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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Thesis Project Page</title>
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<body>
<div class="container-fluid">
<header>
<a href="index.html">
<img src="Images\LogoResize.png" alt="Logo" id="logo">
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</header>
<main>
<div class="menu-container">
<div class="dropdown">
<span class="menu-icon">☰</span>
<div class="dropdown-menu">
<a class="dropdown-item" href="publications.html">Publications</a>
<a class="dropdown-item" href="Resume.html">Resume</a>
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<span class="dropdown-item-text">Portfolio</span>
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<a class="dropdown-item" href="thesis.html">Thesis</a>
<a class="dropdown-item" href="resevior_bank.html">Resevior Bank Heist</a>
<a class="dropdown-item" href="mARblemetldown.html">mARble Meltdown</a>
<!-- <a class="dropdown-item" href="a3g_vtex.html">Mini Cooper Visualization</a> -->
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<span class="menu-text">Projects and Publications</span>
</div>
<div class="text-center">
<h1 class="text-center">Evaluating Driver Performance, Situation Awareness, and Cognitive Load at Different
Levels of Partial Autonomy with Dynamic Task Allocation</h1>
<p></p>
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<p>This is an overview of my Master's Thesis. Here you will find an abstract of the work as well as the
reserach question, hypotheses, and the experiment setup used to test the hypotheses. My full thesis can be
found <a href="https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td/5942">here</a> where you can find the results of the
experiment along with the data analysis that was conducted using R-Studio.
</p>
<h2>Abstract</h2>
<p>The current state of the art of autonomous vehicles requires operators to
be vigilant enough to take over the driving at anytime while being able to
perform other tasks unrelated to the driving task. It is important for this
reason to know how the autonomous system affects driving performance, cognitive
load, and situation awareness.</p>
<p>The goal of this research was to model operator situation awareness, cognitive
load, driving performance, and secondary task performance at high levels of autonomy
using dynamically allocated secondary tasks. Each level of partial autonomy had its own
rates where the operator should have been able to respond to secondary tasks while still
staying vigilant enough to take over the driving task. There was also a rate at which the
secondary tasks could be rapidly presented for brief periods of time. This rapid rate was
consistent among all levels of partial autonomy. The experiment consisted of participants
operating a partially autonomous military vehicle while responding to secondary task questions
at the designated rates. There was a three-minute familiarization phase followed by a data
collection phase where participants had to prevent the autonomous vehicle from crashing into
random obstacles on the road.</p>
<p>After the data collection phase, participants completed a brief survey. The data collection
phase was scored on the factors of driving performance, objective secondary task performance
based on latency and accuracy of responses to Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique
(SAGAT) questions, subjective situation awareness from the Situation Awareness Rating Technique
(SART), and cognitive load based on the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) and SOS Scale. They were
analyzed in terms of how they related to the autonomy level and compared to data gathered in a
similar study where tasks were presented at specific rates. The data was also used to validate the
model developed in that study.</p>
<h3>Research Question</h3>
<p>How are operator cognitive load, situation awareness, driving performance, and task performance
impacted when secondary tasks are dynamically automated based on the level of autonomy?</p>
<h3>Hypotheses</h3>
<p>H1: Participants’ situation awareness as measured by the Situation Awareness Rating
Technique (SART) as well as real-time prompts based on the Situation Awareness
Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) will be higher than what was observed in the previous
experiment at equivalent autonomy levels.
</p>
<p>H2: Participant cognitive load as measured by the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX)
as well as an adapted version of the SOS scale will be lower than previously measured at equivalent autonomy levels.</p>
<p>H3: Participants' ability to respond to sudden road events to take manual control and avoid collisions
will be higher than in the previous experiment.</p>
<p>H4: Participants' average secondary task latency will be lower than in the previous experiment.</p>
<h2>Experiment Setup</h2>
<p>The study consisted of 150 participants, each randomly assigned to one of five autonomy conditions
(30 for each condition), and they took part in two drives (one practice drive and one data collection
drive). Participants took part in the study through a web-based driving simulator. They were placed
in a simulated environment where they operated a partially autonomous closed hatch military-type vehicle
with a small viewport for looking at the road and a screen for showing the secondary tasks that were in
the form of simple yes or no questions about the simulated environment. Participants were responsible for
safely operating the vehicle at their assigned level of autonomy while responding to secondary task questions
as quickly as possible. Three road events were encountered during the data collection drive that required
intervention. Participants also encountered stationary obstacles, barriers, and traffic. Participants were
evaluated during the drive on driving performance and secondary task performance, which was scored by their
responses to the secondary task questions. Situation awareness data was gathered via the
Situation Awareness Rating Technique (SART) in a post-drive survey as well as with real-time probes for the
Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) that were implemented in the secondary task.
Cognitive load was measured via NASA-TLX and a modified SOS Scale in a post-drive survey.</p>
<h3>Autonomy Levels</h3>
<p>Each autonomy level had all the same functionality as previous conditions but added a new feature.
The features specific to each autonomy level are listed below:</p>
<img src="Images\AutonomyLevels.png" alt="Autonomy Levels" id="Autonomy Levels" class="img-fluid mx-auto d-block image-class">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<h3>Simulated Environment</h3>
<p>Below are some screenshots from the driving simulator displaying the simulated environment.</p>
<h4>Participant View</h4>
<p>Here you can see the view that the participants had when they did the study.</p>
<img src="Images\ParticipantView.png" alt="View" id="View" class="img-fluid mx-auto d-block image-class">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<h4>Obstacles</h4>
<p>Here you can see the obstacles that the participants encountered.</p>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-12 mb-lg-0">
</figure><figure class="figure">
<img src="Images\MTobs.png" alt="MT Obstacle" id="MT Obstacle" class="w-100 shadow-1-strong rounded mb-4">
<figcaption class="figure-caption">A truck parked on the road.</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-12 mb-lg-0">
</figure><figure class="figure">
<img src="Images\Obs.png" alt="Barrel Obstacle" id="Barrel Obstacle" class="w-100 shadow-1-strong rounded mb-4">
<figcaption class="figure-caption">A barrel on the road.</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<!-- <p class="text-center">Mitlitary Truck</p>
<img src="Images\MTobs.png" alt="MT Obstacle" id="MT Obstacle" class="img-fluid mx-auto d-block image-class">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p class="text-center">Stationary Barrel</p>
<img src="Images\Obs.png" alt="Barrel Obstacle" id="Barrel Obstacle" class="img-fluid mx-auto d-block image-class"> -->
<p></p>
<p></p>
<h4>Random Events</h4>
<p>Here you can see the 6 possible random events that the participants might have encountered</p>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-12 mb-lg-0">
<figure class="figure">
<img src="Images\Pedestrian.png" alt="Pedestrian Event" id="Pedestrian Event" class="w-100 shadow-1-strong rounded mb-4">
<figcaption class="figure-caption">A pedestrian crossing the road.</figcaption>
</figure>
<figure class="figure">
<img src="Images\Barrel.png" alt="Barrel Event" id="Barrel Event" class="w-100 shadow-1-strong rounded mb-4">
<figcaption class="figure-caption">A barrel rolling across the road.</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-12 mb-lg-0">
<figure class="figure">
<img src="Images\Dog.png" alt="Dog Event" id="Dog Event" class="w-100 shadow-1-strong rounded mb-4">
<figcaption class="figure-caption">A dog running across the road.</figcaption>
</figure><figure class="figure">
<img src="Images\MTevent.png" alt="MT Event" id="MT Event" class="w-100 shadow-1-strong rounded mb-4">
<figcaption class="figure-caption">A truck driving across the road.</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-4 col-md-12 mb-lg-0">
<figure class="figure">
<img src="Images\Trash.png" alt="Trash Event" id="Trash Evengt" class="w-100 shadow-1-strong rounded mb-4">
<figcaption class="figure-caption">A box of trash falling onto the road.</figcaption>
</figure><figure class="figure">
<img src="Images\Ladder.png" alt="Ladder Event" id="Ladder Event" class="w-100 shadow-1-strong rounded mb-4">
<figcaption class="figure-caption">A ladder falling onto the road.</figcaption>
</figure>
</div>
</div>
<!-- <p class="text-center">Pedestrian Running Across the Road</p>
<img src="Images\Pedestrian.png" alt="Pedestrian Event" id="Pedestrian Event" class="img-fluid mx-auto d-block image-class">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p class="text-center">Barrel Rolling out into the Road</p>
<img src="Images\Barrel.png" alt="Barrel Event" id="Barrel Event" class="img-fluid mx-auto d-block image-class">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p class="text-center">Dog Running into the Road</p>
<img src="Images\Dog.png" alt="Dog Event" id="Dog Event" class="img-fluid mx-auto d-block image-class">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p class="text-center">Military Truck Driving out onto the Road</p>
<img src="Images\MTevent.png" alt="MT Event" id="MT Event" class="img-fluid mx-auto d-block image-class" >
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p class="text-center">Trash Falling off a Truck</p>
<img src="Images\Trash.png" alt="Trash Event" id="Trash Evengt" class="img-fluid mx-auto d-block image-class">
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p class="text-center">Ladder Falling into the Road</p>
<img src="Images\Ladder.png" alt="Ladder Event" id="Ladder Event" class="img-fluid mx-auto d-block image-class"> -->
<p></p>
<p></p>
</div>
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