The History of neuroscience: SFN
Advice for young investigators (Sam Gershman's lab resources)
Jayant Udgaonkar's Advice to PhD Students
Cell Press journal Neuron's Q & A
Lessons from the Lobster: Eve Marder's Work in Neuroscience by Charlotte Nassim
The logic of scientific discovery by Karl Popper
How to Solve It: A New Aspect of Mathematical Method George Polya
Principles of Effective Research by Michael Nielsen
Failure: Why Science Is So Successful Stuart Firestein
Advice for a Young Investigator by Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Advice to a Young Mathematician (Section VIII.6) from The Princeton Companion to Mathematics
Growing up in Science Youtube Channel
Richard Hamming: You and your research (1995): Check out his whole series on youtube.