CIS5650-Fall-2025 · 0cfernandes00 · Oct 22, 2025 · Oct 25, 2025 · Oct 26, 2025 · Oct 28, 2025
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.12)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.31)
 set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${CMAKE_MODULE_PATH} "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake")
 
 project(cis565_project5_vulkan_grass_rendering)
@@ -63,4 +63,4 @@ ENDIF(WIN32)
 set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/bin/")
 
 add_subdirectory(external)
-add_subdirectory(src)
+add_subdirectory(src)
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -3,10 +3,80 @@ Vulkan Grass Rendering
 
 **University of Pennsylvania, CIS 565: GPU Programming and Architecture, Project 5**
 
-* (TODO) YOUR NAME HERE
-* Tested on: (TODO) Windows 22, i7-2222 @ 2.22GHz 22GB, GTX 222 222MB (Moore 2222 Lab)
+* Caroline Fernandes
+  * [LinkedIn](https://www.linkedin.com/in/caroline-fernandes-0-/), [personal website](https://0cfernandes00.wixsite.com/visualfx)
+* Tested on: Windows 11, i9-14900HX @ 2.20GHz, Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070
 
-### (TODO: Your README)
+### Overview
 
-*DO NOT* leave the README to the last minute! It is a crucial part of the
-project, and we will not be able to grade you without a good README.
+The goal of this project was to get comfortable with Vulkan and implement [Responsive Real-Time Grass Rendering for General 3D Scenes](https://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/research/publications/2017/JAHRMANN-2017-RRTG/JAHRMANN-2017-RRTG-draft.pdf). I am responsible for implementing the grass vertex, grass tessellation control/evaluate, grass fragment, and compute shaders.
+
+In order to build the project, I made updates to CMakeLists.txt and updated the glfw folder to pull in the most recent from this repository https://github.com/glfw/glfw
+
+<img src="img/final_output.gif" width="450"> 
+
+## Grass Rendering
+Each blade was represented by a bezier curve and three control points. De Castelajau's algorithm was used to construct the curve, and generate the triangle representation.
+
+<img width="390" height="300" alt="image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/6f92d856-b80e-48d8-bc11-42d679e943c6" />
+
+<img src="img/grass_rendering.gif" width="450"> 
+
+**Note:** Values have been adjusted for the remaining videos to show off the effect
+
+## Simulating Forces
+These forces were summed and applied in the compute shader of the pipeline.
+
+### Gravity
+Gravity is implemented as the summation of environmental and "front" facing gravity (which is applied to the front viewing vector of the blade). 
+
+<img width="209" height="72" alt="image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/81debb17-2adf-4146-a9b5-b5484407c6c0" />
+
+<img src="img/gravity.gif" width="450"> 
+
+### Recovery
+
+Recovery acts as a targeting force to bring the blade back to its starting position. The paper includes collisions, but my implementation was just influenced by the v2's current position, starting position, and a stiffness coefficient.
+
+<img width="336" height="55" alt="image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/b104b6e4-b528-4110-bbad-4f80c6d13ede" />
+
+
+### Wind
+
+I simulated wind to be the combination of a wind direction and wind alignment. Blades with a forward vector aligned with the wind direction received more of an impact from the wind. Sin and Cosine waves that change over time were used to produce the waves.
+
+<img width="338" height="281" alt="image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/23c0f349-bac3-4883-9784-a394f1eb6388" />
+
+<img src="img/wind.gif" width="450"> 
+
+## Culling
+
+### Orientation Culling
+Culls the blades with a front vector pointing away from the camera's look vector, because the width will become zero and rendering these pixels will produce rendering artifacts.
+
+<img src="img/orientation_culling.gif" width="450"> 
+
+### View Frustum Culling
+Culls the blades that fall outside of the viewing frustum as they will not be visible.
+
+<img src="img/viewFrustrum_culling.gif" width="450"> 
+
+### Distance Culling
+Culls the blades that are outside a defined range from the camera.
+
+<img src="img/grass_dist_occl.gif" width="450"> 
+
+## Performance Analysis
+I tested using values suggested by the paper, however, the performance results did not match my expectations. Further turning of the parameters could reveal more obvious trends.
+
+Culling Impact
+
+<img src="img/numblades.png" width="450"> 
+
+I tested different scene sizes with all three culling effects applied and compared that without those optimizations. This result was perhaps the most confusing, I had assumed the benefits of culling would outweigh the costs. In smaller scenes especially the opposite was true. In larger scenes the two results were comparable.
+
+Culling Technique Breakdown
+
+<img src="img/cullmethod.png" width="600"> 
+
+Culling by blade orientation seemed to have the largest impact with smaller scenes, whereas with larger scenes the viewing frustum optimization seemed to be the most impactful.
diff --git a/external/CMakeLists.txt b/external/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 set(GLFW_BUILD_EXAMPLES OFF CACHE BOOL "Build the GLFW example programs")
 set(GLFW_BUILD_TESTS OFF CACHE BOOL "Build the GLFW test programs")
 set(GLFW_BUILD_DOCS OFF CACHE BOOL "Build the GLFW documentation")

diff --git a/external/GLFW/.editorconfig b/external/GLFW/.editorconfig
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# EditorConfig for GLFW and its internal dependencies
+#
+# All files created by GLFW should indent with four spaces unless their format requires
+# otherwise.  A few files still use other indent styles for historical reasons.
+#
+# Dependencies have (what seemed to be) their existing styles described.  Those with
+# existing trailing whitespace have it preserved to avoid cluttering future commits.
+
+root = true
+
+[*]
+charset = utf-8
+end_of_line = lf
+
+[include/GLFW/*.h]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 4
+
+[{src,examples,tests}/*.{c,m,h,rc,in}]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 4
+
+[CMakeLists.txt]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 4
+
+[CMake/**.{cmake,in}]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 4
+
+[*.{md}]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 4
+trim_trailing_whitespace = false
+
+[DoxygenLayout.xml]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 2
+
+[docs/*.{scss,html}]
+indent_style = tab
+indent_size = unset
+
+[deps/getopt.{c,h}]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 2
+
+[deps/linmath.h]
+indent_style = tab
+tab_width = 4
+indent_size = 4
+trim_trailing_whitespace = false
+
+[deps/nuklear*.h]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 4
+
+[deps/tinycthread.{c,h}]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 2
+
diff --git a/external/GLFW/.github/CODEOWNERS b/external/GLFW/.github/CODEOWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+
+*               @elmindreda
+
+docs/*.css      @glfw/webdev
+docs/*.scss     @glfw/webdev
+docs/*.html     @glfw/webdev
+docs/*.xml      @glfw/webdev
+
diff --git a/external/GLFW/.github/workflows/build.yml b/external/GLFW/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+name: Build
+on:
+    pull_request:
+    push:
+        branches: [ ci, master, latest, 3.3-stable ]
+    workflow_dispatch:
+permissions:
+    statuses: write
+    contents: read
+
+jobs:
+    build-linux-clang:
+        name: Linux (Clang)
+        runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+        timeout-minutes: 4
+        env:
+            CC: clang
+            CFLAGS: -Werror
+        steps:
+            - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+            - name: Install dependencies
+              run: |
+                  sudo apt update
+                  sudo apt install libxrandr-dev libxinerama-dev libxcursor-dev libxi-dev libxext-dev libwayland-dev libxkbcommon-dev
+
+            - name: Configure Null shared library
+              run: cmake -B build-null-shared -D GLFW_BUILD_WAYLAND=OFF -D GLFW_BUILD_X11=OFF -D BUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON
+            - name: Build Null shared library
+              run: cmake --build build-null-shared --parallel
+
+            - name: Configure X11 shared library
+              run: cmake -B build-x11-shared -D GLFW_BUILD_WAYLAND=OFF -D GLFW_BUILD_X11=ON -D BUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON
+            - name: Build X11 shared library
+              run: cmake --build build-x11-shared --parallel
+
+            - name: Configure Wayland shared library
+              run: cmake -B build-wayland-shared -D GLFW_BUILD_WAYLAND=ON -D GLFW_BUILD_X11=OFF -D BUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON
+            - name: Build Wayland shared library
+              run: cmake --build build-wayland-shared --parallel
+
+            - name: Configure Wayland+X11 static library
+              run: cmake -B build-full-static -D GLFW_BUILD_WAYLAND=ON -D GLFW_BUILD_X11=ON
+            - name: Build Wayland+X11 static library
+              run: cmake --build build-full-static --parallel
+
+            - name: Configure Wayland+X11 shared library
+              run: cmake -B build-full-shared -D GLFW_BUILD_WAYLAND=ON -D BUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON -D GLFW_BUILD_X11=ON
+            - name: Build Wayland+X11 shared library
+              run: cmake --build build-full-shared --parallel
+
+    build-macos-clang:
+        name: macOS (Clang)
+        runs-on: macos-latest
+        timeout-minutes: 4
+        env:
+            CFLAGS: -Werror
+            MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET: 10.11
+            CMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES: x86_64;arm64
+        steps:
+            - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+            - name: Configure Null shared library
+              run: cmake -B build-null-shared -D GLFW_BUILD_COCOA=OFF -D BUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON
+            - name: Build Null shared library
+              run: cmake --build build-null-shared --parallel
+
+            - name: Configure Cocoa static library
+              run: cmake -B build-cocoa-static
+            - name: Build Cocoa static library
+              run: cmake --build build-cocoa-static --parallel
+
+            - name: Configure Cocoa shared library
+              run: cmake -B build-cocoa-shared -D BUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON
+            - name: Build Cocoa shared library
+              run: cmake --build build-cocoa-shared --parallel
+
+    build-windows-vs2022:
+        name: Windows (VS2022)
+        runs-on: windows-latest
+        timeout-minutes: 4
+        env:
+            CFLAGS: /WX
+        steps:
+            - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+            - name: Configure Win32 shared x86 library
+              run: cmake -B build-win32-shared-x86 -G "Visual Studio 17 2022" -A Win32 -D BUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON
+            - name: Build Win32 shared x86 library
+              run: cmake --build build-win32-shared-x86 --parallel
+
+            - name: Configure Win32 static x64 library
+              run: cmake -B build-win32-static-x64 -G "Visual Studio 17 2022" -A x64
+            - name: Build Win32 static x64 library
+              run: cmake --build build-win32-static-x64 --parallel
+
+            - name: Configure Win32 shared x64 library
+              run: cmake -B build-win32-shared-x64 -G "Visual Studio 17 2022" -A x64 -D BUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON
+            - name: Build Win32 shared x64 library
+              run: cmake --build build-win32-shared-x64 --parallel
+
diff --git a/external/GLFW/.mailmap b/external/GLFW/.mailmap
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Camilla Löwy <elmindreda@glfw.org> <elmindreda@users.sourceforge.net>
+Camilla Löwy <elmindreda@glfw.org> <elmindreda@elmindreda.org>
+Camilla Löwy <elmindreda@glfw.org>
+
+Emmanuel Gil Peyrot <linkmauve@linkmauve.fr>
+
+Marcus Geelnard <m@bitsnbites.eu> <marcus256@users.sourceforge.net>
+Marcus Geelnard <m@bitsnbites.eu> <marcus@geelnards-pc.(none)>
+Marcus Geelnard <m@bitsnbites.eu>
+
diff --git a/external/GLFW/CMake/GenerateMappings.cmake b/external/GLFW/CMake/GenerateMappings.cmake
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # Usage:
 # cmake -P GenerateMappings.cmake <path/to/mappings.h.in> <path/to/mappings.h>
 
+cmake_policy(VERSION 3.16)
+
 set(source_url "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gabomdq/SDL_GameControllerDB/master/gamecontrollerdb.txt")
 set(source_path "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/gamecontrollerdb.txt")
 set(template_path "${CMAKE_ARGV3}")
@@ -22,9 +24,24 @@ if (status_code)
 endif()
 
 file(STRINGS "${source_path}" lines)
-foreach(line ${lines})
-    if ("${line}" MATCHES "^[0-9a-fA-F].*$")
-        set(GLFW_GAMEPAD_MAPPINGS "${GLFW_GAMEPAD_MAPPINGS}\"${line}\\n\"\n")
+list(FILTER lines INCLUDE REGEX "^[0-9a-fA-F]")
+
+foreach(line IN LISTS lines)
+    if (line MATCHES "platform:Windows")
+        if (GLFW_WIN32_MAPPINGS)
+            string(APPEND GLFW_WIN32_MAPPINGS "\n")
+        endif()
+        string(APPEND GLFW_WIN32_MAPPINGS "\"${line}\",")
+    elseif (line MATCHES "platform:Mac OS X")
+        if (GLFW_COCOA_MAPPINGS)
+            string(APPEND GLFW_COCOA_MAPPINGS "\n")
+        endif()
+        string(APPEND GLFW_COCOA_MAPPINGS "\"${line}\",")
+    elseif (line MATCHES "platform:Linux")
+        if (GLFW_LINUX_MAPPINGS)
+            string(APPEND GLFW_LINUX_MAPPINGS "\n")
+        endif()
+        string(APPEND GLFW_LINUX_MAPPINGS "\"${line}\",")
     endif()
 endforeach()
 

diff --git a/external/GLFW/CMake/Info.plist.in b/external/GLFW/CMake/Info.plist.in
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
+<plist version="1.0">
+<dict>
+	<key>CFBundleDevelopmentRegion</key>
+	<string>English</string>
+	<key>CFBundleExecutable</key>
+	<string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_EXECUTABLE_NAME}</string>
+	<key>CFBundleGetInfoString</key>
+	<string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_INFO_STRING}</string>
+	<key>CFBundleIconFile</key>
+	<string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_ICON_FILE}</string>
+	<key>CFBundleIdentifier</key>
+	<string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_GUI_IDENTIFIER}</string>
+	<key>CFBundleInfoDictionaryVersion</key>
+	<string>6.0</string>
+	<key>CFBundleLongVersionString</key>
+	<string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_LONG_VERSION_STRING}</string>
+	<key>CFBundleName</key>
+	<string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_BUNDLE_NAME}</string>
+	<key>CFBundlePackageType</key>
+	<string>APPL</string>
+	<key>CFBundleShortVersionString</key>
+	<string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_SHORT_VERSION_STRING}</string>
+	<key>CFBundleSignature</key>
+	<string>????</string>
+	<key>CFBundleVersion</key>
+	<string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_BUNDLE_VERSION}</string>
+	<key>CSResourcesFileMapped</key>
+	<true/>
+	<key>LSRequiresCarbon</key>
+	<true/>
+	<key>NSHumanReadableCopyright</key>
+	<string>${MACOSX_BUNDLE_COPYRIGHT}</string>
+	<key>NSHighResolutionCapable</key>
+	<true/>
+</dict>
+</plist>
diff --git a/external/GLFW/CMake/cmake_uninstall.cmake.in b/external/GLFW/CMake/cmake_uninstall.cmake.in
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+
+if (NOT EXISTS "@GLFW_BINARY_DIR@/install_manifest.txt")
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "Cannot find install manifest: \"@GLFW_BINARY_DIR@/install_manifest.txt\"")
+endif()
+
+file(READ "@GLFW_BINARY_DIR@/install_manifest.txt" files)
+string(REGEX REPLACE "\n" ";" files "${files}")
+
+foreach (file ${files})
+  message(STATUS "Uninstalling \"$ENV{DESTDIR}${file}\"")
+  if (EXISTS "$ENV{DESTDIR}${file}")
+    exec_program("@CMAKE_COMMAND@" ARGS "-E remove \"$ENV{DESTDIR}${file}\""
+                 OUTPUT_VARIABLE rm_out
+                 RETURN_VALUE rm_retval)
+    if (NOT "${rm_retval}" STREQUAL 0)
+      MESSAGE(FATAL_ERROR "Problem when removing \"$ENV{DESTDIR}${file}\"")
+    endif()
+  elseif (IS_SYMLINK "$ENV{DESTDIR}${file}")
+    EXEC_PROGRAM("@CMAKE_COMMAND@" ARGS "-E remove \"$ENV{DESTDIR}${file}\""
+                 OUTPUT_VARIABLE rm_out
+                 RETURN_VALUE rm_retval)
+    if (NOT "${rm_retval}" STREQUAL 0)
+      message(FATAL_ERROR "Problem when removing symlink \"$ENV{DESTDIR}${file}\"")
+    endif()
+  else()
+    message(STATUS "File \"$ENV{DESTDIR}${file}\" does not exist.")
+  endif()
+endforeach()
+