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Package Management in Linux

Package Managers are used to handle software installation, removal, and updates.

Common Package Managers

  • RPM

    • RPM (Red Hat Package Manager) is a package management system used by Red Hat-based Linux distributions (like RHEL and CentOS) for installing, updating, and removing software packaged in .rpm files.

    • RPM has advanced package management tools:

      • YUM (Yellowdog Updater, Modified)

        • Automates the process of resolving dependencies and managing packages from repositories.
        • Simplifies package management tasks on RPM-based systems.

      • DNF (Dandified YUM)

        • The modern replacement for YUM with improved performance and better dependency handling.
        • Offers a more stable and efficient package management experience on RPM-based distributions.

  • DPKG

    • DPKG (Debian Package) is a low-level package management tool for Debian-based systems, used to install, remove, and manage software packages contained in .deb files.

    • DPKG has an advanced package management tool:

      • APT (Advanced Package Tool)
        • Automates retrieval, configuration, and installation of software packages from repositories.
        • Handles dependency resolution and simplifies package management tasks on Debian-based systems.

1. Red Hat Package Manager (RPM)

  • RPM is the default package manager for Red Hat-based distributions, such as RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux), CentOS, Fedora, and others.

  • It is an open packaging format that can be used on multiple Linux and UNIX systems, not just Red Hat-based ones.

  • It is used for installing, uninstalling, upgrading, querying, listing, and checking RPM packages on Linux systems.

  • It can handle software packages, documentation, and source code.

  • File Extension: RPM packages end with the .rpm extension.

  • Two Types of RPM Files:

    • RPM (Binary RPM): Contains the compiled version of the application or libraries.
    • SRPM (Source RPM): Contains the source code for the application. These are typically used for compiling the application from source on your system.

Common Commands

  • Install a package: 
     rpm -i package.rpm
  • Remove a package: 
     rpm -e package-name
  • Query package: 
     rpm -q package-name
  • Verify installed package: 
     rpm -V package-name
  • List all installed packages: 
     rpm -qa

Architecture Types for Packages

  • i386: 32-bit systems.
  • x86_64: 64-bit systems.
  • noarch: Platform-independent.

Contents of RPM Packages

  • Application or libraries
  • Documentation (man pages, manuals)
  • Configuration files
  • SPEC File: Metadata and instructions for creating the RPM package.

RPM Database

  • Location: /var/lib/rpm
  • This database contains information about the packages installed on the system, their version, and other metadata.

Package Name Format

  • Example: nginx-1.20.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm
    • nginx: Package name
    • 1.20.0: Version
    • 1: Release number
    • el7: Distribution version (Enterprise Linux 7)
    • ngx: Specific build for Nginx
    • x86_64: 64-bit architecture

YUM/DNF

Front-end tools for RPM, resolving dependencies.

  • Install a package: 
     yum install package-name
    or 
     dnf install package-name
  • Update all packages: 
     yum update
    or 
     dnf update

2. Debian Package Manager (DPKG)

  • Used by: Debian, Ubuntu
  • File Format: .deb
  • Usage: Handling Debian packages.

Common Commands

  • Install a package: 
     dpkg -i package.deb
  • Remove a package: 
     dpkg -r package-name
  • List installed packages: 
     dpkg -l
  • Query package: 
     dpkg -s package-name
  • Fix broken dependencies: 
     apt-get install -f

Some Debian-based OS

Examples: Blackbox, Arch, Parrot, Kali, Debian, Ubuntu.

APT (Advanced Package Tool)

Higher-level tool for managing Debian packages.

  • Install a package: 
     apt install package-name
  • Update package list: 
     apt update
  • Upgrade installed packages: 
     apt upgrade