&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; (&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;count&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;$this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;_items)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; &amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; 0&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; ) {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;      foreach&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; (&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;$this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;_items&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; as&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; $item&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; $value) {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;          $replace&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;quot;[%&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;$item&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;]&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;          $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;_html&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; str_replace&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;($replace, $value,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;_html);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;      }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    return&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; preg_replace&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;\[&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #DBEDFF;&quot;&gt;%.&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;+&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;\]&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;#39;&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;_html);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;  }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;?&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A partial is a small piece of HTML that acts as mini-template. Dynamic
elements within the partial have a special syntax that distinguish them from
regular HTML. When &lt;code&gt;Partial::output()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is called, any named placeholders
(the dynamic elements) found in the partial are replaced with values stored and
indexed under their corresponding names. We use an associative array for this,
and to populate that array, we use the &lt;code&gt;Partial::set()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; function to pass in
an index and a value. The &lt;code&gt;Partial::output()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; function iterates through this
array, replacing any placeholder in the &quot;mini-template&quot; with the value of the
corresponding index in the associative array. Any placeholder that doesn&#x27;t have
a value set, gets replaced with an empty string by the reg-ex in the return
statement.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Long story short, little chunks of HTML can be appended to our HtmlPage&#x27;s
content variable. If we want to include some dynamic elements in that content,
we can use named placeholders. An example is in order.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F;index.php&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;...&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;$content&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; = new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; Partial&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;some_really_cool_content.html&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;$content&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;set&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;foo&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;#39;bar&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;$page&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;addContent&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;($content);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;And here is what &quot;some_really_cool_content.html&quot; might look like:&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;html&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;h1&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;This content is SWEEEEEEEEEET!&amp;lt;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;h1&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;span&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;[%foo]&amp;lt;&#x2F;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #85E89D;&quot;&gt;span&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;code&gt;[%foo]&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is the named placeholder and will be replaced by our amazing
content: &quot;bar&quot;. How very exciting. The data that replaces the placeholders could
come from a database somewhere, an RSS feed, really anything. Since we use PHP
to add the content and set the dynamic variables, we have the full flexibility
of PHP at our disposal. We could even use the output of other partials to
replace placeholders in a partial. Of course you don&#x27;t have to use any
placeholders at all; partials can be used to simply include snippets of pure
HTML.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;When we use &lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;?php echo $this-&amp;gt;content ?&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;HtmlPage::getContent()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;
will iterate through all partials which have been added, and call each of their
output functions in turn - printing out all of the dynamically generated code.
The content will appear in FIFO order (first in, first out) - in other
words, in the same order each partial was added.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Caveats of search and replace&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Escaping unsafe strings is slightly trickier, especially with compound partials&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;It&#x27;s expensive - lots of parsing overhead, reg-ex&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Performance concerns can be alleviated through cacheing, but this adds complexity&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Not as well suited for highly dynamic web applications with lots of users&lt;&#x2F;li&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;ul&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;nifty-tricks&quot;&gt;Nifty tricks...&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;How does &lt;code&gt;HtmlPage::addScript(&#x27;script.js&#x27;)&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; know where to find the script.js&lt;&#x2F;em&gt;
file?&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;HtmlPage is configurable.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;?&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;php&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;...&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;public function&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; __construct&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;()&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    $path&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; realpath&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;dirname&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;__FILE__&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;))&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; .&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;quot;&#x2F;HtmlPage.ini&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    if&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; (&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;file_exists&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;($path)) {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        $config&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; parse_ini_file&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;($path);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        foreach&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;($config&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; as&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; $key&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; $value) {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;            $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;_config[$key]&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; $value;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;        }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;    $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;_doctype&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; empty&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;$this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;_config[&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;doctype.default&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;])&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        ?&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;#39;XHTML_1_0_STRICT&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; :&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;_config[&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;doctype.default&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;];&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If HtmlPage finds a file called HtmlPage.ini in the same directory in which it
resides, it will parse that file and save any configuration settings in an
array. For instance, if a doctype has been specified in the config file, it will
use it, otherwise, it will use XHTML 1.0 STRICT.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The config file can be used to set base paths to scripts, stylesheets,
templates, etc.. It can also specify a default template, which allows you to
call &lt;code&gt;HtmlPage::render()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; without any arguments at all. It will get the
template file from the config file. Of course, any argument passed in will
override the config file, so switching templates on the fly is still a cinch.
The config file is handy for setting a base title and separator for pages too.
If you end up extending HtmlPage, you can take advantage of the config file to
set sensible defaults for any new functionality. Here&#x27;s what my config file
looks like.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;ini&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F;HtmlPage.ini&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;[base_paths]&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;javascript.basepath&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;  =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;quot;&#x2F;public&#x2F;js&#x2F;&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;css.basepath&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;         =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;quot;&#x2F;public&#x2F;css&#x2F;&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;templates.directory&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;  =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;quot;templates&#x2F;&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #B392F0;&quot;&gt;[defaults]&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;template.default&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;quot;layout.phtml&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;doctype.default&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;  =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;quot;XHTML_1_0_STRICT&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;title.prefix&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;     =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;quot;Test&amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;title.separator&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;  =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;quot; | &amp;quot;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The fluent interface...&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; Fluent interfaces are very easy to implement in
PHP. All you have to do is &lt;code&gt;return $this;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; in the function. Since &lt;code&gt;$this&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; is a
reference to an object, you can call another function, which also returns a
reference to an object, and so on.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Prevent vital class variables from being overridden&lt;&#x2F;strong&gt; &lt;br&gt; Magic functions in PHP
are quite useful. Since we have defined several class variables, such as
&lt;code&gt;$content&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;, that, if overwritten could potentially erase content from the HTML
page, we need a way to reserve these variables so that client code cannot
overwrite them. We want HtmlPage to be closed to modification, but open to
extension. &lt;code&gt;__set()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; provides the functionality needed.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;pre class=&quot;giallo&quot; style=&quot;color: #E1E4E8; background-color: #24292E;&quot;&gt;&lt;code data-lang=&quot;php&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #6A737D;&quot;&gt;&#x2F;&#x2F;HtmlPage.php&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;?&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;php&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;...&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;public final function&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; __set&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;($property, $value)&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    if&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; (&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;method_exists&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;$this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt; &amp;#39;get&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; .&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; ucfirst&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;($property))&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        ||&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; array_key_exists&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;($property,&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; get_class_vars&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;get_class&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;$this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;)))&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    ) {&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;        throw new&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; Exception&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #9ECBFF;&quot;&gt;&amp;#39;Attempted to set a reserved variable&amp;#39;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;);&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;    }&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt;    $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;-&amp;gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;$property&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt; =&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; $value;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #F97583;&quot;&gt;    return&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #79B8FF;&quot;&gt; $this&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;giallo-l&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;}&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;span&gt;&lt;&#x2F;code&gt;&lt;&#x2F;pre&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Basically, any time a client assigns a class property, &lt;code&gt;__set()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; checks to see if
there is a getter method, or a class variable already defined for that property.
If there is, &lt;code&gt;__set()&lt;&#x2F;code&gt; throws an exception. So the only way to add new class
properties to HtmlPage is to extend it.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;h2 id=&quot;conclusion&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;&#x2F;h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The code outlined here is simply to illustrate some basic techniques for templating.
This code &lt;em&gt;is&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; fully functional, and can be used to create web pages, but it&#x27;s
not really meant to be used as a foundational framework. I merely hope that it
helps you realize the power of separating those parts of an application
that are static into templates, and injecting the dynamic elements into those
templates. These techniques lead to more flexible, and maintainable code. Poke
around some of the major PHP frameworks like Zend, and you will see some of these
basic techniques in action.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Happy coding!&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>Books worth reading</title>
        <published>2013-02-05T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2013-02-05T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/blog/books-worth-reading/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/blog/books-worth-reading/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/blog/books-worth-reading/">&lt;div class=&quot;media-block&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;books-worth-reading&#x2F;joel_on_software.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Joel On Software&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;joel-on-software-by-joel-spolsky&quot;&gt;Joel on Software by Joel Spolsky&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Incredibly relevant, hilarious, and snarky Joel Spolsky - you love him or you
hate him, but you know he&#x27;s right. His writing may be a little unorthodox, but
his anecdotes about the software industry are chock full of practical wisdom.
This book is fun to read and it will make you think.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;media-block&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;books-worth-reading&#x2F;pragmatic_programmer.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The Pragmatic Programmer&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;the-pragmatic-programmer-by-andrew-hunt-and-david-thomas&quot;&gt;The Pragmatic Programmer by Andrew Hunt and David Thomas&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Well written, concise and easy to read This book provides excellent advice in a
down to earth way. It doesn&#x27;t lord its insight over you, but it will change the
way you program, and you won&#x27;t necessarily notice that it was responsible for
changing the way you program.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;media-block&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;books-worth-reading&#x2F;head_first_design_patterns.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;Head First Design Patterns&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;head-first-design-patterns-by-eric-elisabeth-freeman&quot;&gt;Head First Design Patterns by Eric &amp;amp; Elisabeth Freeman&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Delightfully quirky and effective, albeit a little... childish... in a good way
If you are, like myself, among the uninitiated when it comes to software
engineering, this book is a great way to dive into design patterns. Instead of
blindly making things up as I go, I now tend to prototype my designs on paper
using pseudo-code and this book as a guide.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;media-block&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https:&#x2F;&#x2F;samheuck.com&#x2F;blog&#x2F;books-worth-reading&#x2F;c_programming_language.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;The C Programming Language&quot; &#x2F;&gt;&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h3 id=&quot;the-c-programming-language-by-brian-kernighan-and-dennis-ritchie&quot;&gt;The C Programming Language by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie&lt;&#x2F;h3&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Not what most people would consider pleasure reading... but I am not most people.
Still a classic and the ultimate (in my opinion) authority on ANSI C. Every
programmer should read this book. It&#x27;s also a great way to get to sleep really
quickly. Great &quot;night stand&quot; reading...&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
&lt;&#x2F;div&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
    <entry xml:lang="en">
        <title>Good security</title>
        <published>2012-04-25T00:00:00+00:00</published>
        <updated>2012-04-25T00:00:00+00:00</updated>
        
        <author>
          <name>
            Sam Heuck
          </name>
        </author>
        
        <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://samheuck.com/blog/good-security/"/>
        <id>https://samheuck.com/blog/good-security/</id>
        
        <content type="html" xml:base="https://samheuck.com/blog/good-security/">&lt;img src=&quot;good_security.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;two small, red padlocks and a red ethernet cable&quot;&gt;
&lt;p&gt;At my former job, I was involved with a group called the SWAG - The Secure Web Applications Group. One hotly debated topic was identity management and central authentication. For months the SWAG discussed plans we could implement to improve the security of our network and the various web applications that run on our network. Of course, this is a group of computer nerds. So we discuss things like how to properly salt your SHA2 password hashes, which database abstraction to use in order to avoid SQL injection, and the best way to prevent session hijacking. These things are important, but also highly technical. It struck me that sometimes we focus too much on the technology, and we miss the simple yet often more dangerous security vulnerabilities: human beings.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;For example, a faculty member asks me to help them with their email. Nine times out of ten, and this was one of the nine, the problem is a forgotten or expired password. A quick call to the help desk to change the password and voilá, the spam cometh forth. Did you catch the potential security problem? Did the help desk ask me to verify my identity? Nope. He fired up his management console, asked me for the password I would like to set, (another security problem) and boom, password is changed. I could have easily told the guy I wanted to change the password of the president&#x27;s exchange account and he probably would have done it. I wasn&#x27;t even trying that hard either. I could have made up some grand story like &quot;Hi, this is Sam over in the president&#x27;s office. I&#x27;m providing on site technical support for the president, whose laptop was recently run over by a maintenance van. The president can&#x27;t remember her password and it was saved on her now flattened laptop. Could you change her exchange password to 12345? Thanks!&quot; (I realized later this probably wouldn&#x27;t have worked because the help desk has caller ID.)&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This got me thinking, what&#x27;s the point of implementing the most cutting edge security measures if I can circumvent them completely with a phone call? Good security has to include educating staff about clever social engineers &lt;em&gt;and&lt;&#x2F;em&gt; having great technology. I actually had a faculty member respond to a phishing attempt thinking it was central IT, and when I looked at the email, it took me a second to realize it was a fake. The giveaway was a technical detail about our network that was way off in the email, but the victim could not have known such a detail. As technology specialists, we have to be vigilant about the more organic security vulnerabilities, and sometimes that means we have to come up out of the depths of uber-nerd world and think about normal people.&lt;&#x2F;p&gt;
</content>
        
    </entry>
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