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diff --git a/plugins/admin/public/index.html b/plugins/admin/public/index.html
index e7c0367b..0991a97b 100644
--- a/plugins/admin/public/index.html
+++ b/plugins/admin/public/index.html
@@ -3752,11 +3752,14 @@
   </head>
   <body>
     <header>
-      <div class="brand"><span id="brand-product">Agent</span>&nbsp;Admin <span id="org-tag"></span></div>
+      <div class="brand">
+        <span id="brand-product">Agent</span>&nbsp;Admin <span id="org-tag" data-i18n-skip></span>
+      </div>
       <div class="header-controls" id="header-controls" aria-label="Page controls"></div>
       <div class="who hidden" id="who">
-        <a class="header-button" href="/" id="dashboard-link">Dashboard</a><span class="pill" id="who-name"></span
-        ><button class="link" id="signout">Sign out</button>
+        <button class="header-button" id="locale-toggle" type="button" data-i18n-skip>中文</button
+        ><a class="header-button" href="/" id="dashboard-link">Dashboard</a
+        ><span class="pill" id="who-name" data-i18n-skip></span><button class="link" id="signout">Sign out</button>
       </div>
     </header>
 
@@ -3809,7 +3812,9 @@ <h1>You don't have admin access</h1>
         </p>
         <div class="card">
           <div class="body">
-            <p class="notebox">Signed in as <b id="na-sub"></b> · <span id="na-org"></span></p>
+            <p class="notebox">
+              Signed in as <b id="na-sub" data-i18n-skip></b> · <span id="na-org" data-i18n-skip></span>
+            </p>
             <p class="hint">
               Admin rights come from your organization's admin grants. If you need access, ask an existing admin to
               grant it.
@@ -4821,6 +4826,821 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
 
     <script>
       const $ = (id) => document.getElementById(id);
+      const ADMIN_LOCALE_KEY = "qm:locale";
+      const ADMIN_ZH = {
+        Admin: "管理",
+        "Admin navigation": "管理导航",
+        "Admin content": "管理内容",
+        Dashboard: "主界面",
+        "Sign out": "退出登录",
+        "Page controls": "页面控件",
+        "Checking your access…": "正在检查你的访问权限…",
+        "Loading scopes…": "正在加载范围…",
+        "Sign in through the portal": "通过门户登录",
+        "This admin surface is reached through the portal. Sign in there to continue.":
+          "管理端需要通过门户访问。请在门户登录后继续。",
+        "Sign in through the portal to continue.": "请通过门户登录后继续。",
+        "Admin is temporarily unavailable": "管理端暂时不可用",
+        "We couldn't verify your admin access right now — the backend didn't answer. This is usually temporary.":
+          "目前无法验证你的管理权限——后端未响应。通常这只是临时问题。",
+        "Trying again resolves most cases. If this keeps happening, the core service may be down.":
+          "重试通常可以解决。如果问题持续，核心服务可能已停止。",
+        "Try again": "重试",
+        "You don't have admin access": "你没有管理权限",
+        "The Admin area is limited to governance admins. Your account is signed in and verified — it just isn't granted admin rights.":
+          "管理区仅限治理管理员使用。你的账户已登录并通过验证，但尚未获授管理权限。",
+        "Signed in as": "当前登录身份",
+        "Admin rights come from your organization's admin grants. If you need access, ask an existing admin to grant it.":
+          "管理权限由组织管理员授予。如需访问，请联系现有管理员。",
+        "Back to your surfaces": "返回你的界面",
+        "Temporary setup guide": "临时设置指南",
+        Onboarding: "初始设置",
+        "Get this QM instance ready for real conversations. Secrets are validated, encrypted in durable storage, and never displayed again.":
+          "将此 QM 实例准备好用于真实对话。密钥会被验证、加密并持久化存储，且不会再次显示。",
+        "Not ready": "尚未就绪",
+        "1. Model provider": "1. 模型提供商",
+        "Add the key QM will use for its base model.": "添加 QM 基础模型所需的密钥。",
+        Optional: "可选",
+        "2. Slack app": "2. Slack 应用",
+        "Create the QM app, install it, then add its bot and Socket Mode tokens.":
+          "创建并安装 QM 应用，然后添加机器人和 Socket Mode 令牌。",
+        "Create QM Slack app ↗": "创建 QM Slack 应用 ↗",
+        "Enter Slack tokens": "输入 Slack 令牌",
+        "3. OAuth apps": "3. OAuth 应用",
+        "Add Google, GitHub, Notion, or other OAuth clients to make those connectors available.":
+          "添加 Google、GitHub、Notion 或其他 OAuth 客户端，以启用相应连接器。",
+        "Configure OAuth apps": "配置 OAuth 应用",
+        "Base model": "基础模型",
+        "Choose a supported provider and model. Saving validates the key, stores it write-only, and makes the selected model the organization default.":
+          "选择支持的提供商和模型。保存时会验证密钥、以只写方式存储，并将所选模型设为组织默认值。",
+        Provider: "提供商",
+        "API key": "API 密钥",
+        "Validate and save": "验证并保存",
+        "Disable this provider": "禁用此提供商",
+        "Custom providers": "自定义提供商",
+        Protocol: "协议",
+        Endpoint: "端点",
+        Models: "模型",
+        Key: "密钥",
+        "No custom providers registered.": "尚未注册自定义提供商。",
+        "Provider id (slug)": "提供商 ID（标识）",
+        "Display name": "显示名称",
+        "OpenAI-compatible": "OpenAI 兼容",
+        "Anthropic-compatible": "Anthropic 兼容",
+        "Base URL": "基础 URL",
+        "Models (one per line: id | name | context | maxTokens)": "模型（每行一个：ID | 名称 | 上下文 | 最大令牌数）",
+        "Validate key against the endpoint (untick for gateways without a models listing)":
+          "向端点验证密钥（无模型列表的网关请取消勾选）",
+        "Save provider": "保存提供商",
+        "Control plane": "控制平面",
+        Governance: "治理",
+        "Set the organization’s operating boundaries and review what agents can effectively do before changing them.":
+          "设置组织的运行边界，并在更改前检查智能体实际可执行的操作。",
+        Scope: "范围",
+        Organization: "组织",
+        "Effective state": "当前生效状态",
+        "Resolved for this scope now": "已按当前范围解析",
+        Autonomy: "自主性",
+        Loading: "正在加载",
+        "Security posture": "安全策略",
+        Network: "网络",
+        "Outbound enforcement": "出站策略执行",
+        "Slack audience": "Slack 受众",
+        "External participants": "外部参与者",
+        "Human activity": "人员活动",
+        "All activity": "所有活动",
+        "Sort:": "排序：",
+        Intelligence: "智能",
+        "Data boundaries": "数据边界",
+        "Models & browsing": "模型和浏览",
+        Credentials: "凭据",
+        "How agents reason, act, and respond without supervision.": "智能体在无人监督时如何思考、行动和响应。",
+        Posture: "策略",
+        "Dangerous — no content scans; nothing pauses between tool calls": "危险——不扫描内容；工具调用之间不暂停",
+        "Auto — screen external content with proxy or model": "自动——使用代理或模型筛查外部内容",
+        "Strict — approve tool actions; direct mutations blocked": "严格——审批工具操作；阻止直接修改",
+        Apply: "应用",
+        "Approval grant options": "审批授权选项",
+        'Offer "Allow session" (grant lasts for the conversation)': "提供“允许本会话”（授权持续至对话结束）",
+        'Offer "Allow always" (standing grant across turns)': "提供“始终允许”（跨轮次持续授权）",
+        "Command policy": "命令策略",
+        "Patterns matched against each executed command. First match wins.":
+          "对每个执行的命令匹配规则，首个匹配项生效。",
+        Mode: "模式",
+        "denylist — gate dangerous commands": "拒绝列表——拦截危险命令",
+        "allowlist — only listed commands run": "允许列表——仅运行列出的命令",
+        Priority: "优先级",
+        Pattern: "模式",
+        Effect: "效果",
+        Reason: "原因",
+        Order: "顺序",
+        "No command rules yet.": "尚无命令规则。",
+        "+ Add rule": "+ 添加规则",
+        "Test a command": "测试命令",
+        Simulate: "模拟",
+        "Enter a sample command to test the scope policy. Deployment rules may further restrict execution.":
+          "输入示例命令来测试范围策略。部署规则可能进一步限制执行。",
+        Save: "保存",
+        "SOUL editor": "SOUL 编辑器",
+        "Write the standing instructions composed into every system prompt for this scope. Saving creates a durable revision; restoring an older revision creates a new one.":
+          "编写将被组合到此范围每个系统提示中的常驻指令。保存会创建持久修订版；恢复旧修订版会创建新修订版。",
+        "Standing instructions": "常驻指令",
+        "Saved revision": "已保存修订版",
+        "No saved instructions": "尚无已保存指令",
+        "Current draft": "当前草稿",
+        "No draft changes": "草稿无更改",
+        "Ambient policy": "环境策略",
+        "never wakes the judge,": "从不唤醒裁定器，",
+        "batches its posts (judged at most once per the given hours),": "批量处理其帖子（在指定小时内最多判定一次），",
+        "marks its posts as triggers to act on,": "将其帖子标记为行动触发器，",
+        "reads it like a person.": "像人一样阅读。",
+        ignore: "忽略",
+        rollup: "汇总",
+        action: "执行",
+        user: "用户",
+        "Ambient behavior": "环境行为",
+        Default: "默认",
+        "Default (by channel size)": "默认（按频道人数）",
+        On: "开启",
+        Off: "关闭",
+        "Standing order": "常驻规则",
+        "Bot (author name)": "机器人（作者名）",
+        Handling: "处理方式",
+        "Rollup hours": "汇总小时数",
+        "No bots in the ledger yet.": "记录中尚无机器人。",
+        "+ Add bot": "+ 添加机器人",
+        Egress: "出站管理",
+        "What can leave a scope, which audiences can see it, and how deployment authority is carried.":
+          "管理哪些内容可以离开当前范围、哪些受众可见，以及如何传递部署权限。",
+        "Outbound host controls for this scope. Enforcement depends on the active sandbox backend; this page reports that capability instead of implying every saved rule is live.":
+          "此范围的出站主机控制。执行能力取决于当前沙箱后端；此页会如实报告该能力，不会暗示所有已保存规则均已生效。",
+        "Policy is draft only": "策略仅为草案",
+        "The current sandbox backend does not enforce outbound host policy. Agents still have open outbound access.":
+          "当前沙箱后端不执行出站主机策略。智能体仍可自由访问外部网络。",
+        Backend: "后端",
+        Enforcement: "执行状态",
+        "Effective policy": "生效策略",
+        Denylist: "拒绝列表",
+        "hosts the agent may never reach — exact host or any subdomain, one per line.":
+          "智能体不得访问的主机——精确主机或任意子域，每行一个。",
+        Allowlist: "允许列表",
+        "when present, only these outbound hosts may be reached. Empty = otherwise open.":
+          "设置后仅可访问这些出站主机。留空表示其他主机均开放。",
+        "Save draft": "保存草稿",
+        "External Slack participants": "Slack 外部参与者",
+        "Allow mixed Slack rooms": "允许混合 Slack 聊天室",
+        "Internal members can use the agent where guests or Connect members are present.":
+          "内部成员可在含访客或 Connect 成员的聊天室中使用智能体。",
+        "Org-wide, default on. When off, the agent never acts on overheard messages in any channel, regardless of per-channel settings — it only responds to direct @mentions.":
+          "组织级设置，默认开启。关闭后，无论各频道如何设置，智能体都不会对旁听到的消息采取行动，只响应直接 @提及。",
+        "Allow ambient behavior": "允许环境行为",
+        "Channels choose per-channel; without a choice, ambient defaults off in channels with more than 8 members.":
+          "可按频道选择；未设置时，成员超过 8 人的频道默认关闭环境行为。",
+        "The models, browser runtime, and organization context available on future turns.":
+          "未来轮次可用的模型、浏览器运行时和组织上下文。",
+        "Fast mode for interactive turns": "交互轮次快速模式",
+        "Org-wide, default off. When on, human turns run in fast mode on fast-capable models unless the turn asks otherwise. Requires fast-mode quota with the provider.":
+          "组织级设置，默认关闭。开启后，人工轮次会在支持快速模式的模型上以快速模式运行，除非该轮次另有要求。需要提供商的快速模式配额。",
+        "Default interactive turns to fast mode": "交互轮次默认使用快速模式",
+        "A turn that picks its own fast-mode setting (for example the web UI toggle) still wins.":
+          "轮次自身选择的快速模式设置（例如 Web UI 开关）仍优先生效。",
+        "Default harness and model": "默认调度器和模型",
+        "The runtime inherited by scopes without an override. Takes effect from the next turn.":
+          "未设置覆盖值的范围所继承的运行时，从下一轮开始生效。",
+        Harness: "调度器",
+        Model: "模型",
+        "Approved harnesses": "已批准的调度器",
+        "Harnesses people may choose in the web UI or ask the agent to use.":
+          "用户可在 Web UI 中选择或请求智能体使用的调度器。",
+        "Allowed models": "允许的模型",
+        Branding: "品牌",
+        "Accent color": "强调色",
+        "Brand mark (1–2 chars)": "品牌标记（1–2 个字符）",
+        "Assistant label": "助手名称",
+        "People directory": "人员目录",
+        "Public page or URL where the agent can look up a person's current role or title (e.g. https://www.example.com/people). Used when getting to know someone. Leave blank to disable.":
+          "智能体可查询人员当前角色或职务的公开页面或 URL（例如 https://www.example.com/people）。了解某人时使用，留空即禁用。",
+        "Directory URL": "目录 URL",
+        "Browse model": "浏览模型",
+        "Browse step limit": "浏览步数限制",
+        "Max browser steps a single browse task may take, org-wide. Each step is one action (click, type, navigate) by the browser agent. Leave blank for the default of 50.":
+          "单个浏览任务可执行的最大浏览步数（组织级）。每步是浏览器智能体的一个操作（点击、输入、导航）。留空默认为 50。",
+        "Max steps": "最大步数",
+        "Turn time limit": "轮次时间限制",
+        "Maximum wall-clock time for a turn, org-wide. Use 60–86400 seconds, 0 for no limit, or leave blank to use the deployment default.":
+          "单个轮次的最大实际运行时间（组织级）。可填 60–86400 秒，0 表示不限制，留空则使用部署默认值。",
+        Seconds: "秒",
+        "Shared service credentials": "共享服务凭据",
+        "Shared server-side authority available to agents in this organization.":
+          "此组织内智能体可用的共享服务端权限。",
+        "No credentials configured.": "尚未配置凭据。",
+        "Add a credential": "添加凭据",
+        New: "新建",
+        "Blank secret": "密钥为空",
+        "New credentials require a secret.": "新凭据必须填写密钥。",
+        "Blank method": "方法为空",
+        "Uses the broker default: GET only.": "使用代理默认值：仅 GET。",
+        "Blank paths": "路径为空",
+        "Allows every path on the selected host.": "允许所选主机上的所有路径。",
+        Slug: "标识",
+        "lowercase identifier": "小写标识符",
+        Delivery: "交付方式",
+        "how the secret is used": "密钥的使用方式",
+        "Broker — core stamps it onto proxied HTTP calls; the secret never leaves core":
+          "代理——核心服务将其加入代理 HTTP 调用；密钥不会离开核心服务",
+        "Sandbox env — injected into all-internal conversations under an env var (e.g. a browser-provider key for the browse skill)":
+          "沙箱环境——以环境变量注入所有内部对话（例如浏览技能的浏览器提供商密钥）",
+        "Env var": "环境变量",
+        "UPPER_SNAKE_CASE; the skill reads this": "使用 UPPER_SNAKE_CASE；技能会读取此变量",
+        "Destination host": "目标主机",
+        "bare hostname only": "仅填写主机名",
+        Secret: "密钥",
+        "The secret is write-only. It cannot be viewed after saving.": "密钥仅可写入，保存后无法查看。",
+        "Authentication header": "认证请求头",
+        "blank = Authorization": "留空 = Authorization",
+        "Value prefix": "值前缀",
+        "blank = Bearer": "留空 = Bearer",
+        "Allowed HTTP methods": "允许的 HTTP 方法",
+        "comma-separated; blank = GET": "逗号分隔；留空 = GET",
+        "Allowed path prefixes": "允许的路径前缀",
+        "one per line; blank = any path": "每行一个；留空 = 任意路径",
+        "Credential is enabled": "启用此凭据",
+        "Principals with access": "可访问的主体",
+        "Access: every all-internal conversation. Env delivery is not gated by grants — rooms with externals get nothing, everyone else gets the env var.":
+          "访问范围：所有纯内部对话。环境变量交付不受授权限制——含外部成员的聊天室不会获得，其他对话均可获得该环境变量。",
+        "Everyone in this organization": "组织内所有人",
+        "Only selected people or teams": "仅所选人员或团队",
+        "Effective capability": "实际能力",
+        State: "状态",
+        Enabled: "已启用",
+        "Disabled — never injected": "已禁用——绝不注入",
+        "Disabled — broker requests refused": "已禁用——拒绝凭据代理请求",
+        Host: "主机",
+        "Not set": "未设置",
+        "Sandbox env": "沙箱环境变量",
+        "Env var not set": "未设置环境变量",
+        "and its subdomains": "及其子域名",
+        Auth: "认证",
+        header: "请求头",
+        prefix: "前缀",
+        "Authorization header · no prefix": "Authorization 请求头 · 无前缀",
+        Methods: "方法",
+        Paths: "路径",
+        "Any path": "任意路径",
+        "Any path on this host": "此主机上的任意路径",
+        Access: "访问权限",
+        "Every all-internal conversation — grants don't gate env delivery": "所有纯内部对话——授权不会限制环境变量交付",
+        "No principal selected": "未选择主体",
+        "Required before first save": "首次保存前必填",
+        "Will replace the stored secret": "将替换已存储密钥",
+        "Stored secret retained": "保留已存储密钥",
+        "Save credential": "保存凭据",
+        "Clear form": "清空表单",
+        "Connector OAuth clients": "连接器 OAuth 客户端",
+        "No connectors configured.": "尚未配置连接器。",
+        "Add a connector": "添加连接器",
+        Connector: "连接器",
+        Actions: "操作",
+        by: "由",
+        client: "客户端",
+        configured: "已配置",
+        "Configured by deployment secrets": "由部署密钥配置",
+        "Connected to": "已连接到",
+        "Connected using deployment environment secrets. Saving here replaces them with admin-managed encrypted tokens.":
+          "已使用部署环境密钥连接。在此保存会将其替换为管理员管理的加密令牌。",
+        "The deployment contains only one Slack token. Save a matching pair here to repair it.":
+          "部署中只有一个 Slack 令牌。请在此保存匹配的一对令牌以修复配置。",
+        "a Slack workspace": "一个 Slack 工作区",
+        "saved by": "保存者",
+        "Disabled by an administrator.": "已被管理员禁用。",
+        "Secret set": "已设置密钥",
+        "Secret missing": "缺少密钥",
+        "Hide context": "隐藏上下文",
+        "Show context": "显示上下文",
+        "View context sent to the model": "查看发送给模型的上下文",
+        "Collapse entry": "折叠条目",
+        "Expand entry": "展开条目",
+        "Collapse model context": "折叠模型上下文",
+        "Expand model context": "展开模型上下文",
+        Today: "今天",
+        "Scopes are selected in the provider.": "权限范围由提供商选择。",
+        "Create an OAuth 2.0 Client ID (type: Web application).": "创建 OAuth 2.0 客户端 ID（类型：Web 应用）。",
+        "Add the redirect URI shown below to 'Authorized redirect URIs' on YOUR client.":
+          "将下方显示的重定向 URI 添加到你的客户端“已获授权的重定向 URI”中。",
+        "Enable the Gmail, Calendar, Drive, Sheets, Docs, Slides, and Tasks APIs for the project.":
+          "为项目启用 Gmail、Calendar、Drive、Sheets、Docs、Slides 和 Tasks API。",
+        "Choose admin-consent (domain-wide) vs per-user consent on the OAuth consent screen.":
+          "在 OAuth 同意屏幕中选择管理员同意（全域）或逐用户同意。",
+        "Paste the Client ID + Client secret below; we validate by dry-running the consent URL.":
+          "在下方粘贴客户端 ID 和客户端密钥；系统会通过试运行同意 URL 进行验证。",
+        "Create a Slack app (from scratch) in your workspace.": "在工作区中从头创建 Slack 应用。",
+        "Under OAuth & Permissions, add the redirect URL shown below.": "在 OAuth 与权限中添加下方显示的重定向 URL。",
+        "Add the requested USER token scopes under 'User Token Scopes'.":
+          "在“用户令牌权限范围”下添加所需的用户令牌权限范围。",
+        "Install the app to the workspace.": "将应用安装到工作区。",
+        "Paste the Client ID + Client secret below.": "在下方粘贴客户端 ID 和客户端密钥。",
+        "Create a public OAuth integration.": "创建公开 OAuth 集成。",
+        "Add the redirect URI shown below to the integration's redirect URIs.":
+          "将下方显示的重定向 URI 添加到集成的重定向 URI 中。",
+        "Configure the capabilities the integration needs.": "配置集成所需的能力。",
+        "Paste the Client ID (OAuth client ID) + the OAuth client secret below.":
+          "在下方粘贴客户端 ID（OAuth 客户端 ID）和 OAuth 客户端密钥。",
+        "Create an OAuth application.": "创建 OAuth 应用。",
+        "Add the redirect URI shown below as a callback URL.": "将下方显示的重定向 URI 添加为回调 URL。",
+        "Select the read/write scopes.": "选择读写权限范围。",
+        "Create an app: Scoped access, Full Dropbox access.": "创建应用：选择 Scoped access 和 Full Dropbox access。",
+        "On the app's OAuth 2 section, add the redirect URI shown below.":
+          "在应用的 OAuth 2 区域添加下方显示的重定向 URI。",
+        "On the Permissions tab, enable account_info.read, files.metadata.read, files.content.read, files.content.write, sharing.read, sharing.write — then Submit.":
+          "在权限页启用 account_info.read、files.metadata.read、files.content.read、files.content.write、sharing.read、sharing.write，然后提交。",
+        "Paste the App key (Client ID) + App secret (Client secret) below.":
+          "在下方粘贴应用密钥（客户端 ID）和应用密钥值（客户端密钥）。",
+        "Register a new OAuth App (or a GitHub App for installation tokens).":
+          "注册新的 OAuth 应用（或用于安装令牌的 GitHub 应用）。",
+        "Set the Authorization callback URL to the redirect URI shown below.":
+          "将授权回调 URL 设置为下方显示的重定向 URI。",
+        "Select the repo/org scopes the agent needs.": "选择智能体所需的仓库和组织权限范围。",
+        "Set up User authentication: OAuth 2.0, type Confidential client, App permissions Read and write.":
+          "设置用户身份验证：OAuth 2.0、Confidential client 类型、应用权限为读写。",
+        "Add the Callback URI shown below to the app's Callback URLs.": "将下方显示的回调 URI 添加到应用的回调 URL。",
+        "Under Keys and tokens, generate the OAuth 2.0 Client ID and Client Secret.":
+          "在密钥和令牌中生成 OAuth 2.0 客户端 ID 与客户端密钥。",
+        "Client ID": "客户端 ID",
+        "Client secret": "客户端密钥",
+        "Secret values are write-only and will not be displayed after saving.": "密钥仅可写入，保存后不会显示。",
+        "Save connector": "保存连接器",
+        "Slack bot": "Slack 机器人",
+        "Add Slack after the web deployment is working. Tokens are validated with Slack, encrypted in durable storage, and never displayed again.":
+          "Web 部署正常后再添加 Slack。令牌会通过 Slack 验证、加密并持久化存储，且不会再次显示。",
+        "Create QM Slack app from manifest ↗": "从清单创建 QM Slack 应用 ↗",
+        "Not configured.": "尚未配置。",
+        "Bot User OAuth Token": "机器人用户 OAuth 令牌",
+        "App-Level Token": "应用级令牌",
+        "Use an app-level token with": "使用包含以下权限的应用级令牌",
+        ". Saving activates or reloads the Slack surface within a few seconds.":
+          "。保存后将在数秒内激活或重新加载 Slack 界面。",
+        Remove: "移除",
+        "Review change": "检查更改",
+        "Confirm governance change": "确认治理更改",
+        Cancel: "取消",
+        "Confirm change": "确认更改",
+        "Maximum length reached": "已达到最大长度",
+        "Draft valid": "草稿有效",
+        "Instructions will be cleared": "将清空指令",
+        "Version history": "版本历史",
+        "History begins with the next saved revision.": "保存下一个修订版后将开始记录历史。",
+        Current: "当前",
+        Restore: "恢复",
+        Edit: "编辑",
+        Delete: "删除",
+        Editing: "编辑中",
+        "Save changes": "保存更改",
+        "Cancel edit": "取消编辑",
+        "Delete credential": "删除凭据",
+        "Override here": "在此覆盖",
+        "Delete connector": "删除连接器",
+        "Remove this command policy rule": "删除此命令策略规则",
+        "Remove this bot from the ledger": "从记录中移除此机器人",
+        "Enter a sample command first.": "请先输入示例命令。",
+        "Evaluating with the server’s command scanner…": "正在使用服务器命令扫描器评估…",
+        "No samples.": "暂无样本。",
+        "Edit destination": "编辑目标",
+        "Clear destination": "清除目标",
+        Type: "类型",
+        Target: "目标",
+        "Audience scope": "受众范围",
+        "On behalf of": "代表",
+        "Save destination": "保存目标",
+        "Edit cron destination": "编辑定时任务目标",
+        "Target is required.": "目标为必填项。",
+        "No crons match.": "没有匹配的定时任务。",
+        "Show more": "显示更多",
+        "Show less": "收起",
+        "No deployments match.": "没有匹配的部署。",
+        "No skills match.": "没有匹配的技能。",
+        "Trust tier": "信任等级",
+        Advanced: "高级",
+        Register: "注册",
+        "A repo URL is required.": "仓库 URL 为必填项。",
+        "Registering…": "正在注册…",
+        "no scopes selected": "未选择范围",
+        "+ Add scope ▾": "+ 添加范围 ▾",
+        "Filter scopes…": "筛选范围…",
+        "No scopes match.": "没有匹配的范围。",
+        "Select / deselect all importable skills": "选择或取消选择全部可导入技能",
+        "Pick at least one scope to add skills to.": "请至少选择一个要添加技能的范围。",
+        "Select at least one skill.": "请至少选择一个技能。",
+        "Importing…": "正在导入…",
+        "Import selected": "导入所选",
+        "Select all": "全选",
+        Clear: "清除",
+        "Already imported into the selected scope(s):": "已导入到所选范围：",
+        "Imported into": "已导入到",
+        "— importing adds it to the other selected scope(s).": "— 导入会将其添加到其他所选范围。",
+        "Import failed": "导入失败",
+        added: "已添加",
+        across: "分布于",
+        all: "全部",
+        eligible: "符合条件",
+        imported: "已导入",
+        excluded: "已排除",
+        "personal-scoped": "个人范围",
+        private: "私有",
+        collision: "名称冲突",
+        "binary files": "二进制文件",
+        malformed: "格式错误",
+        "Show every skill.": "显示所有技能。",
+        "Eligible and not yet in the selected scope(s) — importing adds it there.":
+          "符合条件且尚未加入所选范围——导入会将其添加到该范围。",
+        "Already imported into the selected scope(s) — Sync refreshes them; un-index to remove.":
+          "已导入所选范围——同步可刷新；取消索引可移除。",
+        "Held back: declares a personal/owner scope, so it isn't imported as a shared pack skill.":
+          "未导入：声明了个人或所有者范围，因此不能作为共享技能包技能导入。",
+        "Held back: marked owner-only / agent-only.": "未导入：标记为仅所有者或仅智能体可用。",
+        "Held back: the name matches an existing platform or seed skill.": "未导入：名称与现有平台技能或种子技能冲突。",
+        "Held back: contains binary files (import is text-only).": "未导入：包含二进制文件（仅支持文本导入）。",
+        "Held back: missing or unreadable SKILL.md frontmatter.": "未导入：SKILL.md 前置元数据缺失或无法读取。",
+        "Click to show only these.": "点击仅显示此类项目。",
+        "No skills found in this pack.": "此技能包中未找到技能。",
+        No: "没有",
+        "skills.": "技能。",
+        "shared pack file": "共享技能包文件",
+        "shared pack files": "共享技能包文件",
+        "(contained under a pack-owned directory)": "（位于技能包自有目录下）",
+        "Add to scopes:": "添加到范围：",
+        Close: "关闭",
+        "No memory stored for this scope yet. Anything you write here, the agent will remember.":
+          "此范围尚无记忆。你在这里写入的内容会被智能体记住。",
+        "Keychain is not configured for this deployment.": "此部署尚未配置密钥链。",
+        Grant: "授权",
+        "Open web UI as ↗": "以此身份打开 Web UI ↗",
+        Copied: "已复制",
+        "Copy failed": "复制失败",
+        "Shadow delivery": "影子交付",
+        "Slack delivery": "Slack 交付",
+        "Delivery event": "交付事件",
+        delivery: "交付",
+        background: "后台任务",
+        "no conversations": "无对话",
+        "Click to collapse tool text": "点击收起工具文本",
+        "Click to expand tool text": "点击展开工具文本",
+        "Policy is invalid.": "策略无效。",
+        "Simulation failed.": "模拟失败。",
+        "Organization rule": "组织规则",
+        "This scope’s rule": "此范围的规则",
+        matches: "匹配",
+        "No scope-policy rule matches": "没有匹配的范围策略规则",
+        "A deployment’s rules may still restrict this command.": "部署规则仍可能限制此命令。",
+        "last sync:": "上次同步：",
+        new: "新增",
+        updated: "已更新",
+        skipped: "已跳过",
+        removed: "已移除",
+        of: "共",
+        "available (eligible) in this pack": "此包中可用（符合条件）",
+        error: "错误",
+        "sync failed": "同步失败",
+        "update available": "有可用更新",
+        "up to date": "已是最新",
+        "not imported": "尚未导入",
+        "syncing…": "正在同步…",
+        "Upstream advanced past the imported commit — Sync now (or turn on Auto-sync) to apply.":
+          "上游已超过导入的提交——立即同步（或开启自动同步）以应用更新。",
+        "logged in this scope": "记录于此范围",
+        "Most recent errors": "最近的错误",
+        "← Prev": "← 上一页",
+        "Next →": "下一页 →",
+        "contains invalid host": "包含无效主机",
+        "Enter a hostname or IP only—no scheme, path, port, or wildcard.":
+          "请只输入主机名或 IP，不要包含协议、路径、端口或通配符。",
+        "contains duplicate host": "包含重复主机",
+        "appears in both lists. Remove it from one list before saving.":
+          "同时出现在两个列表中。请先从其中一个列表移除，再保存。",
+        "Invalid egress policy.": "出站策略无效。",
+        "not sent": "未发送",
+        "Loading…": "正在加载…",
+        "Current status:": "当前状态：",
+        "Saving…": "正在保存…",
+        "Network error — try again.": "网络错误——请重试。",
+        "Manage in Governance →": "前往治理管理 →",
+        "No context was captured for this turn.": "此轮次未捕获上下文。",
+        agent: "智能体",
+        bot: "机器人",
+        "↳ thread": "↳ 线程",
+        "(edited)": "（已编辑）",
+        "(deleted in Slack)": "（已在 Slack 中删除）",
+        "Loading Slack mirror...": "正在加载 Slack 镜像…",
+        "Loading messages...": "正在加载消息…",
+        "Raw feed ↗": "原始数据流 ↗",
+        "Load earlier messages": "加载更早消息",
+        "Loading judgments…": "正在加载判定…",
+        "Load earlier judgments": "加载更早判定",
+        "Judge context": "判定上下文",
+        "Loading ack-emoji picks…": "正在加载确认表情选择…",
+        "Load earlier picks": "加载更早选择",
+        "Open in Slack ↗": "在 Slack 中打开 ↗",
+        Message: "消息",
+        "Candidate slate": "候选列表",
+        "No entries.": "暂无条目。",
+        "View cron": "查看定时任务",
+        "Toggle full tool card": "展开或收起完整工具卡片",
+        "captured context": "已捕获上下文",
+        "Loading earlier messages…": "正在加载更早消息…",
+        "Stored payload was truncated.": "存储的载荷已截断。",
+        "sent to model": "已发送给模型",
+        "No files match.": "没有匹配的文件。",
+        "No files match — only the newest 2,000 are searched.": "没有匹配的文件——仅搜索最新的 2,000 个文件。",
+        "Only the newest 2,000 files are indexed — a scope with only older files won't appear.":
+          "仅索引最新的 2,000 个文件——只有较旧文件的范围不会显示。",
+        "Large image — click to preview full size": "大图——点击查看完整尺寸",
+        "Sent to model": "已发送给模型",
+        Transport: "传输",
+        "model + headers": "模型 + 请求头",
+        "System prompt": "系统提示词",
+        "verbatim · cache split shown": "原文 · 已显示缓存分界",
+        verbatim: "原文",
+        Messages: "消息",
+        "Tool schemas": "工具架构",
+        tools: "工具",
+        "Request params": "请求参数",
+        "request context": "请求上下文",
+        cache: "缓存",
+        "stable-prefix miss": "稳定前缀未命中",
+        model: "模型",
+        exec: "执行",
+        "Raw JSON": "原始 JSON",
+        "(empty)": "（空）",
+        "unattributed context": "未归属上下文",
+        turn: "轮次",
+        "Failed to load context": "无法加载上下文",
+        Slack: "Slack",
+        Judgment: "判定",
+        Conversation: "对话",
+        "Org-wide": "组织范围",
+        "No saved revision": "尚无已保存修订版",
+        "Save policy": "保存策略",
+        "unsupported · remove before saving": "不支持 · 保存前请移除",
+        unresolved: "未解析",
+        "No connectors configured. Add one below to make it linkable in the web UI.":
+          "尚未配置连接器。请在下方添加，以便在 Web UI 中连接。",
+        "Resetting…": "正在重置…",
+        "Config store not available.": "配置存储不可用。",
+        "Reset — onboarding will run on this person's next DM.": "已重置——此人下次私信时将重新运行引导。",
+        "Reset (re-run on next DM)": "重置（下次私信时重新运行）",
+        "Mark completed": "标记为已完成",
+        "Mark dismissed": "标记为已忽略",
+        "Delete this person's personal DM sessions — transcripts included — and clear their onboarding? This is irreversible. Their channel history is untouched. On their next web visit they'll see the new-user welcome greeting, then onboarding.":
+          "删除此人的个人私信会话（包括对话记录）并清除其引导状态？\n\n此操作不可撤销，但不会影响其频道历史。此人下次访问 Web 时将先看到新用户欢迎信息，然后进入引导流程。",
+        "@mention — routed past the judge": "@提及——已绕过判定器直接路由",
+        "@mention — routed past the judge.": "@提及——已绕过判定器直接路由。",
+        "(not recorded)": "（未记录）",
+        "Failed to load transcript": "无法加载对话记录",
+        Failed: "失败",
+        "Failed to load": "加载失败",
+        "Failed to load scopes.": "无法加载范围。",
+        "Failed to load fires": "无法加载触发记录",
+        "Failed to load mirror": "无法加载镜像",
+        "Failed to load user": "无法加载用户",
+        "Search failed": "搜索失败",
+        "Could not update destination.": "无法更新目标。",
+        "Couldn't browse": "无法浏览",
+        "Couldn't open file": "无法打开文件",
+        "directory lookup failed": "目录查询失败",
+        "Only an org admin can list scopes.": "只有组织管理员可以列出范围。",
+        "Only an org admin can read the Slack mirror.": "只有组织管理员可以读取 Slack 镜像。",
+        "Only an org admin can read ambient judgments.": "只有组织管理员可以读取环境判定。",
+        "Only an org admin can read ack-emoji picks.": "只有组织管理员可以读取确认表情选择。",
+        "You don't administer this scope.": "你不是此范围的管理员。",
+        "You don't have admin access.": "你没有管理员权限。",
+        "Stayed silent.": "保持静默。",
+        "Slack mirror": "Slack 镜像",
+        "Open in Slack": "在 Slack 中打开",
+        "Routed past the judge (formal @mention) — no prompt was rendered.":
+          "已绕过判定器（正式 @提及）——未生成提示词。",
+        "(prompt not recorded)": "（未记录提示词）",
+        "asked by": "提问者",
+        "Saved.": "已保存。",
+        completed: "已完成",
+        dismissed: "已忽略",
+        pending: "待处理",
+        "not started": "未开始",
+        Upload: "上传",
+        "Coming back soon": "即将恢复",
+        Ready: "就绪",
+        "Needs a key": "需要密钥",
+        Connected: "已连接",
+        "Write-only API key": "只写 API 密钥",
+        "•••• set — enter a replacement": "•••• 已设置——输入新值以替换",
+        "Injected into all-internal conversations; rooms with externals get nothing":
+          "注入所有纯内部对话；含外部成员的聊天室不会获得",
+        "Never served by the credential broker": "绝不会由凭据代理提供",
+        regex: "正则表达式",
+        optional: "可选",
+        "e.g. GitHub": "例如 GitHub",
+        "Reset to brand-new (delete this person's DMs) →": "重置为全新状态（删除此人的私信）→",
+        "Recorded for observability — never sent to the human (shadow-mode rollout)":
+          "仅用于可观测性记录——从未发送给用户（影子模式发布）",
+        All: "全部",
+        shadow: "影子",
+        delivered: "已交付",
+        "Open the raw mirrored JSON rows for this container in a new tab": "在新标签页中打开此容器的原始镜像 JSON 行",
+        "Jump to this moment in Slack to scroll up for more context": "跳转到 Slack 中的此时刻以向上查看更多上下文",
+        "principal id (e.g. U07ABCD)": "主体 ID（例如 U07ABCD）",
+        "principal id or name (e.g. dana@example.com)": "主体 ID 或名称（例如 dana@example.com）",
+        "Stored secret retained when blank": "留空时保留已存储密钥",
+        "Write-only secret": "只写密钥",
+        "Stored secret is set. Leave blank to keep it; enter a new value to replace it.":
+          "已设置存储密钥。留空可保留，输入新值可替换。",
+        "No stored secret yet. Enter one to make this credential usable.": "尚无存储密钥。请输入密钥以启用此凭据。",
+        "Keeps the stored secret unchanged.": "保持已存储密钥不变。",
+        "A secret is required before saving.": "保存前必须填写密钥。",
+        "Organization-wide access selected": "已选择组织范围访问",
+        "Principal IDs, comma-separated": "主体 ID，以逗号分隔",
+        "•••• set (re-enter to replace)": "•••• 已设置（重新输入以替换）",
+        "Saving requires the client secret — re-enter it to keep this connector working.":
+          "保存时需要客户端密钥——请重新输入，以保持此连接器正常工作。",
+        "No matches in the mirror.": "镜像中没有匹配项。",
+        "Nothing mirrored for this channel yet.": "此频道尚无镜像内容。",
+        "No judgments recorded for this filter yet.": "此筛选条件下尚无判定记录。",
+        "Nothing mirrored for this window.": "此时间窗口内无镜像内容。",
+        "No ack-emoji picks recorded for this filter yet.": "此筛选条件下尚无确认表情选择记录。",
+        "(candidate slate not recorded)": "（未记录候选列表）",
+        Artifacts: "资源",
+        System: "系统",
+        Insights: "洞察",
+        Connectors: "连接器",
+        Users: "用户",
+        User: "用户",
+        Keychain: "密钥链",
+        Metrics: "指标",
+        Sessions: "会话",
+        Files: "文件",
+        Memory: "记忆",
+        Live: "实时",
+        Audit: "审计",
+        Skills: "技能",
+        Crons: "定时任务",
+        Deployments: "部署",
+        Retention: "保留策略",
+        Judgments: "判定",
+        "Ack emoji": "确认表情",
+      };
+      const normalizeAdminLocale = (value) => {
+        const normalized = String(value || "").toLowerCase();
+        if (normalized === "en" || normalized.startsWith("en-")) return "en";
+        if (normalized === "zh" || normalized.startsWith("zh-")) return "zh-CN";
+        return null;
+      };
+      const storedAdminLocale = (() => {
+        try {
+          return localStorage.getItem(ADMIN_LOCALE_KEY);
+        } catch {
+          return null;
+        }
+      })();
+      const adminLocale =
+        normalizeAdminLocale(storedAdminLocale) ||
+        (navigator.languages || []).map(normalizeAdminLocale).find(Boolean) ||
+        "en";
+      const adminLocaleCode = () => (adminLocale === "zh-CN" ? "zh-CN" : "en-US");
+      const adminTranslatePattern = (value) => {
+        let match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) background$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 个后台任务`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) active scopes?$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 个活动范围`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) known scopes? without conversations$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 个尚无对话的已知范围`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) conversations?$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 个对话`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) skills?$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 个技能`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) scopes?$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 个范围`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) messages?$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 条消息`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) tools?$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 个工具`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) fields?$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 个字段`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) steps?$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 个步骤`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) errors?$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 个错误`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) turns?$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 个轮次`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) delivered$/);
+        if (match) return `已交付 ${match[1]} 次`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) tokens?$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 个令牌`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) fires?$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 次触发`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) notebooks?$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 个笔记本`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) principals?$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 个主体`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) successful uses?$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 次成功使用`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) configured$/);
+        if (match) return `已配置 ${match[1]} 个`;
+        match = value.match(/^([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) mirrored · ([\d,.]+[kKmM]?) members$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1]} 条已镜像 · ${match[2]} 位成员`;
+        match = value.match(/^Signed in as (.+)$/);
+        if (match) return `当前登录身份：${match[1]}`;
+        match = value.match(/^Today (.+)$/);
+        if (match) return `今天 ${match[1]}`;
+        match = value.match(/^Yesterday (.+)$/);
+        if (match) return `昨天 ${match[1]}`;
+        match = value.match(/^Version (.+)$/);
+        if (match) return `版本 ${match[1]}`;
+        match = value.match(/^Saved version (.+)$/);
+        if (match) return `已保存版本 ${match[1]}`;
+        match = value.match(/^Open origin session (.+)$/);
+        if (match) return `打开来源会话 ${match[1]}`;
+        match = value.match(/^Editing (.+)$/);
+        if (match) return `正在编辑 ${match[1]}`;
+        match = value.match(/^Loading (.+)(?:\.\.\.|…)?$/);
+        if (match) return `正在加载${match[1]}…`;
+        match = value.match(/^Fetching (.+)…$/);
+        if (match) return `正在获取 ${match[1]}…`;
+        match = value.match(/^Request ([\d,.]+)$/);
+        if (match) return `请求 ${match[1]}`;
+        match = value.match(/^(Hide|Show) context · ([\d,.]+) requests?$/);
+        if (match) return `${match[1] === "Hide" ? "隐藏" : "显示"}上下文 · ${match[2]} 个请求`;
+        match = value.match(/^View context sent to the model · ([\d,.]+) requests?$/);
+        if (match) return `查看发送给模型的上下文 · ${match[1]} 个请求`;
+        match = value.match(/^Open (.+) ↗$/);
+        if (match) return `打开 ${match[1]} ↗`;
+        match = value.match(/^Callback URL: (.+)$/);
+        if (match) return `回调 URL：${match[1]}`;
+        match = value.match(/^Scopes: (.+)$/);
+        if (match) return `权限范围：${match[1]}`;
+        match = value.match(/^No (.+) samples in this scope yet\.$/);
+        if (match) return `此范围尚无${match[1]}样本。`;
+        match = value.match(/^Cron (.+) isn't in this scope\.$/);
+        if (match) return `定时任务 ${match[1]} 不在此范围内。`;
+        match = value.match(/^Already imported into the selected scope\(s\): (.+)$/);
+        if (match) return `已导入所选范围：${match[1]}`;
+        match = value.match(/^Reply in the thread rooted at (.+)$/);
+        if (match) return `在以 ${match[1]} 为根的线程中回复`;
+        match = value.match(/^Jump to this message in the mirrored Slack channel (.+)$/);
+        if (match) return `跳转到 Slack 镜像频道 ${match[1]} 中的此消息`;
+        match = value.match(/^…and ([\d,.]+) more$/);
+        if (match) return `…以及另外 ${match[1]} 项`;
+        return null;
+      };
+      const adminTr = (source) => {
+        if (adminLocale === "en") return source;
+        const leading = String(source).match(/^\s*/)?.[0] || "";
+        const trailing = String(source).match(/\s*$/)?.[0] || "";
+        const value = String(source).trim().replace(/\s+/g, " ");
+        if (!value) return source;
+        const translated = ADMIN_ZH[value] || adminTranslatePattern(value);
+        return translated == null ? source : `${leading}${translated}${trailing}`;
+      };
+      const ADMIN_I18N_SKIP =
+        "script,style,code,pre,[data-i18n-skip],.mono,.viewer,.file-name,.credential-secret,.dense-name,.dense-preview,.history-conversation,.scope-name,.pack-name,.credential-title,.message-body,.prompt-body,.judg-pane-title,#brand-product";
+      const adminI18nSkipped = (node) => {
+        const element = node.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE ? node : node.parentElement;
+        return Boolean(element?.closest(ADMIN_I18N_SKIP));
+      };
+      const translateAdminAttributes = (element) => {
+        if (adminI18nSkipped(element)) return;
+        for (const attribute of ["title", "aria-label", "placeholder"]) {
+          const current = element.getAttribute(attribute);
+          if (current == null) continue;
+          const translated = adminTr(current);
+          if (translated !== current) element.setAttribute(attribute, translated);
+        }
+      };
+      const translateAdminNode = (node) => {
+        if (adminI18nSkipped(node)) return;
+        if (node.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE) {
+          const translated = adminTr(node.nodeValue || "");
+          if (translated !== node.nodeValue) node.nodeValue = translated;
+          return;
+        }
+        if (!(node instanceof Element)) return;
+        translateAdminAttributes(node);
+        const walker = document.createTreeWalker(node, NodeFilter.SHOW_TEXT);
+        while (walker.nextNode()) translateAdminNode(walker.currentNode);
+        for (const element of node.querySelectorAll("[title], [aria-label], [placeholder]")) {
+          translateAdminAttributes(element);
+        }
+      };
+      document.documentElement.lang = adminLocale;
+      const localeToggle = $("locale-toggle");
+      localeToggle.textContent = adminLocale === "en" ? "中文" : "EN";
+      localeToggle.title = adminLocale === "en" ? "Switch to Chinese" : "切换到英文";
+      localeToggle.setAttribute("aria-label", localeToggle.title);
+      localeToggle.onclick = () => {
+        try {
+          localStorage.setItem(ADMIN_LOCALE_KEY, adminLocale === "en" ? "zh-CN" : "en");
+        } catch {}
+        location.reload();
+      };
+      if (adminLocale === "zh-CN") {
+        translateAdminNode(document.body);
+      }
       const EFFECTS = ["allow", "deny", "require_approval"];
       const EFFECT_LABELS = { allow: "Allow", deny: "Deny", require_approval: "Require approval" };
       const SECTIONS = [
@@ -4886,7 +5706,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         document.querySelector('meta[name="brand-self-label"]')?.getAttribute("content") || "Agent";
       // The header's product name and the tab title follow the org's assistant label.
       document.getElementById("brand-product").textContent = brandSelfLabel();
-      document.title = `${brandSelfLabel()} Admin`;
+      document.title = `${brandSelfLabel()} ${adminTr("Admin")}`;
       let page = 1;
 
       const FOCUS_STALE_MS = 60000;
@@ -4939,28 +5759,30 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const b = document.createElement("button");
         b.type = "button";
         b.className = "link";
-        b.textContent = "Open web UI as this person ↗";
-        b.title = "View the assistant web UI as " + target + " (audited)";
+        b.textContent = adminTr("Open web UI as this person ↗");
+        b.title = adminTr("View the assistant web UI as " + target + " (audited)");
         b.onclick = () => openWebUiAs(target);
         return b;
       }
-      const fmtTime = (ts) => new Date(ts).toLocaleString();
+      const fmtTime = (ts) => new Date(ts).toLocaleString(adminLocaleCode());
       const sameLocalDate = (a, b) =>
         a.getFullYear() === b.getFullYear() && a.getMonth() === b.getMonth() && a.getDate() === b.getDate();
-      const fmtClock = (d) => d.toLocaleTimeString([], { hour: "numeric", minute: "2-digit" });
+      const fmtClock = (d) => d.toLocaleTimeString(adminLocaleCode(), { hour: "numeric", minute: "2-digit" });
       function relTime(ts) {
         if (!ts) return "—";
         const d = new Date(ts);
         const now = new Date();
         const mins = Math.floor((now.getTime() - d.getTime()) / 60000);
-        if (mins >= 0 && mins < 1) return "now";
-        if (mins >= 0 && mins < 60) return mins + (mins === 1 ? " min" : " mins");
-        if (sameLocalDate(d, now)) return "Today " + fmtClock(d);
+        if (mins >= 0 && mins < 1) return adminLocale === "zh-CN" ? "刚刚" : "now";
+        if (mins >= 0 && mins < 60) {
+          return adminLocale === "zh-CN" ? mins + " 分钟前" : mins + (mins === 1 ? " min" : " mins");
+        }
+        if (sameLocalDate(d, now)) return (adminLocale === "zh-CN" ? "今天 " : "Today ") + fmtClock(d);
         const yesterday = new Date(now.getFullYear(), now.getMonth(), now.getDate() - 1);
-        if (sameLocalDate(d, yesterday)) return "Yesterday " + fmtClock(d);
+        if (sameLocalDate(d, yesterday)) return (adminLocale === "zh-CN" ? "昨天 " : "Yesterday ") + fmtClock(d);
         return (
           d.toLocaleDateString(
-            [],
+            adminLocaleCode(),
             d.getFullYear() === now.getFullYear()
               ? { month: "short", day: "numeric" }
               : { month: "short", day: "numeric", year: "numeric" },
@@ -4984,18 +5806,19 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
       };
       const fmtPct = (n) => ((n || 0) * 100).toFixed(1) + "%";
       const statusTimers = new Map();
-      function setStatus(id, msg, kind, sticky = false) {
+      function setStatus(id, msg, kind, sticky = false, translate = true) {
         const el = $(id);
         if (!el) return;
         if (statusTimers.has(id)) {
           clearTimeout(statusTimers.get(id));
           statusTimers.delete(id);
         }
-        el.textContent = msg;
+        const renderedMsg = translate ? adminTr(msg) : msg;
+        el.textContent = renderedMsg;
         el.className = "status " + (kind || "");
         if (msg && !sticky) {
           const timer = setTimeout(() => {
-            if (el.textContent === msg) {
+            if (el.textContent === renderedMsg) {
               el.textContent = "";
               el.className = "status";
             }
@@ -5004,6 +5827,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           statusTimers.set(id, timer);
         }
       }
+      function setApiStatus(id, serverMessage, fallback, kind, sticky = false) {
+        setStatus(id, serverMessage || fallback, kind, sticky, !serverMessage);
+      }
       let governanceReviewResolve = null;
       function finishGovernanceReview(confirmed) {
         const dialog = $("governance-review");
@@ -5015,20 +5841,20 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
       function reviewGovernanceChange({ title, subtitle, facts, warning, confirmLabel, danger = false }) {
         if (governanceReviewResolve) finishGovernanceReview(false);
         const dialog = $("governance-review");
-        $("governance-review-title").textContent = title;
-        $("governance-review-subtitle").textContent = subtitle;
+        $("governance-review-title").textContent = adminTr(title);
+        $("governance-review-subtitle").textContent = adminTr(subtitle);
         const list = $("governance-review-facts");
         list.textContent = "";
         facts.forEach(([key, value]) => {
           const term = document.createElement("dt");
-          term.textContent = key;
+          term.textContent = adminTr(key);
           const detail = document.createElement("dd");
           detail.textContent = value;
           list.append(term, detail);
         });
-        $("governance-review-warning").textContent = warning;
+        $("governance-review-warning").textContent = adminTr(warning);
         const confirm = $("governance-review-confirm");
-        confirm.textContent = confirmLabel || "";
+        confirm.textContent = adminTr(confirmLabel || "");
         confirm.classList.toggle("hidden", !confirmLabel);
         confirm.classList.toggle("danger", danger);
         dialog.showModal();
@@ -5068,7 +5894,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
       function badge(text, kind) {
         const s = document.createElement("span");
         s.className = "badge" + (kind ? " " + kind : "");
-        s.textContent = text;
+        s.textContent = adminTr(text);
         return s;
       }
       function badgeList(items) {
@@ -5122,8 +5948,8 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
       function sessionCountsLabel(sessions, background) {
         const parts = [];
         if (sessions) parts.push(plural(sessions, "conversation"));
-        if (background) parts.push(Number(background).toLocaleString() + " background");
-        return parts.join(" · ") || "no conversations";
+        if (background) parts.push(adminTr(Number(background).toLocaleString(adminLocaleCode()) + " background"));
+        return parts.join(" · ") || adminTr("no conversations");
       }
       function linkedStacked(href, primary, secondary) {
         const d = stacked(primary, secondary);
@@ -5154,9 +5980,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const b = document.createElement("button");
           b.type = "button";
           b.className = "rowbtn" + (cell.action.danger ? " danger" : "");
-          b.textContent = cell.action.label;
+          b.textContent = adminTr(cell.action.label);
           b.disabled = !!cell.action.disabled;
-          if (cell.action.title) b.title = cell.action.title;
+          if (cell.action.title) b.title = adminTr(cell.action.title);
           b.onclick = cell.action.run;
           td.appendChild(b);
         } else {
@@ -5248,7 +6074,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         status.className = "status muted";
         const button = document.createElement("button");
         button.type = "button";
-        button.textContent = "Upload";
+        button.textContent = adminTr("Upload");
         const input = document.createElement("input");
         input.type = "file";
         input.multiple = true;
@@ -5333,7 +6159,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         if (!rows.length) {
           const p = document.createElement("p");
           p.className = "empty";
-          p.textContent = emptyMsg;
+          p.textContent = adminTr(emptyMsg);
           return p;
         }
         const t = document.createElement("table");
@@ -5342,7 +6168,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         headers.forEach((h) => {
           const th = document.createElement("th");
           if (h && h.nodeType) th.appendChild(h);
-          else th.textContent = h;
+          else th.textContent = adminTr(h);
           htr.appendChild(th);
         });
         thead.appendChild(htr);
@@ -5366,11 +6192,11 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const head = document.createElement("div");
         head.className = "head";
         const h = document.createElement("h2");
-        h.textContent = title;
+        h.textContent = adminTr(title);
         head.appendChild(h);
         if (desc) {
           const p = document.createElement("p");
-          p.textContent = desc;
+          p.textContent = adminTr(desc);
           head.appendChild(p);
         }
         const body = document.createElement("div");
@@ -5395,7 +6221,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           $(id).classList.toggle("hidden", id !== which);
         }
         $("loading-view").setAttribute("aria-busy", which === "loading-view" ? "true" : "false");
-        if (label) $("live").textContent = label;
+        if (label) $("live").textContent = adminTr(label);
       }
       async function refresh() {
         showView("loading-view");
@@ -5464,7 +6290,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           if (s.label) {
             const h = document.createElement("div");
             h.className = "tab-section";
-            h.textContent = s.label;
+            h.textContent = adminTr(s.label);
             nav.appendChild(h);
           }
           s.views.forEach((v) => {
@@ -5472,11 +6298,11 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             b.className = "tab" + (s.label ? "" : " tab-top") + (v === view ? " active" : "");
             b.type = "button";
             if (ICONS[v]) b.innerHTML = ICONS[v];
-            b.appendChild(document.createTextNode(VIEW_TITLE[v] || v[0].toUpperCase() + v.slice(1)));
+            b.appendChild(document.createTextNode(adminTr(VIEW_TITLE[v] || v[0].toUpperCase() + v.slice(1))));
             if (v === view) b.setAttribute("aria-current", "page");
             if (DISABLED_VIEWS.has(v)) {
               b.disabled = true;
-              b.title = "Coming back soon";
+              b.title = adminTr("Coming back soon");
             } else b.onclick = () => setView(v);
 
             if (v === "judgments" && view === "ackemoji") {
@@ -5717,12 +6543,14 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
       });
 
       let scopeDir = null;
-      let scopeDirNote = "Loading scopes…";
+      let scopeDirNote = adminTr("Loading scopes…");
       async function loadScopeDirectory() {
         const r = await api("GET", "/api/scopes");
         if (!r.ok) {
           scopeDirNote =
-            r.status === 403 ? "Only an org admin can list scopes." : r.data?.message || "Failed to load scopes.";
+            r.status === 403
+              ? adminTr("Only an org admin can list scopes.")
+              : r.data?.message || adminTr("Failed to load scopes.");
           if (historyIsIndex()) renderScopeIndex();
           return;
         }
@@ -5791,20 +6619,20 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const b = document.createElement("button");
           b.type = "button";
           b.className = "back";
-          b.textContent = opts.back.label;
+          b.textContent = adminTr(opts.back.label);
           b.onclick = opts.back.onClick;
           bar.appendChild(b);
         }
         if (opts.title) {
           const h = document.createElement("h1");
           h.className = "shell-title";
-          h.textContent = opts.title;
+          h.textContent = opts.titleI18n ? adminTr(opts.title) : opts.title;
           bar.appendChild(h);
         }
         if (opts.context) {
           const c = opts.contextGo ? navLink(opts.context, opts.contextGo) : document.createElement("span");
           c.classList.add("shell-context");
-          if (!opts.contextGo) c.textContent = opts.context;
+          if (!opts.contextGo) c.textContent = opts.contextI18n ? adminTr(opts.context) : opts.context;
           bar.appendChild(c);
         }
         if (opts.tabs && opts.tabs.length) {
@@ -5814,7 +6642,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             const b = document.createElement("button");
             b.type = "button";
             b.className = "shell-tab" + (tab.active ? " active" : "");
-            b.textContent = tab.count != null ? tab.label + " " + Number(tab.count).toLocaleString() : tab.label;
+            b.textContent = adminTr(
+              tab.count != null ? tab.label + " " + Number(tab.count).toLocaleString(adminLocaleCode()) : tab.label,
+            );
             b.onclick = tab.onClick;
             wrap.appendChild(b);
           });
@@ -5834,7 +6664,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           w.className = "shell-search";
           const i = document.createElement("input");
           i.type = "search";
-          i.placeholder = opts.search.placeholder || "Search…";
+          i.placeholder = adminTr(opts.search.placeholder || "Search…");
           i.spellcheck = false;
           i.setAttribute("autocapitalize", "none");
           i.oninput = () => opts.search.onInput(i.value);
@@ -5859,7 +6689,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           };
           const prefix = document.createElement("span");
           prefix.className = "header-check-prefix";
-          prefix.textContent = "Show ";
+          prefix.textContent = adminTr("Show ");
           wrap.append(input, prefix, document.createTextNode(label));
           return wrap;
         };
@@ -5906,7 +6736,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             ...extras,
           });
         } else {
-          pageShell({ title, ...extras });
+          pageShell({ title, titleI18n: true, ...extras });
         }
       }
 
@@ -5914,7 +6744,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         if (!items.length) {
           const p = document.createElement("p");
           p.className = "empty";
-          p.textContent = emptyMsg;
+          p.textContent = adminTr(emptyMsg);
           return p;
         }
         const list = document.createElement("div");
@@ -6064,26 +6894,26 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
       let serviceCredDirectory = [];
       function updateSoulWorkbench() {
         const draft = $("soul").value;
-        $("soul-saved").textContent = soulSaved || "No saved instructions";
+        $("soul-saved").textContent = soulSaved || adminTr("No saved instructions");
         $("soul-draft").textContent =
-          draft === soulSaved ? "No draft changes" : draft || "Instructions will be cleared";
+          draft === soulSaved ? adminTr("No draft changes") : draft || adminTr("Instructions will be cleared");
         $("soul-size").textContent =
-          draft.length.toLocaleString() +
+          draft.length.toLocaleString(adminLocaleCode()) +
           " characters · about " +
-          Math.ceil(draft.length / 4).toLocaleString() +
+          Math.ceil(draft.length / 4).toLocaleString(adminLocaleCode()) +
           " tokens";
-        $("soul-validation").textContent = draft.length >= 100000 ? "Maximum length reached" : "Draft valid";
+        $("soul-validation").textContent = adminTr(draft.length >= 100000 ? "Maximum length reached" : "Draft valid");
       }
       function renderSoulHistory() {
         const root = $("soul-history");
         root.textContent = "";
         const heading = document.createElement("h3");
-        heading.textContent = "Version history";
+        heading.textContent = adminTr("Version history");
         root.appendChild(heading);
         if (!soulHistory.length) {
           const empty = document.createElement("p");
           empty.className = "hint";
-          empty.textContent = "History begins with the next saved revision.";
+          empty.textContent = adminTr("History begins with the next saved revision.");
           root.appendChild(empty);
           return;
         }
@@ -6091,7 +6921,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const row = document.createElement("div");
           row.className = "soul-revision";
           const meta = document.createElement("p");
-          meta.textContent = "Version " + revision.version;
+          meta.textContent = adminTr("Version " + revision.version);
           const detail = document.createElement("small");
           detail.textContent =
             (revision.updatedBy || "Author unavailable") +
@@ -6100,7 +6930,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           meta.appendChild(detail);
           const restore = document.createElement("button");
           restore.type = "button";
-          restore.textContent = revision.version === soulVersion ? "Current" : "Restore";
+          restore.textContent = adminTr(revision.version === soulVersion ? "Current" : "Restore");
           restore.disabled = revision.version === soulVersion;
           restore.onclick = async () => {
             const immutable = { ...revision };
@@ -6129,11 +6959,12 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             if (!r.ok) {
               restore.disabled = false;
               if (r.status === 409) await refreshSoulConflict();
-              return setStatus(
+              return setApiStatus(
                 "st-soul",
+                r.status === 409 ? null : r.data?.message,
                 r.status === 409
                   ? "SOUL changed; latest revision loaded and your draft was preserved."
-                  : r.data?.message || "Restore failed.",
+                  : "Restore failed.",
                 "err",
                 true,
               );
@@ -6209,7 +7040,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             " supports domain policy, but the control plane cannot mint a reachable proxy token. Agents still have open outbound access.";
         }
         capability.querySelector("span").textContent = enforcementSummary;
-        sectionButton("egress").textContent = enforcement.active ? "Save policy" : "Save draft";
+        sectionButton("egress").textContent = adminTr(enforcement.active ? "Save policy" : "Save draft");
         if ("externalSlackParticipants" in data) {
           const external = !!data.externalSlackParticipants;
           setGovernanceStatus(
@@ -6252,9 +7083,10 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const r = await api("GET", "/api/scopes/" + encodeURIComponent(scope));
         if (requestId !== governanceReq || requestedScope !== scope) return;
         if (!r.ok) {
-          setStatus(
+          setApiStatus(
             "st-policy",
-            r.status === 403 ? "You don't administer this scope." : r.data?.message || "Failed to load.",
+            r.status === 403 ? null : r.data?.message,
+            r.status === 403 ? "You don't administer this scope." : "Failed to load.",
             "err",
           );
           return;
@@ -6277,7 +7109,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         soulSaved = r.data.soul || "";
         soulHistory = r.data.soulHistory || [];
         $("soul").value = soulSaved;
-        $("soul-ver").textContent = soulVersion ? "Saved version " + soulVersion : "No saved revision";
+        $("soul-ver").textContent = adminTr(soulVersion ? "Saved version " + soulVersion : "No saved revision");
         updateSoulWorkbench();
         renderSoulHistory();
         $("card-ambient-policy").classList.toggle("hidden", !("ambientPolicy" in r.data));
@@ -6305,7 +7137,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         }
         $("egress-effective").textContent = effectiveEgressLabel;
         const egressSave = sectionButton("egress");
-        if (egressSave) egressSave.textContent = enforcement.active ? "Save policy" : "Save draft";
+        if (egressSave) egressSave.textContent = adminTr(enforcement.active ? "Save policy" : "Save draft");
 
         const showExternalSlack = scope.startsWith("org:") && "externalSlackParticipants" in r.data;
         $("card-external-slack").classList.toggle("hidden", !showExternalSlack);
@@ -6523,7 +7355,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         soulSaved = fresh.data.soul || "";
         soulHistory = fresh.data.soulHistory || [];
         $("soul").value = draft;
-        $("soul-ver").textContent = soulVersion ? "Saved version " + soulVersion : "No saved revision";
+        $("soul-ver").textContent = adminTr(soulVersion ? "Saved version " + soulVersion : "No saved revision");
         updateSoulWorkbench();
         renderSoulHistory();
         sectionSnapshots.set("soul", JSON.stringify({ content: soulSaved, expectedVersion: soulVersion }));
@@ -6561,7 +7393,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         root.textContent = "";
         if (!list.length) {
           root.className = "hint";
-          root.textContent = "No credentials configured.";
+          root.textContent = adminTr("No credentials configured.");
           return;
         }
         root.className = "";
@@ -6604,13 +7436,13 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           actions.className = "credential-actions";
           const edit = document.createElement("button");
           edit.type = "button";
-          edit.textContent = "Edit";
+          edit.textContent = adminTr("Edit");
           edit.onclick = () => loadScForm(c);
           const del = document.createElement("button");
           del.type = "button";
           del.className = "rowbtn danger";
-          del.textContent = "Delete";
-          del.title = "Delete credential";
+          del.textContent = adminTr("Delete");
+          del.title = adminTr("Delete credential");
           del.setAttribute("aria-label", "Delete " + (c.name || c.slug));
           del.onclick = () => deleteSc(c);
           actions.appendChild(edit);
@@ -6623,11 +7455,11 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
       function loadScForm(c) {
         scEditing = c.slug;
         scEditVersion = c.updatedAt;
-        $("sc-form-title").textContent = "Editing " + c.slug;
-        $("sc-form-mode").textContent = "Editing";
+        $("sc-form-title").textContent = adminTr("Editing " + c.slug);
+        $("sc-form-mode").textContent = adminTr("Editing");
         $("sc-form-mode").className = "badge info";
-        $("sc-save").textContent = "Save changes";
-        $("sc-reset").textContent = "Cancel edit";
+        $("sc-save").textContent = adminTr("Save changes");
+        $("sc-reset").textContent = adminTr("Cancel edit");
         $("sc-slug").value = c.slug;
         $("sc-slug").disabled = true;
         $("sc-name").value = c.name;
@@ -6636,13 +7468,15 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         $("sc-envkey").value = c.envKey || "";
         syncScDelivery();
         $("sc-secret").value = "";
-        $("sc-secret").placeholder = c.hasSecret ? "Stored secret retained when blank" : "Write-only secret";
-        $("sc-secret-hint").textContent = c.hasSecret
-          ? "Stored secret is set. Leave blank to keep it; enter a new value to replace it."
-          : "No stored secret yet. Enter one to make this credential usable.";
-        $("sc-secret-semantics").textContent = c.hasSecret
-          ? "Keeps the stored secret unchanged."
-          : "A secret is required before saving.";
+        $("sc-secret").placeholder = adminTr(c.hasSecret ? "Stored secret retained when blank" : "Write-only secret");
+        $("sc-secret-hint").textContent = adminTr(
+          c.hasSecret
+            ? "Stored secret is set. Leave blank to keep it; enter a new value to replace it."
+            : "No stored secret yet. Enter one to make this credential usable.",
+        );
+        $("sc-secret-semantics").textContent = adminTr(
+          c.hasSecret ? "Keeps the stored secret unchanged." : "A secret is required before saving.",
+        );
         $("sc-header").value = (c.injection && c.injection.header) || "";
         $("sc-scheme").value = (c.injection && c.injection.scheme) || "";
         $("sc-methods").value = (c.allowedMethods || []).join(", ");
@@ -6663,11 +7497,11 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
       function resetScForm() {
         scEditing = null;
         scEditVersion = null;
-        $("sc-form-title").textContent = "Add a credential";
-        $("sc-form-mode").textContent = "New";
+        $("sc-form-title").textContent = adminTr("Add a credential");
+        $("sc-form-mode").textContent = adminTr("New");
         $("sc-form-mode").className = "badge muted";
-        $("sc-save").textContent = "Save credential";
-        $("sc-reset").textContent = "Clear form";
+        $("sc-save").textContent = adminTr("Save credential");
+        $("sc-reset").textContent = adminTr("Clear form");
         $("sc-slug").value = "";
         $("sc-slug").disabled = false;
         $("sc-name").value = "";
@@ -6676,9 +7510,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         $("sc-envkey").value = "";
         syncScDelivery();
         $("sc-secret").value = "";
-        $("sc-secret").placeholder = "(write-only)";
-        $("sc-secret-hint").textContent = "The secret is write-only. It cannot be viewed after saving.";
-        $("sc-secret-semantics").textContent = "New credentials require a secret.";
+        $("sc-secret").placeholder = adminTr("(write-only)");
+        $("sc-secret-hint").textContent = adminTr("The secret is write-only. It cannot be viewed after saving.");
+        $("sc-secret-semantics").textContent = adminTr("New credentials require a secret.");
         $("sc-header").value = "";
         $("sc-scheme").value = "";
         $("sc-methods").value = "";
@@ -6703,7 +7537,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
       function syncScPeople() {
         const orgWide = $("sc-share-org").checked;
         $("sc-people").disabled = orgWide;
-        $("sc-people").placeholder = orgWide ? "Organization-wide access selected" : "Principal IDs, comma-separated";
+        $("sc-people").placeholder = adminTr(
+          orgWide ? "Organization-wide access selected" : "Principal IDs, comma-separated",
+        );
         renderServiceCredentialCapability();
       }
       function serviceCredentialGrantees() {
@@ -6730,7 +7566,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
               });
       }
       function serviceCredentialPrincipalLabel(grantee) {
-        if (grantee.startsWith("org:")) return "Everyone in this organization";
+        if (grantee.startsWith("org:")) return adminTr("Everyone in this organization");
         const id = grantee.startsWith("personal:") ? grantee.slice("personal:".length) : grantee;
         const member = serviceCredDirectory.find(
           (candidate) => candidate.principalId === id || candidate.slackId === id,
@@ -6750,34 +7586,46 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const grantees = serviceCredentialGrantees();
         const header = $("sc-header").value.trim() || "Authorization";
         const envDelivery = $("sc-delivery").value === "env";
-        $("sc-cap-state").textContent = $("sc-enabled").checked
-          ? "Enabled"
-          : envDelivery
-            ? "Disabled — never injected"
-            : "Disabled — broker requests refused";
+        $("sc-cap-state").textContent = adminTr(
+          $("sc-enabled").checked
+            ? "Enabled"
+            : envDelivery
+              ? "Disabled — never injected"
+              : "Disabled — broker requests refused",
+        );
         if (envDelivery) {
           $("sc-cap-host").textContent = $("sc-envkey").value.trim()
-            ? "Sandbox env $" + $("sc-envkey").value.trim()
-            : "Env var not set";
-          $("sc-cap-auth").textContent = "Injected into all-internal conversations; rooms with externals get nothing";
+            ? adminTr("Sandbox env") + " $" + $("sc-envkey").value.trim()
+            : adminTr("Env var not set");
+          $("sc-cap-auth").textContent = adminTr(
+            "Injected into all-internal conversations; rooms with externals get nothing",
+          );
           $("sc-cap-methods").textContent = "—";
-          $("sc-cap-paths").textContent = "Never served by the credential broker";
+          $("sc-cap-paths").textContent = adminTr("Never served by the credential broker");
         } else {
           $("sc-cap-host").textContent = $("sc-host").value.trim()
-            ? $("sc-host").value.trim() + " and its subdomains"
-            : "Not set";
-          $("sc-cap-auth").textContent = header + " header · prefix “" + ($("sc-scheme").value || "Bearer") + "”";
+            ? $("sc-host").value.trim() + " " + adminTr("and its subdomains")
+            : adminTr("Not set");
+          $("sc-cap-auth").textContent =
+            header +
+            " " +
+            adminTr("header") +
+            " · " +
+            adminTr("prefix") +
+            " “" +
+            ($("sc-scheme").value || "Bearer") +
+            "”";
           $("sc-cap-methods").textContent = (methods.length ? methods : ["GET"]).join(", ");
-          $("sc-cap-paths").textContent = paths.length ? paths.join(", ") : "Any path on this host";
+          $("sc-cap-paths").textContent = paths.length ? paths.join(", ") : adminTr("Any path on this host");
         }
         $("sc-cap-principals").textContent = envDelivery
-          ? "Every all-internal conversation — grants don't gate env delivery"
-          : grantees.map(serviceCredentialPrincipalLabel).join(", ") || "No principal selected";
+          ? adminTr("Every all-internal conversation — grants don't gate env delivery")
+          : grantees.map(serviceCredentialPrincipalLabel).join(", ") || adminTr("No principal selected");
         const editing = serviceCredList.find((c) => c.slug === scEditing);
         let secretStatus = "Required before first save";
         if ($("sc-secret").value) secretStatus = "Will replace the stored secret";
         else if (editing?.hasSecret) secretStatus = "Stored secret retained";
-        $("sc-cap-secret").textContent = secretStatus;
+        $("sc-cap-secret").textContent = adminTr(secretStatus);
         const chips = $("sc-people-chips");
         chips.textContent = "";
         if (!$("sc-share-org").checked)
@@ -6788,11 +7636,11 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             chip.textContent = label;
             if (/^(channel|group):/.test(grantee)) {
               const unsupported = document.createElement("small");
-              unsupported.textContent = "unsupported · remove before saving";
+              unsupported.textContent = adminTr("unsupported · remove before saving");
               chip.appendChild(unsupported);
             } else if (label === grantee) {
               const unresolved = document.createElement("small");
-              unresolved.textContent = "unresolved";
+              unresolved.textContent = adminTr("unresolved");
               chip.appendChild(unresolved);
             }
             chips.appendChild(chip);
@@ -6906,13 +7754,15 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           setStatus("st-service-credentials", "Deleted", "ok");
         } else {
           const conflictState = r.status === 409 ? await refreshServiceCredentialConflict() : false;
-          let message = r.data?.message || "Delete failed.";
+          let serverMessage = r.data?.message || "";
+          let message = serverMessage || "Delete failed.";
           if (r.status === 409) {
+            serverMessage = "";
             message = conflictState
               ? "Credential changed; the latest state is shown. Review it before deleting."
               : "Credential changed, but the latest state could not be loaded. Refresh the page before deleting.";
           }
-          setStatus("st-service-credentials", message, "err");
+          setStatus("st-service-credentials", message, "err", false, !serverMessage);
         }
       }
       $("sc-reset").onclick = resetScForm;
@@ -6957,10 +7807,13 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             return;
           }
           updateScFormDirty();
-          let message = r.data?.message || "Save failed.";
+          let serverMessage = r.data?.message || "";
+          let message = serverMessage || "Save failed.";
           if (r.status === 403) {
+            serverMessage = "";
             message = "Not authorized for this scope.";
           } else if (r.status === 409) {
+            serverMessage = "";
             if (conflictState === "missing") {
               message =
                 "This credential was deleted elsewhere. Your draft is preserved, but it remains an edit and cannot recreate the credential. Cancel the edit before creating a new credential.";
@@ -6971,7 +7824,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
                 "Credential changed, but the latest revision could not be loaded. Your draft is preserved; refresh the page before retrying.";
             }
           }
-          setStatus("st-service-credentials", message, "err");
+          setStatus("st-service-credentials", message, "err", false, !serverMessage);
         }
       };
 
@@ -6979,7 +7832,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
       let onboardingModelStatuses = [];
       function onboardingBadge(id, text, ready, optional = false) {
         const el = $(id);
-        el.textContent = text;
+        el.textContent = adminTr(text);
         el.className = "badge " + (ready ? "ok" : optional ? "muted" : "warn");
       }
       const MODEL_PROVIDER_LABELS = {
@@ -7008,7 +7861,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const option = document.createElement("option");
           option.value = status.provider;
           const label = MODEL_PROVIDER_LABELS[status.provider] || connectorName(status.provider);
-          option.textContent = status.configured ? label + " — key configured" : label;
+          option.textContent = status.configured
+            ? label + (adminLocale === "zh-CN" ? " — 已配置密钥" : " — key configured")
+            : label;
           select.appendChild(option);
         });
         if (preferred && [...select.options].some((option) => option.value === preferred)) select.value = preferred;
@@ -7026,9 +7881,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         if (preferred && [...select.options].some((option) => option.value === preferred)) select.value = preferred;
         const status = onboardingModelStatuses.find((item) => item.provider === provider);
         $("onboarding-model-delete").disabled = !status || status.source === "absent";
-        $("onboarding-model-key").placeholder = status?.configured
-          ? "•••• set — enter a replacement"
-          : "Write-only API key";
+        $("onboarding-model-key").placeholder = adminTr(
+          status?.configured ? "•••• set — enter a replacement" : "Write-only API key",
+        );
       }
       async function loadOnboarding() {
         const [models, slack, catalog, config] = await Promise.all([
@@ -7056,13 +7911,25 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           Boolean(baseStatus?.configured),
         );
         $("onboarding-model-summary").textContent = !baseModel
-          ? "No base model is configured yet — pick a provider and model below."
+          ? adminLocale === "zh-CN"
+            ? "尚未配置基础模型——请在下方选择提供商和模型。"
+            : "No base model is configured yet — pick a provider and model below."
           : baseStatus?.configured
-            ? baseModel + " · " + (baseStatus.source === "admin" ? "admin-managed key" : "deployment key")
-            : baseModel +
-              " cannot run until its " +
-              (MODEL_PROVIDER_LABELS[baseProvider] || connectorName(baseProvider)) +
-              " key is configured.";
+            ? baseModel +
+              " · " +
+              (adminLocale === "zh-CN"
+                ? baseStatus.source === "admin"
+                  ? "管理端密钥"
+                  : "部署密钥"
+                : baseStatus.source === "admin"
+                  ? "admin-managed key"
+                  : "deployment key")
+            : adminLocale === "zh-CN"
+              ? `${baseModel} 需要先配置 ${MODEL_PROVIDER_LABELS[baseProvider] || connectorName(baseProvider)} 密钥。`
+              : baseModel +
+                " cannot run until its " +
+                (MODEL_PROVIDER_LABELS[baseProvider] || connectorName(baseProvider)) +
+                " key is configured.";
         renderOnboardingProviderOptions(baseProvider);
         renderOnboardingModelOptions(baseModel);
 
@@ -7073,8 +7940,10 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           true,
         );
         $("onboarding-slack-summary").textContent = slack.data.configured
-          ? "Connected to " + (slack.data.teamName || slack.data.teamId || "a Slack workspace") + "."
-          : "Create the QM app, install it, then add its bot and Socket Mode tokens.";
+          ? adminLocale === "zh-CN"
+            ? `已连接到 ${slack.data.teamName || slack.data.teamId || "Slack 工作区"}。`
+            : "Connected to " + (slack.data.teamName || slack.data.teamId || "a Slack workspace") + "."
+          : adminTr("Create the QM app, install it, then add its bot and Socket Mode tokens.");
         if (slack.data.createUrl) $("onboarding-slack-create").href = slack.data.createUrl;
 
         const configured = (catalog.data.catalog || []).filter((item) => item.configured);
@@ -7085,8 +7954,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           true,
         );
         $("onboarding-oauth-summary").textContent = configured.length
-          ? configured.map((item) => connectorName(item.provider)).join(", ") + " available in the web UI."
-          : "Add Google, GitHub, Notion, or other OAuth clients to make those connectors available.";
+          ? configured.map((item) => connectorName(item.provider)).join(", ") +
+            (adminLocale === "zh-CN" ? " 已可在 Web UI 中使用。" : " available in the web UI.")
+          : adminTr("Add Google, GitHub, Notion, or other OAuth clients to make those connectors available.");
         viewLoadedAt.onboarding = Date.now();
       }
       $("onboarding-model-provider").onchange = () => renderOnboardingModelOptions();
@@ -7103,7 +7973,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const saved = await api("PUT", "/api/model-providers/" + encodeURIComponent(provider), { apiKey });
         if (!saved.ok) {
           $("onboarding-model-save").disabled = false;
-          setStatus("st-onboarding-model", saved.data?.message || "The provider rejected this key.", "err", true);
+          setApiStatus("st-onboarding-model", saved.data?.message, "The provider rejected this key.", "err", true);
           return;
         }
         const selected = await api("PUT", "/api/scopes/" + encodeURIComponent(orgScope()) + "/base-model", { modelId });
@@ -7128,7 +7998,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           return;
         const removed = await api("DELETE", "/api/model-providers/" + encodeURIComponent(provider));
         if (!removed.ok) {
-          setStatus("st-onboarding-model", removed.data?.message || "Could not disable this provider.", "err");
+          setApiStatus("st-onboarding-model", removed.data?.message, "Could not disable this provider.", "err");
           return;
         }
         await loadOnboarding();
@@ -7173,7 +8043,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           });
           const actions = document.createElement("td");
           const edit = document.createElement("button");
-          edit.textContent = "Edit";
+          edit.textContent = adminTr("Edit");
           edit.onclick = () => {
             $("custom-provider-id").value = provider.id;
             $("custom-provider-name").value = provider.name;
@@ -7188,12 +8058,12 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           };
           const remove = document.createElement("button");
           remove.className = "danger";
-          remove.textContent = "Remove";
+          remove.textContent = adminTr("Remove");
           remove.onclick = async () => {
             if (!confirm("Remove " + provider.name + "? Its models leave every model picker.")) return;
             const removed = await api("DELETE", "/api/custom-providers/" + encodeURIComponent(provider.id));
             if (!removed.ok) {
-              setStatus("st-custom-provider", removed.data?.message || "Could not remove this provider.", "err");
+              setApiStatus("st-custom-provider", removed.data?.message, "Could not remove this provider.", "err");
               return;
             }
             await loadCustomProviders();
@@ -7228,7 +8098,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const saved = await api("PUT", "/api/custom-providers/" + encodeURIComponent(id), body);
         $("custom-provider-save").disabled = false;
         if (!saved.ok) {
-          setStatus("st-custom-provider", saved.data?.message || "Could not save this provider.", "err", true);
+          setApiStatus("st-custom-provider", saved.data?.message, "Could not save this provider.", "err", true);
           return;
         }
         $("custom-provider-key").value = "";
@@ -7261,14 +8131,15 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           api("GET", "/api/scopes/" + encodeURIComponent(orgScope())),
         ]);
         if (!catalog.ok) {
-          setStatus("st-connectors", catalog.data?.message || "Failed to load connector setup.", "err");
+          setApiStatus("st-connectors", catalog.data?.message, "Failed to load connector setup.", "err");
           return;
         }
         connectorCatalog = catalog.data.catalog || [];
         if (!r.ok) {
-          setStatus(
+          setApiStatus(
             "st-connectors",
-            r.status === 403 ? "Only an org admin can manage connectors." : r.data?.message || "Failed to load.",
+            r.status === 403 ? null : r.data?.message,
+            r.status === 403 ? "Only an org admin can manage connectors." : "Failed to load.",
             "err",
           );
           return;
@@ -7292,7 +8163,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const displayed = [...list, ...inherited];
         if (!displayed.length) {
           root.className = "hint";
-          root.textContent = "No connectors configured. Add one below to make it linkable in the web UI.";
+          root.textContent = adminTr("No connectors configured. Add one below to make it linkable in the web UI.");
           return;
         }
         root.className = "";
@@ -7310,10 +8181,11 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const meta = document.createElement("div");
           meta.className = "hint";
           meta.textContent = c.inherited
-            ? "Configured by deployment secrets"
-            : "client " +
+            ? adminTr("Configured by deployment secrets")
+            : adminTr("client") +
+              " " +
               (c.clientId || "—") +
-              (c.updatedBy ? " · by " + c.updatedBy : "") +
+              (c.updatedBy ? " · " + adminTr("by") + " " + c.updatedBy : "") +
               (c.updatedAt ? " · " + fmtTime(c.updatedAt) : "");
           const badges = document.createElement("div");
           badges.className = "credential-badges";
@@ -7333,7 +8205,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           if (c.inherited) {
             const override = document.createElement("button");
             override.type = "button";
-            override.textContent = "Override here";
+            override.textContent = adminTr("Override here");
             override.onclick = () => {
               resetConnForm();
               $("conn-provider").value = c.provider;
@@ -7344,14 +8216,14 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           } else {
             const edit = document.createElement("button");
             edit.type = "button";
-            edit.textContent = "Edit";
+            edit.textContent = adminTr("Edit");
             edit.onclick = () => loadConnForm(c);
             const del = document.createElement("button");
             del.type = "button";
             del.className = "rowbtn danger";
-            del.textContent = "Delete";
-            del.title = "Delete connector";
-            del.setAttribute("aria-label", "Delete " + connectorName(c.provider));
+            del.textContent = adminTr("Delete");
+            del.title = adminTr("Delete connector");
+            del.setAttribute("aria-label", adminTr("Delete") + " " + connectorName(c.provider));
             del.onclick = () => deleteConn(c.provider);
             actions.appendChild(edit);
             actions.appendChild(del);
@@ -7369,7 +8241,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const configured = c.configured;
           const o = document.createElement("option");
           o.value = c.provider;
-          o.textContent = connectorName(c.provider) + (configured ? " — configured" : "");
+          o.textContent = connectorName(c.provider) + (configured ? " — " + adminTr("configured") : "");
           sel.appendChild(o);
         });
         if (cur && connectorCatalog.some((c) => c.provider === cur)) sel.value = cur;
@@ -7385,55 +8257,58 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         open.href = connector.setupGuide.url;
         open.target = "_blank";
         open.rel = "noopener noreferrer";
-        open.textContent = "Open " + connector.setupGuide.console + " ↗";
+        open.textContent = adminTr("Open " + connector.setupGuide.console + " ↗");
         const callback = document.createElement("div");
-        callback.textContent = "Callback URL: " + callbackUrl;
+        callback.textContent = adminTr("Callback URL: " + callbackUrl);
         const scopes = document.createElement("div");
-        scopes.textContent = connector.scopes.length
-          ? "Scopes: " + connector.scopes.join(", ")
-          : "Scopes are selected in the provider.";
+        scopes.textContent = adminTr(
+          connector.scopes.length ? "Scopes: " + connector.scopes.join(", ") : "Scopes are selected in the provider.",
+        );
         const steps = document.createElement("ol");
         connector.setupGuide.steps.forEach((text) => {
           const item = document.createElement("li");
-          item.textContent = text;
+          item.textContent = adminTr(text);
           steps.appendChild(item);
         });
         root.append(open, callback, scopes, steps);
       }
       function loadConnForm(c) {
         connEditing = c.provider;
-        $("conn-form-title").textContent = "Editing " + connectorName(c.provider);
-        $("conn-form-mode").textContent = "Editing";
+        $("conn-form-title").textContent = adminTr("Editing " + connectorName(c.provider));
+        $("conn-form-mode").textContent = adminTr("Editing");
         $("conn-form-mode").className = "badge info";
-        $("conn-save").textContent = "Save changes";
-        $("conn-reset").textContent = "Cancel edit";
+        $("conn-save").textContent = adminTr("Save changes");
+        $("conn-reset").textContent = adminTr("Cancel edit");
         populateConnProviders();
         $("conn-provider").value = c.provider;
         $("conn-provider").disabled = true;
         $("conn-client-id").value = c.clientId || "";
         $("conn-client-secret").value = "";
-        $("conn-client-secret").placeholder = c.hasSecret ? "•••• set (re-enter to replace)" : "(write-only)";
-        $("conn-secret-hint").textContent =
-          "Saving requires the client secret — re-enter it to keep this connector working.";
+        $("conn-client-secret").placeholder = adminTr(c.hasSecret ? "•••• set (re-enter to replace)" : "(write-only)");
+        $("conn-secret-hint").textContent = adminTr(
+          "Saving requires the client secret — re-enter it to keep this connector working.",
+        );
         $("conn-enabled").checked = c.enabled !== false;
         renderConnList(connList);
         $("card-connectors").scrollIntoView({ behavior: "smooth", block: "nearest" });
       }
       function resetConnForm() {
         connEditing = null;
-        $("conn-form-title").textContent = "Add a connector";
-        $("conn-form-mode").textContent = "New";
+        $("conn-form-title").textContent = adminTr("Add a connector");
+        $("conn-form-mode").textContent = adminTr("New");
         $("conn-form-mode").className = "badge muted";
-        $("conn-save").textContent = "Save connector";
-        $("conn-reset").textContent = "Clear form";
+        $("conn-save").textContent = adminTr("Save connector");
+        $("conn-reset").textContent = adminTr("Clear form");
         populateConnProviders();
         $("conn-provider").disabled = false;
         if ($("conn-provider").options.length) $("conn-provider").selectedIndex = 0;
         renderConnGuide();
         $("conn-client-id").value = "";
         $("conn-client-secret").value = "";
-        $("conn-client-secret").placeholder = "(write-only)";
-        $("conn-secret-hint").textContent = "Secret values are write-only and will not be displayed after saving.";
+        $("conn-client-secret").placeholder = adminTr("(write-only)");
+        $("conn-secret-hint").textContent = adminTr(
+          "Secret values are write-only and will not be displayed after saving.",
+        );
         $("conn-enabled").checked = true;
         if (connList.length) renderConnList(connList);
       }
@@ -7441,22 +8316,25 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
       async function loadSlackInstallation() {
         const r = await api("GET", "/api/slack-installation");
         if (!r.ok) {
-          setStatus("st-slack-installation", r.data?.message || "Failed to load Slack status.", "err");
+          setApiStatus("st-slack-installation", r.data?.message, "Failed to load Slack status.", "err");
           return;
         }
         if (r.data.createUrl) $("slack-installation-create").href = r.data.createUrl;
         $("slack-installation-state").textContent =
           r.data.source === "environment"
-            ? "Connected using deployment environment secrets. Saving here replaces them with admin-managed encrypted tokens."
+            ? adminTr(
+                "Connected using deployment environment secrets. Saving here replaces them with admin-managed encrypted tokens.",
+              )
             : r.data.source === "invalid_environment"
-              ? "The deployment contains only one Slack token. Save a matching pair here to repair it."
+              ? adminTr("The deployment contains only one Slack token. Save a matching pair here to repair it.")
               : r.data.configured
-                ? "Connected to " +
-                  (r.data.teamName || r.data.teamId || "a Slack workspace") +
-                  (r.data.updatedBy ? " · saved by " + r.data.updatedBy : "")
+                ? adminTr("Connected to") +
+                  " " +
+                  (r.data.teamName || r.data.teamId || adminTr("a Slack workspace")) +
+                  (r.data.updatedBy ? " · " + adminTr("saved by") + " " + r.data.updatedBy : "")
                 : r.data.managed
-                  ? "Disabled by an administrator."
-                  : "Not configured.";
+                  ? adminTr("Disabled by an administrator.")
+                  : adminTr("Not configured.");
         $("slack-installation-delete").disabled = !r.data.configured;
       }
       $("slack-installation-save").onclick = async () => {
@@ -7471,7 +8349,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const r = await api("PUT", "/api/slack-installation", { botToken, appToken });
         $("slack-installation-save").disabled = false;
         if (!r.ok) {
-          setStatus("st-slack-installation", r.data?.message || "Slack validation failed.", "err");
+          setApiStatus("st-slack-installation", r.data?.message, "Slack validation failed.", "err");
           return;
         }
         $("slack-bot-token").value = "";
@@ -7483,7 +8361,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         if (!confirm("Remove the Slack bot connection? Slack chat will stop until new tokens are saved.")) return;
         const r = await api("DELETE", "/api/slack-installation");
         if (!r.ok) {
-          setStatus("st-slack-installation", r.data?.message || "Remove failed.", "err");
+          setApiStatus("st-slack-installation", r.data?.message, "Remove failed.", "err");
           return;
         }
         await loadSlackInstallation();
@@ -7507,7 +8385,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           resetConnForm();
           await loadConnectors();
           setStatus("st-connectors", "Deleted", "ok");
-        } else setStatus("st-connectors", r.data?.message || "Delete failed.", "err");
+        } else setApiStatus("st-connectors", r.data?.message, "Delete failed.", "err");
       }
       $("conn-save").onclick = async () => {
         const provider = $("conn-provider").value;
@@ -7539,9 +8417,10 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           await loadConnectors();
           setStatus("st-connectors", "Saved", "ok");
         } else
-          setStatus(
+          setApiStatus(
             "st-connectors",
-            r.status === 403 ? "Only an org admin can manage connectors." : r.data?.message || "Save failed.",
+            r.status === 403 ? null : r.data?.message,
+            r.status === 403 ? "Only an org admin can manage connectors." : "Save failed.",
             "err",
           );
       };
@@ -7603,7 +8482,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const pat = document.createElement("input");
         pat.type = "text";
         pat.value = rule?.pattern || "";
-        pat.placeholder = "regex";
+        pat.placeholder = adminTr("regex");
         pat.spellcheck = false;
         pat.setAttribute("aria-label", "Command pattern");
         pat.addEventListener("input", () => {
@@ -7624,7 +8503,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const rsn = document.createElement("input");
         rsn.type = "text";
         rsn.value = rule?.reason || "";
-        rsn.placeholder = "optional";
+        rsn.placeholder = adminTr("optional");
         const priority = document.createElement("span");
         priority.className = "rule-priority mono";
         const order = document.createElement("div");
@@ -7652,7 +8531,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         del.type = "button";
         del.className = "rowbtn danger";
         del.textContent = "×";
-        del.title = "Remove this command policy rule";
+        del.title = adminTr("Remove this command policy rule");
         del.setAttribute("aria-label", "Remove command policy rule");
         del.onclick = () => {
           tr.remove();
@@ -7689,7 +8568,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const nm = document.createElement("input");
         nm.type = "text";
         nm.value = name || "";
-        nm.placeholder = "e.g. GitHub";
+        nm.placeholder = adminTr("e.g. GitHub");
         nm.spellcheck = false;
         const sel = document.createElement("select");
         BOT_MODES.forEach((m) => {
@@ -7713,8 +8592,8 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const del = document.createElement("button");
         del.type = "button";
         del.className = "rowbtn danger";
-        del.textContent = "Remove";
-        del.title = "Remove this bot from the ledger";
+        del.textContent = adminTr("Remove");
+        del.title = adminTr("Remove this bot from the ledger");
         del.setAttribute("aria-label", "Remove bot ledger entry");
         del.onclick = () => {
           tr.remove();
@@ -7787,7 +8666,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const result = $("policy-result");
         if (!command.trim()) {
           result.dataset.tone = "";
-          result.textContent = "Enter a sample command first.";
+          result.textContent = adminTr("Enter a sample command first.");
           return;
         }
         let policy;
@@ -7795,12 +8674,12 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           policy = collectPolicy();
         } catch (err) {
           result.dataset.tone = "danger";
-          result.textContent = err instanceof Error ? err.message : "Policy is invalid.";
+          result.textContent = adminTr(err instanceof Error ? err.message : "Policy is invalid.");
           return;
         }
         $("policy-simulate").disabled = true;
         result.dataset.tone = "";
-        result.textContent = "Evaluating with the server’s command scanner…";
+        result.textContent = adminTr("Evaluating with the server’s command scanner…");
         const simulateBody = { command };
         if (loadedCommandPolicyPresent || $("card-command-policy").classList.contains("dirty"))
           simulateBody.policy = policy;
@@ -7812,7 +8691,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         $("policy-simulate").disabled = false;
         if (!response.ok) {
           result.dataset.tone = "danger";
-          result.textContent = response.data?.message || "Simulation failed.";
+          result.textContent = response.data?.message || adminTr("Simulation failed.");
           return;
         }
         const decision = response.data.decision;
@@ -7822,24 +8701,27 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         result.dataset.tone = tone;
         let ruleLabel = null;
         if (response.data.ruleSource === "organization") {
-          ruleLabel = "Organization rule " + (response.data.ruleIndex + 1);
+          ruleLabel = adminTr("Organization rule") + " " + (response.data.ruleIndex + 1);
         } else if (response.data.ruleSource === "scope") {
-          ruleLabel = "This scope’s rule " + (response.data.ruleIndex + 1);
+          ruleLabel = adminTr("This scope’s rule") + " " + (response.data.ruleIndex + 1);
         }
         const deploymentCaveat =
           decision === "allow" && response.data.ruleSource == null && response.data.deploymentRulesEvaluated === false
-            ? " · A deployment’s rules may still restrict this command."
+            ? " · " + adminTr("A deployment’s rules may still restrict this command.")
             : "";
+        const decisionLabel = adminTr(EFFECT_LABELS[decision] || decision);
         result.textContent = ruleLabel
           ? ruleLabel +
-            " matches" +
+            " " +
+            adminTr("matches") +
             (response.data.matched ? " “" + response.data.matched + "”" : "") +
             " → " +
-            (EFFECT_LABELS[decision] || decision) +
+            decisionLabel +
             (response.data.reason ? " · " + response.data.reason : "") +
             deploymentCaveat
-          : "No scope-policy rule matches → " +
-            (EFFECT_LABELS[decision] || decision) +
+          : adminTr("No scope-policy rule matches") +
+            " → " +
+            decisionLabel +
             (response.data.reason ? " · " + response.data.reason : "") +
             deploymentCaveat;
       }
@@ -7888,13 +8770,17 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
                 !/^[a-z0-9:[\]._-]+$/.test(host)
               ) {
                 throw new Error(
-                  label +
-                    ' contains invalid host "' +
+                  adminTr(label) +
+                    " " +
+                    adminTr("contains invalid host") +
+                    ' "' +
                     host +
-                    '". Enter a hostname or IP only—no scheme, path, port, or wildcard.',
+                    '". ' +
+                    adminTr("Enter a hostname or IP only—no scheme, path, port, or wildcard."),
                 );
               }
-              if (seen.has(host)) throw new Error(label + ' contains duplicate host "' + host + '".');
+              if (seen.has(host))
+                throw new Error(adminTr(label) + " " + adminTr("contains duplicate host") + ' "' + host + '".');
               seen.add(host);
               return host;
             });
@@ -7903,7 +8789,13 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const deniedHosts = parse("egress-deny", "Denylist");
         const overlap = allowedHosts.find((host) => deniedHosts.includes(host));
         if (overlap)
-          throw new Error('Host "' + overlap + '" appears in both lists. Remove it from one list before saving.');
+          throw new Error(
+            adminTr("Host") +
+              ' "' +
+              overlap +
+              '" ' +
+              adminTr("appears in both lists. Remove it from one list before saving."),
+          );
         return { allowedHosts, deniedHosts };
       }
       function populateEgress(policy) {
@@ -7918,7 +8810,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           collectEgress();
         } catch (err) {
           const row = document.createElement("div");
-          row.textContent = err instanceof Error ? err.message : "Invalid egress policy.";
+          row.textContent = err instanceof Error ? err.message : adminTr("Invalid egress policy.");
           root.appendChild(row);
         }
       }
@@ -8122,13 +9014,16 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           } else {
             if (key === "soul" && r.status === 409) await refreshSoulConflict();
             updateSectionDirty(key);
-            let message = r.data?.message || "Save failed.";
+            let serverMessage = r.data?.message || "";
+            let message = serverMessage || "Save failed.";
             if (key === "soul" && r.status === 409) {
+              serverMessage = "";
               message = "SOUL changed; latest revision loaded and your draft was preserved.";
             } else if (r.status === 403) {
+              serverMessage = "";
               message = "Not authorized for this scope.";
             }
-            setStatus(SAVE_ST[key], message, "err");
+            setStatus(SAVE_ST[key], message, "err", false, !serverMessage);
           }
         };
       });
@@ -8200,7 +9095,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           root.textContent = "";
           const loading = document.createElement("div");
           loading.className = "loadingline";
-          loading.textContent = "Loading " + (VIEW_TITLE[view] || view).toLowerCase() + "...";
+          loading.textContent = adminTr("Loading " + (VIEW_TITLE[view] || view).toLowerCase() + "...");
           root.appendChild(loading);
         }
         const r = await api("GET", path);
@@ -8211,7 +9106,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const p = document.createElement("p");
           p.className = "empty";
           p.textContent =
-            r.status === 403 ? "You don't administer this scope." : r.data?.message || `Failed to load (${r.status}).`;
+            r.status === 403
+              ? adminTr("You don't administer this scope.")
+              : r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Failed to load")} (${r.status}).`;
           root.appendChild(p);
           return;
         }
@@ -8317,7 +9214,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
               { text: fmtMs(p.p50), cls: "num" },
               { text: fmtMs(p.p95), cls: "num" },
               { text: fmtMs(p.p99), cls: "num" },
-              { text: p.count ? Number(p.count).toLocaleString() : "—", cls: "num" },
+              { text: p.count ? Number(p.count).toLocaleString(adminLocaleCode()) : "—", cls: "num" },
               nodeCell(sparkline(p.daily), "num"),
             ],
             (p) => go({ view: "metrics", scope, session: null, phase: p.phase }),
@@ -8416,7 +9313,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         if (!rows.length) {
           const p = document.createElement("p");
           p.className = "empty";
-          p.textContent = "No samples.";
+          p.textContent = adminTr("No samples.");
           return p;
         }
         const max = Math.max(...rows.map((b) => b.count), 1);
@@ -8436,7 +9333,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           track.appendChild(bar);
           const n = document.createElement("span");
           n.className = "dist-count";
-          n.textContent = b.count ? Number(b.count).toLocaleString() : "";
+          n.textContent = b.count ? Number(b.count).toLocaleString(adminLocaleCode()) : "";
           row.append(label, track, n);
           wrap.appendChild(row);
         });
@@ -8448,17 +9345,19 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           back: { label: "← Metrics", onClick: () => go({ view: "metrics", scope, session: null }) },
           title: phaseLabel(phaseKey),
           context: phaseDesc(phaseKey),
+          titleI18n: true,
+          contextI18n: true,
         });
         if (!p || !p.count) {
           const e = document.createElement("p");
           e.className = "empty";
-          e.textContent = "No " + phaseLabel(phaseKey).toLowerCase() + " samples in this scope yet.";
+          e.textContent = adminTr("No " + phaseLabel(phaseKey).toLowerCase() + " samples in this scope yet.");
           root.appendChild(e);
           return;
         }
         root.appendChild(
           statline([
-            Number(p.count).toLocaleString() + " turns",
+            Number(p.count).toLocaleString(adminLocaleCode()) + " turns",
             fmtMs(p.p50) + " p50",
             fmtMs(p.p95) + " p95",
             fmtMs(p.p99) + " p99",
@@ -8470,7 +9369,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           .reverse()
           .map((r) => [
             { text: r.day, cls: "mono" },
-            { text: Number(r.count).toLocaleString(), cls: "num" },
+            { text: Number(r.count).toLocaleString(adminLocaleCode()), cls: "num" },
             { text: fmtMs(r.p50), cls: "num" },
             { text: fmtMs(r.p95), cls: "num" },
             { text: fmtMs(r.p99), cls: "num" },
@@ -8589,7 +9488,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         if (errs.length > max) {
           const more = document.createElement("div");
           more.className = "subline";
-          more.textContent = "…and " + (errs.length - max) + " more";
+          more.textContent = adminTr("…and " + (errs.length - max) + " more");
           box.appendChild(more);
         }
         return box;
@@ -8662,7 +9561,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         }
       }
       function plural(n, one, many = one + "s") {
-        return `${Number(n || 0).toLocaleString()} ${Number(n || 0) === 1 ? one : many}`;
+        return adminTr(`${Number(n || 0).toLocaleString(adminLocaleCode())} ${Number(n || 0) === 1 ? one : many}`);
       }
       function historyCategory(kind) {
         return kind === "cron" || kind === "background" ? "background" : kind;
@@ -8786,7 +9685,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const path = "/api/crons/" + encodeURIComponent(id) + "/destination?scope=" + encodeURIComponent(scope);
         const r = await api("PUT", path, { destination });
         if (!r.ok) {
-          alert(r.data?.message || "Could not update destination.");
+          alert(r.data?.message || adminTr("Could not update destination."));
           return false;
         }
         dataCache.clear();
@@ -8798,7 +9697,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const edit = document.createElement("button");
         edit.type = "button";
         edit.className = "rowbtn";
-        edit.textContent = "Edit destination";
+        edit.textContent = adminTr("Edit destination");
         edit.onclick = () => {
           cronDestinationEditId = c.id;
           renderCurrentData();
@@ -8807,7 +9706,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const clear = document.createElement("button");
         clear.type = "button";
         clear.className = "rowbtn danger";
-        clear.textContent = "Clear destination";
+        clear.textContent = adminTr("Clear destination");
         clear.disabled = !c.destination;
         clear.onclick = async () => {
           if (!(await saveCronDestination(c.id, null))) return;
@@ -8824,7 +9723,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         form.style.gridTemplateColumns = "repeat(auto-fit, minmax(160px, 1fr))";
         form.style.gap = "10px";
         const typeWrap = document.createElement("label");
-        typeWrap.textContent = "Type";
+        typeWrap.textContent = adminTr("Type");
         const type = document.createElement("select");
         for (const value of ["slack", "principal"]) {
           const opt = document.createElement("option");
@@ -8835,19 +9734,19 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         type.value = c.destination?.type === "principal" ? "principal" : "slack";
         typeWrap.appendChild(type);
         const targetWrap = document.createElement("label");
-        targetWrap.textContent = "Target";
+        targetWrap.textContent = adminTr("Target");
         const target = document.createElement("input");
         target.type = "text";
         target.value = c.destination?.target || "";
         targetWrap.appendChild(target);
         const scopeWrap = document.createElement("label");
-        scopeWrap.textContent = "Audience scope";
+        scopeWrap.textContent = adminTr("Audience scope");
         const audienceScopeId = document.createElement("input");
         audienceScopeId.type = "text";
         audienceScopeId.value = c.destination?.audienceScopeId || "";
         scopeWrap.appendChild(audienceScopeId);
         const oboWrap = document.createElement("label");
-        oboWrap.textContent = "On behalf of";
+        oboWrap.textContent = adminTr("On behalf of");
         const onBehalfOf = document.createElement("input");
         onBehalfOf.type = "text";
         onBehalfOf.value = c.destination?.onBehalfOf || "";
@@ -8866,7 +9765,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const save = document.createElement("button");
         save.type = "button";
         save.className = "primary";
-        save.textContent = "Save destination";
+        save.textContent = adminTr("Save destination");
         save.onclick = async () => {
           const nextTarget = target.value.trim();
           if (!nextTarget) {
@@ -8886,14 +9785,14 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         };
         const cancel = document.createElement("button");
         cancel.type = "button";
-        cancel.textContent = "Cancel";
+        cancel.textContent = adminTr("Cancel");
         cancel.onclick = () => {
           cronDestinationEditId = null;
           renderCurrentData();
         };
         foot.append(save, cancel);
         body.appendChild(foot);
-        return dataCard("Edit cron destination", c.title || c.action || c.message || c.id, body);
+        return dataCard(adminTr("Edit cron destination"), c.title || c.action || c.message || c.id, body);
       }
       const cronStatusText = (c) => {
         if (c.archived) return "archived";
@@ -8953,7 +9852,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         }
         const noMatch = document.createElement("p");
         noMatch.className = "empty hidden";
-        noMatch.textContent = "No crons match.";
+        noMatch.textContent = adminTr("No crons match.");
         const listWrap = document.createElement("div");
         listWrap.append(list, noMatch);
         wireScopeSearch({
@@ -9009,10 +9908,10 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const toggle = document.createElement("button");
         toggle.type = "button";
         toggle.className = "prompt-toggle";
-        toggle.textContent = "Show more";
+        toggle.textContent = adminTr("Show more");
         toggle.onclick = () => {
           const clamped = body.classList.toggle("clamped");
-          toggle.textContent = clamped ? "Show more" : "Show less";
+          toggle.textContent = adminTr(clamped ? "Show more" : "Show less");
         };
         wrap.appendChild(toggle);
 
@@ -9034,7 +9933,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         if (!c) {
           const p = document.createElement("p");
           p.className = "empty";
-          p.textContent = "Cron " + shortId(cronId) + " isn't in this scope.";
+          p.textContent = adminTr("Cron " + shortId(cronId) + " isn't in this scope.");
           root.appendChild(p);
           return;
         }
@@ -9089,7 +9988,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           container.appendChild(
             Object.assign(document.createElement("p"), {
               className: "empty",
-              textContent: r.data?.message || `Failed to load fires (${r.status}).`,
+              textContent: r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Failed to load fires")} (${r.status}).`,
             }),
           );
           return;
@@ -9122,7 +10021,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const more = document.createElement("button");
           more.type = "button";
           more.className = "prompt-toggle";
-          more.textContent = "All " + plural(total, "fire") + " →";
+          more.textContent = adminTr("All") + " " + plural(total, "fire") + " →";
           more.onclick = () =>
             go({ view: "history", scope, session: null, page: 1, historyKind: "cron", cron: cronId });
           container.appendChild(more);
@@ -9176,7 +10075,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         }
         const noMatch = document.createElement("p");
         noMatch.className = "empty hidden";
-        noMatch.textContent = "No deployments match.";
+        noMatch.textContent = adminTr("No deployments match.");
         const listWrap = document.createElement("div");
         listWrap.append(t, noMatch);
         wireScopeSearch({
@@ -9266,7 +10165,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const rm = document.createElement("button");
         rm.type = "button";
         rm.className = "rowbtn danger";
-        rm.textContent = "Remove";
+        rm.textContent = adminTr("Remove");
         rm.onclick = async (e) => {
           e.stopPropagation();
           const name = (records[0] && (records[0].name || records[0].id)) || "this skill";
@@ -9350,7 +10249,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         );
         const noMatch = document.createElement("p");
         noMatch.className = "empty hidden";
-        noMatch.textContent = "No skills match.";
+        noMatch.textContent = adminTr("No skills match.");
         const tableWrap = document.createElement("div");
         tableWrap.append(t, noMatch);
         wireScopeSearch({
@@ -9385,7 +10284,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         holder.textContent = "";
         const loading = document.createElement("div");
         loading.className = "loadingline";
-        loading.textContent = "Loading " + (rep.name || rep.id) + "…";
+        loading.textContent = adminTr("Loading " + (rep.name || rep.id) + "…");
         holder.appendChild(loading);
 
         const r = await api(
@@ -9396,7 +10295,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         if (!r.ok || !r.data) {
           const p = document.createElement("p");
           p.className = "empty";
-          p.textContent = r.status === 403 ? "You don't administer this skill's scope." : "Couldn't load this skill.";
+          p.textContent = adminTr(
+            r.status === 403 ? "You don't administer this skill's scope." : "Couldn't load this skill.",
+          );
           holder.appendChild(p);
           return;
         }
@@ -9478,7 +10379,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const rm = document.createElement("button");
         rm.type = "button";
         rm.className = "rowbtn danger";
-        rm.textContent = "Remove";
+        rm.textContent = adminTr("Remove");
         rm.onclick = async () => {
           if (
             !confirm(
@@ -9498,7 +10399,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             dataCache.clear();
             renderData();
           } else {
-            alert(r.data?.message || "Failed (" + r.status + ").");
+            alert(r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Failed")} (${r.status}).`);
           }
         };
         return rm;
@@ -9526,7 +10427,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         btn.type = "button";
         btn.className = "rowbtn";
         btn.textContent = "⋯";
-        btn.setAttribute("aria-label", "Actions");
+        btn.setAttribute("aria-label", adminTr("Actions"));
         btn.setAttribute("aria-haspopup", "menu");
         btn.setAttribute("aria-expanded", "false");
         const menu = document.createElement("div");
@@ -9535,9 +10436,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         for (const it of items) {
           const b = document.createElement("button");
           b.type = "button";
-          b.textContent = it.label;
+          b.textContent = adminTr(it.label);
           if (it.danger) b.className = "danger";
-          if (it.title) b.title = it.title;
+          if (it.title) b.title = adminTr(it.title);
           b.onclick = (e) => {
             e.stopPropagation();
             closeOvMenus();
@@ -9567,9 +10468,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const mkInput = (ph, title) => {
           const i = document.createElement("input");
           i.type = "text";
-          i.placeholder = ph;
-          if (title) i.title = title;
-          i.setAttribute("aria-label", ph);
+          i.placeholder = adminTr(ph);
+          if (title) i.title = adminTr(title);
+          i.setAttribute("aria-label", adminTr(ph));
           i.spellcheck = false;
           return i;
         };
@@ -9588,11 +10489,11 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           "Private-repo deploy-token credential slug. Blank = your connected GitHub account.",
         );
         const tier = document.createElement("select");
-        tier.title = "Trust tier";
+        tier.title = adminTr("Trust tier");
         for (const t of ["third-party", "internal"]) {
           const o = document.createElement("option");
           o.value = t;
-          o.textContent = "trust: " + t;
+          o.textContent = (adminLocale === "zh-CN" ? "信任：" : "trust: ") + t;
           tier.appendChild(o);
         }
         adv.append(ref, excl, slug, tier);
@@ -9605,7 +10506,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           Boolean(ref.value.trim() || excl.value.trim() || slug.value.trim() || tier.value !== "third-party");
         const paintAdvToggle = () => {
           const open = !adv.classList.contains("hidden");
-          advToggle.textContent = "Advanced" + (!open && advHasValues() ? " •" : "");
+          advToggle.textContent = adminTr("Advanced") + (!open && advHasValues() ? " •" : "");
           advToggle.classList.toggle("open", open);
           advToggle.setAttribute("aria-expanded", String(open));
         };
@@ -9620,16 +10521,16 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const btn = document.createElement("button");
         btn.type = "button";
         btn.className = "primary";
-        btn.textContent = "Register";
+        btn.textContent = adminTr("Register");
         btn.onclick = async () => {
           if (!url.value.trim()) {
             status.className = "status err";
-            status.textContent = "A repo URL is required.";
+            status.textContent = adminTr("A repo URL is required.");
             return;
           }
           btn.disabled = true;
           status.className = "status";
-          status.textContent = "Registering…";
+          status.textContent = adminTr("Registering…");
           const body = { url: url.value.trim() };
           if (ref.value.trim()) body.ref = ref.value.trim();
           const ex = excl.value
@@ -9643,7 +10544,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           btn.disabled = false;
           if (!r.ok) {
             status.className = "status err";
-            status.textContent = r.data?.message || "Failed (" + r.status + ").";
+            status.textContent = r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Failed")} (${r.status}).`;
             return;
           }
           dataCache.clear();
@@ -9656,14 +10557,20 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const li = s.lastImport;
           const c = (li && li.counts) || {};
           const delta = li
-            ? "last sync: " +
+            ? adminTr("last sync:") +
+              " " +
               (c.imported || 0) +
-              " new · " +
+              " " +
+              adminTr("new") +
+              " · " +
               (c.updated || 0) +
-              " updated · " +
+              " " +
+              adminTr("updated") +
+              " · " +
               (c.skipped || 0) +
-              " skipped" +
-              (c.archived ? " · " + c.archived + " removed" : "")
+              " " +
+              adminTr("skipped") +
+              (c.archived ? " · " + c.archived + " " + adminTr("removed") : "")
             : "";
           const packNode = document.createElement("span");
           packNode.className = "pack-name";
@@ -9678,10 +10585,17 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           }
           packNode.title = s.url + (delta ? "\n" + delta : "");
           const skillsNode = document.createElement("span");
-          skillsNode.textContent = s.available != null ? (s.importedCount || 0) + " of " + s.available : "—";
+          skillsNode.textContent =
+            s.available != null ? (s.importedCount || 0) + " " + adminTr("of") + " " + s.available : "—";
           if (s.available != null)
             skillsNode.title =
-              (s.importedCount || 0) + " imported · " + s.available + " available (eligible) in this pack";
+              (s.importedCount || 0) +
+              " " +
+              adminTr("imported") +
+              " · " +
+              s.available +
+              " " +
+              adminTr("available (eligible) in this pack");
           const st = document.createElement("span");
           st.className = "status";
           const setStatusText = (text, cls, title) => {
@@ -9690,14 +10604,14 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             if (title) st.title = title;
           };
           if (li && li.status === "error")
-            setStatusText("error — " + (li.error || "sync failed"), "err", li.error || "");
+            setStatusText(adminTr("error") + " — " + (li.error || adminTr("sync failed")), "err", li.error || "");
           else if (s.updateAvailable)
             setStatusText(
-              "update available",
+              adminTr("update available"),
               "dirty",
-              "Upstream advanced past the imported commit — Sync now (or turn on Auto-sync) to apply.",
+              adminTr("Upstream advanced past the imported commit — Sync now (or turn on Auto-sync) to apply."),
             );
-          else setStatusText(li ? "up to date" : "not imported", "muted", delta);
+          else setStatusText(adminTr(li ? "up to date" : "not imported"), "muted", delta);
           const isTracked = s.syncMode === "tracked";
           let busy = false;
           const menu = overflowMenu([
@@ -9709,11 +10623,15 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
               onClick: async () => {
                 if (busy) return;
                 busy = true;
-                setStatusText("syncing…", "saving");
+                setStatusText(adminTr("syncing…"), "saving");
                 const r = await api("POST", "/api/skill-packs/" + encodeURIComponent(s.id) + "/sync", {});
                 busy = false;
                 if (!r.ok) {
-                  setStatusText("sync failed — " + (r.data?.message || r.status), "err", r.data?.message || "");
+                  setStatusText(
+                    adminTr("sync failed") + " — " + (r.data?.message || r.status),
+                    "err",
+                    r.data?.message || "",
+                  );
                   return;
                 }
                 const d = r.data || {};
@@ -9722,8 +10640,13 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
                   a = (d.archived || []).length;
                 setStatusText(
                   n || u || a
-                    ? "✓ " + n + " new" + (u ? " · " + u + " updated" : "") + (a ? " · " + a + " removed" : "")
-                    : "✓ up to date",
+                    ? "✓ " +
+                        n +
+                        " " +
+                        adminTr("new") +
+                        (u ? " · " + u + " " + adminTr("updated") : "") +
+                        (a ? " · " + a + " " + adminTr("removed") : "")
+                    : "✓ " + adminTr("up to date"),
                   "ok",
                 );
                 setTimeout(() => {
@@ -9745,7 +10668,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
                 });
                 busy = false;
                 if (!r.ok) {
-                  alert(r.data?.message || "Failed (" + r.status + ").");
+                  alert(r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Failed")} (${r.status}).`);
                   return;
                 }
                 dataCache.clear();
@@ -9800,7 +10723,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           if (!selected.size) {
             const none = document.createElement("span");
             none.style.cssText = "font-size:12px; color:var(--muted);";
-            none.textContent = "no scopes selected";
+            none.textContent = adminTr("no scopes selected");
             chips.appendChild(none);
             return;
           }
@@ -9833,7 +10756,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const addBtn = document.createElement("button");
         addBtn.type = "button";
         addBtn.className = "rowbtn";
-        addBtn.textContent = "+ Add scope ▾";
+        addBtn.textContent = adminTr("+ Add scope ▾");
         addBtn.setAttribute("aria-haspopup", "listbox");
         addBtn.setAttribute("aria-expanded", "false");
 
@@ -9844,7 +10767,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         filterWrap.className = "scope-filter";
         const filter = document.createElement("input");
         filter.type = "text";
-        filter.placeholder = "Filter scopes…";
+        filter.placeholder = adminTr("Filter scopes…");
         filter.spellcheck = false;
         filter.setAttribute("autocapitalize", "none");
         filter.style.cssText =
@@ -9858,7 +10781,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const mkLink = (text, fn) => {
           const b = document.createElement("button");
           b.type = "button";
-          b.textContent = text;
+          b.textContent = adminTr(text);
           b.style.cssText =
             "border:none; background:transparent; cursor:pointer; color:var(--text); font:inherit; font-size:12px; text-decoration:underline; text-underline-offset:2px; padding:0;";
           b.onclick = fn;
@@ -9888,7 +10811,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           if (!shown.length) {
             const p = document.createElement("div");
             p.className = "scope-note";
-            p.textContent = "No scopes match.";
+            p.textContent = adminTr("No scopes match.");
             list.appendChild(p);
             return;
           }
@@ -9957,14 +10880,14 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         holder.textContent = "";
         const loading = document.createElement("div");
         loading.className = "loadingline";
-        loading.textContent = "Fetching " + s.url + "…";
+        loading.textContent = adminTr("Fetching " + s.url + "…");
         holder.appendChild(loading);
         const r = await api("GET", "/api/skill-packs/" + encodeURIComponent(s.id) + "/catalog");
         holder.textContent = "";
         if (!r.ok || !r.data) {
           const p = document.createElement("p");
           p.className = "empty";
-          p.textContent = r.data?.message || "Couldn't browse (" + r.status + ").";
+          p.textContent = r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Couldn't browse")} (${r.status}).`;
           holder.appendChild(p);
           return;
         }
@@ -9997,7 +10920,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
 
         const headCb = document.createElement("input");
         headCb.type = "checkbox";
-        headCb.title = "Select / deselect all importable skills";
+        headCb.title = adminTr("Select / deselect all importable skills");
         const syncHead = () => {
           const n = checks.length,
             sel = checks.filter((cb) => cb.checked).length;
@@ -10053,24 +10976,27 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             help: "Held back: missing or unreadable SKILL.md frontmatter.",
           },
         };
-        const reasonLabel = (key) => (REASON[key] ? REASON[key].label : key || "excluded");
+        const reasonLabel = (key) => adminTr(REASON[key] ? REASON[key].label : key || "excluded");
         const rowBadge = (c) => {
           if (importedInAll(c)) {
             const b = badge("imported", "info");
-            b.title = "Already imported into the selected scope(s): " + (c.importedScopes || []).join(", ");
+            b.title =
+              adminTr("Already imported into the selected scope(s):") + " " + (c.importedScopes || []).join(", ");
             return b;
           }
           if (c.eligible) {
             const b = badge("eligible", "ok");
             if (importedInSome(c))
               b.title =
-                "Imported into " +
+                adminTr("Imported into") +
+                " " +
                 (c.importedScopes || []).join(", ") +
-                " — importing adds it to the other selected scope(s).";
+                " " +
+                adminTr("— importing adds it to the other selected scope(s).");
             return b;
           }
           const b = badge(reasonLabel(c.excludeReason), "warn");
-          if (REASON[c.excludeReason]) b.title = REASON[c.excludeReason].help;
+          if (REASON[c.excludeReason]) b.title = adminTr(REASON[c.excludeReason].help);
           return b;
         };
 
@@ -10080,19 +11006,19 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const names = checks.filter((b) => b.checked).map((b) => b.dataset.name);
           if (!scopes.length) {
             status.className = "status err";
-            status.textContent = "Pick at least one scope to add skills to.";
+            status.textContent = adminTr("Pick at least one scope to add skills to.");
             return;
           }
           if (!names.length) {
             status.className = "status err";
-            status.textContent = "Select at least one skill.";
+            status.textContent = adminTr("Select at least one skill.");
             return;
           }
           importButtons.forEach((b) => {
             b.disabled = true;
           });
           status.className = "status";
-          status.textContent = "Importing…";
+          status.textContent = adminTr("Importing…");
           const allEligible = checks.length === names.length;
           const r2 = await api("POST", "/api/skill-packs/" + encodeURIComponent(s.id) + "/import", {
             selected: allEligible ? "all" : names,
@@ -10103,18 +11029,17 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           });
           if (!r2.ok) {
             status.className = "status err";
-            status.textContent = r2.data?.message || "Import failed (" + r2.status + ").";
+            status.textContent = r2.data?.message || adminTr("Import failed") + " (" + r2.status + ").";
             return;
           }
           const added = r2.data.imported?.length ?? 0;
           status.className = "status ok";
           status.textContent =
             "✓ " +
-            added +
-            " skill" +
-            (added === 1 ? "" : "s") +
-            " added" +
-            (scopes.length > 1 ? " across " + scopes.length + " scopes" : "");
+            plural(added, "skill") +
+            " " +
+            adminTr("added") +
+            (scopes.length > 1 ? " " + adminTr("across") + " " + plural(scopes.length, "scope") : "");
           dataCache.clear();
           setTimeout(() => renderData(), 1500);
         };
@@ -10124,7 +11049,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const btn = document.createElement("button");
           btn.type = "button";
           btn.className = "primary";
-          btn.textContent = "Import selected";
+          btn.textContent = adminTr("Import selected");
           btn.onclick = () => doImport(status);
           importButtons.push(btn);
 
@@ -10163,14 +11088,15 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           for (const key of PILL_ORDER) {
             if (!pillShown(key)) continue;
             const meta = REASON[key] || { label: key, tone: "muted", help: "" };
-            const b = badge(pillCount(key) + " " + meta.label, meta.tone);
+            const b = badge(pillCount(key) + " " + adminTr(meta.label), meta.tone);
             b.style.cursor = "pointer";
             if (activeFilter === key) {
               b.style.background = "var(--text)";
               b.style.color = "#fff";
               b.style.borderColor = "var(--text)";
             }
-            b.title = (meta.help ? meta.help + " " : "") + (key === "all" ? "" : "Click to show only these.");
+            b.title =
+              (meta.help ? adminTr(meta.help) + " " : "") + (key === "all" ? "" : adminTr("Click to show only these."));
             b.onclick = () => {
               activeFilter = key;
               recompute();
@@ -10191,7 +11117,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             table(
               [headCb, "Skill", ""],
               rows,
-              activeFilter === "all" ? "No skills found in this pack." : "No " + reasonLabel(activeFilter) + " skills.",
+              activeFilter === "all"
+                ? adminTr("No skills found in this pack.")
+                : adminTr("No") + " " + reasonLabel(activeFilter) + " " + adminTr("skills."),
             ),
           );
         };
@@ -10223,7 +11151,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const scopeRow = document.createElement("div");
         scopeRow.style.cssText = "display:flex; align-items:center; gap:8px; flex-wrap:wrap; margin:2px 0 4px;";
         const scopeLab = document.createElement("span");
-        scopeLab.textContent = "Add to scopes:";
+        scopeLab.textContent = adminTr("Add to scopes:");
         scopeLab.style.cssText = "font-size:12px; opacity:0.7;";
         scopeRow.append(scopeLab, buildScopeMultiSelect(scopeChoices, selectedScopes, recompute));
         box.appendChild(scopeRow);
@@ -10234,9 +11162,10 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const summary = document.createElement("summary");
           summary.textContent =
             bundlePaths.length +
-            " shared pack file" +
-            (bundlePaths.length === 1 ? "" : "s") +
-            " (contained under a pack-owned directory)";
+            " " +
+            adminTr(bundlePaths.length === 1 ? "shared pack file" : "shared pack files") +
+            " " +
+            adminTr("(contained under a pack-owned directory)");
           const pre = document.createElement("pre");
           pre.textContent = bundlePaths.join("\n");
           pre.style.cssText =
@@ -10269,7 +11198,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const close = document.createElement("button");
         close.type = "button";
         close.textContent = "✕";
-        close.title = "Close";
+        close.title = adminTr("Close");
         close.setAttribute("aria-label", "Close browse");
         close.style.cssText =
           "position:absolute;top:10px;right:12px;border:none;background:transparent;cursor:pointer;font-size:18px;line-height:1;color:var(--text);opacity:0.55;padding:4px;";
@@ -10293,6 +11222,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           pageShell({
             back: { label: "← Memory", onClick: () => go({ view: "memory", scope: "org:" + orgId, session: null }) },
             title: orgWideView() ? "Org-wide" : shortName(scope),
+            titleI18n: orgWideView(),
           });
         }
         const server = d.content || "";
@@ -10304,12 +11234,14 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         ta.style.minHeight = "340px";
         ta.style.fontFamily = "ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, monospace";
         ta.style.fontSize = "12px";
-        ta.placeholder = "No memory stored for this scope yet. Anything you write here, the agent will remember.";
+        ta.placeholder = adminTr(
+          "No memory stored for this scope yet. Anything you write here, the agent will remember.",
+        );
         const foot = document.createElement("div");
         foot.className = "foot";
         const save = document.createElement("button");
         save.className = "primary";
-        save.textContent = "Save";
+        save.textContent = adminTr("Save");
         const st = document.createElement("span");
         st.className = "status";
         st.id = "st-memory";
@@ -10330,9 +11262,10 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             memDraftScope = null;
             setStatus("st-memory", "Saved ✓", "ok");
           } else
-            setStatus(
+            setApiStatus(
               "st-memory",
-              r.status === 403 ? "You don't administer this scope." : r.data?.message || "Save failed.",
+              r.status === 403 ? null : r.data?.message,
+              r.status === 403 ? "You don't administer this scope." : "Save failed.",
               "err",
             );
         };
@@ -10357,6 +11290,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           );
         pageShell({
           title: VIEW_TITLE.memory,
+          titleI18n: true,
           count: written.length ? plural(written.length, "notebook") : "",
           context: written.length && !hasTimestamps ? "sorted by size (this backend keeps no edit history)" : "",
         });
@@ -10505,9 +11439,10 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         );
         if (r.ok) renderData();
         else
-          setStatus(
+          setApiStatus(
             "st-users",
-            r.status === 403 ? "Only an org admin may revoke." : r.data?.message || "Revoke failed.",
+            r.status === 403 ? null : r.data?.message,
+            r.status === 403 ? "Only an org admin may revoke." : "Revoke failed.",
             "err",
           );
       }
@@ -10532,7 +11467,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         if (d.enabled === false) {
           const p = document.createElement("p");
           p.className = "empty";
-          p.textContent = "Keychain is not configured for this deployment.";
+          p.textContent = adminTr("Keychain is not configured for this deployment.");
           root.appendChild(
             dataCard(
               "Keychain unavailable",
@@ -10734,13 +11669,13 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         };
         const pInput = document.createElement("input");
         pInput.type = "text";
-        pInput.placeholder = "principal id (e.g. U07ABCD)";
+        pInput.placeholder = adminTr("principal id (e.g. U07ABCD)");
         pInput.spellcheck = false;
         pInput.autocapitalize = "none";
         const grantBtn = document.createElement("button");
         grantBtn.className = "primary";
         grantBtn.type = "button";
-        grantBtn.textContent = "Grant";
+        grantBtn.textContent = adminTr("Grant");
         grantBtn.onclick = async () => {
           const principalId = pInput.value.trim();
           if (!principalId) return setStatus("st-users", "Principal id required.", "err");
@@ -10749,9 +11684,10 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             pInput.value = "";
             renderData();
           } else
-            setStatus(
+            setApiStatus(
               "st-users",
-              r.status === 403 ? "Only an org admin may grant." : r.data?.message || "Grant failed.",
+              r.status === 403 ? null : r.data?.message,
+              r.status === 403 ? "Only an org admin may grant." : "Grant failed.",
               "err",
             );
         };
@@ -10768,7 +11704,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         impForm.className = "grant-form";
         const impInput = document.createElement("input");
         impInput.type = "text";
-        impInput.placeholder = "principal id or name (e.g. dana@example.com)";
+        impInput.placeholder = adminTr("principal id or name (e.g. dana@example.com)");
         impInput.spellcheck = false;
         impInput.autocapitalize = "none";
         impInput.setAttribute("list", "imp-suggest");
@@ -10777,13 +11713,13 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const impBtn = document.createElement("button");
         impBtn.className = "primary";
         impBtn.type = "button";
-        impBtn.textContent = "Open web UI as ↗";
+        impBtn.textContent = adminTr("Open web UI as ↗");
         let impTimer = null,
           impSeq = 0;
 
         const dirMembers = async (q) => {
           const r = await api("GET", "/api/directory?q=" + encodeURIComponent(q));
-          if (!r.ok) throw new Error(r.data?.message || "directory lookup failed (" + r.status + ")");
+          if (!r.ok) throw new Error(r.data?.message || `${adminTr("directory lookup failed")} (${r.status})`);
           return r.data?.members || [];
         };
         impInput.addEventListener("input", () => {
@@ -11235,7 +12171,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         btn.onclick = async (ev) => {
           ev.stopPropagation();
           const ok = await copyText(getText());
-          btn.textContent = ok ? "Copied" : "Copy failed";
+          btn.textContent = adminTr(ok ? "Copied" : "Copy failed");
           if (ok) btn.classList.add("copied");
           setTimeout(() => {
             btn.textContent = label;
@@ -11282,7 +12218,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const syncExpanded = () => {
             const expanded = block.classList.contains("expanded");
             card.setAttribute("aria-expanded", String(expanded));
-            card.title = expanded ? "Click to collapse tool text" : "Click to expand tool text";
+            card.title = adminTr(expanded ? "Click to collapse tool text" : "Click to expand tool text");
             if (truncated) card.textContent = expanded ? primaryText : preview;
           };
           card.tabIndex = 0;
@@ -11308,25 +12244,25 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           drow.className = "who";
           const dlabel = document.createElement("span");
           dlabel.className = "entry-label important";
-          dlabel.textContent = delivery.shadow ? "Shadow delivery" : "Slack delivery";
+          dlabel.textContent = adminTr(delivery.shadow ? "Shadow delivery" : "Slack delivery");
           drow.appendChild(dlabel);
           if (delivery.shadow) {
             const sb = document.createElement("span");
             sb.className = "entry-label";
-            sb.title = "Recorded for observability — never sent to the human (shadow-mode rollout)";
-            sb.textContent = "not sent";
+            sb.title = adminTr("Recorded for observability — never sent to the human (shadow-mode rollout)");
+            sb.textContent = adminTr("not sent");
             drow.appendChild(sb);
           }
           drow.appendChild(badge(delivery.destination?.type === "principal" ? "Slack DM" : "Slack", "info"));
           const mirror = slackMirrorRef(delivery);
           if (mirror) {
             const ml = navLink("View in Slack mirror ↗", { view: "slack", container: mirror.container, ts: mirror.ts });
-            ml.title = "Jump to this message in the mirrored Slack channel " + mirror.container;
+            ml.title = adminTr("Jump to this message in the mirrored Slack channel " + mirror.container);
             drow.appendChild(ml);
           }
           const dwhen = document.createElement("span");
           dwhen.className = "when";
-          dwhen.textContent = `${delivery.shadow ? "shadow" : "delivered"} · ${fmtTime(delivery.createdAt)}`;
+          dwhen.textContent = `${adminTr(delivery.shadow ? "shadow" : "delivered")} · ${fmtTime(delivery.createdAt)}`;
           drow.appendChild(dwhen);
           const pre = document.createElement("pre");
           const from = delivery.destination?.onBehalfOf ? `from ${delivery.destination.onBehalfOf}\n` : "";
@@ -11400,7 +12336,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const root = $("view-data");
         root.textContent = "";
         if (!scopeDir) {
-          pageShell({ title: VIEW_TITLE.history });
+          pageShell({ title: VIEW_TITLE.history, titleI18n: true });
           const loading = document.createElement("div");
           loading.className = "loadingline";
           loading.textContent = scopeDirNote;
@@ -11424,14 +12360,14 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         sortControl.className = "shell-sort";
         const sortLabel = document.createElement("span");
         sortLabel.className = "shell-sort-label";
-        sortLabel.textContent = "Sort:";
+        sortLabel.textContent = adminTr("Sort:");
         const seg = document.createElement("div");
         seg.className = "segmented";
         const sortOpt = (value, label) => {
           const b = document.createElement("button");
           b.type = "button";
           b.className = "seg" + (scopeSort === value ? " active" : "");
-          b.textContent = label;
+          b.textContent = adminTr(label);
           b.onclick = () => {
             if (scopeSort !== value) {
               scopeSort = value;
@@ -11445,8 +12381,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         sortControl.append(sortLabel, seg);
         pageShell({
           title: VIEW_TITLE.history,
+          titleI18n: true,
           count: activeRows.length
-            ? activeRows.length + (activeRows.length === 1 ? " active scope" : " active scopes")
+            ? adminTr(activeRows.length + (activeRows.length === 1 ? " active scope" : " active scopes"))
             : "",
           actions: [sortControl],
         });
@@ -11475,7 +12412,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const quiet = document.createElement("details");
           quiet.className = "history-quiet";
           const summary = document.createElement("summary");
-          summary.textContent = `${quietRows.length} known scope${quietRows.length === 1 ? "" : "s"} without conversations`;
+          summary.textContent = adminTr(
+            `${quietRows.length} known scope${quietRows.length === 1 ? "" : "s"} without conversations`,
+          );
           const chips = document.createElement("div");
           chips.className = "history-empty-scopes";
           quietRows.forEach((s) => {
@@ -11571,7 +12510,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
                 document.createTextNode(
                   plural(c.sessions || 0, "fire") +
                     (typeof c.deliveredRuns === "number"
-                      ? ` \u00b7 ${Number(c.deliveredRuns).toLocaleString()} delivered`
+                      ? ` \u00b7 ${Number(c.deliveredRuns).toLocaleString(adminLocaleCode())} delivered`
                       : "") +
                     " \u00b7 first fired " +
                     fmtHistoryCreated(c.createdAt, c.lastActivity),
@@ -11640,7 +12579,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             note.className = "statline";
             const toggle = document.createElement("a");
             toggle.href = "#";
-            toggle.textContent = plural(total, "error") + " logged in this scope";
+            toggle.textContent = plural(total, "error") + " " + adminTr("logged in this scope");
             note.appendChild(toggle);
             errNote.appendChild(note);
             let box = null;
@@ -11651,7 +12590,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
                 box = null;
                 return;
               }
-              box = errorStripBox(errs, "Most recent errors", 20, (e) => {
+              box = errorStripBox(errs, adminTr("Most recent errors"), 20, (e) => {
                 if (!e.sessionId) return null;
                 const st = { view: "history", scope, session: e.sessionId, historyKind };
                 return { href: stateToUrl(st), go: () => go(st) };
@@ -11678,8 +12617,8 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         };
         const info = document.createElement("span");
         info.className = "pageinfo";
-        info.textContent = `${offset + 1}–${Math.min(offset + limit, total)} of ${total}`;
-        wrap.append(btn("← Prev", cur - 1, cur <= 1), info, btn("Next →", cur + 1, cur >= pages));
+        info.textContent = `${offset + 1}–${Math.min(offset + limit, total)} ${adminTr("of")} ${total}`;
+        wrap.append(btn(adminTr("← Prev"), cur - 1, cur <= 1), info, btn(adminTr("Next →"), cur + 1, cur >= pages));
         return wrap;
       }
 
@@ -11689,12 +12628,14 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         pageShell({ back: { label: "← Users", onClick: () => history.back() }, title: principalId || "User" });
         const detail = document.createElement("div");
         detail.className = "detail";
-        detail.textContent = "Loading…";
+        detail.textContent = adminTr("Loading…");
         root.appendChild(detail);
         const r = await api("GET", "/api/users/" + encodeURIComponent(principalId));
         if (!r.ok) {
           detail.textContent =
-            r.status === 403 ? "You don't have admin access." : r.data?.message || `Failed to load user (${r.status}).`;
+            r.status === 403
+              ? adminTr("You don't have admin access.")
+              : r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Failed to load user")} (${r.status}).`;
           return;
         }
         detail.textContent = "";
@@ -11825,7 +12766,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           cfgWrap.appendChild(
             Object.assign(document.createElement("p"), {
               className: "empty",
-              textContent: "Config store not available.",
+              textContent: adminTr("Config store not available."),
             }),
           );
         else {
@@ -11865,23 +12806,25 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const obHint = document.createElement("p");
         obHint.className = "hint";
         function paintOb(status) {
-          obStatusRow.textContent = "Current status: ";
+          obStatusRow.textContent = adminTr("Current status: ");
           obStatusRow.appendChild(badge(OB_LABEL[status] || status, OB_KIND[status] || "muted"));
         }
         async function applyOb(status) {
           obButtons.forEach((b) => (b.disabled = true));
-          obHint.textContent = "Saving…";
+          obHint.textContent = adminTr("Saving…");
           try {
             const r = await api("PUT", "/api/users/" + encodeURIComponent(principalId) + "/onboarding", { status });
             if (!r.ok) {
-              obHint.textContent = r.data?.message || "Failed (" + r.status + ").";
+              obHint.textContent = r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Failed")} (${r.status}).`;
               return;
             }
             paintOb(r.data?.status || status);
             obHint.textContent =
-              status === "not_started" ? "Reset — onboarding will run on this person's next DM." : "Saved.";
+              status === "not_started"
+                ? adminTr("Reset — onboarding will run on this person's next DM.")
+                : adminTr("Saved.");
           } catch {
-            obHint.textContent = "Network error — try again.";
+            obHint.textContent = adminTr("Network error — try again.");
           } finally {
             obButtons.forEach((b) => (b.disabled = false));
           }
@@ -11890,7 +12833,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const b = document.createElement("button");
           b.type = "button";
           if (primary) b.className = "primary";
-          b.textContent = label;
+          b.textContent = adminTr(label);
           b.onclick = () => applyOb(status);
           return b;
         };
@@ -11905,29 +12848,31 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const resetBtn = document.createElement("button");
         resetBtn.type = "button";
         resetBtn.className = "danger-link";
-        resetBtn.textContent = "Reset to brand-new (delete this person's DMs) →";
+        resetBtn.textContent = adminTr("Reset to brand-new (delete this person's DMs) →");
         const resetHint = document.createElement("p");
         resetHint.className = "hint";
         resetBtn.onclick = async () => {
           if (
             !confirm(
-              "Delete this person's personal DM sessions — transcripts included — and clear their onboarding?\n\nThis is irreversible. Their channel history is untouched. On their next web visit they'll see the new-user welcome greeting, then onboarding.",
+              adminTr(
+                "Delete this person's personal DM sessions — transcripts included — and clear their onboarding?\n\nThis is irreversible. Their channel history is untouched. On their next web visit they'll see the new-user welcome greeting, then onboarding.",
+              ),
             )
           )
             return;
           resetBtn.disabled = true;
           obButtons.forEach((b) => (b.disabled = true));
-          resetHint.textContent = "Resetting…";
+          resetHint.textContent = adminTr("Resetting…");
           try {
             const r = await api("POST", "/api/users/" + encodeURIComponent(principalId) + "/reset");
             if (!r.ok) {
-              resetHint.textContent = r.data?.message || "Failed (" + r.status + ").";
+              resetHint.textContent = r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Failed")} (${r.status}).`;
               return;
             }
 
             showUserDetail(principalId);
           } catch {
-            resetHint.textContent = "Network error — try again.";
+            resetHint.textContent = adminTr("Network error — try again.");
           } finally {
             resetBtn.disabled = false;
             obButtons.forEach((b) => (b.disabled = false));
@@ -11949,7 +12894,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const manage = document.createElement("button");
         manage.type = "button";
         manage.className = "link";
-        manage.textContent = "Manage in Governance →";
+        manage.textContent = adminTr("Manage in Governance →");
         manage.onclick = () => go({ view: "governance", scope: d.scopeId || "personal:" + principalId, session: null });
         cfgCard.querySelector(".body").appendChild(manage);
         detail.appendChild(cfgCard);
@@ -11958,10 +12903,14 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
       async function showContextPage(sessionId, turnSeq) {
         const root = $("view-data");
         root.textContent = "";
-        pageShell({ back: { label: "← Back to transcript", onClick: () => history.back() }, title: "Sent to model" });
+        pageShell({
+          back: { label: "← Back to transcript", onClick: () => history.back() },
+          title: "Sent to model",
+          titleI18n: true,
+        });
         const detail = document.createElement("div");
         detail.className = "detail";
-        detail.textContent = "Loading…";
+        detail.textContent = adminTr("Loading…");
         root.appendChild(detail);
 
         const lr = await api(
@@ -11974,23 +12923,26 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             encodeURIComponent(scope),
         );
         if (!lr.ok) {
-          detail.textContent = lr.data?.message || `Failed to load context (${lr.status}).`;
+          detail.textContent = lr.data?.message || `${adminTr("Failed to load context")} (${lr.status}).`;
           return;
         }
         const reqs = (lr.data.requests || []).slice().sort((a, b) => (a.step || 0) - (b.step || 0));
-        const turnLabel = turnSeq === "orphan" ? "unattributed context" : `turn #${turnSeq}`;
+        const turnLabel = turnSeq === "orphan" ? adminTr("unattributed context") : `${adminTr("turn")} #${turnSeq}`;
         detail.textContent = "";
         const head = document.createElement("div");
         head.className = "context-page-head";
         const title = document.createElement("h2");
         title.textContent =
-          reqs.length > 1 ? `Sent to model · ${turnLabel} · ${reqs.length} steps` : `Sent to model · ${turnLabel}`;
+          adminTr("Sent to model") +
+          " · " +
+          turnLabel +
+          (reqs.length > 1 ? " · " + adminTr(`${reqs.length} steps`) : "");
         head.appendChild(title);
         if (!reqs.length) {
           detail.appendChild(head);
           const p = document.createElement("p");
           p.className = "context-empty";
-          p.textContent = "No context was captured for this turn.";
+          p.textContent = adminTr("No context was captured for this turn.");
           detail.appendChild(p);
           return;
         }
@@ -12345,7 +13297,10 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         if (cont) {
           const g = document.createElement("span");
           g.className = "sm-guttertime";
-          g.textContent = new Date(m.createdAt).toLocaleTimeString([], { hour: "numeric", minute: "2-digit" });
+          g.textContent = new Date(m.createdAt).toLocaleTimeString(adminLocaleCode(), {
+            hour: "numeric",
+            minute: "2-digit",
+          });
           gutter.appendChild(g);
         } else {
           gutter.appendChild(slackAvatar(m));
@@ -12362,19 +13317,19 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           if (m.self) {
             const t = document.createElement("span");
             t.className = "sm-tag sm-tag-agent";
-            t.textContent = "agent";
+            t.textContent = adminTr("agent");
             head.appendChild(t);
           } else if (m.bot) {
             const t = document.createElement("span");
             t.className = "sm-tag";
-            t.textContent = "bot";
+            t.textContent = adminTr("bot");
             head.appendChild(t);
           }
           if (m.sub && m.sub !== m.ts) {
             const t = document.createElement("span");
             t.className = "sm-tag";
-            t.textContent = "↳ thread";
-            t.title = "Reply in the thread rooted at " + m.sub;
+            t.textContent = adminTr("↳ thread");
+            t.title = adminTr("Reply in the thread rooted at " + m.sub);
             head.appendChild(t);
           }
           if (opts.containerLabel) {
@@ -12396,14 +13351,14 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         if (m.editedAt) {
           const e = document.createElement("span");
           e.className = "sm-flag";
-          e.textContent = "(edited)";
+          e.textContent = adminTr("(edited)");
           e.title = fmtTime(m.editedAt);
           text.appendChild(e);
         }
         if (m.deleted) {
           const e = document.createElement("span");
           e.className = "sm-flag";
-          e.textContent = "(deleted in Slack)";
+          e.textContent = adminTr("(deleted in Slack)");
           text.appendChild(e);
         }
         body.appendChild(text);
@@ -12425,9 +13380,10 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           (container ? "&container=" + encodeURIComponent(container) : "");
         const r = await api("GET", path);
         if (reqId !== slackReq || view !== "slack") return;
-        if (!r.ok) return void root.appendChild(emptyPara(r.data?.message || `Search failed (${r.status}).`));
+        if (!r.ok)
+          return void root.appendChild(emptyPara(r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Search failed")} (${r.status}).`));
         const messages = r.data.messages || [];
-        if (!messages.length) return void root.appendChild(emptyPara("No matches in the mirror."));
+        if (!messages.length) return void root.appendChild(emptyPara(adminTr("No matches in the mirror.")));
         const list = document.createElement("div");
         list.className = "sm-stream";
         for (const m of messages) {
@@ -12445,10 +13401,10 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const root = $("view-data");
         root.textContent = "";
         if (!st.container) {
-          pageShell({ title: "Slack", search: slackSearchBox(null) });
+          pageShell({ title: "Slack", titleI18n: true, search: slackSearchBox(null) });
           const loading = document.createElement("div");
           loading.className = "loadingline";
-          loading.textContent = "Loading Slack mirror...";
+          loading.textContent = adminTr("Loading Slack mirror...");
           root.appendChild(loading);
           const r = await loadSlackContainers();
           if (view !== "slack" || urlToState().container) return;
@@ -12457,13 +13413,13 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             return void root.appendChild(
               emptyPara(
                 r.status === 403
-                  ? "Only an org admin can read the Slack mirror."
-                  : r.data?.message || `Failed to load (${r.status}).`,
+                  ? adminTr("Only an org admin can read the Slack mirror.")
+                  : r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Failed to load")} (${r.status}).`,
               ),
             );
           viewLoadedAt.slack = Date.now();
           const containers = slackContainers || [];
-          pageShell({ title: "Slack", count: containers.length, search: slackSearchBox(null) });
+          pageShell({ title: "Slack", titleI18n: true, count: containers.length, search: slackSearchBox(null) });
           root.appendChild(
             denseList(
               containers,
@@ -12472,7 +13428,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
                 return {
                   icon: meta.icon,
                   name: meta.name,
-                  preview: `${Number(c.messageCount).toLocaleString()} mirrored · ${(c.members || []).length} members`,
+                  preview: `${Number(c.messageCount).toLocaleString(adminLocaleCode())} mirrored · ${(c.members || []).length} members`,
                   time: relTime(c.updatedAt),
                   href: stateToUrl({ view: "slack", container: c.container }),
                 };
@@ -12499,7 +13455,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         });
         const loading = document.createElement("div");
         loading.className = "loadingline";
-        loading.textContent = "Loading messages...";
+        loading.textContent = adminTr("Loading messages...");
         root.appendChild(loading);
         const fetchPage = (before) =>
           api(
@@ -12513,7 +13469,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         let r = await fetchPage(null);
         if (!r.ok) {
           root.textContent = "";
-          return void root.appendChild(emptyPara(r.data?.message || `Failed to load (${r.status}).`));
+          return void root.appendChild(emptyPara(r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Failed to load")} (${r.status}).`));
         }
         let messages = r.data.messages || [];
         let hasMore = !!r.data.hasMore;
@@ -12532,8 +13488,8 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         rawLink.href = "/api/slack-mirror/messages?container=" + encodeURIComponent(container);
         rawLink.target = "_blank";
         rawLink.rel = "noopener";
-        rawLink.textContent = "Raw feed ↗";
-        rawLink.title = "Open the raw mirrored JSON rows for this container in a new tab";
+        rawLink.textContent = adminTr("Raw feed ↗");
+        rawLink.title = adminTr("Open the raw mirrored JSON rows for this container in a new tab");
         rawFeed.appendChild(rawLink);
         root.appendChild(rawFeed);
         const stream = document.createElement("div");
@@ -12544,8 +13500,12 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           sep.className = "sm-day";
           sep.textContent =
             dayOf(m) === new Date().toDateString()
-              ? "Today"
-              : new Date(m.createdAt).toLocaleDateString([], { month: "short", day: "numeric", year: "numeric" });
+              ? adminTr("Today")
+              : new Date(m.createdAt).toLocaleDateString(adminLocaleCode(), {
+                  month: "short",
+                  day: "numeric",
+                  year: "numeric",
+                });
           return sep;
         };
 
@@ -12566,14 +13526,15 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         };
         const renderInto = (msgs) => {
           stream.textContent = "";
-          if (!msgs.length) return void stream.appendChild(emptyPara("Nothing mirrored for this channel yet."));
+          if (!msgs.length)
+            return void stream.appendChild(emptyPara(adminTr("Nothing mirrored for this channel yet.")));
           buildRows(msgs, stream);
         };
         if (hasMore) {
           const older = document.createElement("button");
           older.type = "button";
           older.className = "load-earlier more";
-          older.textContent = "Load earlier messages";
+          older.textContent = adminTr("Load earlier messages");
           older.onclick = async () => {
             older.disabled = true;
             const prev = await fetchPage(messages[0]?.ts);
@@ -12656,6 +13617,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const shell = (extra) =>
           pageShell({
             title: "Judgments",
+            titleI18n: true,
             ...(st.container
               ? {
                   back: { label: "← Judgments", onClick: () => backTo({}) },
@@ -12669,7 +13631,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         shell({});
         const loading = document.createElement("div");
         loading.className = "loadingline";
-        loading.textContent = "Loading judgments…";
+        loading.textContent = adminTr("Loading judgments…");
         root.appendChild(loading);
         const path =
           "/api/ambient-judgments?decision=" +
@@ -12682,8 +13644,8 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           return void root.appendChild(
             emptyPara(
               r.status === 403
-                ? "Only an org admin can read ambient judgments."
-                : r.data?.message || `Failed to load (${r.status}).`,
+                ? adminTr("Only an org admin can read ambient judgments.")
+                : r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Failed to load")} (${r.status}).`,
             ),
           );
         const counts = r.data.counts || { act: 0, ignore: 0, fastlane: 0 };
@@ -12702,7 +13664,8 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           })),
         });
         let judgments = r.data.judgments || [];
-        if (!judgments.length) return void root.appendChild(emptyPara("No judgments recorded for this filter yet."));
+        if (!judgments.length)
+          return void root.appendChild(emptyPara(adminTr("No judgments recorded for this filter yet.")));
         const open = (j) =>
           go({ view: "judgments", container: st.container, decision: st.decision, jid: String(j.id) });
         const rowOf = (j) => {
@@ -12711,7 +13674,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           prev.appendChild(judgmentBadge(j.decision));
           const txt = document.createElement("span");
           txt.className = "pill";
-          txt.textContent = j.reason || (j.decision === "fastlane" ? "@mention — routed past the judge" : "—");
+          txt.textContent = j.reason || (j.decision === "fastlane" ? adminTr("@mention — routed past the judge") : "—");
           prev.appendChild(txt);
           if (j.latencyMs != null) {
             const l = document.createElement("span");
@@ -12737,7 +13700,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const more = document.createElement("button");
           more.type = "button";
           more.className = "load-earlier more";
-          more.textContent = "Load earlier judgments";
+          more.textContent = adminTr("Load earlier judgments");
           more.onclick = async () => {
             more.disabled = true;
             const last = judgments[judgments.length - 1];
@@ -12760,7 +13723,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const wrap = document.createElement("div");
         const title = document.createElement("div");
         title.className = "judg-pane-title";
-        title.appendChild(document.createTextNode("Slack mirror"));
+        title.appendChild(document.createTextNode(adminTr("Slack mirror")));
         const href = judgmentSlackHref(workspaceUrl, j.container, j.tsFrom);
         if (href) {
           const a = document.createElement("a");
@@ -12768,8 +13731,8 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           a.target = "_blank";
           a.rel = "noopener";
           a.className = "judg-extlink";
-          a.setAttribute("aria-label", "Open in Slack");
-          a.title = "Jump to this moment in Slack to scroll up for more context";
+          a.setAttribute("aria-label", adminTr("Open in Slack"));
+          a.title = adminTr("Jump to this moment in Slack to scroll up for more context");
           a.innerHTML =
             '<svg width="13" height="13" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.6" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6.5 3.5H3.5a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v8a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h8a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-3"/><path d="M9.5 2.5h4v4"/><path d="M7 9 13.5 2.5"/></svg>';
           title.appendChild(a);
@@ -12791,12 +13754,15 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           );
           if (view !== "judgments" || urlToState().jid !== String(j.id)) return;
           box.textContent = "";
-          if (!r.ok) return void box.appendChild(emptyPara(r.data?.message || `Failed to load mirror (${r.status}).`));
+          if (!r.ok)
+            return void box.appendChild(
+              emptyPara(r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Failed to load mirror")} (${r.status}).`),
+            );
           const from = j.tsFrom,
             to = j.tsTo;
 
           const messages = (r.data.messages || []).filter((m) => !to || m.ts <= to);
-          if (!messages.length) return void box.appendChild(emptyPara("Nothing mirrored for this window."));
+          if (!messages.length) return void box.appendChild(emptyPara(adminTr("Nothing mirrored for this window.")));
           const stream = document.createElement("div");
           stream.className = "sm-stream";
           for (const m of messages) {
@@ -12813,16 +13779,18 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const wrap = document.createElement("div");
         const title = document.createElement("div");
         title.className = "judg-pane-title";
-        title.textContent = "Judge context";
+        title.textContent = adminTr("Judge context");
         wrap.appendChild(title);
         const box = document.createElement("div");
         box.className = "judg-prompt";
         const pre = document.createElement("pre");
         pre.textContent =
           j.prompt ||
-          (j.decision === "fastlane"
-            ? "Routed past the judge (formal @mention) — no prompt was rendered."
-            : "(prompt not recorded)");
+          adminTr(
+            j.decision === "fastlane"
+              ? "Routed past the judge (formal @mention) — no prompt was rendered."
+              : "(prompt not recorded)",
+          );
         box.appendChild(pre);
         wrap.appendChild(box);
         return wrap;
@@ -12834,20 +13802,22 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           label: "← Judgments",
           onClick: () => go({ view: "judgments", container: st.container, decision: st.decision, jid: null }),
         };
-        pageShell({ back, title: "Judgment" });
+        pageShell({ back, title: "Judgment", titleI18n: true });
         const detail = document.createElement("div");
         detail.className = "detail judg-detail";
-        detail.textContent = "Loading…";
+        detail.textContent = adminTr("Loading…");
         root.appendChild(detail);
         const r = await api("GET", "/api/ambient-judgments?id=" + encodeURIComponent(st.jid));
         if (view !== "judgments" || urlToState().jid !== st.jid) return;
         detail.textContent = "";
-        if (!r.ok) return void detail.appendChild(emptyPara(r.data?.message || `Failed to load (${r.status}).`));
+        if (!r.ok)
+          return void detail.appendChild(emptyPara(r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Failed to load")} (${r.status}).`));
         const j = r.data.judgment;
         const scopeGo = slackContainerScope(j.container);
         pageShell({
           back,
           title: "Judgment",
+          titleI18n: true,
           context: slackContainerLabel(j.container),
           contextGo: { view: "slack", container: j.container, ts: j.tsFrom },
           actions: scopeGo ? [navLink("Governance →", { view: "governance", scope: scopeGo, session: null })] : [],
@@ -12862,7 +13832,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const head = document.createElement("div");
         head.className = "badges";
         head.appendChild(judgmentBadge(j.decision));
-        if (j.askedBy) head.appendChild(badge("asked by " + j.askedBy, "accent"));
+        if (j.askedBy) head.appendChild(badge(`${adminTr("asked by")} ${j.askedBy}`, "accent"));
         const meta = document.createElement("span");
         meta.className = "shell-context";
         meta.textContent = [j.model, j.latencyMs != null ? j.latencyMs + "ms" : null, fmtTime(j.createdAt)]
@@ -12872,8 +13842,8 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         dec.appendChild(head);
         const p = document.createElement("p");
         let reason = "—";
-        if (j.decision === "ignore") reason = "Stayed silent.";
-        else if (j.decision === "fastlane") reason = "@mention — routed past the judge.";
+        if (j.decision === "ignore") reason = adminTr("Stayed silent.");
+        else if (j.decision === "fastlane") reason = adminTr("@mention — routed past the judge.");
         p.textContent = j.reason || reason;
         dec.appendChild(p);
         detail.appendChild(dec);
@@ -12917,6 +13887,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const shell = (extra) =>
           pageShell({
             title: "Ack emoji",
+            titleI18n: true,
             ...(st.container
               ? {
                   back: {
@@ -12937,7 +13908,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         shell({});
         const loading = document.createElement("div");
         loading.className = "loadingline";
-        loading.textContent = "Loading ack-emoji picks…";
+        loading.textContent = adminTr("Loading ack-emoji picks…");
         root.appendChild(loading);
         const path =
           "/api/ack-emoji-picks?" +
@@ -12950,8 +13921,8 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           return void root.appendChild(
             emptyPara(
               r.status === 403
-                ? "Only an org admin can read ack-emoji picks."
-                : r.data?.message || `Failed to load (${r.status}).`,
+                ? adminTr("Only an org admin can read ack-emoji picks.")
+                : r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Failed to load")} (${r.status}).`,
             ),
           );
         const counts = r.data.counts || { picked: 0, declined: 0 };
@@ -12964,7 +13935,8 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           })),
         });
         let picks = r.data.picks || [];
-        if (!picks.length) return void root.appendChild(emptyPara("No ack-emoji picks recorded for this filter yet."));
+        if (!picks.length)
+          return void root.appendChild(emptyPara(adminTr("No ack-emoji picks recorded for this filter yet.")));
         const open = (p) => go({ view: "ackemoji", container: st.container, decision: st.decision, jid: String(p.id) });
         const rowOf = (p) => {
           const prev = document.createElement("span");
@@ -12998,7 +13970,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const more = document.createElement("button");
           more.type = "button";
           more.className = "load-earlier more";
-          more.textContent = "Load earlier picks";
+          more.textContent = adminTr("Load earlier picks");
           more.onclick = async () => {
             more.disabled = true;
             const last = picks[picks.length - 1];
@@ -13019,20 +13991,22 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           label: "← Ack emoji",
           onClick: () => go({ view: "ackemoji", container: st.container, decision: st.decision, jid: null }),
         };
-        pageShell({ back, title: "Ack emoji" });
+        pageShell({ back, title: "Ack emoji", titleI18n: true });
         const detail = document.createElement("div");
         detail.className = "detail judg-detail";
-        detail.textContent = "Loading…";
+        detail.textContent = adminTr("Loading…");
         root.appendChild(detail);
         const r = await api("GET", "/api/ack-emoji-picks?id=" + encodeURIComponent(st.jid));
         if (view !== "ackemoji" || urlToState().jid !== st.jid) return;
         detail.textContent = "";
-        if (!r.ok) return void detail.appendChild(emptyPara(r.data?.message || `Failed to load (${r.status}).`));
+        if (!r.ok)
+          return void detail.appendChild(emptyPara(r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Failed to load")} (${r.status}).`));
         const p = r.data.pick;
         const href = judgmentSlackHref(r.data.workspaceUrl, p.channel, p.ts);
         pageShell({
           back,
           title: "Ack emoji",
+          titleI18n: true,
           context: slackContainerLabel(p.channel),
           contextGo: { view: "slack", container: p.channel, ts: p.ts },
         });
@@ -13053,24 +14027,24 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           a.target = "_blank";
           a.rel = "noopener";
           a.className = "judg-extlink";
-          a.textContent = "Open in Slack ↗";
+          a.textContent = adminTr("Open in Slack ↗");
           head.appendChild(a);
         }
         dec.appendChild(head);
         const msgTitle = document.createElement("div");
         msgTitle.className = "judg-pane-title";
-        msgTitle.textContent = "Message";
+        msgTitle.textContent = adminTr("Message");
         detail.appendChild(dec);
         detail.appendChild(msgTitle);
         const msg = document.createElement("div");
         msg.className = "judg-prompt";
         const mpre = document.createElement("pre");
-        mpre.textContent = p.message || "(not recorded)";
+        mpre.textContent = p.message || adminTr("(not recorded)");
         msg.appendChild(mpre);
         detail.appendChild(msg);
         const candTitle = document.createElement("div");
         candTitle.className = "judg-pane-title";
-        candTitle.textContent = "Candidate slate";
+        candTitle.textContent = adminTr("Candidate slate");
         detail.appendChild(candTitle);
         const cand = document.createElement("div");
         cand.className = "badges";
@@ -13079,7 +14053,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           if (name === p.picked) tag.classList.add("accent");
           cand.appendChild(tag);
         }
-        if (!(p.candidates || "").trim()) cand.appendChild(emptyPara("(candidate slate not recorded)"));
+        if (!(p.candidates || "").trim()) cand.appendChild(emptyPara(adminTr("(candidate slate not recorded)")));
         detail.appendChild(cand);
       }
       async function showTranscript(sessionId, limit, expand) {
@@ -13090,12 +14064,13 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         pageShell({
           back: { label: "← Conversations", onClick: () => history.back() },
           title: "Conversation",
+          titleI18n: true,
           context: shortName(scope),
         });
         renderTranscriptHeaderControls(() => applyTranscriptControls());
         const detail = document.createElement("div");
         detail.className = "detail";
-        detail.textContent = "Loading…";
+        detail.textContent = adminTr("Loading…");
         root.appendChild(detail);
 
         const llmPromise = api(
@@ -13112,7 +14087,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             reqLimit,
         );
         if (!r.ok) {
-          detail.textContent = r.data?.message || `Failed to load transcript (${r.status}).`;
+          detail.textContent = r.data?.message || `${adminTr("Failed to load transcript")} (${r.status}).`;
           return;
         }
         detail.textContent = "";
@@ -13160,7 +14135,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         if (!entries.length && !deliveryEvents.length) {
           const p = document.createElement("p");
           p.className = "empty";
-          p.textContent = "No entries.";
+          p.textContent = adminTr("No entries.");
           detail.appendChild(p);
           return;
         }
@@ -13304,7 +14279,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const link = document.createElement("button");
           link.type = "button";
           link.className = "link";
-          link.textContent = "View cron";
+          link.textContent = adminTr("View cron");
           link.onclick = () =>
             go({
               view: "crons",
@@ -13322,7 +14297,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             link.type = "button";
             link.className = "origin-link";
             link.textContent = label;
-            link.title = `Open origin session ${shortId(event.sourceSession.id)} · ${provenance?.fireKey || event.idempotencyKey || ""}`;
+            link.title = adminTr(
+              `Open origin session ${shortId(event.sourceSession.id)} · ${provenance?.fireKey || event.idempotencyKey || ""}`,
+            );
             link.onclick = () => go({ view: "history", scope, session: event.sourceSession.id });
             return link;
           }
@@ -13336,7 +14313,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const link = document.createElement("button");
           link.type = "button";
           link.className = "link";
-          link.textContent = "View cron";
+          link.textContent = adminTr("View cron");
           const cron = event.origin.cron || null;
           link.onclick = () =>
             go({ view: "crons", scope: cron?.ownerScopeId || scope, session: null, cron: event.origin.cronId });
@@ -13352,8 +14329,10 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             const open = !panel.classList.contains("collapsed");
             btn.classList.toggle("active", open);
             btn.setAttribute("aria-expanded", String(open));
-            btn.setAttribute("aria-label", (open ? "Hide" : "Show") + " context");
-            btn.title = `${open ? "Hide" : "Show"} context · ${requests.length} request${requests.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}`;
+            btn.setAttribute("aria-label", adminTr((open ? "Hide" : "Show") + " context"));
+            btn.title = adminTr(
+              `${open ? "Hide" : "Show"} context · ${requests.length} request${requests.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}`,
+            );
           };
           btn.onclick = () => {
             panel.classList.toggle("collapsed");
@@ -13369,8 +14348,8 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           btn.className = "context-icon";
           btn.innerHTML =
             '<svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke-width="1.8" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M12 4.5c-2.1 0-3.7 1.3-3.7 3.1 0 .2 0 .4.1.6A3.6 3.6 0 0 0 6 11.5c0 1 .4 2 1.1 2.6-.1.3-.1.5-.1.8 0 2 1.8 3.6 4 3.6h1.9c2.2 0 4-1.6 4-3.6 0-.3 0-.6-.1-.8.7-.7 1.1-1.6 1.1-2.6 0-1.5-.9-2.8-2.3-3.3 0-.2.1-.4.1-.6 0-1.8-1.6-3.1-3.7-3.1Z"/><path d="M9.2 9.2c.9.1 1.6.6 2 1.4"/><path d="M14.8 9.2c-.9.1-1.6.6-2 1.4"/><path d="M12 10.7v7.8"/></svg>';
-          btn.setAttribute("aria-label", "View context sent to the model");
-          btn.title = `View context sent to the model · ${count} request${count === 1 ? "" : "s"}`;
+          btn.setAttribute("aria-label", adminTr("View context sent to the model"));
+          btn.title = adminTr(`View context sent to the model · ${count} request${count === 1 ? "" : "s"}`);
           btn.onclick = (ev) => {
             ev.stopPropagation();
             go({ view: "history", scope, session: sessionId, turn: turnSeq });
@@ -13475,7 +14454,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           };
           row.tabIndex = 0;
           row.setAttribute("role", "button");
-          row.title = "Toggle full tool card";
+          row.title = adminTr("Toggle full tool card");
           row.onclick = (ev) => {
             if (ev.target.closest(".copy")) return;
             block.classList.toggle("open");
@@ -13503,7 +14482,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             who.className = "who";
             const role = document.createElement("span");
             role.className = "role";
-            role.textContent = "captured context";
+            role.textContent = adminTr("captured context");
             who.append(contextNavButton("orphan", unit.reqs.length), role);
             block.appendChild(who);
             return { node: block, meta: null };
@@ -13521,20 +14500,20 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             let deliveryLabel = "Delivery event";
             if (event.shadow) deliveryLabel = "Shadow delivery";
             else if (slackDelivery) deliveryLabel = "Slack delivery";
-            label.textContent = deliveryLabel;
+            label.textContent = adminTr(deliveryLabel);
             const when = document.createElement("span");
             when.className = "when";
             let deliveryState = "delivery";
             if (event.shadow) deliveryState = "shadow";
             else if (slackDelivery) deliveryState = "delivered";
-            when.textContent = `${deliveryState} · ${fmtTime(event.createdAt)}`;
+            when.textContent = `${adminTr(deliveryState)} · ${fmtTime(event.createdAt)}`;
             const text = event.text || "";
             who.append(label);
             if (event.shadow) {
               const sb = document.createElement("span");
               sb.className = "entry-label";
-              sb.title = "Recorded for observability — never sent to the human (shadow-mode rollout)";
-              sb.textContent = "not sent";
+              sb.title = adminTr("Recorded for observability — never sent to the human (shadow-mode rollout)");
+              sb.textContent = adminTr("not sent");
               who.append(sb);
             }
             if (slackDelivery)
@@ -13550,7 +14529,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
                 container: mirror.container,
                 ts: mirror.ts,
               });
-              ml.title = "Jump to this message in the mirrored Slack channel " + mirror.container;
+              ml.title = adminTr("Jump to this message in the mirrored Slack channel " + mirror.container);
               who.appendChild(ml);
             }
             let contextPanel = null;
@@ -13621,8 +14600,8 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
               const open = !block.classList.contains("collapsed");
               tog.textContent = open ? "▾" : "▸";
               tog.setAttribute("aria-expanded", String(open));
-              tog.setAttribute("aria-label", open ? "Collapse entry" : "Expand entry");
-              tog.title = open ? "Collapse entry" : "Expand entry";
+              tog.setAttribute("aria-label", adminTr(open ? "Collapse entry" : "Expand entry"));
+              tog.title = adminTr(open ? "Collapse entry" : "Expand entry");
             };
             syncDisclosure = sync;
             tog.onclick = () => {
@@ -13676,7 +14655,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const sentinel = document.createElement("div");
         sentinel.className = "load-earlier";
         sentinel.setAttribute("aria-hidden", "true");
-        sentinel.textContent = "Loading earlier messages…";
+        sentinel.textContent = adminTr("Loading earlier messages…");
         stream.appendChild(sentinel);
         let firstRendered = units.length;
 
@@ -13688,7 +14667,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           }
           sentinel.classList.add("more");
           sentinel.removeAttribute("aria-hidden");
-          sentinel.textContent = "Load earlier messages";
+          sentinel.textContent = adminTr("Load earlier messages");
           sentinel.setAttribute("role", "button");
           sentinel.tabIndex = 0;
           const load = () => showTranscript(sessionId, reqLimit * 4, true);
@@ -13723,7 +14702,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         function pauseFilteredReveal() {
           sentinel.classList.add("more");
           sentinel.removeAttribute("aria-hidden");
-          sentinel.textContent = "Load earlier messages";
+          sentinel.textContent = adminTr("Load earlier messages");
           sentinel.setAttribute("role", "button");
           sentinel.tabIndex = 0;
           sentinel.onclick = revealEarlier;
@@ -13741,7 +14720,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           sentinel.setAttribute("aria-hidden", "true");
           sentinel.removeAttribute("role");
           sentinel.removeAttribute("tabindex");
-          sentinel.textContent = "Loading earlier messages…";
+          sentinel.textContent = adminTr("Loading earlier messages…");
           sentinel.onclick = null;
           sentinel.onkeydown = null;
           const from = snapStart(Math.max(0, firstRendered - RENDER_WINDOW));
@@ -13791,11 +14770,11 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         return n ? Math.max(1, Math.round(n / 4)) : 0;
       }
       function fmtTokens(n) {
-        if (!n) return "0 tokens";
-        if (n < 20) return "< 20 tokens";
-        if (n < 1000) return n.toLocaleString() + " tokens";
-        if (n < 1000000) return (n / 1000).toFixed(n >= 10000 ? 0 : 1) + "k tokens";
-        return (n / 1000000).toFixed(1) + "m tokens";
+        if (!n) return adminTr("0 tokens");
+        if (n < 20) return adminLocale === "zh-CN" ? "< 20 个令牌" : "< 20 tokens";
+        if (n < 1000) return adminTr(n.toLocaleString(adminLocaleCode()) + " tokens");
+        if (n < 1000000) return adminTr((n / 1000).toFixed(n >= 10000 ? 0 : 1) + "k tokens");
+        return adminTr((n / 1000000).toFixed(1) + "m tokens");
       }
 
       function blockText(o) {
@@ -13875,29 +14854,36 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         }
         const sys = systemToText(req.system);
         const sections = [
-          { key: "transport", label: "Transport", note: "model + headers", text: transportText(transport) },
+          {
+            key: "transport",
+            label: adminTr("Transport"),
+            note: adminTr("model + headers"),
+            text: transportText(transport),
+          },
           {
             key: "system",
-            label: "System prompt",
-            note: sys.cacheSplit ? "verbatim · cache split shown" : "verbatim",
+            label: adminTr("System prompt"),
+            note: adminTr(sys.cacheSplit ? "verbatim · cache split shown" : "verbatim"),
             text: sys.text,
           },
           {
             key: "messages",
-            label: "Messages",
-            note: messages.length + " message" + (messages.length === 1 ? "" : "s"),
+            label: adminTr("Messages"),
+            note: adminTr(messages.length + " message" + (messages.length === 1 ? "" : "s")),
             text: messages.map(messageEntryText).join("\n\n"),
           },
           {
             key: "tools",
-            label: "Tool schemas",
-            note: Array.isArray(req.tools) ? req.tools.length + " tool" + (req.tools.length === 1 ? "" : "s") : "tools",
+            label: adminTr("Tool schemas"),
+            note: adminTr(
+              Array.isArray(req.tools) ? req.tools.length + " tool" + (req.tools.length === 1 ? "" : "s") : "tools",
+            ),
             text: req.tools == null ? "" : stringify(req.tools),
           },
           {
             key: "params",
-            label: "Request params",
-            note: Object.keys(params).length + " field" + (Object.keys(params).length === 1 ? "" : "s"),
+            label: adminTr("Request params"),
+            note: adminTr(Object.keys(params).length + " field" + (Object.keys(params).length === 1 ? "" : "s")),
             text: Object.keys(params).length ? stringify(params) : "",
           },
         ].filter((s) => s.text);
@@ -13916,7 +14902,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const meta = document.createElement("span");
         meta.textContent = fmtTokens(section.tokens) + (section.note ? " · " + section.note : "");
         const pre = document.createElement("pre");
-        pre.textContent = section.text || "(empty)";
+        pre.textContent = section.text || adminTr("(empty)");
         head.append(title, meta);
         wrap.append(head, pre);
         return wrap;
@@ -13936,7 +14922,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const stack = document.createElement("div");
         stack.className = "context-stack";
         stack.setAttribute("role", "group");
-        stack.setAttribute("aria-label", label);
+        stack.setAttribute("aria-label", adminTr(label));
         const buttons = [];
         sections.forEach((s) => {
           const segment = document.createElement("button");
@@ -14014,8 +15000,8 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         if (!u) return [];
         const ratio = cacheHitRatio(u);
         const miss = isStablePrefixMiss(u);
-        const out = [metaChip("cache " + (ratio === null ? "—" : fmtPct(ratio)), miss ? "danger" : "")];
-        if (miss) out.push(metaChip("stable-prefix miss", "danger"));
+        const out = [metaChip(adminTr("cache") + " " + (ratio === null ? "—" : fmtPct(ratio)), miss ? "danger" : "")];
+        if (miss) out.push(metaChip(adminTr("stable-prefix miss"), "danger"));
         return out;
       }
 
@@ -14030,7 +15016,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         const wrap = document.createDocumentFragment();
         const lbl = document.createElement("span");
         lbl.className = "seg-label";
-        lbl.textContent = label + " ";
+        lbl.textContent = adminTr(label) + " ";
         wrap.append(lbl, span);
         return wrap;
       }
@@ -14066,7 +15052,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         a.href = "#";
         a.target = "_blank";
         a.rel = "noopener";
-        a.textContent = label;
+        a.textContent = adminTr(label);
 
         let url = null;
         a.addEventListener("click", () => {
@@ -14087,7 +15073,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           const head = document.createElement("div");
           head.className = "context-request-head";
           const title = document.createElement("strong");
-          title.textContent = "Request " + (i + 1);
+          title.textContent = adminTr("Request " + (i + 1));
           const meta = document.createElement("span");
           meta.textContent = (q.model || "?") + " · " + fmtContextSize(q, sections);
           head.append(title, meta);
@@ -14096,7 +15082,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         if (q.truncated) {
           const note = document.createElement("p");
           note.className = "context-note";
-          note.textContent = "Stored payload was truncated.";
+          note.textContent = adminTr("Stored payload was truncated.");
           wrap.appendChild(note);
         }
         const renderedOverview = contextOverview(sections, "request context", (section, button, buttons) => {
@@ -14117,15 +15103,15 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         tog.className = "disclosure";
         const role = document.createElement("span");
         role.className = "role";
-        role.textContent = "sent to model";
+        role.textContent = adminTr("sent to model");
         const latest = requests[requests.length - 1] || { request: {} };
         const latestSections = opts.latestSections || contextSections(latest.request, latest.transport);
         const sync = () => {
           const open = !block.classList.contains("collapsed");
           tog.textContent = open ? "▾" : "▸";
           tog.setAttribute("aria-expanded", String(open));
-          tog.setAttribute("aria-label", open ? "Collapse model context" : "Expand model context");
-          tog.title = open ? "Collapse model context" : "Expand model context";
+          tog.setAttribute("aria-label", adminTr(open ? "Collapse model context" : "Expand model context"));
+          tog.title = adminTr(open ? "Collapse model context" : "Expand model context");
         };
         tog.onclick = () => {
           block.classList.toggle("collapsed");
@@ -14174,7 +15160,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         );
         const noMatch = document.createElement("p");
         noMatch.className = "empty hidden";
-        noMatch.textContent = capped ? "No files match — only the newest 2,000 are searched." : "No files match.";
+        noMatch.textContent = adminTr(
+          capped ? "No files match — only the newest 2,000 are searched." : "No files match.",
+        );
 
         let scopeWrap = null;
         if (index) {
@@ -14189,7 +15177,9 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
           if (capped) {
             const note = document.createElement("p");
             note.className = "empty";
-            note.textContent = "Only the newest 2,000 files are indexed — a scope with only older files won't appear.";
+            note.textContent = adminTr(
+              "Only the newest 2,000 files are indexed — a scope with only older files won't appear.",
+            );
             scopeWrap.appendChild(note);
           }
         }
@@ -14238,7 +15228,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
             box.appendChild(img);
           } else {
             box.textContent = "img";
-            box.title = "Large image — click to preview full size";
+            box.title = adminTr("Large image — click to preview full size");
           }
         }
         return box;
@@ -14247,7 +15237,7 @@ <h2 id="governance-review-title">Confirm governance change</h2>
         if (!f.openable) return;
         const check = await api("GET", "/api/files/read?id=" + encodeURIComponent(f.id));
         if (!check.ok) {
-          alert(check.data?.message || `Couldn't open file (${check.status}).`);
+          alert(check.data?.message || `${adminTr("Couldn't open file")} (${check.status}).`);
           return;
         }
         const href = API_BASE + "/api/files/download?id=" + encodeURIComponent(f.id);
diff --git a/plugins/admin/test/default-view.test.ts b/plugins/admin/test/default-view.test.ts
index 68543ffe..0ab31cee 100644
--- a/plugins/admin/test/default-view.test.ts
+++ b/plugins/admin/test/default-view.test.ts
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ const html = readFileSync(new URL("../public/index.html", import.meta.url), "utf
 test("admin shell uses the QM identity with org-injectable branding", () => {
   assert.match(html, /<title>QM Admin<\/title>/);
   assert.match(html, /<meta name="brand-self-label" content="Agent" \/>/);
-  assert.match(html, /<div class="brand"><span id="brand-product">Agent<\/span>&nbsp;Admin /);
+  assert.match(html, /<div class="brand">\s*<span id="brand-product">Agent<\/span>&nbsp;Admin /);
   assert.doesNotMatch(html, new RegExp(["Work", "Claw"].join(" "), "i"));
   assert.doesNotMatch(html, new RegExp(["Quarter", "master"].join(""), "i"));
 });
diff --git a/plugins/admin/test/i18n.test.ts b/plugins/admin/test/i18n.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..713989d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plugins/admin/test/i18n.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import assert from "node:assert/strict";
+import { readFileSync } from "node:fs";
+import test from "node:test";
+
+const html = readFileSync(new URL("../public/index.html", import.meta.url), "utf8");
+
+function adminDictionary(): Record<string, string> {
+  const body = html.match(/const ADMIN_ZH = \{([\s\S]*?)\n {6}\};\n {6}const normalizeAdminLocale/)?.[1];
+  assert.ok(body);
+  return new Function(`return ({${body}});`)() as Record<string, string>;
+}
+
+test("admin and web surfaces share one persisted locale", () => {
+  assert.match(html, /const ADMIN_LOCALE_KEY = "qm:locale";/);
+  assert.match(html, /localStorage\.getItem\(ADMIN_LOCALE_KEY\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /localStorage\.setItem\(ADMIN_LOCALE_KEY, adminLocale === "en" \? "zh-CN" : "en"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /document\.documentElement\.lang = adminLocale;/);
+});
+
+test("admin exposes a bilingual control and translates only explicit UI sinks", () => {
+  assert.match(html, /id="locale-toggle" type="button" data-i18n-skip>中文<\/button/);
+  assert.match(html, /const ADMIN_ZH = \{/);
+  assert.match(html, /Governance: "治理"/);
+  assert.match(html, /Sessions: "会话"/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(html, /new MutationObserver/);
+  assert.match(html, /translateAdminNode\(document\.body\);/);
+  assert.match(html, /b\.textContent = adminTr\(cell\.action\.label\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /heading\.textContent = adminTr\("Version history"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /edit\.textContent = adminTr\("Edit destination"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /loading\.textContent = adminTr\("Loading Slack mirror\.\.\."\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /msgTitle\.textContent = adminTr\("Message"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /el\.textContent = adminTr\(text\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /scopes\.textContent = adminTr\(/);
+  assert.match(html, /item\.textContent = adminTr\(text\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /\? adminTr\("Today"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /s\.textContent = adminTr\(text\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /b\.textContent = adminTr\(it\.label\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /btn\.setAttribute\("aria-label", adminTr\("Actions"\)\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /b\.textContent = adminTr\(label\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /adminTr\(activeRows\.length \+ \(activeRows\.length === 1/);
+  assert.match(html, /document\.title = `\$\{brandSelfLabel\(\)\} \$\{adminTr\("Admin"\)\}`/);
+  assert.match(html, /adminTr\(Number\(background\)\.toLocaleString\(adminLocaleCode\(\)\) \+ " background"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /card\.title = adminTr\(expanded \? "Click to collapse tool text"/);
+  assert.match(html, /link\.title = adminTr\(/);
+  assert.match(html, /label\.textContent = adminTr\(deliveryLabel\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /`\$\{adminTr\(deliveryState\)\} · \$\{fmtTime\(event\.createdAt\)\}`/);
+  assert.match(html, /\$\("sc-cap-state"\)\.textContent = adminTr\(/);
+  assert.match(html, /adminTr\("Any path on this host"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /\$\("sc-cap-secret"\)\.textContent = adminTr\(secretStatus\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /response\.data\?\.message \|\| adminTr\("Simulation failed\."\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /adminTr\("No scope-policy rule matches"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /adminTr\("last sync:"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /adminTr\("available \(eligible\) in this pack"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /adminTr\("logged in this scope"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /btn\(adminTr\("← Prev"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /function setApiStatus\(id, serverMessage, fallback, kind, sticky = false\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /setStatus\(id, serverMessage \|\| fallback, kind, sticky, !serverMessage\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /adminTr\("contains invalid host"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /adminTr\("appears in both lists\. Remove it from one list before saving\."\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /b\.textContent = adminTr\(text\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /status\.textContent = r2\.data\?\.message \|\| adminTr\("Import failed"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /plural\(added, "skill"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /label: adminTr\("System prompt"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /label: adminTr\("Tool schemas"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /metaChip\(adminTr\("cache"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /lbl\.textContent = adminTr\(label\) \+ " "/);
+  assert.match(html, /a\.textContent = adminTr\(label\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /badge\(pillCount\(key\) \+ " " \+ adminTr\(meta\.label\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /adminTr\("Click to show only these\."\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /adminTr\(bundlePaths\.length === 1 \? "shared pack file" : "shared pack files"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /adminTr\(open \? "Collapse entry" : "Expand entry"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /adminTr\(open \? "Collapse model context" : "Expand model context"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /text\.appendChild\(slackParseText\(m\.text \|\| "", m\.mentions\)\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /txt\.textContent = p\.message \|\| "—"/);
+  assert.match(html, /textContent: adminTr\("Config store not available\."\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /b\.textContent = adminTr\(label\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /j\.reason \|\| \(j\.decision === "fastlane" \? adminTr\("@mention — routed past the judge"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /mpre\.textContent = p\.message \|\| adminTr\("\(not recorded\)"\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /r\.data\?\.message \|\| `\$\{adminTr\("Failed to load transcript"\)\} \(\$\{r\.status\}\)\.`/);
+  assert.match(html, /r\.data\?\.message \|\| `\$\{adminTr\("Search failed"\)\} \(\$\{r\.status\}\)\.`/);
+  assert.match(html, /r\.data\?\.message \|\| `\$\{adminTr\("Failed to load mirror"\)\} \(\$\{r\.status\}\)\.`/);
+  assert.match(html, /if \(j\.decision === "ignore"\) reason = adminTr\("Stayed silent\."\)/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(html, /emptyPara\(adminTr\(r\.data\?\.message/);
+  assert.match(html, /document\.createTextNode\(adminTr\("Slack mirror"\)\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /a\.setAttribute\("aria-label", adminTr\("Open in Slack"\)\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /pre\.textContent =\s+j\.prompt \|\|\s+adminTr\(/);
+  assert.match(html, /badge\(`\$\{adminTr\("asked by"\)\} \$\{j\.askedBy\}`/);
+});
+
+test("admin locale also controls date and number formatting", () => {
+  assert.match(html, /const adminLocaleCode = \(\) =>/);
+  assert.match(html, /new Date\(ts\)\.toLocaleString\(adminLocaleCode\(\)\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /Number\(background\)\.toLocaleString\(adminLocaleCode\(\)\)/);
+  assert.match(html, /\^\(\[\\d,\.\]\+\[kKmM\]\?\) turns\?/);
+  assert.match(html, /return adminTr\(\(n \/ 1000\)/);
+  const body = html.match(/const adminTranslatePattern = \(value\) => \{([\s\S]*?)\n {6}\};\n {6}const adminTr/)?.[1];
+  assert.ok(body);
+  const translatePattern = new Function("value", body) as (value: string) => string | null;
+  const dictionary = adminDictionary();
+  const adminTr = (value: string) => dictionary[value] ?? translatePattern(value) ?? value;
+  assert.equal(translatePattern("1,234 turns"), "1,234 个轮次");
+  assert.equal(translatePattern("1.2k tokens"), "1.2k 个令牌");
+  assert.equal(translatePattern("4 errors"), "4 个错误");
+  assert.equal(translatePattern("3 known scopes without conversations"), "3 个尚无对话的已知范围");
+  assert.equal(translatePattern("Open origin session abc123 · fire-key"), "打开来源会话 abc123 · fire-key");
+  assert.equal(translatePattern("Scopes: repo, read:org"), "权限范围：repo, read:org");
+  assert.equal(adminTr(`3 ${adminTr("eligible")}`), "3 符合条件");
+  assert.equal(adminTr(`2 ${adminTr("imported")}`), "2 已导入");
+  assert.equal(adminTr(`4 ${adminTr("binary files")}`), "4 二进制文件");
+  assert.equal(adminTr("Failed to load"), "加载失败");
+  assert.equal(adminTr("Only an org admin can read ambient judgments."), "只有组织管理员可以读取环境判定。");
+  assert.equal(adminTr("Slack mirror"), "Slack 镜像");
+  assert.equal(adminTr("asked by"), "提问者");
+});
+
+test("admin localization preserves identity, secrets, and authored content", () => {
+  assert.match(html, /data-i18n-skip/);
+  assert.match(
+    html,
+    /script,style,code,pre,\[data-i18n-skip\],\.mono,\.viewer,\.file-name,\.credential-secret,\.dense-name,\.dense-preview/,
+  );
+  assert.match(html, /id="who-name" data-i18n-skip/);
+  assert.match(html, /id="na-sub" data-i18n-skip/);
+});
diff --git a/plugins/admin/test/whoami.test.ts b/plugins/admin/test/whoami.test.ts
index 27233e45..936b48d4 100644
--- a/plugins/admin/test/whoami.test.ts
+++ b/plugins/admin/test/whoami.test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import test from "node:test";
 import assert from "node:assert/strict";
 import { createServer, type IncomingMessage } from "node:http";
+import { createHash } from "node:crypto";
 import type { AddressInfo } from "node:net";
 import { mintPortalIdentity } from "../../chassis/src/portal-identity.ts";
 
@@ -42,7 +43,11 @@ test("admin HTML ships a hash-only script policy and transport/browser isolation
   const r = await api("/");
   assert.equal(r.status, 200);
   const csp = r.headers.get("content-security-policy") ?? "";
+  const body = await r.text();
+  const script = body.match(/<script>([\s\S]*?)<\/script>/)?.[1] ?? "";
+  const scriptHash = createHash("sha256").update(script).digest("base64");
   assert.match(csp, /script-src 'sha256-/);
+  assert.ok(csp.includes(`script-src 'sha256-${scriptHash}'`));
   assert.doesNotMatch(csp, /script-src[^;]*'unsafe-inline'/);
   assert.equal(r.headers.get("strict-transport-security"), "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains");
   assert.equal(r.headers.get("referrer-policy"), "no-referrer");
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/ambient-policy.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/ambient-policy.ts
index 27e70e6d..6950fc56 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/ambient-policy.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/ambient-policy.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import { html, nothing, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { nothing, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { html, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 import { api } from "./core-bridge";
 import { errMessage } from "../../chassis/src/errors";
 import { fieldSelect } from "./ui";
@@ -166,7 +167,7 @@ function botRow(b: BotPolicyView, i: number): TemplateResult {
       ${fieldSelect({
         className: "ambient-bot-mode",
         compact: true,
-        ariaLabel: `Handling for ${b.name}`,
+        ariaLabel: t(`Handling for ${b.name}`),
         disabled: ambientPolicyState.saving,
         value: b.mode,
         onChange: (value) => {
@@ -174,7 +175,7 @@ function botRow(b: BotPolicyView, i: number): TemplateResult {
           ambientPolicyState.bots = ambientPolicyState.bots.map((x, j) => (j === i ? { ...x, mode } : x));
           markDirty();
         },
-        options: BOT_MODES.map((m) => html`<option value=${m}>${BOT_MODE_LABELS[m]}</option>`),
+        options: BOT_MODES.map((m) => html`<option value=${m}>${t(BOT_MODE_LABELS[m])}</option>`),
       })}
       ${
         b.mode === "rollup"
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ function botRow(b: BotPolicyView, i: number): TemplateResult {
                 min="1"
                 step="1"
                 data-focus-key=${`ambient-hours-${i}`}
-                aria-label=${`Batch interval for ${b.name} in hours`}
+                aria-label=${t(`Batch interval for ${b.name} in hours`)}
                 .value=${String(b.rollupHours ?? 24)}
                 ?disabled=${ambientPolicyState.saving}
                 @input=${(e: InputEvent) => {
@@ -203,7 +204,7 @@ function botRow(b: BotPolicyView, i: number): TemplateResult {
       <button
         class="project-icon-button danger"
         type="button"
-        aria-label=${`Remove ${b.name} from the ledger`}
+        aria-label=${t(`Remove ${b.name} from the ledger`)}
         title="Remove"
         ?disabled=${ambientPolicyState.saving}
         @click=${() => {
@@ -312,7 +313,7 @@ export function ambientPolicySection(scopeId: string): TemplateResult | typeof n
           ?disabled=${!ambientPolicyState.dirty || ambientPolicyState.saving}
           @click=${() => void save()}
         >
-          ${ambientPolicyState.saving ? "Saving…" : "Save"}
+          ${t(ambientPolicyState.saving ? "Saving…" : "Save")}
         </button>
         ${
           ambientPolicyState.notice
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/chat.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/chat.ts
index de3ec466..cf47f8d0 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/chat.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/chat.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ import type { UserMessageWithAttachments } from "@earendil-works/pi-web-ui";
 import "./marked-dedupe";
 import "@mariozechner/mini-lit/dist/MarkdownBlock.js";
 import "@mariozechner/mini-lit/dist/CodeBlock.js";
-import { html, nothing, render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { nothing, render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { html, localeCode, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 import {
   Activity,
   Ban,
@@ -789,7 +790,7 @@ export function createChatSurface(
                           >`
                         : nothing
                     }`
-                  : "This conversation is read-only here."
+                  : t("This conversation is read-only here.")
               }
             </div>
             ${backgroundActivityStrip()}
@@ -804,7 +805,7 @@ export function createChatSurface(
                           @click=${async (e: Event) => {
                             const btn = e.currentTarget as HTMLButtonElement;
                             btn.disabled = true;
-                            btn.textContent = "Loading earlier messages\u2026";
+                            btn.textContent = t("Loading earlier messages…");
                             try {
                               const page = await fetchTranscript(
                                 s.id,
@@ -834,7 +835,7 @@ export function createChatSurface(
                               });
                             } catch {
                               btn.disabled = false;
-                              btn.textContent = "Show earlier messages";
+                              btn.textContent = t("Show earlier messages");
                             }
                           }}
                         >
@@ -894,7 +895,7 @@ export function createChatSurface(
         ?disabled=${chatState.loadingEarlier || agent.state.isStreaming}
         @click=${() => void loadEarlierMessages()}
       >
-        ${chatState.loadingEarlier ? "Loading earlier messages…" : "Show earlier messages"}
+        ${t(chatState.loadingEarlier ? "Loading earlier messages…" : "Show earlier messages")}
       </button>
     </div>`;
   }
@@ -978,11 +979,11 @@ export function createChatSurface(
   }
 
   function paneNowLine(agent: Agent): string | null {
-    if (activePendingApprovals().length) return "Needs your approval";
+    if (activePendingApprovals().length) return t("Needs your approval");
     if (agent.state.isStreaming || chatState.resolvingApprovals.size > 0) {
       const work = chatState.liveWork ?? { status: "thinking", activity: [] };
       const summary = liveWorkSummary(work);
-      if (!summary) return "Thinking…";
+      if (!summary) return t("Thinking…");
       return summary.detail ? `${summary.label} — ${summary.detail}` : summary.label;
     }
     return null;
@@ -1092,9 +1093,11 @@ export function createChatSurface(
     const glyph = chatState.scopeId?.startsWith("group:") ? Users : Hash;
     return html`<div
       class="context-banner"
-      title="This chat runs in the ${label} context — the agent works with that context's files and memory, separate from your personal context."
+      title=${`${t("This chat runs in the")} ${label} ${t(
+        "context — the agent works with that context's files and memory, separate from your personal context.",
+      )}`}
     >
-      ${icon(glyph, 13)}<span><strong>${label}</strong> context</span>
+      ${icon(glyph, 13)}<span><strong>${label}</strong> ${t("context")}</span>
     </div>`;
   }
 
@@ -1103,7 +1106,7 @@ export function createChatSurface(
       <header class="chat-topbar">
         <div class="chat-heading">
           <div class="chat-title">${title}</div>
-          <div class="chat-subtitle">${readOnly ? "Read-only" : detail}</div>
+          <div class="chat-subtitle">${readOnly ? t("Read-only") : detail}</div>
         </div>
         <div class="topbar-actions">
           ${
@@ -1303,7 +1306,7 @@ export function createChatSurface(
 
   function formatClock(ms: number): string {
     try {
-      return new Date(ms).toLocaleTimeString([], { hour: "numeric", minute: "2-digit" });
+      return new Date(ms).toLocaleTimeString(localeCode(), { hour: "numeric", minute: "2-digit" });
     } catch {
       return "";
     }
@@ -1550,7 +1553,9 @@ export function createChatSurface(
       bgPanel.error = "";
     } catch (e) {
       if (seq !== bgPanel.fetchSeq) return;
-      bgPanel.error = errMessage(e, "Failed to load background activity.");
+      const fallback = "Failed to load background activity.";
+      const message = errMessage(e, fallback);
+      bgPanel.error = message === fallback ? t(fallback) : message;
     } finally {
       if (seq === bgPanel.fetchSeq) {
         bgPanel.loading = false;
@@ -1611,9 +1616,9 @@ export function createChatSurface(
 
   function timeLeft(expiresAt: number): string {
     const mins = Math.round((expiresAt - Date.now()) / 60_000);
-    if (mins <= 0) return "expiring";
-    if (mins < 60) return `${mins}m left`;
-    return `${Math.floor(mins / 60)}h ${String(mins % 60).padStart(2, "0")}m left`;
+    if (mins <= 0) return t("expiring");
+    if (mins < 60) return t(`${mins}m left`);
+    return t(`${Math.floor(mins / 60)}h ${String(mins % 60).padStart(2, "0")}m left`);
   }
 
   function backgroundActivityStrip(): TemplateResult | typeof nothing {
@@ -1630,10 +1635,10 @@ export function createChatSurface(
           type="button"
           class="bg-activity-strip"
           aria-expanded=${String(bgPanel.open)}
-          title=${bgPanel.open ? "Hide background activity" : "Work continuing on the agent's computer — click to inspect"}
+          title=${t(bgPanel.open ? "Hide background activity" : "Work continuing on the agent's computer — click to inspect")}
           @click=${toggleBackgroundPanel}
         >
-          ${icon(Activity, 13)}<span class="bg-activity-label">${label ?? "Background activity"}</span>
+          ${icon(Activity, 13)}<span class="bg-activity-label">${label ? t(label) : t("Background activity")}</span>
           <span class="bg-activity-toggle">${icon(ChevronRight, 14)}</span>
         </button>
         ${bgPanel.open ? backgroundPanelBody() : nothing}
@@ -1658,7 +1663,7 @@ export function createChatSurface(
     const out = bgPanel.output.get(j.processId);
     const status =
       out?.state === "exited"
-        ? `exited${out.exitCode !== undefined ? ` (${out.exitCode})` : ""}`
+        ? `${t("exited")}${out.exitCode !== undefined ? ` (${out.exitCode})` : ""}`
         : timeLeft(j.expiresAt);
     return html`
       <div class="bg-row ${open ? "open" : ""}">
@@ -1666,29 +1671,30 @@ export function createChatSurface(
           type="button"
           class="bg-row-head"
           aria-expanded=${String(open)}
-          title=${open ? "Hide output" : "Show live output"}
+          title=${t(open ? "Hide output" : "Show live output")}
           @click=${() => toggleJobOutput(j.processId)}
         >
           ${icon(Terminal, 13)}
           <code class="bg-row-cmd">${j.command}</code>
-          <span class="bg-row-meta">started ${relTime(j.startedAt)} · ${status}</span>
+          <span class="bg-row-meta">${t("started")} ${relTime(j.startedAt)} · ${status}</span>
           <span class="bg-row-toggle">${icon(ChevronRight, 13)}</span>
         </button>
-        ${open ? html`<pre class="bg-row-output">${out ? out.text || "(no output yet)" : "Loading output…"}</pre>` : nothing}
+        ${open ? html`<pre class="bg-row-output">${out ? out.text || t("(no output yet)") : t("Loading output…")}</pre>` : nothing}
       </div>
     `;
   }
 
   function backgroundWatchRow(w: SessionBackgroundView["watches"][number]): TemplateResult {
-    const what = w.pattern ? `output matching /${w.pattern}/` : "any new output";
+    const what = w.pattern ? `${t("output matching")} /${w.pattern}/` : t("any new output");
     const note = w.instructions?.trim();
     return html`
       <div class="bg-row watch">
         <div class="bg-row-head static">
           ${icon(Radar, 13)}
-          <span class="bg-row-cmd">Watch — wakes on ${what}${note ? ` · “${note}”` : ""}</span>
+          <span class="bg-row-cmd">${t("Watch — wakes on")} ${what}${note ? ` · “${note}”` : ""}</span>
           <span class="bg-row-meta"
-            >armed ${relTime(w.createdAt)}${w.lastFiredAt ? ` · last fired ${relTime(w.lastFiredAt)}` : ""} ·
+            >${t("armed")}
+            ${relTime(w.createdAt)}${w.lastFiredAt ? ` · ${t("last fired")} ${relTime(w.lastFiredAt)}` : ""} ·
             ${timeLeft(w.expiresAt)}</span
           >
         </div>
@@ -1704,7 +1710,7 @@ export function createChatSurface(
     const expandable = Boolean(summary?.detail);
     const expanded = expandable && liveWorkExpanded;
     let title = "";
-    if (expandable) title = liveWorkExpanded ? "Show less" : "Show more";
+    if (expandable) title = t(liveWorkExpanded ? "Show less" : "Show more");
     return html`
       <section class="live-work-dock ${expanded ? "expanded" : ""}" aria-live="polite">
         <button
@@ -1717,7 +1723,7 @@ export function createChatSurface(
         >
           ${summary ? html`<span class="tool-icon">${icon(summary.icon, 15)}</span>` : nothing}
           <span class="live-work-label"
-            >${summary ? summary.label : sheenLabel(`Thinking${usedToolsSuffix(work)}`, true)}</span
+            >${summary ? t(summary.label) : sheenLabel(`${t("Thinking")}${usedToolsSuffix(work)}`, true)}</span
           >
           ${summary?.detail ? html`<span class="live-work-detail">${summary.detail}</span>` : nothing}
           ${expandable ? html`<span class="live-work-toggle">${icon(ChevronRight, 14)}</span>` : nothing}
@@ -1739,7 +1745,7 @@ export function createChatSurface(
       const verb = active ? (TOOL_META[tool] ?? UNKNOWN_TOOL).active : null;
       return {
         icon: RefreshCw,
-        label: verb ? `${verb} interrupted — resuming…` : "Interrupted — resuming…",
+        label: verb ? `${t(verb)} — ${t("interrupted — resuming…")}` : t("Interrupted — resuming…"),
         detail: active ? toolDetail(tool, call, (active.result?.payload ?? {}) as ToolPayload) : "",
       };
     }
@@ -1764,7 +1770,7 @@ export function createChatSurface(
     const secs = elapsedSeconds(row.call?.createdAt) || workSeconds(work);
     return {
       icon: meta.icon,
-      label: secs > 0 ? `${meta.active} for ${secs}s` : meta.active,
+      label: secs > 0 ? `${t(meta.active)} ${t("for")} ${secs}s` : t(meta.active),
       detail: toolDetail(tool, call, result),
     };
   }
@@ -1782,14 +1788,14 @@ export function createChatSurface(
 
   function usedToolsSuffix(work: WorkBlock): string {
     const n = work.activity.filter((a) => a.type === "tool_call").length;
-    return n > 0 ? ` (used ${n} tool${n === 1 ? "" : "s"})` : "";
+    return n > 0 ? ` (${t("used")} ${t(`${n} tool${n === 1 ? "" : "s"}`)})` : "";
   }
 
   function workLabel(work: WorkBlock): string {
-    if (work.stale && (work.status === "thinking" || work.status === "working")) return "Interrupted — resuming…";
-    if (work.status === "thinking") return "Thinking";
+    if (work.stale && (work.status === "thinking" || work.status === "working")) return t("Interrupted — resuming…");
+    if (work.status === "thinking") return t("Thinking");
     const secs = workSeconds(work);
-    return work.status === "working" ? `Working for ${secs}s` : `Worked for ${secs}s`;
+    return t(work.status === "working" ? `Working for ${secs}s` : `Worked for ${secs}s`);
   }
 
   function workBlock(work: WorkBlock, isStreaming: boolean): TemplateResult {
@@ -1819,7 +1825,7 @@ export function createChatSurface(
       seg = [];
       parts.push(
         html`<details class="work-fold" ?open=${openFolds}>
-          <summary class="work-head">${segmentSummaryLabel(items, work)}${icon(ChevronRight, 14)}</summary>
+          <summary class="work-head">${t(segmentSummaryLabel(items, work))}${icon(ChevronRight, 14)}</summary>
           <div class="work-divider"></div>
           <div class="work-rows">${items.map((it) => renderTimelineItem(it, work))}</div>
         </details>`,
@@ -1843,7 +1849,7 @@ export function createChatSurface(
     const tools = items.filter((it) => it.kind === "tool").length;
     if (tools > 0) return `${tools} tool call${tools === 1 ? "" : "s"}`;
     const secs = workSeconds(work);
-    return work.status === "failed" ? `Failed after ${secs}s` : `Worked for ${secs}s`;
+    return t(work.status === "failed" ? `Failed after ${secs}s` : `Worked for ${secs}s`);
   }
 
   function approvalSummaryView(a: PendingApproval, expanded = false): TemplateResult {
@@ -1887,8 +1893,9 @@ export function createChatSurface(
   }
 
   function sheenLabel(label: string, active: boolean): TemplateResult {
-    return html`<span class="sheen-label ${active ? "thinking-sheen" : ""}" data-sheen=${active ? label : ""}
-      >${label}</span
+    const localized = t(label);
+    return html`<span class="sheen-label ${active ? "thinking-sheen" : ""}" data-sheen=${active ? localized : ""}
+      >${localized}</span
     >`;
   }
 
@@ -1954,16 +1961,16 @@ export function createChatSurface(
       case "recall":
       case "history": {
         const q = call.query ?? result.query ?? "";
-        return result.count !== undefined ? `${q} · ${result.count} result${result.count === 1 ? "" : "s"}` : q;
+        return result.count !== undefined ? `${q} · ${t(`${result.count} result${result.count === 1 ? "" : "s"}`)}` : q;
       }
       case "memory": {
         const action = call.action ?? result.action ?? "";
         const q = call.query ?? result.query ?? "";
         let detail = q;
         if (result.count !== undefined) {
-          detail = `${q} · ${result.count} result${result.count === 1 ? "" : "s"}`;
+          detail = `${q} · ${t(`${result.count} result${result.count === 1 ? "" : "s"}`)}`;
         } else if (result.added !== undefined) {
-          detail = `${result.added} saved`;
+          detail = t(`${result.added} saved`);
         }
         return [action, detail].filter(Boolean).join(" ");
       }
@@ -2001,11 +2008,13 @@ export function createChatSurface(
     if (kind === "approval") why = firstLine(result.reason ?? "", 90);
     else if (kind === "failed") why = firstLine(result.error ?? result.reason ?? "", 90);
     const base = kind === "approval" ? "" : toolDetail(tool, call, result);
-    const attempts = row.attempts && row.attempts > 1 ? `${row.attempts} attempts` : "";
+    const attempts = row.attempts && row.attempts > 1 ? t(`${row.attempts} attempts`) : "";
     const detail = [base, why, attempts].filter(Boolean).join(" · ");
     const classes = ["tool-row", `tool-${kind}`].join(" ");
     const head = html`<span class="tool-icon">${icon(meta.icon, 15)}</span>
-      <span class="tool-label">${label}${detail ? html` <span class="tool-detail">${detail}</span>` : nothing}</span>`;
+      <span class="tool-label"
+        >${t(label)}${detail ? html` <span class="tool-detail">${detail}</span>` : nothing}</span
+      >`;
     if (tool === "execute" && row.result && (result.stdout || result.stderr)) {
       return html`<details class="${classes} tool-expandable">
         <summary class="tool-summary">${head}${icon(ChevronRight, 14)}</summary>
@@ -2021,7 +2030,7 @@ export function createChatSurface(
       <div class="code-card-head"><span class="code-card-lang">bash</span></div>
       <pre class="code-card-body">${out}</pre>
       <div class="code-card-foot">
-        exit ${result.code ?? 0}${result.timedOut ? " · timed out" : ""}
+        ${t("exit")} ${result.code ?? 0}${result.timedOut ? ` · ${t("timed out")}` : ""}
         ${
           activity?.truncated
             ? html`<button class="show-full-btn" type="button" @click=${() => void loadFullEntry(work, activity)}>
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/composer.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/composer.ts
index 1e0e1a63..bb9fd5ef 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/composer.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/composer.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import type { Agent, AgentMessage } from "@earendil-works/pi-agent-core";
 import type { Attachment } from "@earendil-works/pi-web-ui";
 import { FolderDropError, folderToZipFile, isFolderReadError, splitDropItems, type DropEntryLike } from "./folder-drop";
-import { html, nothing, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { nothing, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
 import { live } from "lit/directives/live.js";
 import {
   ArrowUp,
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ import { bumpSessionActivity, dropPendingSession, renderList } from "./sessions"
 import { adminSessionLogUrl, appState, can } from "./shell";
 import { base64ToText, bytesToBase64, insertIntoDraft, pasteChipLabel } from "./paste-text";
 import { clearDraft, newChatDraftKey, saveDraft } from "./drafts";
+import { html, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 
 export type ComposerMenu = "effort" | "harness" | "model" | "settings";
 
@@ -334,8 +335,8 @@ export function createComposerSurface(ctx: ConvCtx): ComposerSurface {
     const fastAvailable = fastSupported && modelSupportsFastMode(scopeKey(), selectedModel.model.id);
     const fastOn = fastAvailable && effectiveFastMode();
     const fastCharging = fastModeCharging && fastOn;
-    let fastTitle = "Fast mode is only available on Opus models";
-    if (fastAvailable) fastTitle = fastOn ? "Fast mode active" : "Fast mode";
+    let fastTitle = t("Fast mode is only available on Opus models");
+    if (fastAvailable) fastTitle = fastOn ? t("Fast mode active") : t("Fast mode");
     const approvalPauses = ctx.chat.activePendingApprovals();
     const runtimePending = activeRuntimeConfig === null;
     const effectiveEffort =
@@ -349,9 +350,9 @@ export function createComposerSurface(ctx: ConvCtx): ComposerSurface {
         fastOn !== effectiveFast);
     const inputBlocked = runtimePending || ctx.chat.state.resolvingApprovals.size > 0 || approvalPauses.length > 0;
     const attachingDisabled = inputBlocked;
-    let placeholder = "Ask anything";
-    if (inputBlocked) placeholder = runtimePending ? "Loading runtime…" : "Approve or deny to continue";
-    else if (agent.state.isStreaming) placeholder = "Steer the running task…";
+    let placeholder = t("Ask anything");
+    if (inputBlocked) placeholder = runtimePending ? t("Loading runtime…") : t("Approve or deny to continue");
+    else if (agent.state.isStreaming) placeholder = t("Steer the running task…");
     let composerNotice: TemplateResult | typeof nothing = nothing;
     if (composerState.processingFiles) {
       composerNotice = html`<div class="composer-note">Preparing files...</div>`;
@@ -470,7 +471,7 @@ export function createComposerSurface(ctx: ConvCtx): ComposerSurface {
             <button
               class="icon-btn"
               type="button"
-              title="Attach files"
+              title=${t("Attach files")}
               ?disabled=${attachingDisabled}
               @click=${() => pickFiles()}
             >
@@ -485,10 +486,10 @@ export function createComposerSurface(ctx: ConvCtx): ComposerSurface {
                         ? menuControl({
                             kind: "effort",
                             glyph: Brain,
-                            label: effortLabel(composerState.effortLevel),
+                            label: t(effortLabel(composerState.effortLevel)),
                             title: "Effort",
                             selected: composerState.effortLevel,
-                            options: EFFORT_LEVELS,
+                            options: EFFORT_LEVELS.map((option) => ({ ...option, label: t(option.label) })),
                             disabled: inputBlocked,
                             onSelect: (value: string) => selectEffort(value as EffortLevel, agent),
                           })
@@ -550,13 +551,13 @@ export function createComposerSurface(ctx: ConvCtx): ComposerSurface {
                     }
                     ${menuControl({
                       kind: "model",
-                      label: selectedModel.buttonLabel,
+                      label: selectedModel.value === "auto" ? t(selectedModel.buttonLabel) : selectedModel.buttonLabel,
                       title: "Model",
                       selected: selectedModel.value,
                       align: "right",
                       options: getModelOptionsForHarness(selectedModel.harnessId, scopeKey()).map((option) => ({
                         value: option.value,
-                        label: option.label,
+                        label: option.value === "auto" ? t(option.label) : option.label,
                       })),
                       disabled: inputBlocked,
                       onSelect: (value: string) => selectModel(value, agent),
@@ -659,14 +660,16 @@ export function createComposerSurface(ctx: ConvCtx): ComposerSurface {
 
   function sendControls(agent: Agent): TemplateResult {
     if (!agent.state.isStreaming) {
-      return html`<button class="send-btn" type="submit" title="Send" ?disabled=${!composerCanSend()}>
+      return html`<button class="send-btn" type="submit" title=${t("Send")} ?disabled=${!composerCanSend()}>
         ${icon(ArrowUp, 17)}
       </button>`;
     }
     const canSteer = Boolean(composerState.draft.trim());
-    const steerTitle = composerState.attachments.length
-      ? "Steer the running task (attachments stay for your next message)"
-      : "Steer the running task";
+    const steerTitle = t(
+      composerState.attachments.length
+        ? "Steer the running task (attachments stay for your next message)"
+        : "Steer the running task",
+    );
     return html`
       <button class="stop-btn" type="button" title="Stop" aria-label="Stop" @click=${() => stopStreaming(agent)}>
         ${icon(Square, 16)}
@@ -864,7 +867,7 @@ export function createComposerSurface(ctx: ConvCtx): ComposerSurface {
         <button
           class="menu-button"
           type="button"
-          title=${args.title}
+          title=${t(args.title)}
           aria-haspopup="menu"
           aria-expanded=${open ? "true" : "false"}
           aria-controls=${menuId}
@@ -879,7 +882,7 @@ export function createComposerSurface(ctx: ConvCtx): ComposerSurface {
           open && !args.disabled
             ? html`
                 <div class="menu-popover" id=${menuId} role="menu" @click=${(e: Event) => e.stopPropagation()}>
-                  <div class="menu-title">${args.title}</div>
+                  <div class="menu-title">${t(args.title)}</div>
                   ${args.options.map(
                     (option) => html`
                       <button
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/connectors.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/connectors.ts
index b4d0f40f..6530defd 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/connectors.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/connectors.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { html, render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
 import { Activity, KeyRound, Link, LockKeyhole, Plug, Plus, RefreshCw, ShieldCheck } from "lucide";
 import { api } from "./core-bridge";
 import { errMessage } from "../../chassis/src/errors";
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import { icon } from "./ui";
 import { appState, replacePanePreservingFocus } from "./shell";
 import { focusDialogCancel, restoreDialogFocus, trapDialogFocus } from "./dialog-focus";
 import { isActiveGrant, isExpiredCredential, KeychainOperations, keychainSummary } from "./keychain-state";
+import { html, localeCode, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 
 interface ConnectorProvider {
   connected?: boolean;
@@ -140,6 +141,11 @@ let confirmation: { title: string; body: string; action: string; run: () => Prom
 let confirmationOpener: HTMLElement | null = null;
 const keychainOperations = new KeychainOperations();
 
+function connectorErrorNotice(error: unknown, fallback: string): string {
+  const message = errMessage(error, fallback);
+  return message === fallback ? t(fallback) : message;
+}
+
 export function resetKeychainState(): void {
   keychainOperations.reset();
   connectorProviders = {};
@@ -159,7 +165,7 @@ export function resetKeychainState(): void {
 function fmtDate(ms?: number): string {
   if (!ms) return "";
   try {
-    return new Date(ms).toLocaleDateString();
+    return new Date(ms).toLocaleDateString(localeCode());
   } catch {
     return "";
   }
@@ -172,8 +178,9 @@ function credentialCard(c: KeychainCredential): TemplateResult {
   const asks = keychainAsks.filter((ask) => ask.credentialId === c.id);
   const lastUse = keychainUsage.find((usage) => usage.credentialId === c.id);
   let added = "Encrypted at rest";
-  if (c.kind !== "file" && c.expiresAt) added = `Expires ${fmtDate(c.expiresAt)}`;
-  else if (c.createdAt) added = `Added ${fmtDate(c.createdAt)}`;
+  if (c.kind !== "file" && c.expiresAt) added = `${t("Expires")} ${fmtDate(c.expiresAt)}`;
+  else if (c.createdAt) added = `${t("Added")} ${fmtDate(c.createdAt)}`;
+  else added = t(added);
   return html`
     <article class="kc-resource kc-credential">
       <div class="kc-resource-main">
@@ -186,7 +193,10 @@ function credentialCard(c: KeychainCredential): TemplateResult {
           ${subtitle ? html`<div class="kc-resource-meta">${subtitle}</div>` : ""}
           <div class="kc-credential-facts">
             <div class="kc-audit-line">
-              ${icon(Activity, 14)}${lastUse ? html`Last used ${fmtDate(lastUse.ts)} in ${scopeName(lastUse.scopeLabel)} · ${lastUse.status}` : "No audited use yet"}
+              ${icon(
+                Activity,
+                14,
+              )}${lastUse ? html`${t("Last used")} ${fmtDate(lastUse.ts)} ${t("in")} ${scopeName(lastUse.scopeLabel)} · ${lastUse.status}` : t("No audited use yet")}
             </div>
             <div class="kc-resource-foot">${added}</div>
           </div>
@@ -257,15 +267,15 @@ function scopeName(scope: string): string {
   const ref = rest.join(":");
   switch (kind) {
     case "personal":
-      return ref || "a personal DM";
+      return ref || t("a personal DM");
     case "channel":
-      return ref ? `a Slack channel (${ref})` : "a Slack channel";
+      return ref ? `${t("a Slack channel")} (${ref})` : t("a Slack channel");
     case "group":
-      return "a group DM";
+      return t("a group DM");
     case "team":
-      return ref ? `a team (${ref})` : "a team";
+      return ref ? `${t("a team")} (${ref})` : t("a team");
     case "org":
-      return "the whole org";
+      return t("the whole org");
     default:
       return scope;
   }
@@ -364,7 +374,7 @@ function addCredentialCard(): TemplateResult {
                 ?disabled=${keychainOperations.dropInFlight}
                 @click=${() => void createDrop()}
               >
-                ${keychainOperations.dropInFlight ? "Preparing…" : "Continue"}
+                ${t(keychainOperations.dropInFlight ? "Preparing…" : "Continue")}
               </button>
             </div>
           `
@@ -418,7 +428,7 @@ export function clearConnectorNotice(): void {
 
 export function noteConnectorResult(provider: string, status: string): void {
   const name = CONNECTOR_LABELS[provider]?.name ?? provider;
-  connectorNotice = status === "connected" ? `${name}: connected.` : `${name}: connection failed.`;
+  connectorNotice = `${name}: ${t(status === "connected" ? "connected." : "connection failed.")}`;
 }
 
 function drawConnectors(loading = false): void {
@@ -492,7 +502,7 @@ function drawConnectors(loading = false): void {
             : ""
         }
         <div class="kc-resource-actions">
-          ${available ? html`<button class="btn" type="button" @click=${() => void startConnector(id)}>${connected || needsReconnect ? "Reconnect" : "Connect account"}</button>` : ""}
+          ${available ? html`<button class="btn" type="button" @click=${() => void startConnector(id)}>${t(connected || needsReconnect ? "Reconnect" : "Connect account")}</button>` : ""}
           ${connected || needsReconnect ? html`<button class="kc-text-action danger" type="button" data-confirm-key=${`disconnect:${id}`} ?disabled=${keychainOperations.mutationInFlight} @click=${() => void revokeConnector(id)}>Disconnect</button>` : ""}
         </div>
       </article>
@@ -546,7 +556,7 @@ function drawConnectors(loading = false): void {
             <span>${loading ? "—" : summary.attention}</span><small>Need attention</small>
           </div>
         </div>
-        ${connectorNotice || loading ? html`<div class="kc-notice" role="status">${loading ? "Loading your keychain…" : connectorNotice}</div>` : ""}
+        ${connectorNotice || loading ? html`<div class="kc-notice" role="status">${loading ? t("Loading your keychain…") : connectorNotice}</div>` : ""}
         ${addingCredential ? addCredentialCard() : ""}
         <section class="kc-section" aria-labelledby="kc-accounts-title">
           <div class="kc-section-head">
@@ -636,7 +646,7 @@ export async function renderConnectors(): Promise<void> {
     );
   } else {
     connectorProviders = {};
-    notices.push(errMessage(conn.reason, "Failed to load connectors."));
+    notices.push(connectorErrorNotice(conn.reason, "Failed to load connectors."));
   }
   if (keys.status === "fulfilled") {
     keychainCredentials = (keys.value.credentials ?? []).slice().sort((a, b) => a.service.localeCompare(b.service));
@@ -652,7 +662,7 @@ export async function renderConnectors(): Promise<void> {
     keychainAsks = [];
     keychainUsage = [];
     keychainScopeNames = {};
-    notices.push(errMessage(keys.reason, "Failed to load stored keys."));
+    notices.push(connectorErrorNotice(keys.reason, "Failed to load stored keys."));
   }
   if (notices.length) connectorNotice = notices.join(" ");
   drawConnectors(false);
@@ -663,13 +673,13 @@ async function deleteCredential(credential: KeychainCredential): Promise<void> {
     (grant) => grant.credentialId === credential.id && isActiveGrant(grant, credential),
   );
   const impact = active.length
-    ? ` It will immediately revoke ${active.length} active grant${active.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}: ${active.map((grant) => scopeName(grant.audienceScopeId)).join(", ")}.`
+    ? ` ${t("It will immediately revoke")} ${t(`${active.length} active grant${active.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}`)}: ${active.map((grant) => scopeName(grant.audienceScopeId)).join(", ")}.`
     : "";
   confirmationOpener = document.activeElement instanceof HTMLElement ? document.activeElement : null;
   confirmation = {
-    title: `Delete ${credential.service}?`,
-    body: `${impact} Automations using it may stop working. The credential cannot be recovered.`.trim(),
-    action: "Delete credential",
+    title: `${t("Delete")} ${credential.service}?`,
+    body: `${impact} ${t("Automations using it may stop working. The credential cannot be recovered.")}`.trim(),
+    action: t("Delete credential"),
     run: async () => {
       const operation = beginKeychainMutation();
       if (!operation) return;
@@ -691,7 +701,7 @@ function beginKeychainMutation() {
   if (operation) return operation;
   confirmation = null;
   confirmationOpener = null;
-  connectorNotice = "Another keychain change is still in progress.";
+  connectorNotice = t("Another keychain change is still in progress.");
   drawConnectors();
   return null;
 }
@@ -701,7 +711,8 @@ async function performDeleteCredential(credential: KeychainCredential, stateEpoc
   try {
     await api(`/api/keychain/credentials/${encodeURIComponent(credential.id)}`, { method: "DELETE" });
   } catch (e) {
-    if (keychainOperations.isCurrentEpoch(stateEpoch)) connectorNotice = errMessage(e, "Could not delete the key.");
+    if (keychainOperations.isCurrentEpoch(stateEpoch))
+      connectorNotice = connectorErrorNotice(e, "Could not delete the key.");
   }
   if (keychainOperations.isCurrentEpoch(stateEpoch)) await renderConnectors();
 }
@@ -709,9 +720,9 @@ async function performDeleteCredential(credential: KeychainCredential, stateEpoc
 async function revokeGrant(grant: KeychainGrant): Promise<void> {
   confirmationOpener = document.activeElement instanceof HTMLElement ? document.activeElement : null;
   confirmation = {
-    title: `Revoke access for ${scopeName(grant.audienceScopeId)}?`,
-    body: `This ${grant.mode === "standing" ? "standing" : "one-time"} access ends immediately. Automations using it may stop working.`,
-    action: "Revoke access",
+    title: `${t("Revoke access for")} ${scopeName(grant.audienceScopeId)}?`,
+    body: `${t("This")} ${t(grant.mode === "standing" ? "standing" : "one-time")} ${t("access ends immediately. Automations using it may stop working.")}`,
+    action: t("Revoke access"),
     run: async () => {
       const operation = beginKeychainMutation();
       if (!operation) return;
@@ -731,9 +742,10 @@ async function revokeGrant(grant: KeychainGrant): Promise<void> {
 async function performRevokeGrant(id: string, stateEpoch: number): Promise<void> {
   try {
     await api(`/api/keychain/grants/${encodeURIComponent(id)}/revoke`, { method: "POST", body: "{}" });
-    if (keychainOperations.isCurrentEpoch(stateEpoch)) connectorNotice = "Access revoked ✓";
+    if (keychainOperations.isCurrentEpoch(stateEpoch)) connectorNotice = t("Access revoked ✓");
   } catch (e) {
-    if (keychainOperations.isCurrentEpoch(stateEpoch)) connectorNotice = errMessage(e, "Could not revoke access.");
+    if (keychainOperations.isCurrentEpoch(stateEpoch))
+      connectorNotice = connectorErrorNotice(e, "Could not revoke access.");
   }
   if (keychainOperations.isCurrentEpoch(stateEpoch)) await renderConnectors();
 }
@@ -741,7 +753,7 @@ async function performRevokeGrant(id: string, stateEpoch: number): Promise<void>
 async function createDrop(): Promise<void> {
   if (keychainOperations.dropInFlight) return;
   if (!addingCredential?.service.trim() || !addingCredential.purpose.trim()) {
-    connectorNotice = "Service and purpose are required.";
+    connectorNotice = t("Service and purpose are required.");
     return drawConnectors();
   }
   const submittedDraft = { ...addingCredential };
@@ -756,10 +768,10 @@ async function createDrop(): Promise<void> {
     if (!keychainOperations.isCurrentEpoch(stateEpoch)) return;
     if (!result.url) throw new Error("No one-time page URL was returned.");
     secureDropUrl = result.url;
-    connectorNotice = "Your one-time page is ready.";
+    connectorNotice = t("Your one-time page is ready.");
   } catch (e) {
     if (!keychainOperations.isCurrentEpoch(stateEpoch)) return;
-    connectorNotice = errMessage(e, "Could not create the one-time page.");
+    connectorNotice = connectorErrorNotice(e, "Could not create the one-time page.");
   } finally {
     if (keychainOperations.isCurrentEpoch(stateEpoch)) {
       keychainOperations.finishDrop(stateEpoch);
@@ -780,10 +792,10 @@ async function startConnector(provider: string): Promise<void> {
       location.href = r.authorizeUrl;
       return;
     }
-    connectorNotice = "No authorization URL was returned.";
+    connectorNotice = t("No authorization URL was returned.");
   } catch (e) {
     if (!keychainOperations.isCurrentEpoch(stateEpoch)) return;
-    connectorNotice = errMessage(e, "Could not start the connector.");
+    connectorNotice = connectorErrorNotice(e, "Could not start the connector.");
   }
   drawConnectors(false);
 }
@@ -806,13 +818,13 @@ async function revokeConnector(provider: string): Promise<void> {
     (grant) => credentialIds.has(grant.credentialId) && isActiveGrant(grant, credentialsById.get(grant.credentialId)),
   );
   const impact = active.length
-    ? ` It will also stop ${active.length} active credential grant${active.length === 1 ? "" : "s"} for this account.`
+    ? ` ${t("It will also stop")} ${t(`${active.length} active credential grant${active.length === 1 ? "" : "s"}`)} ${t("for this account.")}`
     : "";
   confirmationOpener = document.activeElement instanceof HTMLElement ? document.activeElement : null;
   confirmation = {
-    title: `Disconnect ${CONNECTOR_LABELS[provider]?.name ?? provider}?`,
-    body: `${impact} Automations using this account may stop working.`.trim(),
-    action: "Disconnect account",
+    title: `${t("Disconnect")} ${CONNECTOR_LABELS[provider]?.name ?? provider}?`,
+    body: `${impact} ${t("Automations using this account may stop working.")}`.trim(),
+    action: t("Disconnect account"),
     run: async () => {
       const operation = beginKeychainMutation();
       if (!operation) return;
@@ -834,7 +846,8 @@ async function performRevokeConnector(provider: string, stateEpoch: number): Pro
   try {
     await api("/api/connectors/revoke", { method: "POST", body: JSON.stringify({ provider }) });
   } catch (e) {
-    if (keychainOperations.isCurrentEpoch(stateEpoch)) connectorNotice = errMessage(e, "Could not disconnect.");
+    if (keychainOperations.isCurrentEpoch(stateEpoch))
+      connectorNotice = connectorErrorNotice(e, "Could not disconnect.");
   }
   if (keychainOperations.isCurrentEpoch(stateEpoch)) await renderConnectors();
 }
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/context-model.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/context-model.ts
index 0b465575..e9f08e67 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/context-model.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/context-model.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import { html, nothing, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { nothing, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { html, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 import { fetchRuntimeConfig, updateRuntimeConfig, type RuntimeConfig } from "./core-bridge";
 import { runtimeModelOptions, type ModelOption } from "./model-options";
 import { fieldSelect } from "./ui";
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ export async function loadContextModel(scopeId: string, onChange: () => void): P
   contextModelState.config = config;
   contextModelState.loading = false;
   if (!config) {
-    contextModelState.notice = "Couldn't load this project's model.";
+    contextModelState.notice = t("Couldn't load this project's model.");
     contextModelState.noticeKind = "error";
   }
   redraw();
@@ -80,11 +81,13 @@ async function choose(scope: string, value: string): Promise<void> {
     );
     if (seq !== loadSeq) return;
     contextModelState.config = config;
-    contextModelState.notice = `Saved — new conversations here run on ${labelForRuntime(config, config.effective)}.`;
+    contextModelState.notice = t(`Saved — new conversations here run on ${labelForRuntime(config, config.effective)}.`);
     contextModelState.noticeKind = "saved";
   } catch (e) {
     if (seq !== loadSeq) return;
-    contextModelState.notice = errMessage(e, "Couldn't change the model — try again.");
+    const fallback = "Couldn't change the model — try again.";
+    const message = errMessage(e, fallback);
+    contextModelState.notice = message === fallback ? t(fallback) : message;
     contextModelState.noticeKind = "error";
   } finally {
     if (seq === loadSeq) {
@@ -143,10 +146,10 @@ export function contextModelSection(scopeId: string): TemplateResult | typeof no
       <p class="context-model-hint">
         ${
           selected === INHERIT
-            ? "Following the org default — it changes when the org's does."
-            : "Pinned for this project. Anyone in a chat can still pick a different model for that conversation."
+            ? t("Following the org default — it changes when the org's does.")
+            : t("Pinned for this project. Anyone in a chat can still pick a different model for that conversation.")
         }
-        ${isSlack ? " The channel description in Slack names this model." : ""}
+        ${isSlack ? ` ${t("The channel description in Slack names this model.")}` : ""}
       </p>
       ${
         contextModelState.notice
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/contexts.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/contexts.ts
index ec42aeff..bcd89f03 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/contexts.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/contexts.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import { html, nothing, render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { nothing, render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { html, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 import {
   ArrowLeft,
   Boxes,
@@ -191,23 +192,27 @@ function contextMeta(c: CoreContext): { title: string; sub: string; glyph: IconN
     const memberCount = projectPeople(c).length;
     return {
       title: c.project.name,
-      sub: `${memberCount} ${memberCount === 1 ? "member" : "members"}`,
+      sub: t(`${memberCount} ${memberCount === 1 ? "member" : "members"}`),
       glyph: Folder,
     };
   }
   if (c.kind === "personal") {
-    return { title: "Personal", sub: "Just you — your web chats and DMs with the agent live here.", glyph: User };
+    return {
+      title: t("Personal"),
+      sub: t("Just you — your web chats and DMs with the agent live here."),
+      glyph: User,
+    };
   }
   if (c.kind === "group") {
     return {
-      title: sharedContextLabel(c.scopeId, c.name) ?? "Group DM",
-      sub: "Shared with everyone in this group conversation.",
+      title: sharedContextLabel(c.scopeId, c.name) ?? t("Group DM"),
+      sub: t("Shared with everyone in this group conversation."),
       glyph: Users,
     };
   }
   return {
-    title: sharedContextLabel(c.scopeId, c.name) ?? "Channel",
-    sub: "Shared with everyone in this channel.",
+    title: sharedContextLabel(c.scopeId, c.name) ?? t("Channel"),
+    sub: t("Shared with everyone in this channel."),
     glyph: Hash,
   };
 }
@@ -247,8 +252,8 @@ function metaForScope(scopeId: string | null, fallbackName?: string | null): { t
   const shared = sharedContextLabel(scopeId, fallbackName ?? null);
   if (shared) return { title: shared, glyph: scopeId?.startsWith("group:") ? Users : Hash };
   if (scopeId?.startsWith("personal:") && scopeId !== personalScopeId())
-    return { title: "Shared personal space", glyph: User };
-  return { title: fallbackName?.trim() || "Personal", glyph: User };
+    return { title: t("Shared personal space"), glyph: User };
+  return { title: fallbackName?.trim() || t("Personal"), glyph: User };
 }
 
 export function scopeTitle(scopeId: string | null, fallbackName?: string | null): string {
@@ -257,13 +262,13 @@ export function scopeTitle(scopeId: string | null, fallbackName?: string | null)
 
 export function scopeChip(scopeId: string | null, fallbackName?: string | null): TemplateResult {
   const { title, glyph } = metaForScope(scopeId, fallbackName);
-  return html`<span class="scope-chip" title=${`In ${title}`}
+  return html`<span class="scope-chip" title=${`${t("In")} ${title}`}
     >${icon(glyph, 12)}<span>${title.replace(/^#/, "")}</span></span
   >`;
 }
 
 export function scopeFilterControl(current: string | null, onSelect: (scopeId: string | null) => void): TemplateResult {
-  const label = current ? metaForScope(current).title : "All contexts";
+  const label = current ? metaForScope(current).title : t("All contexts");
   const option = (scopeId: string | null, text: string, glyph: IconNode) => {
     const active = (current ?? null) === scopeId;
     return html`
@@ -286,11 +291,11 @@ export function scopeFilterControl(current: string | null, onSelect: (scopeId: s
   return html`
     <div class="menu-control form-menu-control scope-filter">
       <button class="menu-button" type="button" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" @click=${toggleFormMenu}>
-        ${icon(ListFilter, 14)}<span class="menu-label">Filter by: ${label}</span>${icon(ChevronDown, 14)}
+        ${icon(ListFilter, 14)}<span class="menu-label">${t("Filter by:")} ${label}</span>${icon(ChevronDown, 14)}
       </button>
       <div class="menu-popover" role="menu" hidden>
         <div class="menu-title">Filter by context</div>
-        ${option(null, "All contexts", Boxes)}
+        ${option(null, t("All contexts"), Boxes)}
         ${contextsState.list.map((c) => option(c.scopeId, contextMeta(c).title, contextMeta(c).glyph))}
       </div>
     </div>
@@ -317,7 +322,7 @@ function drawContexts(): void {
 }
 
 function gridTpl(): TemplateResult {
-  const status = contextsNotice || (contextsLoading && contextsState.list.length === 0 ? "Loading projects…" : "");
+  const status = contextsNotice || (contextsLoading && contextsState.list.length === 0 ? t("Loading projects…") : "");
   const q = contextsQuery.trim().toLowerCase();
   const matches = (context: CoreContext) => {
     const meta = contextMeta(context);
@@ -339,7 +344,7 @@ function gridTpl(): TemplateResult {
   if (projects.length) projectList = html`<div class="grid project-grid">${projects.map(contextCard)}</div>`;
   else if (!contextsLoading) {
     projectList = html`<div class="empty compact project-empty">
-      ${projectsFiltered ? "No projects match your search." : "No projects yet."}
+      ${t(projectsFiltered ? "No projects match your search." : "No projects yet.")}
     </div>`;
   }
   return html`
@@ -411,10 +416,12 @@ function contextCard(c: CoreContext): TemplateResult {
         <span class="context-glyph">${icon(glyph, 17)}</span>
         <h2 class="card-title">${title}</h2>
         ${c.isPrivate ? html`<span class="context-lock" title="Private channel">${icon(Lock, 13)}</span>` : nothing}
-        <span class="badge">${access}</span>
+        <span class="badge">${t(access)}</span>
       </div>
       <div class="card-meta context-card-sub">${sub}</div>
-      <div class="card-meta">${count}${c.lastActivityAt ? ` · active ${relTime(c.lastActivityAt)}` : ""}</div>
+      <div class="card-meta">
+        ${t(count)}${c.lastActivityAt ? ` · ${t("active")} ${relTime(c.lastActivityAt)}` : ""}
+      </div>
     </button>
   `;
 }
@@ -482,7 +489,7 @@ function detailTpl(c: CoreContext): TemplateResult {
                 `
           }
         </div>
-        <aside class="context-settings" aria-label=${c.project ? "Project settings" : "Context settings"}>
+        <aside class="context-settings" aria-label=${t(c.project ? "Project settings" : "Context settings")}>
           ${c.project ? projectMembersSection(c) : nothing} ${contextModelSection(c.scopeId)}
           ${ambientPolicySection(c.scopeId)}
         </aside>
@@ -534,8 +541,8 @@ function projectMembersSection(context: CoreContext): TemplateResult {
                   ? html`<button
                       class="project-icon-button danger"
                       type="button"
-                      aria-label=${`Remove ${label}`}
-                      title=${`Remove ${label}`}
+                      aria-label=${`${t("Remove")} ${label}`}
+                      title=${`${t("Remove")} ${label}`}
                       ?disabled=${contextsState.memberSearching || contextsState.memberBusy}
                       @click=${() => void removeProjectMember(context, principalId)}
                     >
@@ -709,7 +716,7 @@ function resourceGroup(label: string, rows: TemplateResult[]): TemplateResult {
   return html`
     <section class="context-panel context-resource-group">
       <div class="context-panel-heading context-resource-heading">
-        <h2 class="context-panel-title">${label}</h2>
+        <h2 class="context-panel-title">${t(label)}</h2>
         <a href=${href}>View all</a>
       </div>
       <div class="context-session-list">${rows}</div>
@@ -750,7 +757,7 @@ function cronRow(c: CronView, manage = false): TemplateResult {
       <span class="context-session-title">${c.title ?? actionSnippet(c.message ?? c.action ?? "")}</span>
       <span class="context-session-meta">
         <span class="badge">${cronScheduleSummary(c)}</span>
-        <span class="badge">${status}</span>
+        <span class="badge">${t(status)}</span>
         <span title=${cronRunSummaryTitle(c)}>${cronRunSummary(c)}</span>
         ${
           manage && !c.archived
@@ -761,7 +768,7 @@ function cronRow(c: CronView, manage = false): TemplateResult {
                   ?disabled=${busy}
                   @click=${() => void manageCron(c.id, c.enabled ? "disable" : "enable")}
                 >
-                  ${c.enabled ? "Disable" : "Enable"}
+                  ${t(c.enabled ? "Disable" : "Enable")}
                 </button>
                 <button
                   class="context-resource-action danger"
@@ -786,7 +793,7 @@ function skillRow(s: ScopeSkill, manage = false): TemplateResult {
       <span class="context-session-title">${s.name}</span>
       <span class="context-session-meta">
         ${s.description ? html`<span class="context-resource-desc">${s.description}</span>` : nothing}
-        <span class="badge">${s.status}</span>
+        <span class="badge">${t(s.status)}</span>
         ${
           manage
             ? html`<button
@@ -810,8 +817,8 @@ function deploymentRow(d: ScopeDeployment): TemplateResult {
       <span class="context-session-title">${d.name}</span>
       <span class="context-session-meta">
         <span class="badge">v${d.currentVersion}</span>
-        <span class="badge">${d.status}</span>
-        <span class="badge">${d.permission === "write" ? "manage" : "read"}</span>
+        <span class="badge">${t(d.status)}</span>
+        <span class="badge">${t(d.permission === "write" ? "manage" : "read")}</span>
       </span>
     </div>
   `;
@@ -883,10 +890,10 @@ function createProjectDialog(): TemplateResult | typeof nothing {
         <div class="form-error" aria-live="polite">${contextsState.createError}</div>
         <div class="project-dialog-actions">
           <button class="btn" type="button" @click=${closeCreateProject}>
-            ${contextsState.createSaving ? "Close" : "Cancel"}
+            ${t(contextsState.createSaving ? "Close" : "Cancel")}
           </button>
           <button class="btn primary" type="submit" ?disabled=${contextsState.createSaving}>
-            ${icon(FolderPlus, 15)}<span>${contextsState.createSaving ? "Creating…" : "Create project"}</span>
+            ${icon(FolderPlus, 15)}<span>${t(contextsState.createSaving ? "Creating…" : "Create project")}</span>
           </button>
         </div>
       </form>
@@ -1118,7 +1125,7 @@ async function addProjectMember(context: CoreContext, member: DirectoryMatch): P
 async function removeProjectMember(context: CoreContext, principalId: string): Promise<void> {
   if (!context.project || contextsState.memberBusy) return;
   const label = memberLabel(context, principalId);
-  if (!window.confirm(`Remove ${label} from ${context.name || "this project"}?`)) return;
+  if (!window.confirm(t(`Remove ${label} from ${context.name || "this project"}?`))) return;
   const resetSeq = contextsResetSeq;
   memberSearchSeq++;
   cancelMemberSearchTimer();
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/cron-format.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/cron-format.ts
index 1db3e9af..e3201653 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/cron-format.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/cron-format.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { addDays, isSameDay } from "date-fns";
 import { TZDate } from "@date-fns/tz";
 import { relTime } from "./ui.ts";
+import { localeCode, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 
 export interface CronTimingView {
   schedule: { everyMs?: number; firstFireAt?: number; cron?: string; timezone?: string };
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ function humanizeCronInterval(ms: number): string {
 
 export function cronScheduleSummary(c: CronTimingView): string {
   if (c.schedule.cron) return `cron ${c.schedule.cron.trim().replace(/\s+/g, " ")}`;
-  return c.schedule.everyMs != null ? `every ${humanizeCronInterval(c.schedule.everyMs)}` : "one-time";
+  return c.schedule.everyMs != null ? t(`every ${humanizeCronInterval(c.schedule.everyMs)}`) : t("one-time");
 }
 
 export function cronScheduleDetail(c: CronTimingView): string {
@@ -35,11 +36,11 @@ export function cronScheduleDetail(c: CronTimingView): string {
   const label = summary.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + summary.slice(1);
   if (c.schedule.cron) {
     const tz = c.schedule.timezone?.trim();
-    return `${label}${tz ? ` (${tz})` : " (default timezone)"}`;
+    return `${label}${tz ? ` (${tz})` : ` ${t("(default timezone)")}`}`;
   }
   if (c.schedule.firstFireAt == null) return label;
   if (c.schedule.everyMs != null && c.lastFiredAt != null) return label;
-  const runLabel = c.schedule.everyMs != null ? "first run" : "run";
+  const runLabel = t(c.schedule.everyMs != null ? "first run" : "run");
   return `${label} - ${runLabel} ${formatCronDateTime(c.schedule.firstFireAt, Date.now(), c.schedule.timezone)}`;
 }
 
@@ -55,19 +56,19 @@ export function cronNextFire(c: CronTimingView): number | null {
 export function cronRunSummary(c: CronTimingView, now = Date.now()): string {
   const next = cronNextFire(c);
   const tz = c.schedule.cron ? calendarTimezone(c.schedule) : c.schedule.timezone;
-  if (next != null) return `${next <= now ? "due" : "next"} ${formatCronDateTime(next, now, tz)}`;
-  if (c.lastFiredAt != null) return `last ${relTime(c.lastFiredAt)}`;
-  if (c.schedule.firstFireAt != null) return `first ${formatCronDateTime(c.schedule.firstFireAt, now, tz)}`;
-  return "never fired";
+  if (next != null) return `${t(next <= now ? "due" : "next")} ${formatCronDateTime(next, now, tz)}`;
+  if (c.lastFiredAt != null) return `${t("last")} ${relTime(c.lastFiredAt)}`;
+  if (c.schedule.firstFireAt != null) return `${t("first")} ${formatCronDateTime(c.schedule.firstFireAt, now, tz)}`;
+  return t("never fired");
 }
 
 export function cronRunSummaryTitle(c: CronTimingView): string {
   const tz = c.schedule.cron ? calendarTimezone(c.schedule) : c.schedule.timezone;
   const next = cronNextFire(c);
-  if (next != null) return `Next run: ${formatTitleDateTime(next, tz)}`;
-  if (c.lastFiredAt != null) return `Last fired: ${formatTitleDateTime(c.lastFiredAt, tz)}`;
-  if (c.schedule.firstFireAt != null) return `First run: ${formatTitleDateTime(c.schedule.firstFireAt, tz)}`;
-  return "Never fired";
+  if (next != null) return t(`Next run: ${formatTitleDateTime(next, tz)}`);
+  if (c.lastFiredAt != null) return t(`Last fired: ${formatTitleDateTime(c.lastFiredAt, tz)}`);
+  if (c.schedule.firstFireAt != null) return t(`First run: ${formatTitleDateTime(c.schedule.firstFireAt, tz)}`);
+  return t("Never fired");
 }
 
 export function formatCronDateTime(ms: number, now = Date.now(), timeZone?: string): string {
@@ -79,22 +80,22 @@ export function formatCronDateTime(ms: number, now = Date.now(), timeZone?: stri
     if (zonedDate && zonedToday) {
       const time = formatTime(ms, timeZone);
       if (isSameDay(zonedDate, zonedToday)) return time;
-      if (isSameDay(zonedDate, addDays(zonedToday, 1))) return `tomorrow ${time}`;
+      if (isSameDay(zonedDate, addDays(zonedToday, 1))) return t(`tomorrow ${time}`);
       const dateOpts: Intl.DateTimeFormatOptions =
         zonedDate.getFullYear() === zonedToday.getFullYear()
           ? { month: "short", day: "numeric", timeZone }
           : { month: "short", day: "numeric", year: "numeric", timeZone };
-      return `${date.toLocaleDateString([], dateOpts)} ${time}`;
+      return `${date.toLocaleDateString(localeCode(), dateOpts)} ${time}`;
     }
   }
   const time = formatTime(ms);
   if (isSameDay(date, today)) return time;
-  if (isSameDay(date, addDays(today, 1))) return `tomorrow ${time}`;
+  if (isSameDay(date, addDays(today, 1))) return t(`tomorrow ${time}`);
   const dateOpts: Intl.DateTimeFormatOptions =
     date.getFullYear() === today.getFullYear()
       ? { month: "short", day: "numeric" }
       : { month: "short", day: "numeric", year: "numeric" };
-  return `${date.toLocaleDateString([], dateOpts)} ${time}`;
+  return `${date.toLocaleDateString(localeCode(), dateOpts)} ${time}`;
 }
 
 function calendarTimezone(schedule: { timezone?: string }): string | undefined {
@@ -135,24 +136,24 @@ function zoned(ms: number, timeZone: string): TZDate | null {
 
 function formatTime(ms: number, timeZone?: string): string {
   try {
-    return new Date(ms).toLocaleTimeString([], {
+    return new Date(ms).toLocaleTimeString(localeCode(), {
       hour: "numeric",
       minute: "2-digit",
       ...(timeZone ? { timeZone } : {}),
     });
   } catch {
-    return new Date(ms).toLocaleTimeString([], { hour: "numeric", minute: "2-digit" });
+    return new Date(ms).toLocaleTimeString(localeCode(), { hour: "numeric", minute: "2-digit" });
   }
 }
 
 function formatTitleDateTime(ms: number, timeZone?: string): string {
   try {
-    return new Intl.DateTimeFormat([], {
+    return new Intl.DateTimeFormat(localeCode(), {
       dateStyle: "medium",
       timeStyle: "short",
       ...(timeZone ? { timeZone } : {}),
     }).format(ms);
   } catch {
-    return new Date(ms).toLocaleString();
+    return new Date(ms).toLocaleString(localeCode());
   }
 }
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/crons.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/crons.ts
index db13191b..7facb974 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/crons.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/crons.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { html, nothing, render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { nothing, render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
 import { Archive, Pause, Pencil, Play, Plus, RotateCcw, Trash2 } from "lucide";
 import { api } from "./core-bridge";
 import { errMessage } from "../../chassis/src/errors";
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import { ensureContexts, scopeChip } from "./contexts";
 import { appState } from "./shell";
 import { mainConversation } from "./conversations";
 import { deepLinkPath, isPlainLeftClick, UI_BASE } from "./deep-link";
+import { html, localeCode, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 import {
   cronNextFire,
   cronRunSummary,
@@ -162,9 +163,9 @@ function cronPreview(c: CronView): string {
 function cronScopeLabel(c: CronView): string {
   const sep = c.ownerScopeId.indexOf(":");
   const kind = sep === -1 ? c.ownerScopeId : c.ownerScopeId.slice(0, sep);
-  if (kind === "channel") return c.scopeName ? `#${c.scopeName}` : "a Slack channel";
-  if (kind === "org") return "org-wide";
-  if (kind === "group") return "group";
+  if (kind === "channel") return c.scopeName ? `#${c.scopeName}` : t("a Slack channel");
+  if (kind === "org") return t("org-wide");
+  if (kind === "group") return t("group");
   return c.owner;
 }
 
@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ function cronStatusLabel(c: CronView): "enabled" | "disabled" | "archived" {
 
 function cronStatusText(c: CronView): string {
   const status = cronStatusLabel(c);
-  return status.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + status.slice(1);
+  return t(status.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + status.slice(1));
 }
 
 export async function renderCronsPage(): Promise<void> {
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ export async function renderCronsPage(): Promise<void> {
     ? (cronList.find((c) => c.id === wanted) ?? visibleCronList.find((c) => c.id === wanted))
     : undefined;
   if (wanted && !cron) {
-    cronActionNotice = "That cron wasn't found, or you don't have access to it.";
+    cronActionNotice = t("That cron wasn't found, or you don't have access to it.");
   }
   if (cron) openCron(cron);
   else drawCronsPage();
@@ -291,24 +292,24 @@ function toggleDisabledCrons(): void {
 }
 
 function cronEmptyRow(text: string): TemplateResult {
-  return html`<div class="empty compact cron-filter-empty">${text}</div>`;
+  return html`<div class="empty compact cron-filter-empty">${t(text)}</div>`;
 }
 
 function cronTabs(counts: Record<CronTab, number>): TemplateResult {
-  const tabs = CRON_TABS.filter((t) => t.value === "yours" || counts[t.value] > 0 || cronTab === t.value);
+  const tabs = CRON_TABS.filter((tab) => tab.value === "yours" || counts[tab.value] > 0 || cronTab === tab.value);
   return html`
     <div class="cron-list-controls" role="tablist" aria-label="Cron view">
       ${tabs.map(
-        (t) => html`
+        (tab) => html`
           <button
             type="button"
             role="tab"
-            aria-selected=${cronTab === t.value}
-            class="cron-filter-chip ${cronTab === t.value ? "active" : ""}"
-            @click=${() => setCronTab(t.value)}
+            aria-selected=${cronTab === tab.value}
+            class="cron-filter-chip ${cronTab === tab.value ? "active" : ""}"
+            @click=${() => setCronTab(tab.value)}
           >
-            <span>${t.label}</span>
-            <span class="cron-filter-count">${counts[t.value]}</span>
+            <span>${t(tab.label)}</span>
+            <span class="cron-filter-count">${counts[tab.value]}</span>
           </button>
         `,
       )}
@@ -319,7 +320,7 @@ function cronTabs(counts: Record<CronTab, number>): TemplateResult {
 function cronDisabledToggle(count: number): TemplateResult {
   return html`
     <button class="archived-toggle cron-disabled-toggle" type="button" @click=${toggleDisabledCrons}>
-      <span>${showDisabledCrons ? "Hide disabled" : "Show disabled"}</span>
+      <span>${t(showDisabledCrons ? "Hide disabled" : "Show disabled")}</span>
       <span class="archived-count">${count}</span>
     </button>
   `;
@@ -477,7 +478,7 @@ function openCron(c: CronView, opts: { push?: boolean } = {}): void {
             : nothing
         }
         <div class="field">
-          <label>${c.message !== undefined ? "Message" : "Task"}</label>
+          <label>${t(c.message !== undefined ? "Message" : "Task")}</label>
           <div class="value pre">${cronText(c)}</div>
         </div>
         <div class="field">
@@ -514,11 +515,11 @@ function openCron(c: CronView, opts: { push?: boolean } = {}): void {
         }
         <div class="field">
           <label>Next run</label>
-          <div class="value">${next != null ? new Date(next).toLocaleString() : "—"}</div>
+          <div class="value">${next != null ? new Date(next).toLocaleString(localeCode()) : "—"}</div>
         </div>
         <div class="field">
           <label>Last fired</label>
-          <div class="value">${c.lastFiredAt ? new Date(c.lastFiredAt).toLocaleString() : "Never"}</div>
+          <div class="value">${c.lastFiredAt ? new Date(c.lastFiredAt).toLocaleString(localeCode()) : t("Never")}</div>
         </div>
         ${manageable ? cronRunHistory(c) : nothing}
         ${
@@ -567,7 +568,7 @@ function cronRunHistory(c: CronView): TemplateResult {
         const detail = run.note ?? (run.reply ? clipWords(run.reply, 120) : "");
         return html` <div class="cron-run-row">
           <span class="badge">${run.status ?? "completed"}</span>
-          <span class="cron-run-time">${new Date(run.firedAt).toLocaleString()}</span>
+          <span class="cron-run-time">${new Date(run.firedAt).toLocaleString(localeCode())}</span>
           <span class=${run.note ? "cron-run-detail cron-run-error" : "cron-run-detail"} title=${detail}>
             ${detail}
           </span>
@@ -625,7 +626,7 @@ function runCronNow(id: string): Promise<void> {
   return cronMutate(async () => {
     try {
       await api(`/api/crons/${encodeURIComponent(id)}/run`, { method: "POST" });
-      cronActionNotice = "Run started. Refresh recent runs after it completes.";
+      cronActionNotice = t("Run started. Refresh recent runs after it completes.");
     } catch (e) {
       cronActionNotice = errMessage(e, "run failed");
     }
@@ -709,9 +710,11 @@ function cronDialogTpl(dialog: { kind: "rename" | "delete"; cron: CronView }): T
             </div>`
       }
       <p class="hint">
-        To change
-        ${c.message === undefined ? "the schedule, timezone, destination, or run mode" : "the message, schedule, timezone, destination, or run mode"},
-        use the agent so it can validate the resulting behavior and permissions.
+        ${t(
+          c.message === undefined
+            ? "To change the schedule, timezone, destination, or run mode, use the agent so it can validate the resulting behavior and permissions."
+            : "To change the message, schedule, timezone, destination, or run mode, use the agent so it can validate the resulting behavior and permissions.",
+        )}
       </p>
       <div class="form-error"></div>
       <div class="project-dialog-actions">
@@ -731,13 +734,13 @@ async function saveCronEdit(event: SubmitEvent, c: CronView): Promise<void> {
   const task = taskControl?.value.trim();
   const error = form.querySelector<HTMLElement>(".form-error");
   if (!title || (taskControl && !task)) {
-    if (error) error.textContent = taskControl ? "Title and task are required." : "Title is required.";
+    if (error) error.textContent = t(taskControl ? "Title and task are required." : "Title is required.");
     return;
   }
   const ok = await patchCron(c.id, { title, ...(task ? { task } : {}) }, "edit failed");
   if (!ok) return;
   cronDialog = null;
-  cronActionNotice = "Cron updated.";
+  cronActionNotice = t("Cron updated.");
   await reopenCron(c.id);
 }
 
@@ -828,7 +831,7 @@ function onCreateCron(e: Event): void {
   const errSlot = form.querySelector(".form-error") as HTMLElement | null;
   const text = (form.querySelector('textarea[name="text"]') as HTMLTextAreaElement | null)?.value.trim() ?? "";
   if (!text) {
-    if (errSlot) errSlot.textContent = "Describe the cron you want.";
+    if (errSlot) errSlot.textContent = t("Describe the cron you want.");
     return;
   }
   const conv = mainConversation();
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/deploys.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/deploys.ts
index 1eba4f8c..d16448bb 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/deploys.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/deploys.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { html, nothing, render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { nothing, render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
 import { live } from "lit/directives/live.js";
 import { Archive, Check, Copy, ExternalLink, MoreHorizontal, Pencil, RotateCcw, X } from "lucide";
 import { api, withBase } from "./core-bridge";
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import {
   withoutDeploymentDetailNotice,
   type DeploymentNotices,
 } from "./deploy-notices";
+import { html, localeCode, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 import {
   deploymentAfterRestore,
   deploymentActionView,
@@ -90,30 +91,32 @@ function permissionBadge(d: DeploymentView): TemplateResult {
   const title = manage
     ? "You own this app or have permission to manage it."
     : "This app is shared with a context you can access. You can open and clone it, but not change it.";
-  return html`<span class="deploy-permission ${manage ? "manage" : "view"}" title=${title}
-    >${manage ? "Can manage" : "Can view"}</span
+  return html`<span class="deploy-permission ${manage ? "manage" : "view"}" title=${t(title)}
+    >${t(manage ? "Can manage" : "Can view")}</span
   >`;
 }
 
 function versionLabel(d: DeploymentView): string {
-  if (d.currentVersion === undefined) return "Version unknown";
+  if (d.currentVersion === undefined) return t("Version unknown");
   if (d.appliedVersion !== undefined && d.appliedVersion !== d.currentVersion)
-    return `v${d.appliedVersion} live · v${d.currentVersion} pending`;
+    return `v${d.appliedVersion} ${t("live")} · v${d.currentVersion} ${t("pending")}`;
   return `v${d.currentVersion}`;
 }
 
 function deployedLabel(d: DeploymentView): string {
   const at = deploymentLatestAt(d);
-  return at ? `Deployed ${relTime(at)}` : "Deployment time unavailable";
+  return at ? `${t("Deployed")} ${relTime(at)}` : t("Deployment time unavailable");
 }
 
 function ownerLabel(d: DeploymentView): string {
   const me = appState.me?.user;
-  if (d.ownerScopeId === `personal:${me}`) return "Your personal context";
+  if (d.ownerScopeId === `personal:${me}`) return t("Your personal context");
   if (d.ownerScopeId?.startsWith("personal:"))
-    return `${friendlyPrincipal(d.ownerScopeId.slice("personal:".length))} · Personal`;
-  if (d.ownerScopeId?.startsWith("org:")) return "Organization";
-  return d.createdBy ? `Shared context · created by ${friendlyPrincipal(d.createdBy)}` : "Shared context";
+    return `${friendlyPrincipal(d.ownerScopeId.slice("personal:".length))} · ${t("Personal")}`;
+  if (d.ownerScopeId?.startsWith("org:")) return t("Organization");
+  return d.createdBy
+    ? `${t("Shared context")} · ${t("created by")} ${friendlyPrincipal(d.createdBy)}`
+    : t("Shared context");
 }
 
 function deployTabs(): TemplateResult {
@@ -138,7 +141,7 @@ function deployTabs(): TemplateResult {
               drawDeploysPage();
             }}
           >
-            <span>${tab.label}</span><span class="cron-filter-count">${counts[tab.value]}</span>
+            <span>${t(tab.label)}</span><span class="cron-filter-count">${counts[tab.value]}</span>
           </button>
         `,
       )}
@@ -154,7 +157,7 @@ function deploymentRow(d: DeploymentView): TemplateResult {
       <button class="deploy-row-main" type="button" @click=${() => void openDeploy(d)}>
         <span class="deploy-row-title">
           <span class="list-row-title">${deploymentTitle(d)}</span>
-          <span class="deploy-status ${statusClass(d)}"><span></span>${statusLabel(d)}</span>
+          <span class="deploy-status ${statusClass(d)}"><span></span>${t(statusLabel(d))}</span>
         </span>
         <span class="deploy-row-url">/d/${deploymentSlug(d)}/</span>
         <span class="list-row-meta deploy-row-meta">
@@ -200,7 +203,7 @@ function deployMenu(d: DeploymentView): TemplateResult {
         class="session-menu-btn deploy-menu-trigger"
         data-deployment-id=${d.id}
         type="button"
-        aria-label=${`More actions for ${deploymentTitle(d)}`}
+        aria-label=${t(`More actions for ${deploymentTitle(d)}`)}
         aria-haspopup="menu"
         aria-expanded=${open ? "true" : "false"}
         @click=${(event: Event) => {
@@ -277,11 +280,11 @@ function drawDeploysPage(): void {
   const allForTab = deployList.filter(
     (d) => deploymentTab(d, viewer) === deployTab && deploymentInScope(d, deployScope),
   );
-  let empty = deploymentTabEmptyMessage(deployTab);
+  let empty = t(deploymentTabEmptyMessage(deployTab));
   if (!deployList.length && deployNotices.list) empty = deployNotices.list;
-  else if (deployLoading && deployList.length === 0) empty = "Loading apps…";
-  else if (deployQuery && allForTab.length) empty = "No apps match your search.";
-  else if (deployScope) empty = "No apps in this context.";
+  else if (deployLoading && deployList.length === 0) empty = t("Loading apps…");
+  else if (deployQuery && allForTab.length) empty = t("No apps match your search.");
+  else if (deployScope) empty = t("No apps in this context.");
   const content = deployList.length
     ? [
         deployTabs(),
@@ -373,7 +376,7 @@ function drawDeployDetail(d: DeploymentView, loading = false): void {
           <div>
             <div class="deploy-heading-title">
               <h2>${deploymentTitle(d)}</h2>
-              <span class="deploy-status ${statusClass(d)}"><span></span>${statusLabel(d)}</span>
+              <span class="deploy-status ${statusClass(d)}"><span></span>${t(statusLabel(d))}</span>
             </div>
             <div class="deploy-detail-url">/d/${deploymentSlug(d)}/</div>
           </div>
@@ -389,16 +392,18 @@ function drawDeployDetail(d: DeploymentView, loading = false): void {
         <section class="deploy-detail-section">
           <h3>Overview</h3>
           <div class="deploy-facts">
-            <div><span>Status</span><strong>${statusLabel(d)}</strong></div>
+            <div><span>Status</span><strong>${t(statusLabel(d))}</strong></div>
             <div><span>Live version</span><strong>${d.appliedVersion ?? d.currentVersion ?? "—"}</strong></div>
             <div><span>Latest version</span><strong>${d.currentVersion ?? "—"}</strong></div>
             <div>
               <span>Last deployed</span
-              ><strong>${deploymentLatestAt(d) ? new Date(deploymentLatestAt(d)).toLocaleString() : "—"}</strong>
+              ><strong
+                >${deploymentLatestAt(d) ? new Date(deploymentLatestAt(d)).toLocaleString(localeCode()) : "—"}</strong
+              >
             </div>
             <div>
               <span>Last opened</span
-              ><strong>${d.lastAccessAt ? relTime(d.lastAccessAt) : "No recorded access"}</strong>
+              ><strong>${d.lastAccessAt ? relTime(d.lastAccessAt) : t("No recorded access")}</strong>
             </div>
             <div><span>Access</span><strong>${permissionBadge(d)}</strong></div>
           </div>
@@ -408,7 +413,7 @@ function drawDeployDetail(d: DeploymentView, loading = false): void {
           <h3>Ownership and access</h3>
           <div class="field">
             <label>Created in</label>
-            <div class="value">${contextScope ? scopeChip(contextScope) : "Unknown"}</div>
+            <div class="value">${contextScope ? scopeChip(contextScope) : t("Unknown")}</div>
           </div>
           <div class="field">
             <label>Owner</label>
@@ -439,7 +444,7 @@ function drawDeployDetail(d: DeploymentView, loading = false): void {
                     </button>
                   </div>
                   <p class="hint">
-                    ${d.permission === "write" ? "Clone or push a new version with this short-lived authenticated URL." : "Clone source with this short-lived read-only authenticated URL."}
+                    ${t(d.permission === "write" ? "Clone or push a new version with this short-lived authenticated URL." : "Clone source with this short-lived read-only authenticated URL.")}
                   </p>
                 </div>`
               : nothing
@@ -494,7 +499,7 @@ function drawDeployDetail(d: DeploymentView, loading = false): void {
                           >${version.version === d.appliedVersion ? html`<span class="badge ok">Live</span>` : nothing}${version.version === d.currentVersion && version.version !== d.appliedVersion ? html`<span class="badge">Latest</span>` : nothing}
                         </div>
                         <div>
-                          <span>${new Date(version.createdAt).toLocaleString()}</span
+                          <span>${new Date(version.createdAt).toLocaleString(localeCode())}</span
                           >${version.commit ? html`<code title=${version.commit}>${version.commit.slice(0, 10)}</code>` : nothing}
                         </div>
                       </div>
@@ -534,7 +539,7 @@ function deployEditForm(d: DeploymentView, field: "displayName" | "name"): Templ
         <span class="deploy-slug-input ${slug ? "" : "name"}"
           >${slug ? html`<span>/d/</span>` : nothing}<input
             class="deploy-edit-input"
-            aria-label=${slug ? "URL slug" : "Display name"}
+            aria-label=${t(slug ? "URL slug" : "Display name")}
             ?disabled=${deploySaving}
             .value=${live(deployDraft)}
             @input=${(event: InputEvent) => {
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/files.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/files.ts
index 2fc996b9..73c3693a 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/files.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/files.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import { html, nothing, render } from "lit";
+import { nothing, render } from "lit";
+import { html, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 import { File, Image, Upload } from "lucide";
 import { api, reportSigninRequired, type SigninRequired, withBase } from "./core-bridge";
 import { errMessage } from "../../chassis/src/errors";
@@ -38,6 +39,11 @@ let filesHost: HTMLElement | null = null;
 let filesRequestSeq = 0;
 let filesLoadAllQueued = false;
 
+function fileErrorNotice(error: unknown, fallback: string): string {
+  const message = errMessage(error, fallback);
+  return message === fallback ? t(fallback) : message;
+}
+
 function fileScope(f: FileItem): string | null {
   return f.createdInScope ?? (f.ownerScopeId?.startsWith("personal:") ? f.ownerScopeId : null) ?? personalScopeId();
 }
@@ -56,11 +62,11 @@ function selectControl(
   onChange: (value: string) => void,
 ) {
   return html`<label class="list-select"
-    ><span>${label}</span>${fieldSelect({
+    ><span>${t(label)}</span>${fieldSelect({
       compact: true,
       value,
       onChange,
-      options: options.map(([v, text]) => html`<option value=${v}>${text}</option>`),
+      options: options.map(([v, text]) => html`<option value=${v}>${t(text)}</option>`),
     })}</label
   >`;
 }
@@ -91,7 +97,7 @@ function drawFiles(loading = false): void {
   let dropLabel = "Drop files here or choose files";
   if (filesDragActive) dropLabel = "Drop files";
   else if (filesUploading) dropLabel = "Uploading…";
-  const status = filesNotice || (loading && !fileRows.length ? "Loading files…" : "");
+  const status = filesNotice || (loading && !fileRows.length ? t("Loading files…") : "");
   const uploadTarget = filesScope ?? personalScopeId();
   render(
     html`
@@ -122,7 +128,7 @@ function drawFiles(loading = false): void {
         @dragleave=${onFileDragLeave}
         @drop=${onFileDrop}
       >
-        ${icon(Upload, 18)}<span>${dropLabel}</span>${uploadTarget ? scopeChip(uploadTarget) : nothing}
+        ${icon(Upload, 18)}<span>${t(dropLabel)}</span>${uploadTarget ? scopeChip(uploadTarget) : nothing}
       </button>
       <div class="list-toolbar">
         <label class="list-search"
@@ -182,8 +188,8 @@ function drawFiles(loading = false): void {
           },
         )}
       </div>
-      ${visible.length ? html`<div class="list-rows file-list">${visible.map(fileRow)}</div>` : html`<div class="empty compact">${filtered ? "No files match these filters." : "No files yet. Upload one here or ask the agent to create one."}</div>`}
-      ${filesNextCursor ? html`<div class="list-footer"><button class="btn" type="button" ?disabled=${filesLoadingMore} @click=${() => void loadMoreFiles()}>${filesLoadingMore ? "Loading…" : "Load more"}</button></div>` : nothing}
+      ${visible.length ? html`<div class="list-rows file-list">${visible.map(fileRow)}</div>` : html`<div class="empty compact">${t(filtered ? "No files match these filters." : "No files yet. Upload one here or ask the agent to create one.")}</div>`}
+      ${filesNextCursor ? html`<div class="list-footer"><button class="btn" type="button" ?disabled=${filesLoadingMore} @click=${() => void loadMoreFiles()}>${t(filesLoadingMore ? "Loading…" : "Load more")}</button></div>` : nothing}
     `,
     filesHost,
   );
@@ -196,7 +202,7 @@ function fileRow(f: FileRow) {
     <span class="file-row-icon">${icon(isImage ? Image : File, 17)}</span>
     <span class="list-row-title"><span>${f.name}</span><span class="file-row-type">${f.mimetype}</span></span>
     <span class="list-row-meta"
-      >${scopeChip(fileScope(f))}<span class="badge">${f.kind}</span><span>${formatBytes(f.sizeBytes)}</span
+      >${scopeChip(fileScope(f))}<span class="badge">${t(f.kind)}</span><span>${formatBytes(f.sizeBytes)}</span
       ><span>${relTime(f.createdAt)}</span
       >${f.openable ? html`<a class="btn compact" href=${contentUrl} target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">Open</a>` : html`<span>Unavailable</span>`}</span
     >
@@ -237,7 +243,7 @@ async function uploadFiles(files: globalThis.File[]): Promise<void> {
   const picked = files.filter((f) => f.size >= 0);
   if (!picked.length || filesUploading) return;
   filesUploading = true;
-  filesNotice = `Uploading ${picked.length} ${picked.length === 1 ? "file" : "files"}…`;
+  filesNotice = t(`Uploading ${picked.length} ${picked.length === 1 ? "file" : "files"}…`);
   drawFiles();
   let uploaded = 0;
   try {
@@ -245,10 +251,11 @@ async function uploadFiles(files: globalThis.File[]): Promise<void> {
       await uploadOne(file);
       uploaded++;
     }
-    filesNotice = `Uploaded ${picked.length} ${picked.length === 1 ? "file" : "files"}.`;
+    filesNotice = t(`Uploaded ${picked.length} ${picked.length === 1 ? "file" : "files"}.`);
     await loadFiles(appState.viewRenderSeq);
   } catch (e) {
-    filesNotice = `${uploaded ? `Uploaded ${uploaded} of ${picked.length}. ` : ""}${errMessage(e, "Upload failed.")}`;
+    const error = fileErrorNotice(e, "Upload failed.");
+    filesNotice = uploaded ? t(`Uploaded ${uploaded} of ${picked.length}. ${error}`) : error;
     if (uploaded) await loadFiles(appState.viewRenderSeq);
     else drawFiles();
   } finally {
@@ -324,7 +331,7 @@ async function loadMoreFiles(): Promise<void> {
     filesNextCursor = page.nextCursor;
   } catch (e) {
     if (requestSeq !== filesRequestSeq) return;
-    filesNotice = errMessage(e, "Failed to load more files.");
+    filesNotice = fileErrorNotice(e, "Failed to load more files.");
   }
   if (requestSeq !== filesRequestSeq) return;
   filesLoadingMore = false;
@@ -357,7 +364,7 @@ async function loadAllFiles(): Promise<void> {
     }
   } catch (e) {
     if (requestSeq !== filesRequestSeq) return;
-    filesNotice = errMessage(e, "Failed to load all matching files.");
+    filesNotice = fileErrorNotice(e, "Failed to load all matching files.");
   }
   if (requestSeq !== filesRequestSeq) return;
   filesLoadAllQueued = false;
@@ -379,7 +386,7 @@ async function loadFiles(seq: number): Promise<void> {
     void loadAllFiles();
   } catch (e) {
     if (requestSeq !== filesRequestSeq || seq !== appState.viewRenderSeq || appState.currentView !== "files") return;
-    filesNotice = errMessage(e, "Failed to load files.");
+    filesNotice = fileErrorNotice(e, "Failed to load files.");
   }
   drawFiles();
 }
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/fork-origin.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/fork-origin.ts
index 06cacb3c..4e7928dc 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/fork-origin.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/fork-origin.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import { html, nothing, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { nothing, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { html, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 
 export interface ForkOriginView {
   title: string;
@@ -85,10 +86,12 @@ export function forkOriginView(view: ForkOriginView | null): TemplateResult | ty
   if (!view) return nothing;
   return html`<div class="fork-origin-row">
     <button class="fork-origin-badge" type="button" @click=${view.navigate}>
-      ${view.icon ?? nothing}<span>Forked from ${view.title}</span>${
-        view.messageCount ? html`<span>· ${view.messageCount} messages</span>` : nothing
+      ${view.icon ?? nothing}<span>${t("Forked from")} ${view.title}</span>${
+        view.messageCount ? html`<span>· ${t(`${view.messageCount} messages`)}</span>` : nothing
       }
     </button>
-    <button class="fork-origin-toggle" type="button" @click=${view.toggle}>${view.expanded ? "hide" : "show"}</button>
+    <button class="fork-origin-toggle" type="button" @click=${view.toggle}>
+      ${t(view.expanded ? "hide" : "show")}
+    </button>
   </div>`;
 }
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/i18n.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/i18n.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e86fe5d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/i18n.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,677 @@
+import { html as litHtml, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+
+export type AppLocale = "en" | "zh-CN";
+
+export const LOCALE_KEY = "qm:locale";
+
+const ZH: Record<string, string> = {
+  "(default timezone)": "（默认时区）",
+  "(no action)": "（无操作）",
+  "(no output yet)": "（暂无输出）",
+  "(untitled cron)": "（未命名定时任务）",
+  "Access revoked ✓": "已撤销访问权限 ✓",
+  "Act immediately": "立即执行",
+  Active: "使用中",
+  All: "全部",
+  "All contexts": "所有上下文",
+  "All files": "所有文件",
+  "All types": "所有类型",
+  "Allow always": "始终允许",
+  "Allow for session": "本会话允许",
+  "Allow once": "允许一次",
+  "Already open in a pane": "已在窗格中打开",
+  "Another keychain change is still in progress.": "另一项密钥链更改仍在进行中。",
+  "Approval needed": "需要审批",
+  "Approve or deny to continue": "请批准或拒绝后继续",
+  "Archive skill": "归档技能",
+  "Archiving…": "正在归档…",
+  "Archiving deployment…": "正在归档部署…",
+  "Ask anything": "输入任何问题",
+  Apps: "应用",
+  Archive: "归档",
+  Archived: "已归档",
+  Auto: "自动",
+  "Back to admin": "返回管理端",
+  "Back to skills": "返回技能",
+  "Background activity": "后台活动",
+  "Batch updates": "批量更新",
+  Browse: "浏览",
+  "Can manage": "可管理",
+  "Can view": "可查看",
+  Cancel: "取消",
+  Channel: "频道",
+  "Channels & messages": "频道和消息",
+  Chats: "对话",
+  Close: "关闭",
+  "Close pane": "关闭窗格",
+  "Close sidebar": "关闭侧边栏",
+  "Clone or push a new version with this short-lived authenticated URL.": "使用此短期有效的认证 URL 克隆或推送新版本。",
+  "Clone source with this short-lived read-only authenticated URL.": "使用此短期有效的只读认证 URL 克隆源码。",
+  "Color scheme: light / dark / system": "颜色模式：浅色 / 深色 / 跟随系统",
+  "Color row": "设置行颜色",
+  "Clear color": "清除颜色",
+  "Clear row color": "清除行颜色",
+  "Connect account": "连接账户",
+  Connectors: "连接器",
+  Continue: "继续",
+  context: "上下文",
+  Conversation: "对话",
+  "Conversation options": "对话选项",
+  Copied: "已复制",
+  Contexts: "上下文",
+  "Context settings": "上下文设置",
+  "Core returned an invalid project": "核心服务返回了无效项目",
+  "Could not attach that file.": "无法附加该文件。",
+  "Could not create the one-time page.": "无法创建一次性页面。",
+  "Could not delete the key.": "无法删除密钥。",
+  "Could not disconnect.": "无法断开连接。",
+  "Could not revoke access.": "无法撤销访问权限。",
+  "Could not start the connector.": "无法启动连接器。",
+  "Could not deliver the message — the running task ended mid-send. It is back in the composer.":
+    "无法送达消息——正在运行的任务在发送途中结束。消息已返回编辑器。",
+  "Could not deliver the message — the running task never settled. It is back in the composer.":
+    "无法送达消息——正在运行的任务始终未完成。消息已返回编辑器。",
+  "Could not load runtime settings.": "无法加载运行时设置。",
+  "Could not send message.": "无法发送消息。",
+  "Could not start the conversation.": "无法开始对话。",
+  "Custom color (RGB picker)": "自定义颜色（RGB 选择器）",
+  "Custom row color": "自定义行颜色",
+  "Couldn't change the model — try again.": "无法更改模型——请重试。",
+  "Couldn't load this project's model.": "无法加载此项目的模型。",
+  "Couldn't create that project.": "无法创建该项目。",
+  "Couldn't load this conversation. Check your connection and click it again.":
+    "无法加载此对话。请检查网络连接后重新点击。",
+  "Couldn't save — try again.": "无法保存——请重试。",
+  "Create project": "创建项目",
+  "Cron updated.": "定时任务已更新。",
+  "Copy link": "复制链接",
+  "Create skill": "创建技能",
+  "Creating…": "正在创建…",
+  "Created here": "在此创建",
+  Created: "已创建",
+  Current: "当前",
+  Crons: "定时任务",
+  "Default model for this project": "此项目的默认模型",
+  "Delete this cron? This can't be undone.": "删除此定时任务？此操作无法撤销。",
+  "Delete this skill? This can't be undone.": "删除此技能？此操作无法撤销。",
+  "Delete credential": "删除凭据",
+  Delete: "删除",
+  Deployments: "部署",
+  "Deploy with Agent": "使用智能体部署",
+  "Deployment time unavailable": "无法获取部署时间",
+  "Direct message": "私信",
+  Disable: "禁用",
+  Documents: "文档",
+  "Discard and refresh": "放弃并刷新",
+  "Discard unsaved memory changes?": "放弃未保存的记忆更改？",
+  "Disconnect account": "断开账户连接",
+  "Display name": "显示名称",
+  "Drag to resize · double-click to reset": "拖动调整大小 · 双击重置",
+  "Drop files": "拖入文件",
+  "Drop files here or choose files": "将文件拖到此处或选择文件",
+  "Batch into one message": "合并为一条消息",
+  "Enter a project name.": "请输入项目名称。",
+  "Enter at least two characters.": "请至少输入两个字符。",
+  "Edit notebook": "编辑笔记本",
+  "Encrypted at rest": "已加密存储",
+  Enable: "启用",
+  Enter: "确定",
+  Effort: "思考强度",
+  "Facts view": "事实视图",
+  Fast: "快速",
+  "Fast mode": "快速模式",
+  "Fast mode active": "快速模式已启用",
+  "Fast mode is only available on Opus models": "快速模式仅适用于 Opus 模型",
+  Files: "文件",
+  "Files & folders": "文件和文件夹",
+  "Attach files": "添加附件",
+  "Following the org default — it changes when the org's does.": "跟随组织默认值——组织设置更改时会同步更改。",
+  "Filter skills by scope": "按范围筛选技能",
+  "Filter skills by source": "按来源筛选技能",
+  "Finished step": "已完成步骤",
+  "Focus this pane over the grid": "聚焦此窗格",
+  Group: "群组",
+  Harness: "调度器",
+  High: "高",
+  Ignore: "忽略",
+  Images: "图片",
+  "Gmail, Calendar, Drive, Sheets": "Gmail、日历、云端硬盘、表格",
+  "Google Workspace": "Google Workspace",
+  "Group DM": "群组私信",
+  "Hi — I'm your AI teammate 👋": "你好——我是你的 AI 队友 👋",
+  "Instructions unavailable.": "指令不可用。",
+  "Just you — your web chats and DMs with the agent live here.": "仅你可见——你与智能体的 Web 对话和私信保存在此。",
+  "Hide background activity": "隐藏后台活动",
+  "Hide disabled": "隐藏已禁用项",
+  Hide: "隐藏",
+  "Hide non-web conversations": "隐藏非 Web 对话",
+  "Hide output": "隐藏输出",
+  "Hide sidebar": "隐藏侧边栏",
+  "Interrupted — resuming…": "已中断——正在恢复…",
+  "Issues & projects": "问题和项目",
+  Keychain: "密钥链",
+  "Load more": "加载更多",
+  "Loading apps…": "正在加载应用…",
+  "Loading conversations…": "正在加载对话…",
+  "Loading conversations...": "正在加载对话…",
+  "Loading crons…": "正在加载定时任务…",
+  "Loading earlier messages…": "正在加载更早的消息…",
+  "Loading files…": "正在加载文件…",
+  "Failed to load all matching files.": "无法加载所有匹配的文件。",
+  "Failed to load background activity.": "无法加载后台活动。",
+  "Failed to load connectors.": "无法加载连接器。",
+  "Failed to load files.": "无法加载文件。",
+  "Failed to load more files.": "无法加载更多文件。",
+  "Failed to load stored keys.": "无法加载已存储的密钥。",
+  "Loading instructions…": "正在加载指令…",
+  "Loading output…": "正在加载输出…",
+  "Loading projects…": "正在加载项目…",
+  "Loading runtime…": "正在加载运行时…",
+  "Loading skill instructions…": "正在加载技能指令…",
+  "Loading skills…": "正在加载技能…",
+  "Loading your keychain…": "正在加载密钥链…",
+  "It will immediately revoke": "将立即撤销",
+  "It will also stop": "还将停止",
+  "Managed process": "已管理进程",
+  "Managing process": "正在管理进程",
+  Memory: "记忆",
+  "Memory changed in another conversation. Your draft is still here; copy it if needed, then refresh to merge with the latest version.":
+    "记忆已在另一个对话中发生变化。你的草稿仍保留在此；如有需要请先复制，然后刷新以合并最新版本。",
+  Low: "低",
+  Max: "最高",
+  Medium: "中",
+  Message: "消息",
+  Model: "模型",
+  Name: "名称",
+  "Needs your approval": "需要你批准",
+  Never: "从未",
+  "Never fired": "从未触发",
+  "New chat": "新建对话",
+  "New cron": "新建定时任务",
+  "New session": "新建会话",
+  "New skill": "新建技能",
+  "No audited use yet": "暂无已审计使用记录",
+  "No active crons.": "暂无启用的定时任务。",
+  "No authorization URL was returned.": "未返回授权 URL。",
+  "Service and purpose are required.": "服务名称和用途为必填项。",
+  "No apps in this context.": "此上下文中暂无应用。",
+  "No apps match your search.": "没有匹配搜索条件的应用。",
+  "No apps of your own yet.": "你还没有自己的应用。",
+  "No apps shared with you.": "暂无共享给你的应用。",
+  "No conversations match.": "没有匹配的对话。",
+  "No conversations yet — start a new chat.": "暂无对话——请开始新对话。",
+  "No conversations yet.": "暂无对话。",
+  "No crons in this context.": "此上下文中暂无定时任务。",
+  "No crons shared with you.": "暂无共享给你的定时任务。",
+  "No crons yet.": "暂无定时任务。",
+  "No files match these filters.": "没有匹配筛选条件的文件。",
+  "No files yet. Upload one here or ask the agent to create one.": "暂无文件。可在此上传，或让智能体创建。",
+  "No projects match your search.": "没有匹配搜索条件的项目。",
+  "No projects yet.": "暂无项目。",
+  "No remembered facts match this search.": "没有匹配搜索条件的记忆事实。",
+  "No skills available yet.": "暂无可用技能。",
+  "No recorded access": "暂无访问记录",
+  "None required": "无需操作",
+  Newest: "最新",
+  Older: "较旧",
+  Oldest: "最旧",
+  "Open full screen": "全屏打开",
+  "Open here": "在此打开",
+  "Open in Slack": "在 Slack 中打开",
+  Organization: "组织",
+  Other: "其他",
+  Ownership: "所有权",
+  "Pages & databases": "页面和数据库",
+  "Personal — only you": "个人——仅你可见",
+  Personal: "个人",
+  Pin: "置顶",
+  Pinned: "已置顶",
+  Project: "项目",
+  Projects: "项目",
+  Published: "已发布",
+  Publishing: "正在发布",
+  "Pick a conversation, or start a new chat.": "选择一个对话，或开始新对话。",
+  "Posts & profile": "帖子和个人资料",
+  "Previous 30 days": "过去 30 天",
+  "Previous 7 days": "过去 7 天",
+  "Preparing…": "正在准备…",
+  "Project settings": "项目设置",
+  "Project options": "项目选项",
+  "Pinned for this project. Anyone in a chat can still pick a different model for that conversation.":
+    "已为此项目固定。对话中的任何人仍可为该对话选择其他模型。",
+  "Publish change": "发布更改",
+  "Publish skill": "发布技能",
+  "Ran command": "已运行命令",
+  "Read file": "已读取文件",
+  "Reading file": "正在读取文件",
+  "Refresh title": "刷新标题",
+  "Refreshing title": "正在刷新标题",
+  Rename: "重命名",
+  "Rename conversation": "重命名对话",
+  "Rename project": "重命名项目",
+  "Repos, issues & PRs": "仓库、问题和 PR",
+  Reconnect: "重新连接",
+  "Resize sidebar": "调整侧边栏大小",
+  "Restore revision": "恢复修订版",
+  "Restore to grid (Esc)": "恢复网格视图 (Esc)",
+  "Restoring deployment…": "正在恢复部署…",
+  "Revision restored ✓": "已恢复修订版 ✓",
+  "Revision restored ✓ History could not refresh.": "已恢复修订版 ✓，但历史记录未能刷新。",
+  "Run started. Refresh recent runs after it completes.": "运行已开始。完成后请刷新最近运行记录。",
+  "Revoke access": "撤销访问权限",
+  "Revoke access for": "撤销以下范围的访问权限：",
+  Restore: "恢复",
+  "Running command": "正在运行命令",
+  "Save changes": "保存更改",
+  "Saving…": "正在保存…",
+  Save: "保存",
+  "Saved ✓": "已保存 ✓",
+  "Saved ✓ History could not refresh.": "已保存 ✓，但历史记录未能刷新。",
+  "Scope variant": "范围变体",
+  "Search apps": "搜索应用",
+  "Search chats…": "搜索对话…",
+  "Search crons": "搜索定时任务",
+  "Search skills…": "搜索技能…",
+  "Describe the cron you want.": "请描述你想创建的定时任务。",
+  Send: "发送",
+  Sessions: "会话",
+  "Searched history": "已搜索历史记录",
+  "Searched memory": "已搜索记忆",
+  "Searching history": "正在搜索历史记录",
+  "Searching memory": "正在搜索记忆",
+  "Thinking…": "正在思考…",
+  "Shared channel": "共享频道",
+  "Shared context": "共享上下文",
+  Shared: "已共享",
+  "Shared personal space": "共享个人空间",
+  "Show disabled": "显示已禁用项",
+  Show: "显示",
+  "Show earlier messages": "显示更早的消息",
+  "Show less": "收起",
+  "Show live output": "显示实时输出",
+  "Show more": "显示更多",
+  "Show sidebar": "显示侧边栏",
+  "Showing web chats only": "仅显示 Web 对话",
+  "Sign-in failed.": "登录失败。",
+  "Sign out": "退出登录",
+  "Signing in…": "正在登录…",
+  Skills: "技能",
+  "Sort apps": "应用排序",
+  Sort: "排序",
+  "Split down": "向下拆分",
+  "Split left": "向左拆分",
+  "Split right": "向右拆分",
+  "Split this pane with a new session": "拆分此窗格并新建会话",
+  "Split up": "向上拆分",
+  "Start the chat first, then open it full screen": "请先开始对话，再全屏打开",
+  "Steer the running task": "调整正在运行的任务",
+  "Steer the running task (attachments stay for your next message)": "调整正在运行的任务（附件保留至下条消息）",
+  "Steer the running task…": "调整正在运行的任务…",
+  standing: "长期",
+  This: "此项",
+  "Still syncing this conversation — try again in a moment": "正在同步此对话——请稍后重试",
+  "That conversation wasn't found, or you don't have access to it.": "未找到该对话，或你无权访问。",
+  "That cron wasn't found, or you don't have access to it.": "未找到该定时任务，或你无权访问。",
+  "The agent hasn’t noted any facts yet.": "智能体尚未记录任何事实。",
+  "This conversation is read-only here.": "此对话在这里为只读状态。",
+  "This conversation lives in Slack. Replies happen there.": "此对话位于 Slack 中，请在那里回复。",
+  "This chat runs in the": "此对话运行于",
+  "context — the agent works with that context's files and memory, separate from your personal context.":
+    "上下文中——智能体使用该上下文的文件和记忆，并与个人上下文隔离。",
+  "This app is shared with a context you can access. You can open and clone it, but not change it.":
+    "此应用已共享到你可访问的上下文。你可以打开和克隆，但不能修改。",
+  "Read-only": "只读",
+  "Timed out waiting for the agent to respond.": "等待智能体响应超时。",
+  "Title and task are required.": "标题和任务为必填项。",
+  "Title is required.": "标题为必填项。",
+  "Switch to Chinese": "切换到中文",
+  "Switch to English": "切换到英文",
+  "Treat like a person": "像对待真人一样",
+  Unavailable: "不可用",
+  Task: "任务",
+  Thinking: "正在思考",
+  Today: "今天",
+  Type: "类型",
+  "Tried command": "已尝试命令",
+  "Tried managing process": "已尝试管理进程",
+  "Tried publishing": "已尝试发布",
+  "Tried reading file": "已尝试读取文件",
+  "Tried searching history": "已尝试搜索历史记录",
+  "Tried searching memory": "已尝试搜索记忆",
+  "Tried step": "已尝试步骤",
+  "Tried using memory": "已尝试使用记忆",
+  "Tried writing file": "已尝试写入文件",
+  "URL slug": "URL 标识",
+  "Unknown owner": "未知所有者",
+  Unknown: "未知",
+  Unarchive: "取消归档",
+  Unpin: "取消置顶",
+  "Unsaved changes": "有未保存的更改",
+  "Used memory": "已使用记忆",
+  "Using URL slug": "正在使用 URL 标识",
+  "Using memory": "正在使用记忆",
+  Uploaded: "已上传",
+  "a group DM": "群组私信",
+  "a personal DM": "个人私信",
+  "a Slack channel": "Slack 频道",
+  "a team": "团队",
+  "Version unknown": "版本未知",
+  "Upload failed.": "上传失败。",
+  "Slack conversations hidden.": "Slack 对话已隐藏。",
+  "Revision history": "修订历史",
+  "Revision history is unavailable for this memory store.": "此记忆存储无法提供修订历史。",
+  Revoke: "撤销",
+  Disconnect: "断开连接",
+  "Add credential": "添加凭据",
+  "Connected accounts": "已连接账户",
+  "Stored credentials": "已存储凭据",
+  "Active grants": "有效授权",
+  "Need attention": "需要处理",
+  "Linked accounts": "已连接账户",
+  enabled: "已启用",
+  disabled: "已禁用",
+  archived: "已归档",
+  "Web chat": "Web 对话",
+  "Web only": "仅 Web",
+  "Work continuing on the agent's computer — click to inspect": "智能体正在电脑上继续工作——点击查看",
+  Waiting: "等待中",
+  Working: "工作中",
+  "Writing file": "正在写入文件",
+  "Wrote file": "已写入文件",
+  "Your personal context": "你的个人上下文",
+  "You no longer have access to the original conversation.": "你已无权访问原对话。",
+  "You own this app or have permission to manage it.": "你拥有此应用，或具备管理权限。",
+  "Your one-time page is ready.": "你的一次性页面已准备完成。",
+  "Automations using it may stop working. The credential cannot be recovered.":
+    "使用此凭据的自动化可能停止工作。该凭据无法恢复。",
+  "access ends immediately. Automations using it may stop working.": "访问权限将立即终止。使用它的自动化可能停止工作。",
+  "for this account.": "针对该账户。",
+  "Automations using this account may stop working.": "使用该账户的自动化可能停止工作。",
+  Yesterday: "昨天",
+  You: "你",
+  Yours: "我的",
+  "agent is working": "智能体正在工作",
+  "approval denied": "审批已拒绝",
+  "automatic capture": "自动捕获",
+  "first run": "首次运行",
+  "just now": "刚刚",
+  "never fired": "从未触发",
+  "no live URL for this app": "此应用没有可用的实时 URL",
+  "only you": "仅你",
+  pinned: "已置顶",
+  "read-only": "只读",
+  "run failed": "运行失败",
+  "the whole org": "整个组织",
+  "this context": "此上下文",
+  "this project": "此项目",
+  "waiting for your reply": "等待你的回复",
+  "your account": "你的账户",
+  Added: "添加于",
+  changed: "已更改",
+  "created by": "创建者",
+  Deployed: "已部署",
+  Deploying: "部署中",
+  Description: "描述",
+  Disabled: "已禁用",
+  due: "到期",
+  Enabled: "已启用",
+  "Everyone in this context can invoke and edit these instructions.": "此上下文中的所有人都可以调用和编辑这些指令。",
+  "Everyone in this context can invoke the updated instructions.": "此上下文中的所有人都可以调用更新后的指令。",
+  exit: "退出码",
+  Expires: "到期时间",
+  "Filter by:": "筛选：",
+  first: "首次",
+  "Forked from": "分支自",
+  group: "群组",
+  hide: "隐藏",
+  In: "位于",
+  in: "位于",
+  instructions: "指令",
+  last: "上次",
+  "Last used": "上次使用",
+  live: "在线",
+  "Loading…": "正在加载…",
+  manage: "管理",
+  next: "下次",
+  "None of your own crons yet.": "你还没有自己的定时任务。",
+  "Nothing archived.": "暂无归档内容。",
+  "one-time": "一次性",
+  org: "组织",
+  "org-wide": "组织范围",
+  owned: "拥有",
+  Pack: "技能包",
+  pending: "待发布",
+  private: "私有",
+  Publish: "发布",
+  "Publish this change to": "将此更改发布到",
+  read: "只读",
+  run: "运行",
+  Running: "运行中",
+  shared: "共享",
+  "Shared with everyone in this channel.": "与此频道中的所有人共享。",
+  "Shared with everyone in this group conversation.": "与此群组对话中的所有人共享。",
+  show: "显示",
+  source: "来源",
+  stopped: "已停止",
+  Stopped: "已停止",
+  Team: "团队",
+  "The channel description in Slack names this model.": "Slack 中的频道描述会注明此模型。",
+  "This edit link is missing a valid app name.": "此编辑链接缺少有效的应用名称。",
+  "timed out": "已超时",
+  to: "到",
+  "To change the message, schedule, timezone, destination, or run mode, use the agent so it can validate the resulting behavior and permissions.":
+    "要更改消息、计划、时区、目标或运行模式，请使用智能体，以便验证最终行为和权限。",
+  "To change the schedule, timezone, destination, or run mode, use the agent so it can validate the resulting behavior and permissions.":
+    "要更改计划、时区、目标或运行模式，请使用智能体，以便验证最终行为和权限。",
+  unchanged: "未更改",
+  "Working…": "处理中…",
+  "any new output": "任何新输出",
+  armed: "已就绪",
+  "connected.": "已连接。",
+  "connection failed.": "连接失败。",
+  exited: "已退出",
+  expiring: "即将到期",
+  for: "持续",
+  "interrupted — resuming…": "已中断——正在恢复…",
+  "last fired": "上次触发",
+  "Nothing running here anymore.": "此处已无运行中的任务。",
+  "output matching": "匹配输出",
+  Remove: "移除",
+  started: "开始于",
+  Uploading: "正在上传",
+  "Uploading…": "正在上传…",
+  used: "已使用",
+  "Watch — wakes on": "监视——唤醒条件",
+};
+
+export function normalizeLocale(value: string | null | undefined): AppLocale | null {
+  if (!value) return null;
+  const normalized = value.toLowerCase();
+  if (normalized === "en" || normalized.startsWith("en-")) return "en";
+  if (normalized === "zh" || normalized.startsWith("zh-")) return "zh-CN";
+  return null;
+}
+
+export function resolveLocale(stored?: string | null, languages?: readonly string[]): AppLocale {
+  const saved = normalizeLocale(stored);
+  if (saved) return saved;
+  const detected =
+    languages ??
+    (typeof navigator === "undefined"
+      ? []
+      : [...(navigator.languages ?? []), navigator.language].filter((value): value is string => Boolean(value)));
+  for (const language of detected) {
+    const inferred = normalizeLocale(language);
+    if (inferred) return inferred;
+  }
+  return "en";
+}
+
+function storedLocale(): string | null {
+  if (typeof localStorage === "undefined") return null;
+  try {
+    return localStorage.getItem(LOCALE_KEY);
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+export function currentLocale(): AppLocale {
+  return resolveLocale(storedLocale());
+}
+
+export function localeCode(locale: AppLocale = currentLocale()): string {
+  return locale === "zh-CN" ? "zh-CN" : "en-US";
+}
+
+function translatePattern(source: string): string | null {
+  let match = source.match(/^(\d+)m ago$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 分钟前`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+)h ago$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 小时前`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+)d ago$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 天前`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+) conversations?$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 个对话`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+) files?$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 个文件`;
+  match = source.match(/^Uploading (\d+) files?…$/);
+  if (match) return `正在上传 ${match[1]} 个文件…`;
+  match = source.match(/^Uploaded (\d+) files?\.$/);
+  if (match) return `已上传 ${match[1]} 个文件。`;
+  match = source.match(/^Uploaded (\d+) of (\d+)\. (.+)$/);
+  if (match) return `已上传 ${match[1]} / ${match[2]}。${match[3]}`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+) results?$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 条结果`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+) saved$/);
+  if (match) return `已保存 ${match[1]} 条`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+) tool calls?$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 次工具调用`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+) runs?$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 次运行`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+) members?$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 位成员`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+) messages?$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 条消息`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+) assets?$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 个资源`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+) variants?$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 个变体`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+) skills? in (\d+) groups?$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 个技能，分为 ${match[2]} 组`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+) background jobs? running$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 个后台任务正在运行`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+) watches? armed$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 个监视器已就绪`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+) tools?$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 个工具`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+) attempts?$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 次尝试`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+) active grants?$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 项有效授权`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+) active credential grants?$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 项有效凭据授权`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+)m left$/);
+  if (match) return `剩余 ${match[1]} 分钟`;
+  match = source.match(/^(\d+)h (\d+)m left$/);
+  if (match) return `剩余 ${match[1]} 小时 ${match[2]} 分钟`;
+  match = source.match(/^Working for (\d+)s$/);
+  if (match) return `已工作 ${match[1]} 秒`;
+  match = source.match(/^Worked for (\d+)s$/);
+  if (match) return `工作了 ${match[1]} 秒`;
+  match = source.match(/^Failed after (\d+)s$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 秒后失败`;
+  match = source.match(/^Saved — new conversations here run on (.+)\.$/);
+  if (match) return `已保存——此处的新对话将使用 ${match[1]}。`;
+  match = source.match(/^Remove (.+) from (.+)\?$/);
+  if (match) return `从 ${match[2]} 移除 ${match[1]}？`;
+  match = source.match(/^every (.+)$/);
+  if (match) return `每 ${match[1]}`;
+  match = source.match(/^New chat in (.+)$/);
+  if (match) return `在 ${match[1]} 中新建对话`;
+  match = source.match(/^Options for (.+)$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 的选项`;
+  match = source.match(/^Copy link to (.+)$/);
+  if (match) return `复制 ${match[1]} 的链接`;
+  match = source.match(/^More actions for (.+)$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 的更多操作`;
+  match = source.match(/^Handling for (.+)$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 的处理方式`;
+  match = source.match(/^Batch interval for (.+) in hours$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 的批处理间隔（小时）`;
+  match = source.match(/^Remove (.+) from the ledger$/);
+  if (match) return `从记录中移除 ${match[1]}`;
+  match = source.match(/^Archive (.+)$/);
+  if (match) return `归档 ${match[1]}`;
+  match = source.match(/^In (.+)$/);
+  if (match) return `位于 ${match[1]}`;
+  match = source.match(/^Filter by: (.+)$/);
+  if (match) return `筛选：${match[1]}`;
+  match = source.match(/^(.+) project$/);
+  if (match) return `${match[1]} 项目`;
+  match = source.match(/^tomorrow (.+)$/);
+  if (match) return `明天 ${match[1]}`;
+  match = source.match(/^Next run: (.+)$/);
+  if (match) return `下次运行：${match[1]}`;
+  match = source.match(/^Last fired: (.+)$/);
+  if (match) return `上次触发：${match[1]}`;
+  match = source.match(/^First run: (.+)$/);
+  if (match) return `首次运行：${match[1]}`;
+  match = source.match(/^Revision (.+)$/);
+  if (match) return `修订版 ${match[1]}`;
+  return null;
+}
+
+export function translateText(source: string, locale: AppLocale = currentLocale()): string {
+  if (locale === "en") return source;
+  const leading = source.match(/^\s*/)?.[0] ?? "";
+  const trailing = source.match(/\s*$/)?.[0] ?? "";
+  const value = source.trim().replace(/\s+/g, " ");
+  if (!value) return source;
+  const translated = ZH[value] ?? translatePattern(value);
+  return translated == null ? source : `${leading}${translated}${trailing}`;
+}
+
+export const t = (source: string): string => translateText(source);
+
+const localizedTemplates = new WeakMap<TemplateStringsArray, TemplateStringsArray>();
+
+function localizedMarkup(value: string): string {
+  const attributes = value.replace(/\b(title|aria-label|placeholder)=(['"])(.*?)\2/g, (_, name, quote, content) => {
+    return `${name}=${quote}${translateText(content, "zh-CN")}${quote}`;
+  });
+  return attributes.replace(/(^|>)([^<>]+)(?=<|$)/g, (_, opening, content) => {
+    return `${opening}${translateText(content, "zh-CN")}`;
+  });
+}
+
+function localizedTemplate(strings: TemplateStringsArray): TemplateStringsArray {
+  if (currentLocale() === "en") return strings;
+  const cached = localizedTemplates.get(strings);
+  if (cached) return cached;
+  const values = strings.map(localizedMarkup);
+  const raw = [...values];
+  Object.defineProperty(values, "raw", { value: raw });
+  const result = values as unknown as TemplateStringsArray;
+  localizedTemplates.set(strings, result);
+  return result;
+}
+
+export function html(strings: TemplateStringsArray, ...values: unknown[]): TemplateResult {
+  return litHtml(localizedTemplate(strings), ...values);
+}
+
+export function installI18n(root: HTMLElement = document.documentElement): void {
+  const locale = currentLocale();
+  root.lang = locale;
+}
+
+export function setLocale(locale: AppLocale): void {
+  try {
+    localStorage.setItem(LOCALE_KEY, locale);
+  } catch {
+    void 0;
+  }
+  document.documentElement.lang = locale;
+  location.reload();
+}
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/list-page.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/list-page.ts
index c832b0f4..dbf38129 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/list-page.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/list-page.ts
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-import { html, nothing, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { nothing, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
 import { live } from "lit/directives/live.js";
 import { ArrowLeft, Plus, RefreshCw, Search } from "lucide";
 import { icon } from "./ui";
+import { html, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 import { scopeFilterControl } from "./contexts";
 
 export function listBackLink(label: string, onBack: () => void): TemplateResult {
   return html`<button class="context-back" type="button" @click=${onBack}>
-    ${icon(ArrowLeft, 15)}<span>${label}</span>
+    ${icon(ArrowLeft, 15)}<span>${t(label)}</span>
   </button>`;
 }
 
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ export interface ListPageOpts {
 export function listPageTpl(o: ListPageOpts): TemplateResult {
   return html`
     <div class="list-page-head">
-      <h1 class="pane-title">${o.title}</h1>
+      <h1 class="pane-title">${t(o.title)}</h1>
       <div class="list-page-actions">
         ${o.controls ?? nothing} ${o.onScope ? scopeFilterControl(o.scope ?? null, o.onScope) : nothing}
         ${
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ export function listPageTpl(o: ListPageOpts): TemplateResult {
         ${
           o.action
             ? html`<button class="btn primary list-page-action" type="button" @click=${o.action.onClick}>
-                ${icon(Plus, 15)}<span>${o.action.label}</span>
+                ${icon(Plus, 15)}<span>${t(o.action.label)}</span>
               </button>`
             : nothing
         }
@@ -57,8 +58,8 @@ export function listPageTpl(o: ListPageOpts): TemplateResult {
             ${icon(Search, 16)}
             <input
               type="search"
-              aria-label=${o.search.placeholder.replace(/…$/, "")}
-              placeholder=${o.search.placeholder}
+              aria-label=${t(o.search.placeholder).replace(/…$/, "")}
+              placeholder=${t(o.search.placeholder)}
               .value=${live(o.search.value)}
               @input=${(e: Event) => o.search!.onInput((e.currentTarget as HTMLInputElement).value)}
             />
@@ -66,6 +67,10 @@ export function listPageTpl(o: ListPageOpts): TemplateResult {
         : nothing
     }
     ${o.filters ?? nothing}
-    ${o.rows.length ? html`<div class="list-rows">${o.rows}</div>` : html`<div class="empty compact">${o.empty}</div>`}
+    ${
+      o.rows.length
+        ? html`<div class="list-rows">${o.rows}</div>`
+        : html`<div class="empty compact">${typeof o.empty === "string" ? t(o.empty) : o.empty}</div>`
+    }
   `;
 }
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/main.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/main.ts
index e5f0e3dc..a8dc0c57 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/main.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/main.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ import { closeFormMenus } from "./ui";
 import { allConversations } from "./conversations";
 import { closeOpenSessionMenu, renderList, sessionsState } from "./sessions";
 import { closeDeployMenu } from "./deploys";
+import { installI18n } from "./i18n.ts";
+
+installI18n();
 
 function closeComposerMenus(keepOpenWithin: Element | null): boolean {
   let changed = false;
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/memory.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/memory.ts
index cddef5a2..8582d3b2 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/memory.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/memory.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-import { html, nothing, render } from "lit";
+import { nothing, render } from "lit";
 import { Clock3, Pencil, RefreshCw, Search, Trash2 } from "lucide";
 import { api, ApiError } from "./core-bridge";
 import { errMessage } from "../../chassis/src/errors";
 import { icon } from "./ui";
 import { appState, replacePanePreservingFocus } from "./shell";
+import { html, localeCode, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 
 interface RevisionRow {
   revision: string;
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ function removeFact(line: number): void {
 }
 
 function fmtDate(ms: number): string {
-  return new Date(ms).toLocaleString(undefined, { dateStyle: "medium", timeStyle: "short" });
+  return new Date(ms).toLocaleString(localeCode(), { dateStyle: "medium", timeStyle: "short" });
 }
 
 function drawMemory(loading = false): void {
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ function drawMemory(loading = false): void {
               drawMemory();
             }}
           >
-            ${icon(Pencil, 15)} ${rawEditing ? "Facts view" : "Edit notebook"}
+            ${icon(Pencil, 15)} ${t(rawEditing ? "Facts view" : "Edit notebook")}
           </button>
           <button class="btn" type="button" @click=${() => void toggleHistory()}>${icon(Clock3, 15)} History</button>
           <button
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ function drawMemory(loading = false): void {
           </button>
         </div>
       </div>
-      ${memoryNotice || loading ? html`<div class="status">${memoryNotice || "Loading…"}</div>` : nothing}
+      ${memoryNotice || loading ? html`<div class="status">${memoryNotice || t("Loading…")}</div>` : nothing}
       <div class="memory-editor">
         <p class="memory-help">
           Edit the notebook directly. Switch to Facts view to search or remove individual facts. Saves are protected if
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ function drawMemory(loading = false): void {
                             </div>`,
                         )
                       : html`<div class="empty-state">
-                          ${search ? "No remembered facts match this search." : "The agent hasn’t noted any facts yet."}
+                          ${t(search ? "No remembered facts match this search." : "The agent hasn’t noted any facts yet.")}
                         </div>`
                   }
                 </div>`
@@ -160,9 +161,9 @@ function drawMemory(loading = false): void {
             ?disabled=${loading || memorySaving || !dirty}
             @click=${() => void saveMemory()}
           >
-            ${memorySaving ? "Saving…" : "Save changes"}
+            ${t(memorySaving ? "Saving…" : "Save changes")}
           </button>
-          <span class="memory-hint">${dirty && !memorySaving ? "Unsaved changes" : ""}</span>
+          <span class="memory-hint">${dirty && !memorySaving ? t("Unsaved changes") : ""}</span>
         </div>
         ${
           historyOpen
@@ -174,9 +175,11 @@ function drawMemory(loading = false): void {
                         (row, i) =>
                           html` <div class="memory-revision">
                             <div>
-                              <strong>${i === 0 ? "Current" : `Revision ${row.revision}`}</strong>
+                              <strong>${i === 0 ? t("Current") : t(`Revision ${row.revision}`)}</strong>
                               <div class="card-meta">
-                                ${fmtDate(row.at)} · ${row.author || "automatic capture"} · ${row.operation}
+                                ${fmtDate(row.at)} ·
+                                ${row.author === "automatic capture" ? t(row.author) : row.author || t("automatic capture")}
+                                · ${row.operation}
                               </div>
                             </div>
                             ${i ? html`<button class="btn" type="button" @click=${() => requestRestoreRevision(row)}>Restore</button>` : nothing}
@@ -266,18 +269,20 @@ async function saveMemory(): Promise<void> {
     memorySaved = r.content ?? memoryDraft;
     memoryDraft = memorySaved;
     memoryRevision = r.revision ?? memoryRevision;
-    memoryNotice = "Saved ✓";
+    memoryNotice = t("Saved ✓");
     if (historyOpen) {
       try {
         await loadHistory();
       } catch {
-        memoryNotice = "Saved ✓ History could not refresh.";
+        memoryNotice = t("Saved ✓ History could not refresh.");
       }
     }
   } catch (e) {
     memoryNotice =
       e instanceof ApiError && e.status === 409
-        ? "Memory changed in another conversation. Your draft is still here; copy it if needed, then refresh to merge with the latest version."
+        ? t(
+            "Memory changed in another conversation. Your draft is still here; copy it if needed, then refresh to merge with the latest version.",
+          )
         : errMessage(e, "Failed to save memory.");
   } finally {
     memorySaving = false;
@@ -324,11 +329,11 @@ async function restoreRevision(row: RevisionRow): Promise<void> {
     memorySaved = r.content ?? "";
     memoryDraft = memorySaved;
     memoryRevision = r.revision ?? memoryRevision;
-    memoryNotice = "Revision restored ✓";
+    memoryNotice = t("Revision restored ✓");
     try {
       await loadHistory();
     } catch {
-      memoryNotice = "Revision restored ✓ History could not refresh.";
+      memoryNotice = t("Revision restored ✓ History could not refresh.");
     }
   } catch (e) {
     memoryNotice = errMessage(e, "Could not restore that revision.");
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/session-list.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/session-list.ts
index ab3bb21e..9272695b 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/session-list.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/session-list.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { sharedContextLabel, type CoreContext, type CoreProject, type CoreSession } from "./core-bridge.ts";
+import { t } from "./i18n.ts";
 
 type ProjectAwareContext = CoreContext & { project?: CoreProject };
 
@@ -175,8 +176,8 @@ export function backgroundLabel(
   watches: number,
 ): { jobs: number; watches: number; label: string } | null {
   const parts: string[] = [];
-  if (jobs > 0) parts.push(`${jobs} background job${jobs === 1 ? "" : "s"} running`);
-  if (watches > 0) parts.push(`${watches} watch${watches === 1 ? "" : "es"} armed`);
+  if (jobs > 0) parts.push(t(`${jobs} background job${jobs === 1 ? "" : "s"} running`));
+  if (watches > 0) parts.push(t(`${watches} watch${watches === 1 ? "" : "es"} armed`));
   return parts.length ? { jobs, watches, label: parts.join(" · ") } : null;
 }
 
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/sessions.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/sessions.ts
index 738e164f..6e6f65e8 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/sessions.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/sessions.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { html, nothing, render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { nothing, render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
 import { live } from "lit/directives/live.js";
 import { ref } from "lit/directives/ref.js";
 import { repeat } from "lit/directives/repeat.js";
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import {
   Users,
   X,
 } from "lucide";
+import { html, localeCode, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 import {
   api,
   attachPendingApprovals,
@@ -169,7 +170,7 @@ function loadRecentContexts(force = false): void {
 
 function listWhen(ms: number): string {
   if (Date.now() - ms < 6 * 86_400_000) return relTime(ms);
-  return new Date(ms).toLocaleDateString([], { month: "short", day: "numeric" });
+  return new Date(ms).toLocaleDateString(localeCode(), { month: "short", day: "numeric" });
 }
 
 export function surfaceOf(s: CoreSession): string {
@@ -198,10 +199,10 @@ export function defaultSessionTitle(s: CoreSession): string {
   const project = projectName(s.scopeId);
   if (project) return project;
   const surface = surfaceOf(s);
-  if (surface === "web") return "Web chat";
-  if (s.type === "channel") return channelLabel(s) ?? "Channel";
-  if (s.type === "group") return groupDmText(s.channelName) ?? s.channelName?.trim() ?? "Group DM";
-  return "Direct message";
+  if (surface === "web") return t("Web chat");
+  if (s.type === "channel") return channelLabel(s) ?? t("Channel");
+  if (s.type === "group") return groupDmText(s.channelName) ?? s.channelName?.trim() ?? t("Group DM");
+  return t("Direct message");
 }
 
 function channelLabel(s: CoreSession): string | null {
@@ -291,11 +292,11 @@ export function renderList(): void {
           : nothing
       }
       ${sessionsNotice ? html`<div class="empty" style="padding:16px">${sessionsNotice}</div>` : ""}
-      ${sessionsLoading && visible.length === 0 ? html`<div class="empty" style="padding:16px">Loading conversations...</div>` : ""}
+      ${sessionsLoading && visible.length === 0 ? html`<div class="empty" style="padding:16px">${t("Loading conversations...")}</div>` : ""}
       ${
         !sessionsLoading && !sessionsNotice && visible.length === 0
           ? html`<div class="empty" style="padding:16px">
-              ${sessionsState.list.length ? "Slack conversations hidden." : "No conversations yet."}
+              ${t(sessionsState.list.length ? "Slack conversations hidden." : "No conversations yet.")}
             </div>`
           : ""
       }
@@ -323,7 +324,10 @@ function recentItem(item: RecentItem): TemplateResult {
   const menuKey = projectMenuKey(item.scopeId);
   const menuOpen = sessionsState.openMenuId === menuKey;
   return html`
-    <section class="recent-project ${item.sessions.some(isActiveRow) ? "active" : ""}" aria-label=${`${name} project`}>
+    <section
+      class="recent-project ${item.sessions.some(isActiveRow) ? "active" : ""}"
+      aria-label=${t(`${name} project`)}
+    >
       ${
         sessionsState.renamingId === menuKey
           ? projectRenameRow(item)
@@ -345,7 +349,7 @@ function recentItem(item: RecentItem): TemplateResult {
                   data-menu-id=${menuKey}
                   type="button"
                   title="Project options"
-                  aria-label=${`Options for ${name}`}
+                  aria-label=${t(`Options for ${name}`)}
                   aria-haspopup="menu"
                   aria-expanded=${menuOpen ? "true" : "false"}
                   @click=${(e: Event) => toggleSessionMenu(e, menuKey)}
@@ -357,8 +361,8 @@ function recentItem(item: RecentItem): TemplateResult {
               <button
                 class="recent-project-new-chat"
                 type="button"
-                aria-label=${`New chat in ${name}`}
-                title=${`New chat in ${name}`}
+                aria-label=${t(`New chat in ${name}`)}
+                title=${t(`New chat in ${name}`)}
                 @click=${(event: Event) => startProjectChat(event, item.scopeId, item.name)}
               >
                 ${icon(Plus, 14)}
@@ -509,7 +513,7 @@ export function drawChatsPage(): void {
                   drawChatsPage();
                 }}
               >
-                ${label}<span
+                ${t(label)}<span
                   >${sessionsState.list.filter((session) => chatBrowseStatusMatches(session, value)).length}</span
                 >
               </button>`,
@@ -643,7 +647,7 @@ function chatPageRow(s: CoreSession): TemplateResult {
                 class="icon-btn"
                 type="button"
                 title="Copy link"
-                aria-label=${`Copy link to ${sessionTitle(s)}`}
+                aria-label=${t(`Copy link to ${sessionTitle(s)}`)}
                 @click=${() => void copyText(sessionLink(location.origin, UI_BASE, s.id))}
               >
                 ${icon(Link, 14)}
@@ -651,8 +655,8 @@ function chatPageRow(s: CoreSession): TemplateResult {
               <button
                 class="icon-btn"
                 type="button"
-                title=${s.pinned ? "Unpin" : "Pin"}
-                aria-label=${`${s.pinned ? "Unpin" : "Pin"} ${sessionTitle(s)}`}
+                title=${t(s.pinned ? "Unpin" : "Pin")}
+                aria-label=${`${t(s.pinned ? "Unpin" : "Pin")} ${sessionTitle(s)}`}
                 @click=${() => {
                   setPinned(s, !s.pinned);
                   drawChatsPage();
@@ -663,8 +667,8 @@ function chatPageRow(s: CoreSession): TemplateResult {
               <button
                 class="icon-btn"
                 type="button"
-                title=${s.archived ? "Unarchive" : "Archive"}
-                aria-label=${`${s.archived ? "Unarchive" : "Archive"} ${sessionTitle(s)}`}
+                title=${t(s.archived ? "Unarchive" : "Archive")}
+                aria-label=${`${t(s.archived ? "Unarchive" : "Archive")} ${sessionTitle(s)}`}
                 @click=${() => {
                   setArchived(s, !s.archived);
                   drawChatsPage();
@@ -717,7 +721,7 @@ function groupedRows(list: RecentItem[]): TemplateResult {
     const g = recencyGroup(recentItemActivity(item), now);
     if (!dateless && g !== group) {
       group = g;
-      items.push({ key: `group:${g}`, tpl: html`<div class="recents-group">${g}</div>` });
+      items.push({ key: `group:${g}`, tpl: html`<div class="recents-group">${t(g)}</div>` });
     }
     const key = item.kind === "session" ? item.session.threadRef : `project:${item.scopeId}`;
     items.push({ key, tpl: recentItem(item) });
@@ -764,7 +768,7 @@ function sessionRow(s: CoreSession, projectChild = false): TemplateResult {
   const refreshingTitle = saved && refreshingTitleIds.has(s.id);
   const untitledProjectChild = projectChild && !s.title?.trim();
   let title = sessionTitle(s);
-  if (untitledProjectChild) title = surfaceOf(s) === "web" ? "Web chat" : "New chat";
+  if (untitledProjectChild) title = t(surfaceOf(s) === "web" ? "Web chat" : "New chat");
   const readOnly = !isContinuable(s, appState.me?.user ?? "");
   const surface = surfaceOf(s);
   const context = projectChild ? null : rowContext(s);
@@ -779,10 +783,10 @@ function sessionRow(s: CoreSession, projectChild = false): TemplateResult {
     title,
     surface !== "web" ? surface : null,
     context,
-    working ? "agent is working" : null,
-    s.awaitingInput ? "waiting for your reply" : null,
-    readOnly ? "read-only" : null,
-    s.pinned ? "pinned" : null,
+    working ? t("agent is working") : null,
+    s.awaitingInput ? t("waiting for your reply") : null,
+    readOnly ? t("read-only") : null,
+    s.pinned ? t("pinned") : null,
     relTime(activityOf(s)),
   ]
     .filter(Boolean)
@@ -824,8 +828,8 @@ function sessionRow(s: CoreSession, projectChild = false): TemplateResult {
               <button
                 class="session-menu-btn session-archive-btn"
                 type="button"
-                title=${s.archived ? "Unarchive" : "Archive"}
-                aria-label=${`${s.archived ? "Unarchive" : "Archive"} ${sessionTitle(s)}`}
+                title=${t(s.archived ? "Unarchive" : "Archive")}
+                aria-label=${`${t(s.archived ? "Unarchive" : "Archive")} ${sessionTitle(s)}`}
                 @click=${(e: Event) => {
                   e.stopPropagation();
                   setArchived(s, !s.archived);
@@ -837,7 +841,7 @@ function sessionRow(s: CoreSession, projectChild = false): TemplateResult {
                 class="session-menu-btn"
                 data-menu-id=${s.id}
                 type="button"
-                title="Conversation options"
+                title=${t("Conversation options")}
                 aria-haspopup="menu"
                 aria-expanded=${menuOpen ? "true" : "false"}
                 @click=${(e: Event) => toggleSessionMenu(e, s.id)}
@@ -886,7 +890,7 @@ function sessionMenuPopover(s: CoreSession): TemplateResult {
         ${icon(Link, 15)}<span>Copy link</span>
       </button>
       <button class="session-menu-option" type="button" role="menuitem" @click=${() => setPinned(s, !pinned)}>
-        ${pinned ? icon(PinOff, 15) : icon(Pin, 15)}<span>${pinned ? "Unpin" : "Pin"}</span>
+        ${pinned ? icon(PinOff, 15) : icon(Pin, 15)}<span>${t(pinned ? "Unpin" : "Pin")}</span>
       </button>
       <button class="session-menu-option" type="button" role="menuitem" @click=${() => startRename(s)}>
         ${icon(Pencil, 15)}<span>Rename</span>
@@ -898,10 +902,10 @@ function sessionMenuPopover(s: CoreSession): TemplateResult {
         ?disabled=${refreshingTitle}
         @click=${() => void refreshSessionTitle(s)}
       >
-        ${icon(RefreshCw, 15)}<span>${refreshingTitle ? "Refreshing title" : "Refresh title"}</span>
+        ${icon(RefreshCw, 15)}<span>${t(refreshingTitle ? "Refreshing title" : "Refresh title")}</span>
       </button>
       <button class="session-menu-option" type="button" role="menuitem" @click=${() => setArchived(s, !archived)}>
-        ${archived ? icon(ArchiveRestore, 15) : icon(Archive, 15)}<span>${archived ? "Unarchive" : "Archive"}</span>
+        ${archived ? icon(ArchiveRestore, 15) : icon(Archive, 15)}<span>${t(archived ? "Unarchive" : "Archive")}</span>
       </button>
       ${sessionColorRow(s)}
     </div>
@@ -921,8 +925,8 @@ function sessionColorRow(s: CoreSession): TemplateResult {
             class="color-swatch ${current === c ? "selected" : ""}"
             type="button"
             style=${`--swatch:${c}`}
-            title=${`Color row ${c}`}
-            aria-label=${`Color row ${c}`}
+            title=${`${t("Color row")} ${c}`}
+            aria-label=${`${t("Color row")} ${c}`}
             aria-pressed=${current === c ? "true" : "false"}
             @click=${() => setColor(s, current === c ? null : c)}
           ></button>
@@ -965,7 +969,7 @@ function renameInput(menuKey: string, ariaLabel: string, commit: () => Promise<v
   return html`
     <input
       class="session-rename-input"
-      aria-label=${ariaLabel}
+      aria-label=${t(ariaLabel)}
       .value=${live(renameDraft)}
       @input=${(e: InputEvent) => {
         renameDraft = (e.currentTarget as HTMLInputElement).value;
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/shell.css b/plugins/web-ui/src/shell.css
index e4f6fd67..2687409d 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/shell.css
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/shell.css
@@ -928,6 +928,24 @@ a.chat-row-open {
   padding-top: 8px;
   border-top: 1px solid var(--border);
 }
+.language-toggle {
+  min-width: 34px;
+  height: 32px;
+  padding: 0 7px;
+  border: 0;
+  border-radius: var(--radius-sm);
+  background: transparent;
+  color: var(--muted-foreground);
+  cursor: pointer;
+  font: inherit;
+  font-size: 12px;
+  font-weight: 650;
+}
+.language-toggle:hover,
+.language-toggle:focus-visible {
+  background: var(--secondary);
+  color: var(--foreground);
+}
 .user-pill {
   cursor: default;
   user-select: none;
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/shell.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/shell.ts
index 1f29ae2b..ba820f8a 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/shell.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/shell.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { html, nothing, render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { nothing, render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
 import {
   ArrowLeft,
   Box,
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ import { renderSkills } from "./skills";
 import { contextsState, ensureContexts, renderContexts, resetContextsState, resolveProjectScope } from "./contexts";
 import { appState, isView, type AuthMode, type Me, type View } from "./shell-state";
 import { trapDialogFocus } from "./dialog-focus";
+import { currentLocale, html, setLocale, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 export { appState, can, type Me, type View } from "./shell-state";
 
 let authMode: AuthMode = "portal";
@@ -380,7 +381,7 @@ function devGate(gate: { value?: string; error?: string; pending?: boolean }) {
         ?disabled=${gate.pending === true}
       />
       <button class="btn primary" type="submit" ?disabled=${gate.pending === true}>
-        ${gate.pending ? "Signing in…" : "Continue"}
+        ${t(gate.pending ? "Signing in…" : "Continue")}
       </button>
       ${gate.error ? html`<div class="hint error" role="alert">${gate.error}</div>` : nothing}
     </form>
@@ -448,6 +449,16 @@ export function mountShell(): void {
             <a class="icon-btn subtle" href=${ADMIN_HOME_URL} title="Back to admin" aria-label="Back to admin"
               >${icon(ArrowLeft, 17)}</a
             >
+            <button
+              class="language-toggle"
+              type="button"
+              data-i18n-skip
+              title=${currentLocale() === "en" ? "Switch to Chinese" : "切换到英文"}
+              aria-label=${currentLocale() === "en" ? "Switch to Chinese" : "切换到英文"}
+              @click=${() => setLocale(currentLocale() === "en" ? "zh-CN" : "en")}
+            >
+              ${currentLocale() === "en" ? "中文" : "EN"}
+            </button>
             <theme-toggle .includeSystem=${true} title="Color scheme: light / dark / system"></theme-toggle>
             <button class="icon-btn subtle" title="Sign out" aria-label="Sign out" @click=${signOut}>
               ${icon(LogOut, 17)}
@@ -497,10 +508,10 @@ export function renderSidebarTop(): void {
       type="button"
       aria-expanded=${open ? "true" : "false"}
       aria-controls=${id}
-      title=${open ? `Hide ${title}` : `Show ${title}`}
+      title=${open ? `${t("Hide")} ${t(title)}` : `${t("Show")} ${t(title)}`}
       @click=${toggle}
     >
-      <span>${title}</span>
+      <span>${t(title)}</span>
       <span class="nav-section-chevron">${icon(ChevronDown, 14)}</span>
     </button>
     <div id=${id} class="nav-group ${open ? "" : "collapsed"}">
@@ -511,13 +522,13 @@ export function renderSidebarTop(): void {
     html`
       <button
         class="new-chat"
-        title=${splitState.active ? "New session" : "New chat"}
+        title=${t(splitState.active ? "New session" : "New chat")}
         @click=${() => {
           closeSidebarOnNarrowView();
           if (!addBlankPane()) mainConversation().newChat();
         }}
       >
-        ${icon(ICON.newChat, 17)}<span>${splitState.active ? "New session" : "New chat"}</span>
+        ${icon(ICON.newChat, 17)}<span>${t(splitState.active ? "New session" : "New chat")}</span>
       </button>
       <nav class="nav" @click=${onNavClick}>
         ${navGroup(
@@ -526,10 +537,10 @@ export function renderSidebarTop(): void {
           navWorkspaceOpen,
           toggleNavWorkspace,
           html`
-            ${navRow("contexts", ICON.contexts, "Projects")} ${navRow("chats", ICON.chats, "Chats")}
-            ${navRow("files", ICON.files, "Files")} ${navRow("crons", ICON.crons, "Crons")}
-            ${navRow("keychain", ICON.keychain, "Keychain")} ${navRow("deploys", ICON.deploys, "Apps")}
-            ${navRow("memory", ICON.memory, "Memory")} ${navRow("skills", ICON.skills, "Skills")}
+            ${navRow("contexts", ICON.contexts, t("Projects"))} ${navRow("chats", ICON.chats, t("Chats"))}
+            ${navRow("files", ICON.files, t("Files"))} ${navRow("crons", ICON.crons, t("Crons"))}
+            ${navRow("keychain", ICON.keychain, t("Keychain"))} ${navRow("deploys", ICON.deploys, t("Apps"))}
+            ${navRow("memory", ICON.memory, t("Memory"))} ${navRow("skills", ICON.skills, t("Skills"))}
           `,
         )}
       </nav>
@@ -537,16 +548,16 @@ export function renderSidebarTop(): void {
         appState.currentView === "chats"
           ? html`
               <div class="section-label recents-label">
-                <span>Sessions</span>
+                <span>${t("Sessions")}</span>
                 <button
                   class="web-only-toggle ${sessionsState.webOnly ? "on" : ""}"
                   type="button"
                   role="switch"
                   aria-checked=${sessionsState.webOnly ? "true" : "false"}
-                  title=${sessionsState.webOnly ? "Showing web chats only" : "Hide non-web conversations"}
+                  title=${t(sessionsState.webOnly ? "Showing web chats only" : "Hide non-web conversations")}
                   @click=${toggleWebOnly}
                 >
-                  <span>Web only</span><span class="mini-switch"><span class="mini-knob"></span></span>
+                  <span>${t("Web only")}</span><span class="mini-switch"><span class="mini-knob"></span></span>
                 </button>
               </div>
             `
@@ -652,7 +663,7 @@ export function showMainEmpty(text: string): void {
   mainConversation().state.host = null;
   if (appState.mainEl)
     appState.mainEl.replaceChildren(
-      Object.assign(document.createElement("div"), { className: "empty", textContent: text }),
+      Object.assign(document.createElement("div"), { className: "empty", textContent: t(text) }),
     );
 }
 
@@ -706,7 +717,7 @@ function onSidebarKeydown(event: KeyboardEvent): void {
 }
 
 function updateSidebarToggleLabels(): void {
-  const collapseLabel = sidebarOpen ? "Hide sidebar" : "Show sidebar";
+  const collapseLabel = t(sidebarOpen ? "Hide sidebar" : "Show sidebar");
   (appEl as HTMLElement).querySelectorAll<HTMLButtonElement>(".sidebar-toggle").forEach((btn) => {
     btn.setAttribute("aria-expanded", sidebarOpen ? "true" : "false");
     btn.setAttribute("title", collapseLabel);
@@ -722,13 +733,13 @@ export function renderPane(
   controls: unknown = "",
 ): void {
   if (!appState.mainEl) return;
-  const refreshLabel = `Refresh ${title.toLowerCase()}`;
+  const refreshLabel = t(`Refresh ${title.toLowerCase()}`);
   const host = document.createElement("div");
   host.className = "pane";
   render(
     html`
       <div class="pane-head">
-        <h1 class="pane-title">${title}</h1>
+        <h1 class="pane-title">${t(title)}</h1>
         <div class="list-page-actions">
           ${controls}
           <button
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/skills.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/skills.ts
index 2ad69e10..190567f1 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/skills.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/skills.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import { html, nothing, render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { nothing, render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { html, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 import { Box } from "lucide";
 import { api, type CoreContext } from "./core-bridge";
 import type { SkillItem } from "./composer";
@@ -70,12 +71,12 @@ let flowFocusTarget: HTMLElement | null = null;
 let archiveFocusTarget: HTMLElement | null = null;
 
 function scopeLabel(scope: string): string {
-  return scope ? scope.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + scope.slice(1) : "";
+  return scope ? t(scope.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + scope.slice(1)) : "";
 }
 
 function editAudience(scopeId: string | undefined): string {
-  if (scopeId?.startsWith("personal:")) return "only you";
-  return scopeId ? scopeTitle(scopeId) : "this context";
+  if (scopeId?.startsWith("personal:")) return t("only you");
+  return scopeId ? scopeTitle(scopeId) : t("this context");
 }
 
 async function startEdit(s: SkillItem): Promise<void> {
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ async function startEdit(s: SkillItem): Promise<void> {
   editing = null;
   editingTarget = s;
   editError = "";
-  skillsNotice = "Loading skill instructions…";
+  skillsNotice = t("Loading skill instructions…");
   drawSkills();
   queueMicrotask(() => skillsPageHost?.querySelector<HTMLElement>(".context-back")?.focus());
   try {
@@ -167,7 +168,7 @@ function startCreate(): void {
 }
 
 function skillMeta(s: SkillItem): string {
-  const source = s.source === "pack" ? `Pack ${s.pack?.upstreamName ?? "source"}` : "Created here";
+  const source = s.source === "pack" ? `${t("Pack")} ${s.pack?.upstreamName ?? t("source")}` : t("Created here");
   return `${scopeLabel(s.scope)} · v${s.version ?? 1} · ${source}`;
 }
 
@@ -186,7 +187,7 @@ function skillVariant(s: SkillItem, hasScopeVariants: boolean): TemplateResult {
       <div class="skill-variant-copy">
         <div class="skill-variant-description" title=${s.description}>${s.description}</div>
         <div class="skill-variant-meta">
-          ${skillMeta(s)}${s.assetCount ? ` · ${s.assetCount} asset${s.assetCount === 1 ? "" : "s"}` : ""}
+          ${skillMeta(s)}${s.assetCount ? ` · ${t(`${s.assetCount} asset${s.assetCount === 1 ? "" : "s"}`)}` : ""}
         </div>
         <details class="skill-variant-details">
           <summary>Details</summary>
@@ -198,13 +199,13 @@ function skillVariant(s: SkillItem, hasScopeVariants: boolean): TemplateResult {
             </div>
             <div>
               <dt>Capabilities</dt>
-              <dd>${s.requiredCapabilities?.length ? s.requiredCapabilities.join(", ") : "None required"}</dd>
+              <dd>${s.requiredCapabilities?.length ? s.requiredCapabilities.join(", ") : t("None required")}</dd>
             </div>
           </dl>
         </details>
       </div>
       <div class="skill-variant-state">
-        <span class="badge ${archived ? "" : "skill-active"}">${state}</span>
+        <span class="badge ${archived ? "" : "skill-active"}">${t(state)}</span>
         ${actions.edit && !archived ? html`<button class="btn skill-edit-trigger" data-skill-id=${s.id ?? ""} type="button" ?disabled=${deleting === s.id} @click=${() => void startEdit(s)}>Edit</button>` : nothing}
         ${
           actions.delete
@@ -215,7 +216,7 @@ function skillVariant(s: SkillItem, hasScopeVariants: boolean): TemplateResult {
                 ?disabled=${deleting === s.id}
                 @click=${(event: Event) => void deleteSkill(s, event.currentTarget as HTMLElement)}
               >
-                ${archiveLabel}
+                ${t(archiveLabel)}
               </button>`
             : nothing
         }
@@ -230,7 +231,7 @@ function skillGroup(name: string, skills: SkillItem[]): TemplateResult {
   return html`<section class="skill-group">
     <div class="skill-group-head">
       <h2 class="skill-group-name">
-        <code>/${name}</code>${skills.length > 1 ? html`<span>${skills.length} variants</span>` : nothing}
+        <code>/${name}</code>${skills.length > 1 ? html`<span>${t(`${skills.length} variants`)}</span>` : nothing}
       </h2>
       ${hasScopeVariants ? html`<span class="skill-precedence">Narrower scope takes precedence where both apply</span>` : nothing}
     </div>
@@ -246,7 +247,7 @@ function editorPane() {
       <div class="skill-form-heading">
         <div>
           <h1 class="pane-title">Edit /${editingTarget?.name ?? "skill"}</h1>
-          <p>${editError ? "Instructions unavailable." : "Loading instructions…"}</p>
+          <p>${t(editError ? "Instructions unavailable." : "Loading instructions…")}</p>
         </div>
       </div>
       ${editError ? html`<div class="form-error" role="alert">${editError}</div>` : nothing}
@@ -305,11 +306,11 @@ function editorPane() {
       ${
         reviewed
           ? html`<div class="skill-impact" role="alert">
-              <strong>Publish this change to ${scopeTitle(e.scopeId ?? null)}?</strong>
+              <strong>${t("Publish this change to")} ${scopeTitle(e.scopeId ?? null)}?</strong>
               <div class="card-meta">
-                Everyone in this context can invoke the updated instructions. Description
-                ${e.description === e.originalDescription ? "unchanged" : "changed"}; instructions
-                ${e.body === e.originalBody ? "unchanged" : "changed"}.
+                Everyone in this context can invoke the updated instructions. ${t("Description")}
+                ${t(e.description === e.originalDescription ? "unchanged" : "changed")}; ${t("instructions")}
+                ${t(e.body === e.originalBody ? "unchanged" : "changed")}.
               </div>
             </div>`
           : nothing
@@ -323,7 +324,7 @@ function editorPane() {
             if (shouldBlockRepeatedPublishClick(reviewed, event.detail)) event.preventDefault();
           }}
         >
-          ${saveLabel}
+          ${t(saveLabel)}
         </button>
         ${
           reviewed
@@ -434,7 +435,7 @@ function creatorPane() {
       ${
         reviewed
           ? html`<div class="skill-impact" role="alert">
-              <strong>Publish /${c.name.trim()} to ${scopeTitle(c.scopeId)}?</strong>
+              <strong>${t("Publish")} /${c.name.trim()} ${t("to")} ${scopeTitle(c.scopeId)}?</strong>
               <div class="card-meta">Everyone in this context can invoke and edit these instructions.</div>
             </div>`
           : nothing
@@ -448,7 +449,7 @@ function creatorPane() {
             if (shouldBlockRepeatedPublishClick(reviewed, event.detail)) event.preventDefault();
           }}
         >
-          ${createLabel}
+          ${t(createLabel)}
         </button>
         ${
           reviewed
@@ -536,7 +537,7 @@ function drawSkills(loading = false): void {
                     drawSkills();
                   }}
                 >
-                  ${label}<span>${count}</span>
+                  ${t(label)}<span>${count}</span>
                 </button>`,
             )}
           </div>
@@ -580,7 +581,13 @@ function drawSkills(loading = false): void {
           </div>
         </div>
         <div class="skill-result-count" aria-live="polite">
-          ${loading ? "Loading…" : `${filtered.length} skill${filtered.length === 1 ? "" : "s"} in ${groups.length} ${groups.length === 1 ? "group" : "groups"}`}
+          ${
+            loading
+              ? t("Loading…")
+              : t(
+                  `${filtered.length} skill${filtered.length === 1 ? "" : "s"} in ${groups.length} ${groups.length === 1 ? "group" : "groups"}`,
+                )
+          }
         </div>
         ${skillsNotice ? html`<div class="status">${skillsNotice}</div>` : nothing}`,
       rows,
@@ -653,7 +660,7 @@ function archiveDialog(skill: SkillItem): TemplateResult {
           ?disabled=${deleting === skill.id}
           @click=${() => void performArchive(skill)}
         >
-          ${deleting === skill.id ? "Archiving…" : "Archive skill"}
+          ${t(deleting === skill.id ? "Archiving…" : "Archive skill")}
         </button>
       </div>
     </div>
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/split.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/split.ts
index 90b8fecd..e773cdc1 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/split.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/split.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import { html, nothing, render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { nothing, render, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { html, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 import { ref } from "lit/directives/ref.js";
 import { Binoculars, Cog, Expand, Maximize2, Plus, Shrink, X } from "lucide";
 import {
@@ -543,8 +544,15 @@ function zoneTpl(edge: DropEdge, label: string, onDrop: () => void): TemplateRes
     e.preventDefault();
     onDrop();
   };
-  return html`<div class="split-zone zone-${edge}" @dragover=${over} @dragleave=${leave} @drop=${drop}>
-    <span>${label}</span>
+  return html`<div
+    class="split-zone zone-${edge}"
+    title=${t(label)}
+    aria-label=${t(label)}
+    @dragover=${over}
+    @dragleave=${leave}
+    @drop=${drop}
+  >
+    <span>${t(label)}</span>
   </div>`;
 }
 
@@ -638,8 +646,8 @@ function paneSession(panel: IDockviewPanel): CoreSession | undefined {
 function paneTitle(panel: IDockviewPanel): string {
   const session = paneSession(panel);
   if (session) return sessionTitle(session);
-  if (panelParams(panel).sessionId) return "Conversation";
-  return "New session";
+  if (panelParams(panel).sessionId) return t("Conversation");
+  return t("New session");
 }
 
 function paneIsWorking(panel: IDockviewPanel): boolean {
@@ -915,8 +923,8 @@ class GroupActions implements IHeaderActionsRenderer {
           html`<button
             class="icon-btn subtle${b.cls ?? ""}"
             type="button"
-            title=${b.label}
-            aria-label=${b.label}
+            title=${t(b.label)}
+            aria-label=${t(b.label)}
             @click=${b.run}
           >
             ${b.glyph}
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/src/ui.ts b/plugins/web-ui/src/ui.ts
index 00d92c27..5c2743ff 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/src/ui.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/src/ui.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-import { html, nothing, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
+import { nothing, type TemplateResult } from "lit";
 import { ChevronDown, createElement, type IconNode } from "lucide";
+import { currentLocale, html, t } from "./i18n.ts";
 
 export function brandName(): string {
   if (typeof document === "undefined") return "QM";
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ export function fieldSelect(props: {
   >
     <select
       id=${props.id ?? nothing}
-      aria-label=${props.ariaLabel ?? nothing}
+      aria-label=${props.ariaLabel ? t(props.ariaLabel) : nothing}
       aria-describedby=${props.describedBy ?? nothing}
       data-focus-key=${props.focusKey ?? nothing}
       .value=${props.value ?? nothing}
@@ -61,7 +62,12 @@ export function initials(s: string): string {
 
 export function relTime(ms: number): string {
   const s = Math.max(0, Math.floor((Date.now() - ms) / 1000));
-  if (s < 60) return "just now";
+  if (s < 60) return t("just now");
+  if (currentLocale() === "zh-CN") {
+    if (s < 3600) return `${Math.floor(s / 60)} 分钟前`;
+    if (s < 86400) return `${Math.floor(s / 3600)} 小时前`;
+    return `${Math.floor(s / 86400)} 天前`;
+  }
   if (s < 3600) return `${Math.floor(s / 60)}m ago`;
   if (s < 86400) return `${Math.floor(s / 3600)}h ago`;
   return `${Math.floor(s / 86400)}d ago`;
@@ -102,7 +108,7 @@ export async function copyText(text: string, btn?: HTMLButtonElement): Promise<v
       const active = copyFeedback.get(btn);
       if (active) clearTimeout(active.timer);
       const html = active?.html ?? btn.innerHTML;
-      btn.textContent = "Copied";
+      btn.textContent = t("Copied");
       const timer = setTimeout(() => {
         btn.innerHTML = html;
         copyFeedback.delete(btn);
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/test/field-select-source.test.ts b/plugins/web-ui/test/field-select-source.test.ts
index 2041f022..a1fa8227 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/test/field-select-source.test.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/test/field-select-source.test.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ test("the shell has exactly one dropdown, and it is a real select", () => {
 test("the dropdown keeps the accessible name, focus key and disabled state its callers pass", () => {
   for (const attr of [
     /id=\$\{props\.id \?\? nothing\}/,
-    /aria-label=\$\{props\.ariaLabel \?\? nothing\}/,
+    /aria-label=\$\{props\.ariaLabel \? t\(props\.ariaLabel\) : nothing\}/,
     /aria-describedby=\$\{props\.describedBy \?\? nothing\}/,
     /data-focus-key=\$\{props\.focusKey \?\? nothing\}/,
     /\?disabled=\$\{props\.disabled \?\? false\}/,
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/test/i18n.test.ts b/plugins/web-ui/test/i18n.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3df1baf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/test/i18n.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+import assert from "node:assert/strict";
+import { readFileSync } from "node:fs";
+import test from "node:test";
+import { JSDOM } from "jsdom";
+import { html, installI18n, LOCALE_KEY, normalizeLocale, resolveLocale, translateText } from "../src/i18n.ts";
+
+test("locale resolution prefers the saved choice and otherwise follows the browser", () => {
+  assert.equal(normalizeLocale("zh-TW"), "zh-CN");
+  assert.equal(normalizeLocale("en-GB"), "en");
+  assert.equal(normalizeLocale("fr-FR"), null);
+  assert.equal(resolveLocale("en", ["zh-CN"]), "en");
+  assert.equal(resolveLocale(null, ["fr-FR", "zh-Hans"]), "zh-CN");
+  assert.equal(resolveLocale(null, ["fr-FR"]), "en");
+});
+
+test("Chinese translations cover exact UI copy and dynamic counters", () => {
+  assert.equal(translateText("New chat", "zh-CN"), "新建对话");
+  assert.equal(translateText("  3 tool calls  ", "zh-CN"), "  3 次工具调用  ");
+  assert.equal(translateText("New chat in Research", "zh-CN"), "在 Research 中新建对话");
+  assert.equal(translateText("Uploading 3 files…", "zh-CN"), "正在上传 3 个文件…");
+  assert.equal(translateText("Uploaded 1 file.", "zh-CN"), "已上传 1 个文件。");
+  assert.equal(translateText("Uploaded 2 of 3. Server message", "zh-CN"), "已上传 2 / 3。Server message");
+  assert.equal(translateText("3 results", "zh-CN"), "3 条结果");
+  assert.equal(translateText("2 saved", "zh-CN"), "已保存 2 条");
+  assert.equal(translateText("Thinking…", "zh-CN"), "正在思考…");
+  assert.equal(translateText("Copy link to Project Alpha", "zh-CN"), "复制 Project Alpha 的链接");
+  assert.equal(translateText("More actions for Demo app", "zh-CN"), "Demo app 的更多操作");
+  assert.equal(translateText("Handling for Build bot", "zh-CN"), "Build bot 的处理方式");
+  assert.equal(translateText("Batch interval for Build bot in hours", "zh-CN"), "Build bot 的批处理间隔（小时）");
+  assert.equal(translateText("Remove Build bot from the ledger", "zh-CN"), "从记录中移除 Build bot");
+  assert.equal(translateText("read-only", "zh-CN"), "只读");
+  assert.equal(translateText("pinned", "zh-CN"), "已置顶");
+  assert.equal(translateText("Open here", "zh-CN"), "在此打开");
+  assert.equal(translateText("New chat", "en"), "New chat");
+  assert.equal(translateText("User supplied content", "zh-CN"), "User supplied content");
+});
+
+test("template localization translates authored UI copy and preserves every dynamic value", () => {
+  const dom = new JSDOM("<!doctype html><html><body></body></html>", { url: "http://localhost:8129/" });
+  dom.window.localStorage.setItem(LOCALE_KEY, "zh-CN");
+  const names = ["document", "localStorage", "navigator"] as const;
+  const descriptors = new Map(names.map((name) => [name, Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(globalThis, name)]));
+  for (const name of names) {
+    Object.defineProperty(globalThis, name, { configurable: true, value: dom.window[name] });
+  }
+  try {
+    installI18n(dom.window.document.documentElement);
+    const conversationTitle = "Files";
+    const slackMessage = "New chat";
+    const template = html`<button title="Sign out">New chat</button>
+      <h1 class="chat-title">${conversationTitle}</h1>
+      <div class="sm-text">${slackMessage}</div>` as unknown as {
+      strings: readonly string[];
+      values: readonly unknown[];
+    };
+    assert.equal(dom.window.document.documentElement.lang, "zh-CN");
+    assert.match(template.strings.join(""), /title="退出登录">新建对话/);
+    assert.deepEqual(template.values, ["Files", "New chat"]);
+
+    const boundaries = html`<span>Pinned</span><span>Allow once</span><span>Allow custom</span>` as unknown as {
+      strings: readonly string[];
+    };
+    assert.match(boundaries.strings.join(""), /<span>已置顶<\/span><span>允许一次<\/span><span>Allow custom<\/span>/);
+  } finally {
+    for (const name of names) {
+      const descriptor = descriptors.get(name);
+      if (descriptor) Object.defineProperty(globalThis, name, descriptor);
+      else delete (globalThis as Record<string, unknown>)[name];
+    }
+    dom.window.close();
+  }
+});
+
+test("conditional interface labels pass through the translator", () => {
+  const source = (name: string) => readFileSync(new URL(`../src/${name}`, import.meta.url), "utf8");
+  assert.match(source("crons.ts"), /t\(showDisabledCrons \? "Hide disabled" : "Show disabled"\)/);
+  assert.match(source("contexts.ts"), /t\(contextsState\.createSaving \? "Close" : "Cancel"\)/);
+  assert.match(source("sessions.ts"), /title=\$\{t\(s\.archived \? "Unarchive" : "Archive"\)\}/);
+  assert.match(source("shell.ts"), /t\(gate\.pending \? "Signing in…" : "Continue"\)/);
+  assert.match(source("deploys.ts"), /t\(manage \? "Can manage" : "Can view"\)/);
+  assert.match(source("skills.ts"), /t\(deleting === skill\.id \? "Archiving…" : "Archive skill"\)/);
+  assert.match(source("memory.ts"), /t\(rawEditing \? "Facts view" : "Edit notebook"\)/);
+  assert.match(source("connectors.ts"), /t\(keychainOperations\.dropInFlight \? "Preparing…" : "Continue"\)/);
+  assert.match(source("ambient-policy.ts"), /t\(ambientPolicyState\.saving \? "Saving…" : "Save"\)/);
+  assert.match(source("context-model.ts"), /message === fallback \? t\(fallback\) : message/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(source("context-model.ts"), /t\(contextModelState\.notice\)/);
+  assert.match(source("files.ts"), /<span>\$\{t\(dropLabel\)\}<\/span>/);
+  assert.match(source("files.ts"), /return message === fallback \? t\(fallback\) : message/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(source("files.ts"), /t\(status\)/);
+  assert.match(source("connectors.ts"), /t\(status === "connected" \? "connected\." : "connection failed\."\)/);
+  assert.match(source("contexts.ts"), /aria-label=\$\{`\$\{t\("Remove"\)\} \$\{label\}`\}/);
+  assert.match(source("chat.ts"), /return t\(work\.status === "working" \? `Working for \$\{secs\}s`/);
+  assert.match(source("chat.ts"), /return t\("Needs your approval"\)/);
+  assert.match(source("chat.ts"), /t\(`\$\{result\.count\} result/);
+  assert.match(source("memory.ts"), /memoryNotice = t\("Saved ✓"\)/);
+  assert.match(source("memory.ts"), /memoryNotice \|\| t\("Loading…"\)/);
+  assert.match(source("contexts.ts"), /contextsNotice \|\| \(contextsLoading[^]*t\("Loading projects…"\)/);
+  assert.match(source("skills.ts"), /skillsNotice = t\("Loading skill instructions…"\)/);
+  assert.match(source("crons.ts"), /cronActionNotice = t\("Run started\./);
+  assert.match(source("connectors.ts"), /`\$\{t\("a Slack channel"\)\} \(\$\{ref\}\)`/);
+  assert.match(source("connectors.ts"), /return message === fallback \? t\(fallback\) : message/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(source("connectors.ts"), /t\(connectorNotice\)/);
+  assert.match(source("connectors.ts"), /title: `\$\{t\("Delete"\)\} \$\{credential\.service\}\?`/);
+  assert.match(source("connectors.ts"), /action: t\("Disconnect account"\)/);
+  assert.match(source("chat.ts"), /bgPanel\.error = message === fallback \? t\(fallback\) : message/);
+  assert.doesNotMatch(source("chat.ts"), /t\(bgPanel\.error\)/);
+  assert.match(source("files.ts"), /<span>\$\{t\(label\)\}<\/span>/);
+  assert.match(source("files.ts"), /<span class="badge">\$\{t\(f\.kind\)\}<\/span>/);
+  assert.match(source("sessions.ts"), /aria-label=\$\{t\(`Copy link to \$\{sessionTitle\(s\)\}`\)\}/);
+  assert.match(source("deploys.ts"), /aria-label=\$\{t\(`More actions for \$\{deploymentTitle\(d\)\}`\)\}/);
+  assert.match(source("ambient-policy.ts"), /ariaLabel: t\(`Handling for \$\{b\.name\}`\)/);
+  assert.match(source("composer.ts"), /const steerTitle = t\(/);
+  assert.match(source("crons.ts"), /error\.textContent = t\(taskControl \? "Title and task are required\."/);
+  assert.match(source("session-list.ts"), /parts\.push\(t\(`\$\{jobs\} background job/);
+  assert.match(source("sessions.ts"), /working \? t\("agent is working"\) : null/);
+  assert.match(source("sessions.ts"), /aria-label=\$\{t\(ariaLabel\)\}/);
+  assert.match(source("split.ts"), /<span>\$\{t\(label\)\}<\/span>/);
+  assert.match(source("split.ts"), /if \(panelParams\(panel\)\.sessionId\) return t\("Conversation"\)/);
+  assert.match(source("split.ts"), /title=\$\{t\(b\.label\)\}/);
+  assert.match(source("chat.ts"), /title = t\(liveWorkExpanded \? "Show less" : "Show more"\)/);
+  assert.match(source("chat.ts"), /<strong>\$\{label\}<\/strong> \$\{t\("context"\)\}/);
+});
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/test/keychain-flow.test.ts b/plugins/web-ui/test/keychain-flow.test.ts
index a1073748..08b6db47 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/test/keychain-flow.test.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/test/keychain-flow.test.ts
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ test("keychain overview wires managed connector grants into account controls", (
 
 test("destructive controls settle duplicate attempts while a mutation is busy", () => {
   assert.match(connectorsSource, /\?disabled=\$\{keychainOperations\.mutationInFlight\}/);
-  assert.match(connectorsSource, /connectorNotice = "Another keychain change is still in progress\."/);
+  assert.match(connectorsSource, /connectorNotice = t\("Another keychain change is still in progress\."\)/);
   assert.equal(connectorsSource.match(/const operation = beginKeychainMutation\(\)/g)?.length, 3);
   assert.equal(
     connectorsSource.match(/if \(keychainOperations\.finishMutation\(operation\)\) drawConnectors\(\)/g)?.length,
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/test/list-page.test.ts b/plugins/web-ui/test/list-page.test.ts
index ed7ef69b..8efa2df5 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/test/list-page.test.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/test/list-page.test.ts
@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ import test from "node:test";
 
 test("list search uses its purpose as an accessible name", () => {
   const source = readFileSync(new URL("../src/list-page.ts", import.meta.url), "utf8");
-  assert.equal(source.includes("aria-label=${o.search.placeholder"), true);
+  assert.equal(source.includes('aria-label=${t(o.search.placeholder).replace(/…$/, "")}'), true);
 });
diff --git a/plugins/web-ui/test/skills-flow.test.ts b/plugins/web-ui/test/skills-flow.test.ts
index cfc2eedb..55594663 100644
--- a/plugins/web-ui/test/skills-flow.test.ts
+++ b/plugins/web-ui/test/skills-flow.test.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ test("focused create/edit flows leave list search and filters untouched on open
 });
 
 test("closing a focused flow clears an unfinished edit loading notice", () => {
-  assert.match(bodyOf("startEdit"), /skillsNotice = "Loading skill instructions…"/);
+  assert.match(bodyOf("startEdit"), /skillsNotice = t\("Loading skill instructions…"\)/);
   assert.match(bodyOf("closeFocusedFlow"), /skillsNotice = ""/);
 });
 
