Date: 2026-04-10 Machine: CCX33 server at Hetzner Accounts: 1,000,000 | Duration: 50s | Operation: Deposit (random account, fixed amount)
Latency measures the submit() call time.
+-----+--------+------------+------------+----------+----------+------------+
| # | time | TPS | TPC | P50 | P99 | in-flight |
+-----+--------+------------+------------+----------+----------+------------+
| 1 | 1s | 2348314 | 2359860 | 70ns | 230ns | 40141 |
| 2 | 2s | 2502232 | 4866049 | 70ns | 160ns | 33952 |
| 3 | 3s | 2493921 | 7373070 | 60ns | 211ns | 36931 |
| 4 | 4s | 2559775 | 9933856 | 70ns | 101ns | 36145 |
| 5 | 5s | 2457254 | 12405182 | 70ns | 200ns | 34819 |
| 6 | 6s | 2479511 | 14894643 | 70ns | 100ns | 35358 |
| 7 | 7s | 2441802 | 17337764 | 60ns | 190ns | 32237 |
| 8 | 8s | 2497738 | 19845860 | 70ns | 221ns | 34141 |
| 9 | 9s | 2511001 | 22369437 | 70ns | 161ns | 30564 |
| 10 | 10s | 2475825 | 24856018 | 70ns | 170ns | 33983 |
| 11 | 11s | 2462435 | 27328513 | 70ns | 180ns | 41488 |
| 12 | 12s | 2535278 | 29870785 | 70ns | 130ns | 39216 |
| 13 | 13s | 2533150 | 32407552 | 70ns | 131ns | 42449 |
| 14 | 14s | 2480966 | 34900925 | 70ns | 110ns | 39076 |
| 15 | 15s | 2397586 | 37308770 | 60ns | 100ns | 31231 |
| 16 | 16s | 2432330 | 39751519 | 60ns | 191ns | 38482 |
| 17 | 17s | 2415489 | 42172417 | 60ns | 141ns | 37584 |
| 18 | 18s | 2450445 | 44633339 | 70ns | 150ns | 36662 |
| 19 | 19s | 2499835 | 47140611 | 70ns | 211ns | 29390 |
| 20 | 20s | 2452567 | 49594369 | 70ns | 101ns | 35632 |
| 21 | 21s | 2486347 | 52087430 | 80ns | 200ns | 32571 |
| 22 | 22s | 2468792 | 54561517 | 71ns | 110ns | 38484 |
| 23 | 23s | 2517353 | 57084744 | 60ns | 200ns | 35257 |
| 24 | 24s | 2446387 | 59539457 | 61ns | 100ns | 40544 |
| 25 | 25s | 2478381 | 62030815 | 61ns | 240ns | 39186 |
| 26 | 26s | 2529680 | 64569345 | 70ns | 140ns | 40656 |
| 27 | 27s | 2538745 | 67108865 | 80ns | 170ns | 41136 |
| 28 | 28s | 2537344 | 69651336 | 80ns | 181ns | 38665 |
| 29 | 29s | 2490844 | 72155137 | 70ns | 100ns | 34864 |
| 30 | 30s | 2475120 | 74631104 | 70ns | 180ns | 38897 |
| 31 | 31s | 2475782 | 77119488 | 70ns | 211ns | 40513 |
| 32 | 32s | 2498325 | 79629351 | 70ns | 161ns | 30650 |
| 33 | 33s | 2491848 | 82135641 | 70ns | 171ns | 34360 |
| 34 | 34s | 2490063 | 84626419 | 80ns | 160ns | 43582 |
| 35 | 35s | 2527687 | 87162881 | 70ns | 140ns | 37120 |
| 36 | 36s | 2517205 | 89686307 | 80ns | 200ns | 33694 |
| 37 | 37s | 2497115 | 92196438 | 70ns | 170ns | 33563 |
| 38 | 38s | 2519045 | 94715905 | 60ns | 191ns | 44096 |
| 39 | 39s | 2492848 | 97209054 | 60ns | 190ns | 30947 |
| 40 | 40s | 2549860 | 99762177 | 70ns | 120ns | 37824 |
| 41 | 41s | 2610330 | 102385927 | 80ns | 120ns | 34074 |
| 42 | 42s | 2542554 | 104939521 | 80ns | 120ns | 40480 |
| 43 | 43s | 2472488 | 107413505 | 70ns | 110ns | 36496 |
| 44 | 44s | 2530148 | 109955961 | 70ns | 170ns | 34040 |
| 45 | 45s | 2502880 | 112459781 | 70ns | 90ns | 40220 |
| 46 | 46s | 2444358 | 114904549 | 70ns | 211ns | 35452 |
| 47 | 47s | 2414712 | 117329216 | 70ns | 250ns | 30785 |
| 48 | 48s | 2440746 | 119783425 | 61ns | 200ns | 36576 |
| 49 | 49s | 2471792 | 122258636 | 71ns | 210ns | 41365 |
+-----+--------+------------+------------+----------+----------+------------+
╔══════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ LOAD TEST SUMMARY ║
╠══════════════════════════════════════════════╣
║ Duration : 50.00s ║
║ Submitted : 124430001 ║
║ Avg TPS : 2488420 ║
║ Mode : async ║
╠══════════════════════════════════════════════╣
║ P50 Latency : 70ns ║
║ P99 Latency : 170ns ║
║ P999 Latency : 12.4µs ║
║ Min Latency : 40ns ║
║ Max Latency : 6.5ms ║
║ Samples : 12444 ║
╚══════════════════════════════════════════════╝
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Avg TPS | 2.49M |
| P50 Latency | 70 ns |
| P99 Latency | 170 ns |
| P999 Latency | 12.4 µs |
| Max Latency | 6.5 ms |
| Steady-state in-flight | ~30k–44k |
Each sampled transaction blocks until WAL commit (fdatasync). Latency measures full end-to-end: submit through commit
to disk.
+-----+--------+------------+------------+----------+----------+------------+
| # | time | TPS | TPC | P50 | P99 | in-flight |
+-----+--------+------------+------------+----------+----------+------------+
| 1 | 1s | 1737617 | 1740001 | 4.9ms | 18.1ms | 0 |
| 2 | 2s | 1981756 | 3730001 | 4.6ms | 6.0ms | 0 |
| 3 | 3s | 1832631 | 5570001 | 5.2ms | 7.1ms | 0 |
| 4 | 4s | 1824132 | 7400001 | 5.3ms | 6.9ms | 0 |
| 5 | 5s | 1833773 | 9240001 | 5.3ms | 7.2ms | 0 |
| 6 | 6s | 2055383 | 11300001 | 4.6ms | 5.7ms | 0 |
| 7 | 7s | 1907534 | 13210001 | 5.1ms | 6.7ms | 0 |
| 8 | 8s | 1876300 | 15090001 | 5.2ms | 7.1ms | 0 |
| 9 | 9s | 2025533 | 17120001 | 4.5ms | 5.9ms | 0 |
| 10 | 10s | 2025707 | 19150001 | 4.7ms | 5.8ms | 0 |
| 11 | 11s | 1878886 | 21030001 | 5.2ms | 6.3ms | 0 |
| 12 | 12s | 1920636 | 22960001 | 5.1ms | 7.1ms | 0 |
| 13 | 13s | 2025172 | 24990001 | 4.7ms | 6.2ms | 0 |
| 14 | 14s | 1985002 | 26980001 | 4.8ms | 7.1ms | 0 |
| 15 | 15s | 1938303 | 28920001 | 5.0ms | 7.0ms | 0 |
| 16 | 16s | 1878135 | 30800001 | 5.2ms | 6.6ms | 0 |
| 17 | 17s | 1887177 | 32690001 | 5.1ms | 6.7ms | 0 |
| 18 | 18s | 1894658 | 34590001 | 5.1ms | 6.5ms | 0 |
| 19 | 19s | 1933376 | 36530001 | 5.1ms | 6.3ms | 0 |
| 20 | 20s | 1914603 | 38450001 | 5.0ms | 6.3ms | 0 |
| 21 | 21s | 1848985 | 40300001 | 5.2ms | 6.3ms | 0 |
| 22 | 22s | 1893288 | 42200001 | 5.1ms | 6.9ms | 0 |
| 23 | 23s | 1995504 | 44200001 | 4.8ms | 6.2ms | 0 |
| 24 | 24s | 2072204 | 46280001 | 4.6ms | 5.5ms | 0 |
| 25 | 25s | 2014839 | 48300001 | 4.8ms | 5.5ms | 0 |
| 26 | 26s | 1931878 | 50240001 | 5.0ms | 5.9ms | 0 |
| 27 | 27s | 1920661 | 52170001 | 5.0ms | 5.9ms | 0 |
| 28 | 28s | 1887560 | 54060001 | 5.1ms | 6.3ms | 0 |
| 29 | 29s | 1891167 | 55960001 | 5.1ms | 6.2ms | 0 |
| 30 | 30s | 1870914 | 57840001 | 5.2ms | 6.0ms | 0 |
| 31 | 31s | 2005360 | 59850001 | 4.9ms | 6.2ms | 0 |
| 32 | 32s | 1896929 | 61750001 | 5.1ms | 5.7ms | 0 |
| 33 | 33s | 1863188 | 63620001 | 5.1ms | 16.3ms | 0 |
| 34 | 34s | 1965550 | 65590001 | 5.0ms | 5.9ms | 0 |
| 35 | 35s | 1919716 | 67510001 | 5.0ms | 5.9ms | 0 |
| 36 | 36s | 1933112 | 69450001 | 5.0ms | 5.6ms | 0 |
| 37 | 37s | 1901881 | 71360001 | 5.1ms | 5.9ms | 0 |
| 38 | 38s | 1953551 | 73320001 | 4.9ms | 6.0ms | 0 |
| 39 | 39s | 1948689 | 75270001 | 5.0ms | 5.9ms | 0 |
| 40 | 40s | 1917534 | 77190001 | 5.0ms | 6.2ms | 0 |
| 41 | 41s | 1925885 | 79120001 | 5.0ms | 5.5ms | 0 |
| 42 | 42s | 1859799 | 80980001 | 5.2ms | 5.9ms | 0 |
| 43 | 43s | 1980834 | 82970001 | 5.0ms | 5.7ms | 0 |
| 44 | 44s | 1930405 | 84910001 | 5.0ms | 5.6ms | 0 |
| 45 | 45s | 1892660 | 86810001 | 5.1ms | 5.9ms | 0 |
| 46 | 46s | 1958223 | 88770001 | 4.9ms | 5.8ms | 0 |
| 47 | 47s | 1904964 | 90680001 | 5.1ms | 6.0ms | 0 |
| 48 | 48s | 1888409 | 92570001 | 5.1ms | 5.9ms | 0 |
| 49 | 49s | 1824826 | 94400001 | 5.3ms | 5.9ms | 0 |
+-----+--------+------------+------------+----------+----------+------------+
╔══════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║ LOAD TEST SUMMARY ║
╠══════════════════════════════════════════════╣
║ Duration : 50.00s ║
║ Submitted : 96070001 ║
║ Avg TPS : 1921336 ║
║ Mode : wait ║
╠══════════════════════════════════════════════╣
║ P50 Latency : 5.0ms ║
║ P99 Latency : 6.2ms ║
║ P999 Latency : 7.7ms ║
║ Min Latency : 2.4ms ║
║ Max Latency : 56.2ms ║
║ Samples : 9608 ║
╚══════════════════════════════════════════════╝
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| Avg TPS | 1.92M |
| P50 Latency | 5.0 ms |
| P99 Latency | 6.2 ms |
| P999 Latency | 7.7 ms |
| Max Latency | 56.2 ms |
| Steady-state in-flight | ~0 |
| Metric | Async | Wait | Delta |
|---|---|---|---|
| Avg TPS | 2.49M | 1.92M | -23% |
| P50 Latency | 70 ns | 5.0 ms | queue insert vs. wait |
| P99 Latency | 170 ns | 6.2 ms | — |
| In-flight | ~30k–44k | ~0 | wait drains pipeline per sample |
Key takeaways:
- Async mode sustains 2.49M TPS over 50s with sub-200ns queue insertion latency, processing 124M+ transactions with a steady ~30k–44k in-flight backlog.
- Wait mode reaches 1.92M TPS (23% lower) while guaranteeing every sampled transaction is durably committed before returning, with P50 commit latency of 5.0ms.
- The 56.2ms max in wait mode (first-second warmup at 18.1ms P99) reflects cold-start WAL/page-cache effects that settle within 1–2 seconds.