Basic Linux Commands

File and Directory Management

Show the current working directory:
```
pwd
```
List all files and directories in the current directory:
```
ls
```
List files with detailed information (permissions, owner, size, date modified):
```
ls -l
```
List all files, including hidden ones (files starting with .):
```
ls -a
```
List files with human-readable sizes (KB, MB, GB):
```
ls -lh
```
List all files and directories recursively, including subdirectories:
```
ls -R
```
Change to a specified directory:
```
cd directory_name
```
Move up one directory level:
```
cd ..
```
Move to the root directory:
```
cd /
```
Create a new directory:
```
mkdir new_folder
```
Create multiple nested directories in one command:
```
mkdir -p parent/child/grandchild
```
Delete an empty directory:
```
rmdir foldername
```
Delete a specific file:
```
rm file.txt
```
Delete a directory and all its contents forcefully:
```
rm -rf foldername
```

Create an empty file:
```
touch filename.txt
```
Display the contents of a file:
```
cat filename.txt
```
Create and edit a file (press Ctrl + D to save):
```
cat > filename.txt
```
Copy a file to a specified location:
```
cp file.txt /path/to/destination/
```
Copy an entire directory and its contents:
```
cp -r source_folder destination_folder
```
Move or rename a file or directory:
```
mv oldname.txt newname.txt
```
Create a symbolic (soft) link to a file or directory:
```
ln -s /path/to/target linkname
```
Create a hard link to a file:
```
ln /path/to/file hardlinkname
```

Show the system hostname:
```
hostname
```
Display the system’s IP address:
```
hostname -I
```
Show network configuration details (IP, MAC address, etc.):
```
ifconfig
```
Display the system’s DNS configuration:
```
cat /etc/resolv.conf
```
Show the network routing table:
```
route -n
```

Shut Down the System
```
shutdown -P now
```
Restart the System
```
shutdown -r now
```
Cancel a Scheduled Shutdown
```
shutdown -c
```
Alternative Shutdown Commands
- poweroff - Turns off the system.
- init 0 - Shuts down the system.
- init 6 - Restarts the system.