Upgrade to Go 1.27 and strengthen lint/CI tooling

[KARTIKrocks]

Summary

• Bump go.mod, CI, CodeQL, and CONTRIBUTING.md to Go 1.27
• Apply x/tools modernize fixes (strings.Cut, go/types field iterator)
• Expand .golangci.yml with error-handling, security, and correctness linters; report every duplicate issue instead of truncating
• Fix the issues the new linters surfaced
• Pin golangci-lint/goimports/govulncheck versions in the Makefile and add tidy, tidy-check, lint-fix, fix, and vuln targets
• Add a vuln CI job and sync the lint job's golangci-lint-action version with the Makefile's pin

Changes

Test Plan

• fmt, vet, lint, test, build passes (make all)
• New code has tests where appropriate
• Generated code compiles for affected scenarios

Related Issues

[coderabbitai]

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