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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Chapter 17 Data description | Machine Learning for Factor Investing</title>
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Chapter 17 Data description | Machine Learning for Factor Investing" />
<meta name="author" content="Guillaume Coqueret and Tony Guida" />
<meta name="date" content="2021-01-08" />
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Preface</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#what-this-book-is-not-about"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>What this book is not about</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#the-targeted-audience"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>The targeted audience</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#companion-website"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Companion website</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#why-r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Why R?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#coding-instructions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Coding instructions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="preface.html"><a href="preface.html#acknowledgments"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>Acknowledgments</a></li>
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<li class="part"><span><b>I Introduction</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="notdata.html"><a href="notdata.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Notations and data</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="notdata.html"><a href="notdata.html#notations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> Notations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="notdata.html"><a href="notdata.html#dataset"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> Dataset</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Introduction</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#context"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> Context</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#portfolio-construction-the-workflow"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> Portfolio construction: the workflow</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="intro.html"><a href="intro.html#machine-learning-is-no-magic-wand"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Machine learning is no magic wand</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Factor investing and asset pricing anomalies</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#introduction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Introduction</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#detecting-anomalies"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Detecting anomalies</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.1" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#challenges"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.1</b> Challenges</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.2" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#simple-portfolio-sorts"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.2</b> Simple portfolio sorts </a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.3" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#factors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.3</b> Factors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.4" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#predictive-regressions-sorts-and-p-value-issues"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.4</b> Predictive regressions, sorts, and p-value issues</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.5" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#fama-macbeth-regressions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.5</b> Fama-Macbeth regressions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.6" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#factor-competition"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.6</b> Factor competition</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.7" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#advanced-techniques"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.7</b> Advanced techniques</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#factors-or-characteristics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Factors or characteristics?</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#hot-topics-momentum-timing-and-esg"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> Hot topics: momentum, timing and ESG</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.1" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#factor-momentum"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.1</b> Factor momentum</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.2" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#factor-timing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.2</b> Factor timing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.3" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#the-green-factors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.3</b> The green factors</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#the-links-with-machine-learning"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5</b> The links with machine learning</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.1" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#a-short-list-of-recent-references"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.1</b> A short list of recent references</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5.2" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#explicit-connections-with-asset-pricing-models"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5.2</b> Explicit connections with asset pricing models</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.6" data-path="factor.html"><a href="factor.html#coding-exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.6</b> Coding exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> Data preprocessing</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#know-your-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> Know your data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#missing-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> Missing data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#outlier-detection"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> Outlier detection</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#feateng"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> Feature engineering</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.1" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#feature-selection"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.1</b> Feature selection</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.2" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#scaling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.2</b> Scaling the predictors</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#labelling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5</b> Labelling</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.1" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#simple-labels"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.1</b> Simple labels</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.2" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#categorical-labels"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.2</b> Categorical labels</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.3" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#the-triple-barrier-method"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.3</b> The triple barrier method</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.4" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#filtering-the-sample"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.4</b> Filtering the sample</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5.5" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#horizons"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5.5</b> Return horizons</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.6" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#pers"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.6</b> Handling persistence</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.7" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#extensions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.7</b> Extensions</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.7.1" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#transforming-features"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.7.1</b> Transforming features</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.7.2" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#macrovar"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.7.2</b> Macro-economic variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.7.3" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#active-learning"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.7.3</b> Active learning</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.8" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#additional-code-and-results"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.8</b> Additional code and results</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.8.1" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#impact-of-rescaling-graphical-representation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.8.1</b> Impact of rescaling: graphical representation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.8.2" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#impact-of-rescaling-toy-example"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.8.2</b> Impact of rescaling: toy example</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.9" data-path="Data.html"><a href="Data.html#coding-exercises-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.9</b> Coding exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>II Common supervised algorithms</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="lasso.html"><a href="lasso.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Penalized regressions and sparse hedging for minimum variance portfolios</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="lasso.html"><a href="lasso.html#penalized-regressions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> Penalized regressions</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.1" data-path="lasso.html"><a href="lasso.html#penreg"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.1</b> Simple regressions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.2" data-path="lasso.html"><a href="lasso.html#forms-of-penalizations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.2</b> Forms of penalizations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.3" data-path="lasso.html"><a href="lasso.html#illustrations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.3</b> Illustrations</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="lasso.html"><a href="lasso.html#sparse-hedging-for-minimum-variance-portfolios"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Sparse hedging for minimum variance portfolios</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.1" data-path="lasso.html"><a href="lasso.html#presentation-and-derivations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.1</b> Presentation and derivations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2.2" data-path="lasso.html"><a href="lasso.html#sparseex"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2.2</b> Example</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="lasso.html"><a href="lasso.html#predictive-regressions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> Predictive regressions</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.1" data-path="lasso.html"><a href="lasso.html#literature-review-and-principle"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.1</b> Literature review and principle</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.2" data-path="lasso.html"><a href="lasso.html#code-and-results"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.2</b> Code and results</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="lasso.html"><a href="lasso.html#coding-exercise"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4</b> Coding exercise</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Tree-based methods</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#simple-trees"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> Simple trees</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.1" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#principle"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1.1</b> Principle</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.2" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#treeclass"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1.2</b> Further details on classification</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.3" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#pruning-criteria"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1.3</b> Pruning criteria</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1.4" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#code-and-interpretation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1.4</b> Code and interpretation</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#random-forests"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> Random forests</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.1" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#principle-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.1</b> Principle</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.2" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#code-and-results-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.2</b> Code and results</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#adaboost"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> Boosted trees: Adaboost</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3.1" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#methodology"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3.1</b> Methodology</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3.2" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#illustration"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3.2</b> Illustration</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#boosted-trees-extreme-gradient-boosting"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> Boosted trees: extreme gradient boosting</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.1" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#managing-loss"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.1</b> Managing loss</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.2" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#penalization"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.2</b> Penalization</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.3" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#aggregation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.3</b> Aggregation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.4" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#tree-structure"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.4</b> Tree structure</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.5" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#boostext"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.5</b> Extensions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.6" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#boostcode"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.6</b> Code and results</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4.7" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#instweight"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4.7</b> Instance weighting</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.5" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#discussion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.5</b> Discussion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.6" data-path="trees.html"><a href="trees.html#coding-exercises-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.6</b> Coding exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Neural networks</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#the-original-perceptron"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> The original perceptron</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#multilayer-perceptron"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> Multilayer perceptron</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.1" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#introduction-and-notations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.1</b> Introduction and notations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.2" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#universal-approximation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.2</b> Universal approximation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.3" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#backprop"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.3</b> Learning via back-propagation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.4" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#further-details-on-classification"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.4</b> Further details on classification</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#howdeep"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3</b> How deep we should go and other practical issues</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.1" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#architectural-choices"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.1</b> Architectural choices</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.2" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#frequency-of-weight-updates-and-learning-duration"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.2</b> Frequency of weight updates and learning duration</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3.3" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#penalizations-and-dropout"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3.3</b> Penalizations and dropout</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#code-samples-and-comments-for-vanilla-mlp"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4</b> Code samples and comments for vanilla MLP</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4.1" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#regression-example"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4.1</b> Regression example</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4.2" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#classification-example"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4.2</b> Classification example</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4.3" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#custloss"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4.3</b> Custom losses</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#recurrent-networks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5</b> Recurrent networks</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5.1" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#presentation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5.1</b> Presentation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5.2" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#code-and-results-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5.2</b> Code and results</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#other-common-architectures"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6</b> Other common architectures</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.1" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#generative-aversarial-networks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.1</b> Generative adversarial networks</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.2" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#autoencoders"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.2</b> Autoencoders</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.3" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#a-word-on-convolutional-networks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.3</b> A word on convolutional networks</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6.4" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#advanced-architectures"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6.4</b> Advanced architectures</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.7" data-path="NN.html"><a href="NN.html#coding-exercise-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.7</b> Coding exercise</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="svm.html"><a href="svm.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Support vector machines</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="svm.html"><a href="svm.html#svm-for-classification"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> SVM for classification</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="svm.html"><a href="svm.html#svm-for-regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> SVM for regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="svm.html"><a href="svm.html#practice"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> Practice</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="svm.html"><a href="svm.html#coding-exercises-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> Coding exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="bayes.html"><a href="bayes.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Bayesian methods</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="bayes.html"><a href="bayes.html#the-bayesian-framework"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> The Bayesian framework</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="bayes.html"><a href="bayes.html#bayesian-sampling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> Bayesian sampling</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.1" data-path="bayes.html"><a href="bayes.html#gibbs-sampling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.1</b> Gibbs sampling</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.2" data-path="bayes.html"><a href="bayes.html#metropolis-hastings-sampling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.2</b> Metropolis-Hastings sampling</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="bayes.html"><a href="bayes.html#bayesian-linear-regression"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> Bayesian linear regression</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="bayes.html"><a href="bayes.html#naive-bayes-classifier"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> Naive Bayes classifier</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5" data-path="bayes.html"><a href="bayes.html#BART"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5</b> Bayesian additive trees</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.1" data-path="bayes.html"><a href="bayes.html#general-formulation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.1</b> General formulation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.2" data-path="bayes.html"><a href="bayes.html#priors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.2</b> Priors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.3" data-path="bayes.html"><a href="bayes.html#sampling-and-predictions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.3</b> Sampling and predictions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5.4" data-path="bayes.html"><a href="bayes.html#code"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5.4</b> Code</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>III From predictions to portfolios</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="valtune.html"><a href="valtune.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> Validating and tuning</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="valtune.html"><a href="valtune.html#mlmetrics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Learning metrics</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.1" data-path="valtune.html"><a href="valtune.html#regression-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.1</b> Regression analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.2" data-path="valtune.html"><a href="valtune.html#classification-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.2</b> Classification analysis</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="valtune.html"><a href="valtune.html#validation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> Validation</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.1" data-path="valtune.html"><a href="valtune.html#the-variance-bias-tradeoff-theory"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.1</b> The variance-bias tradeoff: theory</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.2" data-path="valtune.html"><a href="valtune.html#the-variance-bias-tradeoff-illustration"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.2</b> The variance-bias tradeoff: illustration</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.3" data-path="valtune.html"><a href="valtune.html#the-risk-of-overfitting-principle"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.3</b> The risk of overfitting: principle</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.4" data-path="valtune.html"><a href="valtune.html#the-risk-of-overfitting-some-solutions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.4</b> The risk of overfitting: some solutions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="valtune.html"><a href="valtune.html#the-search-for-good-hyperparameters"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> The search for good hyperparameters</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.1" data-path="valtune.html"><a href="valtune.html#methods"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.1</b> Methods</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.2" data-path="valtune.html"><a href="valtune.html#example-grid-search"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.2</b> Example: grid search</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.3" data-path="valtune.html"><a href="valtune.html#example-bayesian-optimization"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.3</b> Example: Bayesian optimization</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4" data-path="valtune.html"><a href="valtune.html#short-discussion-on-validation-in-backtests"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4</b> Short discussion on validation in backtests</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="ensemble.html"><a href="ensemble.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> Ensemble models</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1" data-path="ensemble.html"><a href="ensemble.html#linear-ensembles"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1</b> Linear ensembles</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.1" data-path="ensemble.html"><a href="ensemble.html#principles"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.1</b> Principles</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.1.2" data-path="ensemble.html"><a href="ensemble.html#example"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.1.2</b> Example</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2" data-path="ensemble.html"><a href="ensemble.html#stacked-ensembles"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2</b> Stacked ensembles</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.1" data-path="ensemble.html"><a href="ensemble.html#two-stage-training"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.1</b> Two-stage training</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.2.2" data-path="ensemble.html"><a href="ensemble.html#code-and-results-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.2.2</b> Code and results</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3" data-path="ensemble.html"><a href="ensemble.html#extensions-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3</b> Extensions</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.1" data-path="ensemble.html"><a href="ensemble.html#exogenous-variables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.1</b> Exogenous variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.3.2" data-path="ensemble.html"><a href="ensemble.html#shrinking-inter-model-correlations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.3.2</b> Shrinking inter-model correlations</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11.4" data-path="ensemble.html"><a href="ensemble.html#exercise"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11.4</b> Exercise</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12</b> Portfolio backtesting</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.1" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#protocol"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.1</b> Setting the protocol</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#turning-signals-into-portfolio-weights"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2</b> Turning signals into portfolio weights</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#perfmet"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3</b> Performance metrics</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3.1" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#discussion-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3.1</b> Discussion</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3.2" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#pure-performance-and-risk-indicators"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3.2</b> Pure performance and risk indicators</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3.3" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#factor-based-evaluation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3.3</b> Factor-based evaluation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3.4" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#risk-adjusted-measures"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3.4</b> Risk-adjusted measures</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3.5" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#transaction-costs-and-turnover"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3.5</b> Transaction costs and turnover</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.4" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#common-errors-and-issues"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.4</b> Common errors and issues</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.4.1" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#forward-looking-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.4.1</b> Forward looking data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.4.2" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#backov"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.4.2</b> Backtest overfitting</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.4.3" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#simple-safeguards"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.4.3</b> Simple safeguards</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.5" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#implication-of-non-stationarity-forecasting-is-hard"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.5</b> Implication of non-stationarity: forecasting is hard</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.5.1" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#general-comments"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.5.1</b> General comments</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.5.2" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#the-no-free-lunch-theorem"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.5.2</b> The no free lunch theorem</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.6" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#first-example-a-complete-backtest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.6</b> First example: a complete backtest</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.7" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#second-example-backtest-overfitting"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.7</b> Second example: backtest overfitting</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.8" data-path="backtest.html"><a href="backtest.html#coding-exercises-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.8</b> Coding exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>IV Further important topics</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13" data-path="interp.html"><a href="interp.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13</b> Interpretability</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1" data-path="interp.html"><a href="interp.html#global-interpretations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1</b> Global interpretations</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1.1" data-path="interp.html"><a href="interp.html#surr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1.1</b> Simple models as surrogates</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1.2" data-path="interp.html"><a href="interp.html#variable-importance"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1.2</b> Variable importance (tree-based)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1.3" data-path="interp.html"><a href="interp.html#variable-importance-agnostic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1.3</b> Variable importance (agnostic)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1.4" data-path="interp.html"><a href="interp.html#partial-dependence-plot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1.4</b> Partial dependence plot</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2" data-path="interp.html"><a href="interp.html#local-interpretations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2</b> Local interpretations</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.1" data-path="interp.html"><a href="interp.html#lime"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.1</b> LIME</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.2" data-path="interp.html"><a href="interp.html#shapley-values"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.2</b> Shapley values</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.3" data-path="interp.html"><a href="interp.html#breakdown"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.3</b> Breakdown</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14" data-path="causality.html"><a href="causality.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14</b> Two key concepts: causality and non-stationarity</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1" data-path="causality.html"><a href="causality.html#causality-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1</b> Causality</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1.1" data-path="causality.html"><a href="causality.html#granger"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1.1</b> Granger causality</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1.2" data-path="causality.html"><a href="causality.html#causal-additive-models"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1.2</b> Causal additive models</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1.3" data-path="causality.html"><a href="causality.html#structural-time-series-models"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1.3</b> Structural time series models</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2" data-path="causality.html"><a href="causality.html#nonstat"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2</b> Dealing with changing environments</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.1" data-path="causality.html"><a href="causality.html#non-stationarity-yet-another-illustration"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.1</b> Non-stationarity: yet another illustration</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.2" data-path="causality.html"><a href="causality.html#online-learning"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.2</b> Online learning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.3" data-path="causality.html"><a href="causality.html#homogeneous-transfer-learning"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.3</b> Homogeneous transfer learning</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15" data-path="unsup.html"><a href="unsup.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15</b> Unsupervised learning</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1" data-path="unsup.html"><a href="unsup.html#corpred"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1</b> The problem with correlated predictors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2" data-path="unsup.html"><a href="unsup.html#principal-component-analysis-and-autoencoders"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2</b> Principal component analysis and autoencoders</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.1" data-path="unsup.html"><a href="unsup.html#a-bit-of-algebra"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.1</b> A bit of algebra</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.2" data-path="unsup.html"><a href="unsup.html#pca"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.2</b> PCA</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.3" data-path="unsup.html"><a href="unsup.html#ae"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.3</b> Autoencoders</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2.4" data-path="unsup.html"><a href="unsup.html#application"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2.4</b> Application</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3" data-path="unsup.html"><a href="unsup.html#clustering-via-k-means"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3</b> Clustering via k-means</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.4" data-path="unsup.html"><a href="unsup.html#nearest-neighbors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.4</b> Nearest neighbors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.5" data-path="unsup.html"><a href="unsup.html#coding-exercise-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.5</b> Coding exercise</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16" data-path="RL.html"><a href="RL.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16</b> Reinforcement learning</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.1" data-path="RL.html"><a href="RL.html#theoretical-layout"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.1</b> Theoretical layout</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.1.1" data-path="RL.html"><a href="RL.html#general-framework"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.1.1</b> General framework</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.1.2" data-path="RL.html"><a href="RL.html#q-learning"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.1.2</b> Q-learning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.1.3" data-path="RL.html"><a href="RL.html#sarsa"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.1.3</b> SARSA</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2" data-path="RL.html"><a href="RL.html#the-curse-of-dimensionality"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2</b> The curse of dimensionality</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.3" data-path="RL.html"><a href="RL.html#policy-gradient"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.3</b> Policy gradient</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.3.1" data-path="RL.html"><a href="RL.html#principle-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.3.1</b> Principle</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.3.2" data-path="RL.html"><a href="RL.html#extensions-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.3.2</b> Extensions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.4" data-path="RL.html"><a href="RL.html#simple-examples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.4</b> Simple examples</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.4.1" data-path="RL.html"><a href="RL.html#q-learning-with-simulations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.4.1</b> Q-learning with simulations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.4.2" data-path="RL.html"><a href="RL.html#RLemp2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.4.2</b> Q-learning with market data</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.5" data-path="RL.html"><a href="RL.html#concluding-remarks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.5</b> Concluding remarks</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.6" data-path="RL.html"><a href="RL.html#exercises"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.6</b> Exercises</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>V Appendix</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17" data-path="data-description.html"><a href="data-description.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17</b> Data description</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18" data-path="solutions-to-exercises.html"><a href="solutions-to-exercises.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18</b> Solutions to exercises</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.1" data-path="solutions-to-exercises.html"><a href="solutions-to-exercises.html#chapter-3"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.1</b> Chapter 3</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2" data-path="solutions-to-exercises.html"><a href="solutions-to-exercises.html#chapter-4"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2</b> Chapter 4</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.3" data-path="solutions-to-exercises.html"><a href="solutions-to-exercises.html#chapter-5"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.3</b> Chapter 5</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.4" data-path="solutions-to-exercises.html"><a href="solutions-to-exercises.html#chapter-6"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.4</b> Chapter 6</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.5" data-path="solutions-to-exercises.html"><a href="solutions-to-exercises.html#chapter-7-the-autoencoder-model"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.5</b> Chapter 7: the autoencoder model</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.6" data-path="solutions-to-exercises.html"><a href="solutions-to-exercises.html#chapter-8"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.6</b> Chapter 8</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.7" data-path="solutions-to-exercises.html"><a href="solutions-to-exercises.html#chapter-11-ensemble-neural-network"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.7</b> Chapter 11: ensemble neural network</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.8" data-path="solutions-to-exercises.html"><a href="solutions-to-exercises.html#chapter-12"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.8</b> Chapter 12</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.8.1" data-path="solutions-to-exercises.html"><a href="solutions-to-exercises.html#ew-portfolios-with-the-tidyverse"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.8.1</b> EW portfolios with the tidyverse</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.8.2" data-path="solutions-to-exercises.html"><a href="solutions-to-exercises.html#advanced-weighting-function"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.8.2</b> Advanced weighting function</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.8.3" data-path="solutions-to-exercises.html"><a href="solutions-to-exercises.html#functional-programming-in-the-backtest"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.8.3</b> Functional programming in the backtest</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.9" data-path="solutions-to-exercises.html"><a href="solutions-to-exercises.html#chapter-15"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.9</b> Chapter 15</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.10" data-path="solutions-to-exercises.html"><a href="solutions-to-exercises.html#chapter-16"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.10</b> Chapter 16</a></li>
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<h1><span class="header-section-number">Chapter 17</span> Data description</h1>
<table>
<caption><span id="tab:appendix1">TABLE 17.1: </span> List of all variables (features and labels) in the dataset</caption>
<colgroup>
<col width="50%" />
<col width="50%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th align="left"><strong>Column Name</strong></th>
<th align="left"><strong>Short Description</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">stock_id</td>
<td align="left">security id</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">date</td>
<td align="left">date of the data</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Advt_12M_Usd</td>
<td align="left">average daily volume in amount in USD over 12 months</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Advt_3M_Usd</td>
<td align="left">average daily volume in amount in USD over 3 months</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Advt_6M_Usd</td>
<td align="left">average daily volume in amount in USD over 6 months</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Asset_Turnover</td>
<td align="left">total sales on average assets</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Bb_Yld</td>
<td align="left">buyback yield</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Bv</td>
<td align="left">book value</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Capex_Ps_Cf</td>
<td align="left">capital expenditure on price to sale cash flow</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Capex_Sales</td>
<td align="left">capital expenditure on sales</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Cash_Div_Cf</td>
<td align="left">cash dividends cash flow</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Cash_Per_Share</td>
<td align="left">cash per share</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Cf_Sales</td>
<td align="left">cash flow per share</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Debtequity</td>
<td align="left">debt to equity</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Div_Yld</td>
<td align="left">dividend yield</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Dps</td>
<td align="left">dividend per share</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Ebit_Bv</td>
<td align="left">EBIT on book value</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Ebit_Noa</td>
<td align="left">EBIT on non operating asset</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Ebit_Oa</td>
<td align="left">EBIT on operating asset</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Ebit_Ta</td>
<td align="left">EBIT on total asset</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Ebitda_Margin</td>
<td align="left">EBITDA margin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Eps</td>
<td align="left">earnings per share</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Eps_Basic</td>
<td align="left">earnings per share basic</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Eps_Basic_Gr</td>
<td align="left">earnings per share growth</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Eps_Contin_Oper</td>
<td align="left">earnings per share continuing operations</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Eps_Dil</td>
<td align="left">earnings per share diluted</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Ev</td>
<td align="left">enterprise value</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Ev_Ebitda</td>
<td align="left">enterprise value on EBITDA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Fa_Ci</td>
<td align="left">fixed assets on common equity</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Fcf</td>
<td align="left">free cash flow</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Fcf_Bv</td>
<td align="left">free cash flow on book value</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Fcf_Ce</td>
<td align="left">free cash flow on capital employed</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Fcf_Margin</td>
<td align="left">free cash flow margin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Fcf_Noa</td>
<td align="left">free cash flow on net operating assets</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Fcf_Oa</td>
<td align="left">free cash flow on operating assets</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Fcf_Ta</td>
<td align="left">free cash flow on total assets</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Fcf_Tbv</td>
<td align="left">free cash flow on tangible book value</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Fcf_Toa</td>
<td align="left">free cash flow on total operating assets</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Fcf_Yld</td>
<td align="left">free cash flow yield</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Free_Ps_Cf</td>
<td align="left">free cash flow on price sales</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Int_Rev</td>
<td align="left">intangibles on revenues</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Interest_Expense</td>
<td align="left">interest expense coverage</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Mkt_Cap_12M_Usd</td>
<td align="left">average market capitalization over 12 months in USD</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Mkt_Cap_3M_Usd</td>
<td align="left">average market capitalization over 3 months in USD</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Mkt_Cap_6M_Usd</td>
<td align="left">average market capitalization over 6 months in USD</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Mom_11M_Usd</td>
<td align="left">price momentum 12 - 1 months in USD</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Mom_5M_Usd</td>
<td align="left">price momentum 6 - 1 months in USD</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Mom_Sharp_11M_Usd</td>
<td align="left">price momentum 12 - 1 months in USD divided by volatility</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Mom_Sharp_5M_Usd</td>
<td align="left">price momentum 6 - 1 months in USD divided by volatility</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Nd_Ebitda</td>
<td align="left">net debt on EBITDA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Net_Debt</td>
<td align="left">net debt</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Net_Debt_Cf</td>
<td align="left">net debt on cash flow</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Net_Margin</td>
<td align="left">net margin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Netdebtyield</td>
<td align="left">net debt yield</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Ni</td>
<td align="left">net income</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Ni_Avail_Margin</td>
<td align="left">net income available margin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Ni_Oa</td>
<td align="left">net income on operating asset</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Ni_Toa</td>
<td align="left">net income on total operating asset</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Noa</td>
<td align="left">net operating asset</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Oa</td>
<td align="left">operating asset</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Ocf</td>
<td align="left">operating cash flow</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Ocf_Bv</td>
<td align="left">operating cash flow on book value</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Ocf_Ce</td>
<td align="left">operating cash flow on capital employed</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Ocf_Margin</td>
<td align="left">operating cash flow margin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Ocf_Noa</td>
<td align="left">operating cash flow on net operating assets</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Ocf_Oa</td>
<td align="left">operating cash flow on operating assets</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Ocf_Ta</td>
<td align="left">operating cash flow on total assets</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Ocf_Tbv</td>
<td align="left">operating cash flow on tangible book value</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Ocf_Toa</td>
<td align="left">operating cash flow on total operating assets</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Op_Margin</td>
<td align="left">operating margin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Op_Prt_Margin</td>
<td align="left">net margin 1Y growth</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Oper_Ps_Net_Cf</td>
<td align="left">cash flow from operations per share net</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Pb</td>
<td align="left">price to book</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Pe</td>
<td align="left">price earnings</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Ptx_Mgn</td>
<td align="left">margin pretax</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Recurring_Earning_Total_Assets</td>
<td align="left">reccuring earnings on total assets</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Return_On_Capital</td>
<td align="left">return on capital</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Rev</td>
<td align="left">revenue</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Roa</td>
<td align="left">return on assets</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Roc</td>
<td align="left">return on capital</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Roce</td>
<td align="left">return on capital employed</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Roe</td>
<td align="left">return on equity</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Sales_Ps</td>
<td align="left">price to sales</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Share_Turn_12M</td>
<td align="left">average share turnover 12 months</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Share_Turn_3M</td>
<td align="left">average share turnover 3 months</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Share_Turn_6M</td>
<td align="left">average share turnover 6 months</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Ta</td>
<td align="left">total assets</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Tev_Less_Mktcap</td>
<td align="left">total enterprise value less market capitalization</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Tot_Debt_Rev</td>
<td align="left">total debt on revenue</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Total_Capital</td>
<td align="left">total capital</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Total_Debt</td>
<td align="left">total debt</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Total_Debt_Capital</td>
<td align="left">total debt on capital</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Total_Liabilities_Total_Assets</td>
<td align="left">total liabilities on total assets</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">Vol1Y_Usd</td>
<td align="left">volatility of returns over one year</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">Vol3Y_Usd</td>
<td align="left">volatility of returns over 3 years</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">R1M_Usd</td>
<td align="left">return forward 1 month (<strong>LABEL</strong>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">R3M_Usd</td>
<td align="left">return forward 3 months (<strong>LABEL</strong>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="left">R6M_Usd</td>
<td align="left">return forward 6 months (<strong>LABEL</strong>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="left">R12M_Usd</td>
<td align="left">return forward 12 months (<strong>LABEL</strong>)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</section>
</div>
</div>
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