From 45436aa6841131ecc43af7ffb152b49415100f0d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sentomk <mk20040924@outlook.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 17:40:42 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 01/17] ci: add GitHub Actions workflows (C++17/20/23 matrix)

---
 .github/workflows/ci-full.yml | 0
 .github/workflows/ci-pr.yml   | 0
 2 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/ci-full.yml
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/ci-pr.yml

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b

From fb849f2a54bfe287fae57951206094dbd6b20081 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sentomk <mk20040924@outlook.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 17:43:04 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 02/17] ci(workflow): update

---
 .github/workflows/ci-full.yml | 168 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 .github/workflows/ci-pr.yml   | 129 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 297 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
index e69de29b..90d4d417 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+name: CI - Full (C++17/20/23 matrix)
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 3 * * 1' # weekly (UTC)
+
+jobs:
+  build-matrix:
+    name: Build & Test (${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.compiler }} / c++${{ matrix.cpp_std }})
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          # same include list as ci-pr.yml (copy/paste)
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: gcc
+            cpp_std: 17
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: gcc
+            cpp_std: 20
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: gcc
+            cpp_std: 23
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 17
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 20
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 23
+          - os: macos-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 17
+          - os: macos-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 20
+          - os: macos-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 23
+          - os: windows-latest
+            compiler: msvc
+            cpp_std: 17
+          - os: windows-latest
+            compiler: msvc
+            cpp_std: 20
+          - os: windows-latest
+            compiler: msvc
+            cpp_std: 23
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Cache build dir
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: build
+          key: full-${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-${{ hashFiles('**/CMakeLists.txt') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            full-${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-
+
+      - name: Prepare (Linux/macOS)
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update -y || true
+          sudo apt-get install -y ninja-build ccache || true
+
+      - name: Configure
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+        env:
+          CC: ${{ matrix.compiler == 'clang' && 'clang' || 'gcc' }}
+          CXX: ${{ matrix.compiler == 'clang' && 'clang++' || 'g++' }}
+        run: |
+          cmake -S . -B build \
+            -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
+            -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=${{ matrix.cpp_std }} \
+            -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED=ON \
+            -DBUILD_TESTS=ON \
+            -DBUILD_BENCHMARKS=ON
+      - name: Configure (Windows)
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          powershell -Command "cmake -S . -B build -G 'Visual Studio 17 2022' -A x64 -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=${{ matrix.cpp_std }} -DBUILD_TESTS=ON -DBUILD_BENCHMARKS=ON"
+
+      - name: Build
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+        run: cmake --build build --parallel
+      - name: Build (Windows)
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        run: powershell -Command "cmake --build build --config Release --parallel"
+
+      - name: Run tests
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          if [ -f build/CTestTestfile.cmake ]; then
+            pushd build
+            ctest --output-on-failure --parallel || (cat Testing/Temporary/LastTest.log || true; exit 1)
+            popd
+          else
+            echo "No tests."
+          fi
+        shell: bash
+
+      - name: Run tests (Windows)
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          if (Test-Path build/CTestTestfile.cmake) {
+            Push-Location build
+            ctest --config Release --output-on-failure --parallel
+            Pop-Location
+          } else {
+            Write-Host "No tests configured."
+          }
+        shell: pwsh
+
+      - name: Upload build artifact (success)
+        if: success()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: build-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}
+          path: build
+
+  clang-format-check:
+    name: clang-format check
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Install clang-format
+        run: sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y clang-format
+      - name: Check formatting
+        run: |
+          files=$(git ls-files '*.hpp' '*.h' '*.cpp' '*.c' | xargs)
+          if [ -z "$files" ]; then echo "No source files"; exit 0; fi
+          bad=0
+          for f in $files; do
+            if ! clang-format -style=file "$f" | diff -u "$f" - >/dev/null; then
+              echo "Not formatted: $f"
+              bad=1
+            fi
+          done
+          if [ $bad -ne 0 ]; then
+            echo "Run clang-format -i on reported files."
+            exit 2
+          fi
+
+  clang-tidy-scan:
+    name: clang-tidy (quick)
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: build-matrix
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Install clang-tidy
+        run: sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y clang-tidy
+      - name: Configure compile_commands.json
+        run: cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=23 -DBUILD_TESTS=OFF
+      - name: Run clang-tidy on headers (limited)
+        run: |
+          if [ -f build/compile_commands.json ]; then
+            find include -name '*.hpp' -or -name '*.h' | head -n 50 | xargs -r clang-tidy -p build || true
+          else
+            echo "No compile_commands.json; skipping"
+          fi
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
index e69de29b..07d7409a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+name: CI - PR (C++17/20/23 matrix)
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    name: Build & Test (${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.compiler }} / c++${{ matrix.cpp_std }})
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          # Linux - gcc / clang
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: gcc
+            cpp_std: 17
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: gcc
+            cpp_std: 20
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: gcc
+            cpp_std: 23
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 17
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 20
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 23
+
+          # macOS - clang
+          - os: macos-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 17
+          - os: macos-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 20
+          - os: macos-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 23
+
+          # Windows - MSVC (Visual Studio)
+          - os: windows-latest
+            compiler: msvc
+            cpp_std: 17
+          - os: windows-latest
+            compiler: msvc
+            cpp_std: 20
+          - os: windows-latest
+            compiler: msvc
+            cpp_std: 23
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Setup cache (build)
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: build
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-${{ hashFiles('**/CMakeLists.txt') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-
+
+      - name: Prepare toolchain (Linux/macOS)
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update -y || true
+          # basic helpers; on macOS these cmds are no-ops
+          sudo apt-get install -y ninja-build ccache || true
+
+      - name: Configure & build (Linux/macOS)
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+        env:
+          CC: ${{ matrix.compiler == 'clang' && 'clang' || 'gcc' }}
+          CXX: ${{ matrix.compiler == 'clang' && 'clang++' || 'g++' }}
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p build
+          cmake -S . -B build \
+            -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
+            -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=${{ matrix.cpp_std }} \
+            -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED=ON \
+            -DBUILD_TESTS=ON
+          cmake --build build --parallel
+        shell: bash
+
+      - name: Configure & build (Windows - MSVC)
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          powershell -Command "cmake -S . -B build -G 'Visual Studio 17 2022' -A x64 -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=${{ matrix.cpp_std }} -DBUILD_TESTS=ON"
+          powershell -Command "cmake --build build --config Release --parallel"
+        shell: pwsh
+
+      - name: Run tests (if any) - Linux/macOS
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          if [ -f build/CTestTestfile.cmake ]; then
+            pushd build
+            ctest --output-on-failure --parallel || (cat Testing/Temporary/LastTest.log || true; exit 1)
+            popd
+          else
+            echo "No tests configured."
+          fi
+        shell: bash
+
+      - name: Run tests (if any) - Windows
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          if (Test-Path build/CTestTestfile.cmake) {
+            Push-Location build
+            ctest --config Release --output-on-failure --parallel
+            Pop-Location
+          } else {
+            Write-Host "No tests configured."
+          }
+        shell: pwsh
+
+      - name: Upload build artifact on failure
+        if: failure()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: build-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}
+          path: build || .

From a90440b59f35f25f6992d3bb4c39d9299a2d0e47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sentomk <mk20040924@outlook.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 17:48:15 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 03/17] ci(workflow): update ci-full

---
 .github/workflows/ci-full.yml | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
index 90d4d417..52554b90 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ on:
   push:
     branches:
       - main
+      - ci/workflows
+
   workflow_dispatch:
   schedule:
     - cron: '0 3 * * 1' # weekly (UTC)

From 776c9f622bb6454dec408c11c33884119968c954 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sentomk <mk20040924@outlook.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 17:40:42 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 04/17] ci: add GitHub Actions workflows (C++17/20/23 matrix)

---
 .github/workflows/ci-full.yml | 0
 .github/workflows/ci-pr.yml   | 0
 2 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/ci-full.yml
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/ci-pr.yml

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b

From 86362b41c2f72e1450a88444b1359ea218448c10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sentomk <mk20040924@outlook.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 17:43:04 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 05/17] ci(workflow): update

---
 .github/workflows/ci-full.yml | 168 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 .github/workflows/ci-pr.yml   | 129 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 297 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
index e69de29b..90d4d417 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+name: CI - Full (C++17/20/23 matrix)
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+  workflow_dispatch:
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '0 3 * * 1' # weekly (UTC)
+
+jobs:
+  build-matrix:
+    name: Build & Test (${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.compiler }} / c++${{ matrix.cpp_std }})
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          # same include list as ci-pr.yml (copy/paste)
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: gcc
+            cpp_std: 17
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: gcc
+            cpp_std: 20
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: gcc
+            cpp_std: 23
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 17
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 20
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 23
+          - os: macos-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 17
+          - os: macos-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 20
+          - os: macos-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 23
+          - os: windows-latest
+            compiler: msvc
+            cpp_std: 17
+          - os: windows-latest
+            compiler: msvc
+            cpp_std: 20
+          - os: windows-latest
+            compiler: msvc
+            cpp_std: 23
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Cache build dir
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: build
+          key: full-${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-${{ hashFiles('**/CMakeLists.txt') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            full-${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-
+
+      - name: Prepare (Linux/macOS)
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update -y || true
+          sudo apt-get install -y ninja-build ccache || true
+
+      - name: Configure
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+        env:
+          CC: ${{ matrix.compiler == 'clang' && 'clang' || 'gcc' }}
+          CXX: ${{ matrix.compiler == 'clang' && 'clang++' || 'g++' }}
+        run: |
+          cmake -S . -B build \
+            -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
+            -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=${{ matrix.cpp_std }} \
+            -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED=ON \
+            -DBUILD_TESTS=ON \
+            -DBUILD_BENCHMARKS=ON
+      - name: Configure (Windows)
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          powershell -Command "cmake -S . -B build -G 'Visual Studio 17 2022' -A x64 -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=${{ matrix.cpp_std }} -DBUILD_TESTS=ON -DBUILD_BENCHMARKS=ON"
+
+      - name: Build
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+        run: cmake --build build --parallel
+      - name: Build (Windows)
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        run: powershell -Command "cmake --build build --config Release --parallel"
+
+      - name: Run tests
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          if [ -f build/CTestTestfile.cmake ]; then
+            pushd build
+            ctest --output-on-failure --parallel || (cat Testing/Temporary/LastTest.log || true; exit 1)
+            popd
+          else
+            echo "No tests."
+          fi
+        shell: bash
+
+      - name: Run tests (Windows)
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          if (Test-Path build/CTestTestfile.cmake) {
+            Push-Location build
+            ctest --config Release --output-on-failure --parallel
+            Pop-Location
+          } else {
+            Write-Host "No tests configured."
+          }
+        shell: pwsh
+
+      - name: Upload build artifact (success)
+        if: success()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: build-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}
+          path: build
+
+  clang-format-check:
+    name: clang-format check
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Install clang-format
+        run: sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y clang-format
+      - name: Check formatting
+        run: |
+          files=$(git ls-files '*.hpp' '*.h' '*.cpp' '*.c' | xargs)
+          if [ -z "$files" ]; then echo "No source files"; exit 0; fi
+          bad=0
+          for f in $files; do
+            if ! clang-format -style=file "$f" | diff -u "$f" - >/dev/null; then
+              echo "Not formatted: $f"
+              bad=1
+            fi
+          done
+          if [ $bad -ne 0 ]; then
+            echo "Run clang-format -i on reported files."
+            exit 2
+          fi
+
+  clang-tidy-scan:
+    name: clang-tidy (quick)
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: build-matrix
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: Install clang-tidy
+        run: sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y clang-tidy
+      - name: Configure compile_commands.json
+        run: cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=23 -DBUILD_TESTS=OFF
+      - name: Run clang-tidy on headers (limited)
+        run: |
+          if [ -f build/compile_commands.json ]; then
+            find include -name '*.hpp' -or -name '*.h' | head -n 50 | xargs -r clang-tidy -p build || true
+          else
+            echo "No compile_commands.json; skipping"
+          fi
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
index e69de29b..07d7409a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+name: CI - PR (C++17/20/23 matrix)
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    name: Build & Test (${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.compiler }} / c++${{ matrix.cpp_std }})
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          # Linux - gcc / clang
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: gcc
+            cpp_std: 17
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: gcc
+            cpp_std: 20
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: gcc
+            cpp_std: 23
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 17
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 20
+          - os: ubuntu-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 23
+
+          # macOS - clang
+          - os: macos-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 17
+          - os: macos-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 20
+          - os: macos-latest
+            compiler: clang
+            cpp_std: 23
+
+          # Windows - MSVC (Visual Studio)
+          - os: windows-latest
+            compiler: msvc
+            cpp_std: 17
+          - os: windows-latest
+            compiler: msvc
+            cpp_std: 20
+          - os: windows-latest
+            compiler: msvc
+            cpp_std: 23
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Setup cache (build)
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: build
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-${{ hashFiles('**/CMakeLists.txt') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-
+
+      - name: Prepare toolchain (Linux/macOS)
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update -y || true
+          # basic helpers; on macOS these cmds are no-ops
+          sudo apt-get install -y ninja-build ccache || true
+
+      - name: Configure & build (Linux/macOS)
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+        env:
+          CC: ${{ matrix.compiler == 'clang' && 'clang' || 'gcc' }}
+          CXX: ${{ matrix.compiler == 'clang' && 'clang++' || 'g++' }}
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p build
+          cmake -S . -B build \
+            -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
+            -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=${{ matrix.cpp_std }} \
+            -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED=ON \
+            -DBUILD_TESTS=ON
+          cmake --build build --parallel
+        shell: bash
+
+      - name: Configure & build (Windows - MSVC)
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          powershell -Command "cmake -S . -B build -G 'Visual Studio 17 2022' -A x64 -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=${{ matrix.cpp_std }} -DBUILD_TESTS=ON"
+          powershell -Command "cmake --build build --config Release --parallel"
+        shell: pwsh
+
+      - name: Run tests (if any) - Linux/macOS
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          if [ -f build/CTestTestfile.cmake ]; then
+            pushd build
+            ctest --output-on-failure --parallel || (cat Testing/Temporary/LastTest.log || true; exit 1)
+            popd
+          else
+            echo "No tests configured."
+          fi
+        shell: bash
+
+      - name: Run tests (if any) - Windows
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        run: |
+          if (Test-Path build/CTestTestfile.cmake) {
+            Push-Location build
+            ctest --config Release --output-on-failure --parallel
+            Pop-Location
+          } else {
+            Write-Host "No tests configured."
+          }
+        shell: pwsh
+
+      - name: Upload build artifact on failure
+        if: failure()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: build-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}
+          path: build || .

From 43135a0d29816a6b54e6963875a918c081d0b1b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sentomk <mk20040924@outlook.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 17:48:15 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 06/17] ci(workflow): update ci-full

---
 .github/workflows/ci-full.yml | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
index 90d4d417..52554b90 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ on:
   push:
     branches:
       - main
+      - ci/workflows
+
   workflow_dispatch:
   schedule:
     - cron: '0 3 * * 1' # weekly (UTC)

From 7cfbeca66df1569d3e2a5045c0289ea92495bdec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sentomk <mk20040924@outlook.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2025 18:12:57 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 07/17] update .gitignore

---
 .gitignore | 89 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 83 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 56eaf55f..51d0dcbc 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,9 +1,86 @@
-*
+# === build artifacts ===
+# generic build dirs
+/build/
+**/build/
+cmake-build-*/
+out/
+bin/
 
-!.gitignore
-!.clang-format
-!CMakeLists.txt
-!README.md
+# object / temporary files
+*.o
+*.obj
+*.lo
+*.la
+
+# libraries / executables
+*.so
+*.a
+*.lib
+*.dll
+*.exe
+
+# === CMake / IDE ===
+CMakeFiles/
+CMakeCache.txt
+cmake_install.cmake
+install_manifest.txt
+
+# IDEs / editors
+.vscode/
+.idea/
+*.sublime-project
+*.sublime-workspace
+
+# === OS ===
+.DS_Store
+Thumbs.db
+
+# === tooling caches ===
+# ccache
+.ccache/
+.cache/
+# pip / python envs
+venv/
+.env
+__pycache__/
+
+# === CI runtime results and logs (do NOT commit) ===
+# local CI results produced by scripts / workflows
+ci/results/
+ci/*.log
+*.log
+*.xml
+
+# test & coverage outputs
+coverage/
+coverage.info
+*.gcda
+*.gcno
+*.gcov
+
+# sanitizer outputs
+*.san
+asan.log
+
+# packaging / temp
+*.tar.gz
+*.zip
+*.tar
+*.egg-info
+
+# node / npm (if repo has front-end/tools)
+node_modules/
+
+# secrets / user config (safety)
+secrets.yml
+*.key
+*.pem
+
+# Keep repo files that should still be tracked (explicit allows)
+!/.gitignore
+!/.clang-format
+!/CMakeLists.txt
+!/README.md
 
 !include
 !src
@@ -15,4 +92,4 @@
 !src/**
 !tests/**
 !benchmarks/**
-!cmake/**
\ No newline at end of file
+!cmake/**

From bbce03cf55dc74a4e13b53c4cc08d73a519c82db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yingfan Guo <115908952+sentomk@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:30:47 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 08/17] Update ci-full.yml

---
 .github/workflows/ci-full.yml | 20 ++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
index 52554b90..7b99fff4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
@@ -97,17 +97,17 @@ jobs:
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
         run: powershell -Command "cmake --build build --config Release --parallel"
 
-      - name: Run tests
-        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+      - name: Run tests (Windows)
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
         run: |
-          if [ -f build/CTestTestfile.cmake ]; then
-            pushd build
-            ctest --output-on-failure --parallel || (cat Testing/Temporary/LastTest.log || true; exit 1)
-            popd
-          else
-            echo "No tests."
-          fi
-        shell: bash
+          if (Test-Path build/CTestTestfile.cmake) {
+            Push-Location build
+            ctest -C Release --output-on-failure --parallel
+            Pop-Location
+          } else {
+            Write-Host "No tests configured."
+          }
+        shell: pwsh
 
       - name: Run tests (Windows)
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'

From 497e37b99269535dfb19f65b754e0b349ffa9cd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yingfan Guo <115908952+sentomk@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:34:18 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 09/17] Update ci-full.yml

---
 .github/workflows/ci-full.yml | 141 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 103 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
index 7b99fff4..77ae5dba 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ on:
     branches:
       - main
       - ci/workflows
-
   workflow_dispatch:
   schedule:
     - cron: '0 3 * * 1' # weekly (UTC)
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          # same include list as ci-pr.yml (copy/paste)
+          # Ubuntu - gcc/clang
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             compiler: gcc
             cpp_std: 17
@@ -37,6 +36,7 @@ jobs:
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             compiler: clang
             cpp_std: 23
+          # macOS - clang (AppleClang)
           - os: macos-latest
             compiler: clang
             cpp_std: 17
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ jobs:
           - os: macos-latest
             compiler: clang
             cpp_std: 23
+          # Windows - MSVC
           - os: windows-latest
             compiler: msvc
             cpp_std: 17
@@ -58,87 +59,141 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          submodules: recursive
+          fetch-depth: 0
 
       - name: Cache build dir
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: build
-          key: full-${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-${{ hashFiles('**/CMakeLists.txt') }}
+          key: full-${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-${{ hashFiles('**/CMakeLists.txt', '**/*.cmake') }}
           restore-keys: |
             full-${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-
 
-      - name: Prepare (Linux/macOS)
-        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+      # -----------------------------
+      # Dependencies per platform
+      # -----------------------------
+      - name: Prepare (Ubuntu)
+        if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update -y
+          sudo apt-get install -y ninja-build ccache
+          # clang/gcc 通常已预装；如需特定版本可在这里安装
+
+      - name: Prepare (macOS)
+        if: runner.os == 'macOS'
         run: |
-          sudo apt-get update -y || true
-          sudo apt-get install -y ninja-build ccache || true
+          brew update
+          brew install ninja || true
 
-      - name: Configure
+      # -----------------------------
+      # Configure
+      # -----------------------------
+      - name: Configure (Linux/macOS, Ninja single-config)
         if: runner.os != 'Windows'
-        env:
-          CC: ${{ matrix.compiler == 'clang' && 'clang' || 'gcc' }}
-          CXX: ${{ matrix.compiler == 'clang' && 'clang++' || 'g++' }}
+        shell: bash
         run: |
-          cmake -S . -B build \
+          set -euxo pipefail
+          if [ "${{ matrix.compiler }}" = "clang" ]; then
+            export CC=clang
+            export CXX=clang++
+          else
+            export CC=gcc
+            export CXX=g++
+          fi
+          cmake -S . -B build -G Ninja \
             -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
             -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=${{ matrix.cpp_std }} \
             -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED=ON \
+            -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON \
             -DBUILD_TESTS=ON \
             -DBUILD_BENCHMARKS=ON
-      - name: Configure (Windows)
+
+      - name: Configure (Windows, Visual Studio multi-config)
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
-        run: |
-          powershell -Command "cmake -S . -B build -G 'Visual Studio 17 2022' -A x64 -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=${{ matrix.cpp_std }} -DBUILD_TESTS=ON -DBUILD_BENCHMARKS=ON"
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: >
+          cmake -S . -B build
+          -G "Visual Studio 17 2022"
+          -A x64
+          -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=${{ matrix.cpp_std }}
+          -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON
+          -DBUILD_TESTS=ON
+          -DBUILD_BENCHMARKS=ON
 
-      - name: Build
+      # -----------------------------
+      # Build
+      # -----------------------------
+      - name: Build (Linux/macOS)
         if: runner.os != 'Windows'
         run: cmake --build build --parallel
+
       - name: Build (Windows)
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
-        run: powershell -Command "cmake --build build --config Release --parallel"
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: cmake --build build --config Release --parallel
 
-      - name: Run tests (Windows)
-        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+      # -----------------------------
+      # Test
+      # -----------------------------
+      - name: Run tests (Linux/macOS)
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+        shell: bash
         run: |
-          if (Test-Path build/CTestTestfile.cmake) {
-            Push-Location build
-            ctest -C Release --output-on-failure --parallel
-            Pop-Location
-          } else {
-            Write-Host "No tests configured."
-          }
-        shell: pwsh
+          set -euxo pipefail
+          if [ -f build/CTestTestfile.cmake ]; then
+            pushd build
+            ctest --output-on-failure --parallel
+            popd
+          else
+            echo "No tests configured."
+          fi
 
       - name: Run tests (Windows)
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        shell: pwsh
         run: |
           if (Test-Path build/CTestTestfile.cmake) {
             Push-Location build
-            ctest --config Release --output-on-failure --parallel
+            # 注意：ctest 在多配置生成器下应使用 -C，而不是 --config
+            ctest -C Release --output-on-failure --parallel
             Pop-Location
           } else {
             Write-Host "No tests configured."
           }
-        shell: pwsh
 
-      - name: Upload build artifact (success)
-        if: success()
+      # -----------------------------
+      # Artifacts
+      # -----------------------------
+      - name: Upload build artifact (always)
+        if: always()
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: build-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}
           path: build
 
+  # -----------------------------------------
+  # clang-format style check
+  # -----------------------------------------
   clang-format-check:
     name: clang-format check
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Install clang-format
-        run: sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y clang-format
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update -y
+          sudo apt-get install -y clang-format
       - name: Check formatting
+        shell: bash
         run: |
-          files=$(git ls-files '*.hpp' '*.h' '*.cpp' '*.c' | xargs)
-          if [ -z "$files" ]; then echo "No source files"; exit 0; fi
+          set -euxo pipefail
+          files="$(git ls-files '*.hpp' '*.h' '*.cpp' '*.c' | xargs || true)"
+          if [ -z "$files" ]; then
+            echo "No source files"
+            exit 0
+          fi
           bad=0
           for f in $files; do
             if ! clang-format -style=file "$f" | diff -u "$f" - >/dev/null; then
@@ -151,6 +206,9 @@ jobs:
             exit 2
           fi
 
+  # -----------------------------------------
+  # clang-tidy (quick scan on part of headers)
+  # -----------------------------------------
   clang-tidy-scan:
     name: clang-tidy (quick)
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -158,13 +216,20 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Install clang-tidy
-        run: sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y clang-tidy
-      - name: Configure compile_commands.json
-        run: cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=23 -DBUILD_TESTS=OFF
+        run: |
+          sudo apt-get update -y
+          sudo apt-get install -y clang-tidy
+      - name: Configure compile_commands.json (Ninja)
+        run: |
+          cmake -S . -B build -G Ninja \
+            -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=23 \
+            -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON \
+            -DBUILD_TESTS=OFF \
+            -DBUILD_BENCHMARKS=OFF
       - name: Run clang-tidy on headers (limited)
         run: |
           if [ -f build/compile_commands.json ]; then
-            find include -name '*.hpp' -or -name '*.h' | head -n 50 | xargs -r clang-tidy -p build || true
+            find include -type f \( -name '*.hpp' -o -name '*.h' \) | head -n 50 | xargs -r clang-tidy -p build || true
           else
             echo "No compile_commands.json; skipping"
           fi

From 3fedcdcb645625d541af92231b598758aa586e0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yingfan Guo <115908952+sentomk@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Sep 2025 00:52:37 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 10/17] Update ci-full.yml

---
 .github/workflows/ci-full.yml | 84 ++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 53 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
index 77ae5dba..fcfbb4ec 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
@@ -17,45 +17,57 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          # Ubuntu - gcc/clang
+          # Ubuntu - gcc/clang (Ninja)
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             compiler: gcc
             cpp_std: 17
+            generator: ninja
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             compiler: gcc
             cpp_std: 20
+            generator: ninja
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             compiler: gcc
             cpp_std: 23
+            generator: ninja
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             compiler: clang
             cpp_std: 17
+            generator: ninja
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             compiler: clang
             cpp_std: 20
+            generator: ninja
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             compiler: clang
             cpp_std: 23
-          # macOS - clang (AppleClang)
+            generator: ninja
+          # macOS - AppleClang (Ninja)
           - os: macos-latest
             compiler: clang
             cpp_std: 17
+            generator: ninja
           - os: macos-latest
             compiler: clang
             cpp_std: 20
+            generator: ninja
           - os: macos-latest
             compiler: clang
             cpp_std: 23
-          # Windows - MSVC
+            generator: ninja
+          # Windows - MSVC (VS 2022)
           - os: windows-latest
             compiler: msvc
             cpp_std: 17
+            generator: vs17
           - os: windows-latest
             compiler: msvc
             cpp_std: 20
+            generator: vs17
           - os: windows-latest
             compiler: msvc
             cpp_std: 23
+            generator: vs17
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -63,23 +75,21 @@ jobs:
           submodules: recursive
           fetch-depth: 0
 
-      - name: Cache build dir
+      # 建议：不要缓存整个 build 目录；如果你坚持缓存，至少把 generator 放进 key
+      - name: Cache build dir (optional)
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: build
-          key: full-${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-${{ hashFiles('**/CMakeLists.txt', '**/*.cmake') }}
+          key: full-${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-gen-${{ matrix.generator }}-${{ hashFiles('**/CMakeLists.txt', '**/*.cmake') }}
           restore-keys: |
-            full-${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-
+            full-${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-gen-${{ matrix.generator }}-
 
-      # -----------------------------
-      # Dependencies per platform
-      # -----------------------------
+      # ---- Dependencies per platform ----
       - name: Prepare (Ubuntu)
         if: runner.os == 'Linux'
         run: |
           sudo apt-get update -y
           sudo apt-get install -y ninja-build ccache
-          # clang/gcc 通常已预装；如需特定版本可在这里安装
 
       - name: Prepare (macOS)
         if: runner.os == 'macOS'
@@ -87,10 +97,33 @@ jobs:
           brew update
           brew install ninja || true
 
-      # -----------------------------
-      # Configure
-      # -----------------------------
-      - name: Configure (Linux/macOS, Ninja single-config)
+      # ---- Clean stale build dir if generator mismatched ----
+      - name: Ensure clean build dir for Ninja (Linux/macOS)
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euxo pipefail
+          if [ -f build/CMakeCache.txt ]; then
+            if ! grep -q 'CMAKE_GENERATOR:INTERNAL=Ninja' build/CMakeCache.txt; then
+              rm -rf build
+            fi
+          fi
+          mkdir -p build
+
+      - name: Ensure clean build dir for VS (Windows)
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        shell: pwsh
+        run: |
+          if (Test-Path build/CMakeCache.txt) {
+            $gen = Select-String -Path build/CMakeCache.txt -Pattern 'CMAKE_GENERATOR:INTERNAL=(.*)' | ForEach-Object { $_.Matches[0].Groups[1].Value }
+            if ($gen -notlike 'Visual Studio*') {
+              Remove-Item -Recurse -Force build
+            }
+          }
+          New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path build | Out-Null
+
+      # ---- Configure ----
+      - name: Configure (Linux/macOS, Ninja)
         if: runner.os != 'Windows'
         shell: bash
         run: |
@@ -110,7 +143,7 @@ jobs:
             -DBUILD_TESTS=ON \
             -DBUILD_BENCHMARKS=ON
 
-      - name: Configure (Windows, Visual Studio multi-config)
+      - name: Configure (Windows, VS 2022)
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
         shell: pwsh
         run: >
@@ -122,9 +155,7 @@ jobs:
           -DBUILD_TESTS=ON
           -DBUILD_BENCHMARKS=ON
 
-      # -----------------------------
-      # Build
-      # -----------------------------
+      # ---- Build ----
       - name: Build (Linux/macOS)
         if: runner.os != 'Windows'
         run: cmake --build build --parallel
@@ -134,9 +165,7 @@ jobs:
         shell: pwsh
         run: cmake --build build --config Release --parallel
 
-      # -----------------------------
-      # Test
-      # -----------------------------
+      # ---- Test ----
       - name: Run tests (Linux/macOS)
         if: runner.os != 'Windows'
         shell: bash
@@ -156,16 +185,13 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           if (Test-Path build/CTestTestfile.cmake) {
             Push-Location build
-            # 注意：ctest 在多配置生成器下应使用 -C，而不是 --config
             ctest -C Release --output-on-failure --parallel
             Pop-Location
           } else {
             Write-Host "No tests configured."
           }
 
-      # -----------------------------
-      # Artifacts
-      # -----------------------------
+      # ---- Artifacts ----
       - name: Upload build artifact (always)
         if: always()
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
@@ -173,9 +199,7 @@ jobs:
           name: build-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}
           path: build
 
-  # -----------------------------------------
-  # clang-format style check
-  # -----------------------------------------
+  # ---- clang-format ----
   clang-format-check:
     name: clang-format check
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -206,9 +230,7 @@ jobs:
             exit 2
           fi
 
-  # -----------------------------------------
-  # clang-tidy (quick scan on part of headers)
-  # -----------------------------------------
+  # ---- clang-tidy (quick) ----
   clang-tidy-scan:
     name: clang-tidy (quick)
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest

From e1cb69b9144427f5587aae5ada468c1b9292a704 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yingfan Guo <115908952+sentomk@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Sep 2025 01:05:18 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 11/17] Update ci-full.yml

---
 .github/workflows/ci-full.yml | 153 ++++++++--------------------------
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 120 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
index fcfbb4ec..52554b90 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ on:
     branches:
       - main
       - ci/workflows
+
   workflow_dispatch:
   schedule:
     - cron: '0 3 * * 1' # weekly (UTC)
@@ -17,207 +18,127 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          # Ubuntu - gcc/clang (Ninja)
+          # same include list as ci-pr.yml (copy/paste)
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             compiler: gcc
             cpp_std: 17
-            generator: ninja
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             compiler: gcc
             cpp_std: 20
-            generator: ninja
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             compiler: gcc
             cpp_std: 23
-            generator: ninja
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             compiler: clang
             cpp_std: 17
-            generator: ninja
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             compiler: clang
             cpp_std: 20
-            generator: ninja
           - os: ubuntu-latest
             compiler: clang
             cpp_std: 23
-            generator: ninja
-          # macOS - AppleClang (Ninja)
           - os: macos-latest
             compiler: clang
             cpp_std: 17
-            generator: ninja
           - os: macos-latest
             compiler: clang
             cpp_std: 20
-            generator: ninja
           - os: macos-latest
             compiler: clang
             cpp_std: 23
-            generator: ninja
-          # Windows - MSVC (VS 2022)
           - os: windows-latest
             compiler: msvc
             cpp_std: 17
-            generator: vs17
           - os: windows-latest
             compiler: msvc
             cpp_std: 20
-            generator: vs17
           - os: windows-latest
             compiler: msvc
             cpp_std: 23
-            generator: vs17
 
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-        with:
-          submodules: recursive
-          fetch-depth: 0
 
-      # 建议：不要缓存整个 build 目录；如果你坚持缓存，至少把 generator 放进 key
-      - name: Cache build dir (optional)
+      - name: Cache build dir
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: build
-          key: full-${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-gen-${{ matrix.generator }}-${{ hashFiles('**/CMakeLists.txt', '**/*.cmake') }}
+          key: full-${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-${{ hashFiles('**/CMakeLists.txt') }}
           restore-keys: |
-            full-${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-gen-${{ matrix.generator }}-
-
-      # ---- Dependencies per platform ----
-      - name: Prepare (Ubuntu)
-        if: runner.os == 'Linux'
-        run: |
-          sudo apt-get update -y
-          sudo apt-get install -y ninja-build ccache
+            full-${{ runner.os }}-cmake-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}-
 
-      - name: Prepare (macOS)
-        if: runner.os == 'macOS'
-        run: |
-          brew update
-          brew install ninja || true
-
-      # ---- Clean stale build dir if generator mismatched ----
-      - name: Ensure clean build dir for Ninja (Linux/macOS)
+      - name: Prepare (Linux/macOS)
         if: runner.os != 'Windows'
-        shell: bash
-        run: |
-          set -euxo pipefail
-          if [ -f build/CMakeCache.txt ]; then
-            if ! grep -q 'CMAKE_GENERATOR:INTERNAL=Ninja' build/CMakeCache.txt; then
-              rm -rf build
-            fi
-          fi
-          mkdir -p build
-
-      - name: Ensure clean build dir for VS (Windows)
-        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
-        shell: pwsh
         run: |
-          if (Test-Path build/CMakeCache.txt) {
-            $gen = Select-String -Path build/CMakeCache.txt -Pattern 'CMAKE_GENERATOR:INTERNAL=(.*)' | ForEach-Object { $_.Matches[0].Groups[1].Value }
-            if ($gen -notlike 'Visual Studio*') {
-              Remove-Item -Recurse -Force build
-            }
-          }
-          New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path build | Out-Null
+          sudo apt-get update -y || true
+          sudo apt-get install -y ninja-build ccache || true
 
-      # ---- Configure ----
-      - name: Configure (Linux/macOS, Ninja)
+      - name: Configure
         if: runner.os != 'Windows'
-        shell: bash
+        env:
+          CC: ${{ matrix.compiler == 'clang' && 'clang' || 'gcc' }}
+          CXX: ${{ matrix.compiler == 'clang' && 'clang++' || 'g++' }}
         run: |
-          set -euxo pipefail
-          if [ "${{ matrix.compiler }}" = "clang" ]; then
-            export CC=clang
-            export CXX=clang++
-          else
-            export CC=gcc
-            export CXX=g++
-          fi
-          cmake -S . -B build -G Ninja \
+          cmake -S . -B build \
             -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
             -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=${{ matrix.cpp_std }} \
             -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED=ON \
-            -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON \
             -DBUILD_TESTS=ON \
             -DBUILD_BENCHMARKS=ON
-
-      - name: Configure (Windows, VS 2022)
+      - name: Configure (Windows)
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
-        shell: pwsh
-        run: >
-          cmake -S . -B build
-          -G "Visual Studio 17 2022"
-          -A x64
-          -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=${{ matrix.cpp_std }}
-          -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON
-          -DBUILD_TESTS=ON
-          -DBUILD_BENCHMARKS=ON
+        run: |
+          powershell -Command "cmake -S . -B build -G 'Visual Studio 17 2022' -A x64 -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=${{ matrix.cpp_std }} -DBUILD_TESTS=ON -DBUILD_BENCHMARKS=ON"
 
-      # ---- Build ----
-      - name: Build (Linux/macOS)
+      - name: Build
         if: runner.os != 'Windows'
         run: cmake --build build --parallel
-
       - name: Build (Windows)
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
-        shell: pwsh
-        run: cmake --build build --config Release --parallel
+        run: powershell -Command "cmake --build build --config Release --parallel"
 
-      # ---- Test ----
-      - name: Run tests (Linux/macOS)
+      - name: Run tests
         if: runner.os != 'Windows'
-        shell: bash
         run: |
-          set -euxo pipefail
           if [ -f build/CTestTestfile.cmake ]; then
             pushd build
-            ctest --output-on-failure --parallel
+            ctest --output-on-failure --parallel || (cat Testing/Temporary/LastTest.log || true; exit 1)
             popd
           else
-            echo "No tests configured."
+            echo "No tests."
           fi
+        shell: bash
 
       - name: Run tests (Windows)
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
-        shell: pwsh
         run: |
           if (Test-Path build/CTestTestfile.cmake) {
             Push-Location build
-            ctest -C Release --output-on-failure --parallel
+            ctest --config Release --output-on-failure --parallel
             Pop-Location
           } else {
             Write-Host "No tests configured."
           }
+        shell: pwsh
 
-      # ---- Artifacts ----
-      - name: Upload build artifact (always)
-        if: always()
+      - name: Upload build artifact (success)
+        if: success()
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: build-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.compiler }}-std${{ matrix.cpp_std }}
           path: build
 
-  # ---- clang-format ----
   clang-format-check:
     name: clang-format check
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Install clang-format
-        run: |
-          sudo apt-get update -y
-          sudo apt-get install -y clang-format
+        run: sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y clang-format
       - name: Check formatting
-        shell: bash
         run: |
-          set -euxo pipefail
-          files="$(git ls-files '*.hpp' '*.h' '*.cpp' '*.c' | xargs || true)"
-          if [ -z "$files" ]; then
-            echo "No source files"
-            exit 0
-          fi
+          files=$(git ls-files '*.hpp' '*.h' '*.cpp' '*.c' | xargs)
+          if [ -z "$files" ]; then echo "No source files"; exit 0; fi
           bad=0
           for f in $files; do
             if ! clang-format -style=file "$f" | diff -u "$f" - >/dev/null; then
@@ -230,7 +151,6 @@ jobs:
             exit 2
           fi
 
-  # ---- clang-tidy (quick) ----
   clang-tidy-scan:
     name: clang-tidy (quick)
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -238,20 +158,13 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: Install clang-tidy
-        run: |
-          sudo apt-get update -y
-          sudo apt-get install -y clang-tidy
-      - name: Configure compile_commands.json (Ninja)
-        run: |
-          cmake -S . -B build -G Ninja \
-            -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=23 \
-            -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON \
-            -DBUILD_TESTS=OFF \
-            -DBUILD_BENCHMARKS=OFF
+        run: sudo apt-get update -y && sudo apt-get install -y clang-tidy
+      - name: Configure compile_commands.json
+        run: cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=23 -DBUILD_TESTS=OFF
       - name: Run clang-tidy on headers (limited)
         run: |
           if [ -f build/compile_commands.json ]; then
-            find include -type f \( -name '*.hpp' -o -name '*.h' \) | head -n 50 | xargs -r clang-tidy -p build || true
+            find include -name '*.hpp' -or -name '*.h' | head -n 50 | xargs -r clang-tidy -p build || true
           else
             echo "No compile_commands.json; skipping"
           fi

From a7b2dbcb7f97d42e0b197e196a81e404882d3daa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yingfan Guo <115908952+sentomk@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Sep 2025 02:03:39 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 12/17] Update ci-full.yml

---
 .github/workflows/ci-full.yml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
index 52554b90..77dc5db8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           if (Test-Path build/CTestTestfile.cmake) {
             Push-Location build
-            ctest --config Release --output-on-failure --parallel
+            ctest --output-on-failure --parallel
             Pop-Location
           } else {
             Write-Host "No tests configured."

From 3d278cd441ee6a1bee9940dfa6a8fb59014afc85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yingfan Guo <115908952+sentomk@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Sep 2025 02:25:09 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 13/17] Update ci-full.yml

---
 .github/workflows/ci-full.yml | 16 +++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
index 77dc5db8..d8b4ecd5 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-full.yml
@@ -108,18 +108,28 @@ jobs:
             echo "No tests."
           fi
         shell: bash
-
+        
       - name: Run tests (Windows)
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        shell: pwsh
         run: |
           if (Test-Path build/CTestTestfile.cmake) {
             Push-Location build
-            ctest --output-on-failure --parallel
+            $gen = ""
+            if (Test-Path CMakeCache.txt) {
+              $m = Select-String -Path CMakeCache.txt -Pattern '^CMAKE_GENERATOR:INTERNAL=(.*)' -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
+              if ($m) { $gen = $m.Matches[0].Groups[1].Value }
+            }
+            if ($gen -like "Visual Studio*") {
+              ctest -C Release --output-on-failure --parallel
+            } else {
+              ctest --output-on-failure --parallel
+            }
             Pop-Location
           } else {
             Write-Host "No tests configured."
           }
-        shell: pwsh
+
 
       - name: Upload build artifact (success)
         if: success()

From 0db2473dfd27d67084368b89e84eab35cdf42554 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sentomk <mk20040924@outlook.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Sep 2025 02:31:21 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 14/17] create ci.yml

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yml | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/ci.yml

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dac5c68a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+name: Gate CI (runs on PRs into B)
+
+on:
+  pull_request_target:
+    branches: [ 'ci/workflows' ]
+    types: [ opened, synchronize, reopened ]
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  build-test:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      pull-requests: read
+      actions: read
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout PR HEAD safely
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          repository: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name }}
+          ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
+          fetch-depth: 0
+          
+      - run: |
+          cmake -S . -B build -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DBUILD_TESTS=ON
+          cmake --build build --parallel
+          ctest --test-dir build --output-on-failure --parallel

From 228b872f8c090fc6587c66a96dea5194206126c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sentomk <mk20040924@outlook.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Sep 2025 02:42:09 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 15/17] update

---
 .github/workflows/ci-pr.yml | 15 ++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
index 07d7409a..1588922e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci-pr.yml
@@ -111,15 +111,24 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Run tests (if any) - Windows
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        shell: pwsh
         run: |
           if (Test-Path build/CTestTestfile.cmake) {
             Push-Location build
-            ctest --config Release --output-on-failure --parallel
-            Pop-Location
+            try {
+              ctest -C Release --output-on-failure --parallel
+            } catch {
+              if (Test-Path "Testing/Temporary/LastTest.log") {
+                Write-Host "==== LastTest.log ===="
+                Get-Content "Testing/Temporary/LastTest.log"
+              }
+              throw
+            } finally {
+              Pop-Location
+            }
           } else {
             Write-Host "No tests configured."
           }
-        shell: pwsh
 
       - name: Upload build artifact on failure
         if: failure()

From 9f4d5b6f6138dc0be968d78da40a1c28497ec7d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yingfan Guo <115908952+sentomk@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Sep 2025 02:55:32 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 16/17] create pull request from dev/fix to ci branch (#5)

* fix(core): pass tuple to match_builder::create, not to V constructor

* fix(core): make friend match declaration identical to patternia.hpp to avoid noexcept mismatch (clang)

* fix(core): remove noexcept from friend declaration of ptn::match to avoid exception-spec mismatch (clang)

* fix(core)

* fix(core): replace the function-style cast with direct initialization using parentheses (MSVC)

* fix(core): replace the function-style cast with direct initialization using parentheses (MSVC)

* fix(core): resolved error C2440: '<function-style-cast>'

* fix(core): resolved error C2440: '<function-style-cast>'

* fix(core): resolved error C2440: '<function-style-cast>'

* fix(core): resolved error C2440: '<function-style-cast>'

* fix(msvc): use brace-init in match_builder to avoid initializer-list ambiguity

* fix(msvc): use brace-init in match_builder to avoid initializer-list ambiguity
---
 include/ptn/core/match_builder.hpp | 42 +++++++++++++++++++-----------
 include/ptn/patternia.hpp          |  6 ++---
 2 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/ptn/core/match_builder.hpp b/include/ptn/core/match_builder.hpp
index 3f7807e6..20d497f5 100644
--- a/include/ptn/core/match_builder.hpp
+++ b/include/ptn/core/match_builder.hpp
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 #include <functional>
+#include <ratio>
 
 #if PTN_USE_CONCEPTS
 #include <concepts>
@@ -17,9 +18,9 @@
 
 namespace ptn {
   /* free match function forward declaration */
-  template <typename U>
+  template <typename T>
   constexpr auto
-  match(U &&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<std::decay_t<U>, U &&>);
+  match(T &&) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<std::decay_t<T>, T &&>);
 } // namespace ptn
 
 namespace ptn::detail {
@@ -89,35 +90,45 @@ namespace ptn::core {
   class match_builder {
     TV                   value_;
     std::tuple<Cases...> cases_;
-    using ctor_tag_t = ctor_tag;
-
-    template <typename U>
-    friend constexpr auto ::ptn::match(U &&) noexcept(
-        std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<std::decay_t<U>, U &&>);
-
+    using ctor_tag_t = ptn::core::ctor_tag;
     /* make all specializations of match_builder mutual friends  */
     template <typename, typename...>
     friend class match_builder;
 
-    template <typename Tuple>
+    template <typename TV2, typename Tuple>
 #if PTN_USE_CONCEPTS
-      requires std::constructible_from<std::tuple<Cases...>, Tuple>
+      requires std::constructible_from<TV, TV2 &&> &&
+                   std::constructible_from<std::tuple<Cases...>, Tuple>
 #endif
-    explicit constexpr match_builder(TV &&v, Tuple &&cs, ctor_tag_t)
-        : value_(std::forward<TV>(v)), cases_(std::forward<Tuple>(cs)) {
+    explicit constexpr match_builder(TV2 &&v, Tuple &&cs, ctor_tag_t)
+        : value_(std::forward<TV2>(v)), cases_(std::forward<Tuple>(cs)) {
     }
 
   public:
-    // with
+    // Correctly place template & requires for create
+    template <typename VArg, typename Tuple>
+#if PTN_USE_CONCEPTS
+      requires std::constructible_from<std::tuple<Cases...>, Tuple>
+#endif
+    static constexpr auto create(VArg &&v, Tuple &&cs)
+        -> match_builder<std::decay_t<VArg>, Cases...> {
+      using result_t = match_builder<std::decay_t<VArg>, Cases...>;
+      return result_t(
+          std::forward<VArg>(v), std::forward<Tuple>(cs), ctor_tag{});
+    }
+
+    // with (lvalue)
     template <typename Pattern, typename Handler>
     constexpr auto with(Pattern p, Handler h) & {
       using pair_t   = std::pair<Pattern, Handler>;
       auto new_cases = std::tuple_cat(
           cases_, std::make_tuple(pair_t{std::move(p), std::move(h)}));
+      // use brace-init to construct the returned match_builder
       return match_builder<TV, Cases..., pair_t>(
           value_, std::move(new_cases), ctor_tag_t{});
     }
 
+    // with (rvalue)
     template <typename Pattern, typename Handler>
     constexpr auto with(Pattern p, Handler h) && {
       using pair_t   = std::pair<Pattern, Handler>;
@@ -138,7 +149,8 @@ namespace ptn::core {
           decltype(ptn::detail::run_handler(
               std::declval<std::decay_t<H> &>(), std::declval<TV &>()))>;
       R    out{};
-      bool done    = false;
+      bool done = false;
+
       auto try_one = [&](auto &c) {
         if (done)
           return;
@@ -199,4 +211,4 @@ namespace ptn::core {
       return std::move(*this).with(std::move(e.pattern), std::move(e.handler));
     }
   };
-} // namespace ptn::core
\ No newline at end of file
+} // namespace ptn::core
diff --git a/include/ptn/patternia.hpp b/include/ptn/patternia.hpp
index b46d4823..d83090b7 100644
--- a/include/ptn/patternia.hpp
+++ b/include/ptn/patternia.hpp
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ namespace ptn {
   constexpr auto match(T &&value) noexcept(
       std::is_nothrow_constructible_v<std::decay_t<T>, T &&>) {
     using V = std::decay_t<T>;
-    return core::match_builder<V>(
-        V(std::forward<T>(value)), std::tuple<>{}, core::ctor_tag{});
+    return core::match_builder<V>::create(
+        V(std::forward<T>(value)), std::tuple<>{});
   }
 }; // namespace ptn
 
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ namespace ptn {
 
 #if PTN_ENABLE_RELATIONAL_PATTERN
 // clang-format off
-#  include <ptn/patterns/relational.hpp>
+#include <ptn/patterns/relational.hpp>
 // clang-format on
 #endif
 

From 5ef29249ed12d25ea4d77be71f1555a318d389ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sentomk <mk20040924@outlook.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Sep 2025 16:03:20 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 17/17] format: resolve the formatting check failure

---
 include/ptn/patterns/relational.hpp | 90 ++++++++++++++---------------
 include/ptn/patterns/value.hpp      | 43 +++++++-------
 tests/tests_value_pattern.cpp       |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/ptn/patterns/relational.hpp b/include/ptn/patterns/relational.hpp
index 22cf0629..8cc0648d 100644
--- a/include/ptn/patterns/relational.hpp
+++ b/include/ptn/patterns/relational.hpp
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@
 
 namespace ptn::patterns {
   /* enhance this alias later to support string_view */
-  template<typename T>
+  template <typename T>
   using rel_store_t = std::decay_t<T>;
 
   // x < v
-  template<typename V, typename Cmp = std::less<> >
+  template <typename V, typename Cmp = std::less<>>
   struct lt_pattern {
     rel_store_t<V> v;
 #if defined(__cpp_no_unique_address) && __cpp_no_unique_address >= 201803L
@@ -19,15 +19,15 @@ namespace ptn::patterns {
     Cmp cmp{};
 #endif
 
-    template<typename X>
+    template <typename X>
     constexpr bool operator()(X const &x) const
-      noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(x, v))) {
+        noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(x, v))) {
       return cmp(x, v);
     }
   };
 
   // x <= v  <=>  !(v < x)
-  template<typename V, typename Cmp = std::less<> >
+  template <typename V, typename Cmp = std::less<>>
   struct le_pattern {
     rel_store_t<V> v;
 #if defined(__cpp_no_unique_address) && __cpp_no_unique_address >= 201803L
@@ -35,15 +35,15 @@ namespace ptn::patterns {
 #else
     Cmp cmp{};
 #endif
-    template<typename X>
+    template <typename X>
     constexpr bool operator()(X const &x) const
-      noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(v, x))) {
+        noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(v, x))) {
       return !cmp(v, x);
     }
   };
 
   // x > v  <=>  (v < x)
-  template<typename V, typename Cmp = std::less<> >
+  template <typename V, typename Cmp = std::less<>>
   struct gt_pattern {
     rel_store_t<V> v;
 #if defined(__cpp_no_unique_address) && __cpp_no_unique_address >= 201803L
@@ -52,15 +52,15 @@ namespace ptn::patterns {
     Cmp cmp{};
 #endif
 
-    template<typename X>
+    template <typename X>
     constexpr bool operator()(X const &x) const
-      noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(v, x))) {
+        noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(v, x))) {
       return cmp(v, x);
     }
   };
 
   // x >= v  <=>  !(x < v)
-  template<typename V, typename Cmp = std::less<> >
+  template <typename V, typename Cmp = std::less<>>
   struct ge_pattern {
     rel_store_t<V> v;
 #if defined(__cpp_no_unique_address) && __cpp_no_unique_address >= 201803L
@@ -68,15 +68,15 @@ namespace ptn::patterns {
 #else
     Cmp cmp{};
 #endif
-    template<typename X>
+    template <typename X>
     constexpr bool operator()(X const &x) const
-      noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(x, v))) {
+        noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(x, v))) {
       return !cmp(x, v);
     }
   };
 
   // x == v
-  template<typename V, typename Cmp = std::equal_to<> >
+  template <typename V, typename Cmp = std::equal_to<>>
   struct eq_pattern {
     rel_store_t<V> v;
 #if defined(__cpp_no_unique_address) && __cpp_no_unique_address >= 201803L
@@ -84,15 +84,15 @@ namespace ptn::patterns {
 #else
     Cmp cmp{};
 #endif
-    template<typename X>
+    template <typename X>
     constexpr bool operator()(X const &x) const
-      noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(x, v))) {
+        noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(x, v))) {
       return cmp(x, v);
     }
   };
 
   // x != v
-  template<typename V, typename Cmp = std::not_equal_to<> >
+  template <typename V, typename Cmp = std::not_equal_to<>>
   struct ne_pattern {
     rel_store_t<V> v;
 #if defined(__cpp_no_unique_address) && __cpp_no_unique_address >= 201803L
@@ -100,42 +100,42 @@ namespace ptn::patterns {
 #else
     Cmp cmp{};
 #endif
-    template<typename X>
+    template <typename X>
     constexpr bool operator()(X const &x) const
-      noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(x, v))) {
+        noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(x, v))) {
       return cmp(x, v);
     }
   };
 
   /* Factories */
-  template<typename V>
+  template <typename V>
   constexpr auto lt(V &&v) {
-    return lt_pattern<rel_store_t<V> >{rel_store_t<V>(std::forward<V>(v))};
+    return lt_pattern<rel_store_t<V>>{rel_store_t<V>(std::forward<V>(v))};
   }
 
-  template<typename V>
+  template <typename V>
   constexpr auto le(V &&v) {
-    return le_pattern<rel_store_t<V> >{rel_store_t<V>(std::forward<V>(v))};
+    return le_pattern<rel_store_t<V>>{rel_store_t<V>(std::forward<V>(v))};
   }
 
-  template<typename V>
+  template <typename V>
   constexpr auto gt(V &&v) {
-    return gt_pattern<rel_store_t<V> >{rel_store_t<V>(std::forward<V>(v))};
+    return gt_pattern<rel_store_t<V>>{rel_store_t<V>(std::forward<V>(v))};
   }
 
-  template<typename V>
+  template <typename V>
   constexpr auto ge(V &&v) {
-    return ge_pattern<rel_store_t<V> >{rel_store_t<V>(std::forward<V>(v))};
+    return ge_pattern<rel_store_t<V>>{rel_store_t<V>(std::forward<V>(v))};
   }
 
-  template<typename V>
+  template <typename V>
   constexpr auto eq(V &&v) {
-    return eq_pattern<rel_store_t<V> >{rel_store_t<V>(std::forward<V>(v))};
+    return eq_pattern<rel_store_t<V>>{rel_store_t<V>(std::forward<V>(v))};
   }
 
-  template<typename V>
+  template <typename V>
   constexpr auto ne(V &&v) {
-    return ne_pattern<rel_store_t<V> >{rel_store_t<V>(std::forward<V>(v))};
+    return ne_pattern<rel_store_t<V>>{rel_store_t<V>(std::forward<V>(v))};
   }
 
   /*
@@ -143,36 +143,36 @@ namespace ptn::patterns {
     closed==true  -> [lo, hi] :  !(x < lo) && !(hi < x)
     closed==false -> (lo, hi) :  (lo < x) &&  (x < hi)
   */
-  template<typename L, typename R, typename Cmp = std::less<> >
+  template <typename L, typename R, typename Cmp = std::less<>>
   struct between_pattern {
     rel_store_t<L> lo;
     rel_store_t<R> hi;
-    bool closed{};
+    bool           closed{};
 #if defined(__cpp_no_unique_address) && __cpp_no_unique_address >= 201803L
     [[no_unique_address]] Cmp cmp{};
 #else
     Cmp cmp{};
 #endif
-    template<typename X>
+    template <typename X>
     constexpr bool operator()(X const &x) const noexcept(
-      noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(x, lo)) &&
-      noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(hi, x)) &&
-      noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(lo, x)) &&
-      noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(x, hi))) {
+        noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(x, lo)) &&
+        noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(hi, x)) &&
+        noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(lo, x)) &&
+        noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(x, hi))) {
       if (closed) {
         return !cmp(x, lo) && !cmp(hi, x);
-      } else {
+      }
+      else {
         return cmp(lo, x) && cmp(x, hi);
       }
     }
   };
 
-  template<typename L, typename R>
+  template <typename L, typename R>
   constexpr auto between(L &&lo, R &&hi, bool closed = true) {
-    return between_pattern<rel_store_t<L>, rel_store_t<R> >{
-      rel_store_t<L>(std::forward<L>(lo)),
-      rel_store_t<R>(std::forward<R>(hi)),
-      closed
-    };
+    return between_pattern<rel_store_t<L>, rel_store_t<R>>{
+        rel_store_t<L>(std::forward<L>(lo)),
+        rel_store_t<R>(std::forward<R>(hi)),
+        closed};
   }
 } // namespace ptn::patterns
diff --git a/include/ptn/patterns/value.hpp b/include/ptn/patterns/value.hpp
index da2d2ea1..a4c6f8de 100644
--- a/include/ptn/patterns/value.hpp
+++ b/include/ptn/patterns/value.hpp
@@ -7,15 +7,15 @@
 #include "ptn/config.hpp"
 
 namespace ptn::patterns {
-  template<typename V>
+  template <typename V>
   /* if is c-style string/array or others */
   using value_store_t = std::conditional_t<
-    std::is_array_v<std::remove_reference_t<V> > ||
-    std::is_same_v<std::decay_t<V>, const char *>,
-    std::string_view,
-    std::decay_t<V> >;
+      std::is_array_v<std::remove_reference_t<V>> ||
+          std::is_same_v<std::decay_t<V>, const char *>,
+      std::string_view,
+      std::decay_t<V>>;
 
-  template<typename V, typename Cmp = std::equal_to<> >
+  template <typename V, typename Cmp = std::equal_to<>>
   struct value_pattern {
     using store_t = value_store_t<V>;
 
@@ -28,16 +28,16 @@ namespace ptn::patterns {
 #endif
 
     /* allow matching end x to be compared heterogeneously with stored v */
-    template<typename X>
+    template <typename X>
     constexpr bool operator()(X const &x) const
-      noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(x, v))) {
+        noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<const Cmp &>()(x, v))) {
       return cmp(x, v);
     }
   };
 
   /* factory: automatic selection of the storage type based on the entry
    * parameter */
-  template<typename V>
+  template <typename V>
   constexpr auto value(V &&v) {
     using store_t = value_store_t<V>;
     return value_pattern<store_t>{store_t(std::forward<V>(v))};
@@ -63,20 +63,20 @@ namespace ptn::patterns {
 
     /* transparent comparison */
 #if PTN_USE_CONCEPTS
-    template<typename A, typename B>
+    template <typename A, typename B>
       requires(
-        std::is_convertible_v<A, std::string_view> &&
-        std::is_convertible_v<B, std::string_view>
-      )
+          std::is_convertible_v<A, std::string_view> &&
+          std::is_convertible_v<B, std::string_view>)
     constexpr bool operator()(A const &a, B const &b) const noexcept {
       return (*this)(std::string_view(a), std::string_view(b));
     }
-# else
-    template<typename A, typename B,
-      typename = std::enable_if_t<
-        std::is_convertible_v<A, std::string_view> &&
-        std::is_convertible_v<B, std::string_view>
-      > >
+#else
+    template <
+        typename A,
+        typename B,
+        typename = std::enable_if_t<
+            std::is_convertible_v<A, std::string_view> &&
+            std::is_convertible_v<B, std::string_view>>>
     constexpr bool operator()(A const &a, B const &b) const noexcept {
       return (*this)(std::string_view(a), std::string_view(b));
     }
@@ -84,11 +84,10 @@ namespace ptn::patterns {
   };
 
   /* convenience factory: case-insensitive value model */
-  template<class V>
+  template <class V>
   constexpr auto ci_value(V &&v) {
     using store_t = value_store_t<V>;
     return value_pattern<store_t, iequal_ascii>{
-      store_t(std::forward<V>(v)), iequal_ascii{}
-    };
+        store_t(std::forward<V>(v)), iequal_ascii{}};
   }
 } // namespace ptn::patterns
diff --git a/tests/tests_value_pattern.cpp b/tests/tests_value_pattern.cpp
index 3e2896a4..3ace0efc 100644
--- a/tests/tests_value_pattern.cpp
+++ b/tests/tests_value_pattern.cpp
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ TEST(ValuePattern, StringTypes_CaseInsensitive_Mixed) {
 struct approx_equal {
   double eps{1e-6};
   bool   operator()(double x, double y) const {
-      return std::fabs(x - y) <= eps;
+    return std::fabs(x - y) <= eps;
   }
 };