Skip to content

test: drop the wall-clock deadline from waitUntil - #25

Merged
MarcoDotIO merged 9 commits into
mainfrom
test/wait-until-no-deadline
Sep 30, 2026
Merged

MarcoDotIO merged 9 commits into
mainfrom
test/wait-until-no-deadline

Conversation

@MarcoDotIO

@MarcoDotIO MarcoDotIO commented Sep 30, 2026 •

Copy link
Copy Markdown
Owner

Summary

waitUntil (Tests/OpenClawKitTests/TestAsyncHelpers.swift, about 760 call sites in 33 files) gave up on a wall-clock deadline: 15 s by default, and 7, 10 or 30 s at five call sites. The macOS CI job runs about 3,150 tests in parallel, and the cooperative pool stalls for 5 to 8 s at a time. A wait could therefore time out even though its condition was about to hold. This PR applies the fix #24 made to gatewayCoreWaitUntil:

  • waitUntil polls while !Task.isCancelled with no deadline.
    • The timeoutSeconds: and now: parameters are removed. Nothing injected a clock, and without a deadline there is nothing to measure.
    • When the test is cancelled, the helper records AsyncWaitTimeoutError(label:) as an issue and then throws it. Swift Testing drops errors thrown after a time-limit cancellation, and the recorded issue says which wait hung.
  • .timeLimit(.minutes(1)) is on the 31 suites whose tests reach waitUntil, either directly or through file-local helpers (loadAndWaitBootstrap, waitForSentRunId, sendMessageAndEmitFinal, sendWhileOffline, bootstrappedViewModel, waitForUnreadState, StreamReplayHarness.converge/send).
  • E2E:
    • ChannelAdaptersE2ETests.waitFor (15 s deadline, unlabelled #expect) now takes a label and works the same way as waitUntil, with its own WaitTimeout error.
    • GatewayTransportE2ETests.reconnectFailureSchedulesAnotherAttempt had its own 10 s deadline loop. It now polls until the test is cancelled, under a per-test time limit.
  • OpenClawChatUITests had its own waitUntil that gave up after 1 s and returned false. It failed this PR's first macOS CI run: a stall of about 10 s, and both view-model tests failed after about 12 s. The tests now use the shared waitUntil with a label for each wait, and the suite has a one-minute time limit.

Call-site audit: no call site depended on a timeout

  • Nothing expects or catches AsyncWaitTimeoutError.
  • No waitUntil runs in a child task that a test cancels, including through the helpers above. That covers Task {}, Task.detached, async let and task-group children.
  • The five explicit timeouts were only headroom:
    • The outbox tests use 1 ms retry delays.
    • The fallback refreshes are 20 ms.
    • The Discord heartbeats come about once a second.
  • The one try? await waitUntil (ChatViewModelOutboxSettingsTests) is cleanup in a catch block that rethrows. After a time-limit cancellation it adds a second issue for that cleanup wait. The first issue still names the wait that hung.

Stacked on #24. Main is merged in. Merge #24 first; until then the diff also includes #24's commits. Only the last three commits are new here: f5bee2a (waitUntil), d5620d1 (E2E) and 45849eb (chat UI).

Test plan

  • swift build --build-tests
  • Scripts/lint-swift.sh: 0 violations
  • swift test --filter over the 33 affected suites and the 2 E2E suites: 706 + 16 tests pass.
  • Pool starvation, using scratch tests that were not committed. Each starver spawns activeProcessorCount * 2 (28) Task.detached(priority: Task.currentPriority) { usleep(6_000_000) } blockers, about a 12 s stall, with one starver per swift test --filter process.
    • A copy of the old helper with a 7 s deadline fails after 12.0 s (Timeout waiting for: producer finished). The new helper, with the same condition, passes after 12.2 s.
    • A condition that never becomes true ends at 60 s with Time limit was exceeded plus Timeout waiting for: condition that never holds.
    • Starver next to real tests that used to pass 7, 10 or 30 s (active session history preserves the known pending run, gateway rejections burn attempts then fail terminally and support tap retry, ambiguous live transport failure requires explicit retry, slowInboundHandlerDoesNotStallHeartbeatsOrOtherChannels): all pass, after 12 to 15 s.
    • E2E starver (in the E2E bundle, which runs in its own process) next to telegramAdapterResumesFromPersistedOffsetAcrossRestart and reconnectFailureSchedulesAnotherAttempt: both pass after about 12 s.
    • Starver next to the two OpenClawChatUITests view-model tests: both pass after about 12 s. The old 1 s deadline failed them in CI.
  • Full swift test on macOS: OpenClawKitTests passed (3,150 tests in 341 suites) and OpenClawKitE2ETests passed (20 tests). Both passed again after the chat UI fix. The OpenClawLinuxRuntimeTests bundle crashed. That crash also happens on main; see below.

Known issues not addressed here

  • stale fallback refresh keeps retrying while run remains pending fails under a 12 s stall, with the old helper as well as the new one. It passes under 6 s and 8 s stalls, the range seen on CI. The history request count reaches 5, but the reply never applies. The likely cause is a time-based path in the view model that shifts the test's canned responses, which are keyed by request index. Left for a follow-up.
  • OpenClawLinuxRuntimeTests SIGBUS: the process sometimes dies with "Thread stack size exceeded" on a cooperative-pool thread while decoding ChannelsConfig → TelegramChannelConfig (ChannelConfigReader.value). It happened in 2 of 10 isolated runs on main (db5b98c), with the same stack, so this PR did not cause it.
  • Other wall-clock waits remain outside this PR: ProviderStreamingCancellationTests, ModelRouterStreamingFallbackTests, RealtimeTalkRelaySession._test_waitForStartupCancelled, and several helpers in OpenClawLinuxRuntimeTests.

🤖 Generated with Claude Code

MarcoDotIO and others added 8 commits September 30, 2026 10:14
anotherAgentsRunBeforeTheAckNeverHijacksTheIntent and
preAckEventsOfTheAckedRunAreReplayed failed on main (CI run 36644330107,
xcode-27 runner) with "Caught error: CancellationError()" after ~8 s; the
same tree passed on PR #20. waitForSend polled the requester every 5 ms and
threw once a 5 s ContinuousClock deadline passed. With ~3,150 Swift Testing
tests saturating the cooperative pool, the host.send task (and the poller
itself) did not run for more than 5 s, so the deadline expired although
nothing in GatewayOpenClawIntentHost.send is slow. Blocking every cooperative
thread for 6 s reproduces the failure locally.

- OpenClawAppIntentsRunMatchingTests: HeldChatSendRequester yields each
  chat.send's params to an AsyncStream the moment the request arrives, and
  waitForSend awaits that stream. Assertions are unchanged.
- GatewayNetworkConnectionTransportTests: the loopback NWListener start waits
  on stateUpdateHandler (ready/failed/cancelled) instead of polling
  listener.state against the same 5 s deadline, which also had no final
  re-check after a late wake-up.
- WatchNodeClientTests: eventually() drops its 5 s deadline. Its conditions
  read production client state that has no change hook, so it still polls,
  but slowness no longer fails it.

Each suite gains .timeLimit(.minutes(1)) for hang protection. Every wait
ends on cancellation, so a time-limit overrun reports "Time limit was
exceeded" instead of hanging.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
keepalivePingIsBoundedWhenNoPongArrives and
handshakeTimeoutOptionBoundsTheWholeHandshake failed on PR #22's macOS job
(Xcode 27) with `ContinuousClock.now - start < .seconds(5)` at ~5.7 s. A
trivial test in the same window took 5.3 s, so the runner stalled; the
timeouts under test were 50 ms and 100 ms.

- keepalive ping: the socket never pongs, so the thrown URLError already
  proves the ping deadline ended the wait; a time limit catches a hang.
- handshake option: the fallback budget is raised to an hour through
  _test_setConnectTimeoutSeconds, so a channel that ignored the 100 ms option
  would trip the time limit instead of finishing at the 30 s default.
  Checked with a scratch test that drops the option: it fails with "Time
  limit was exceeded" and does not hang.

Both tests take .timeLimit(.minutes(1)) and pass while every cooperative
thread is blocked for several seconds.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
…ot elapsed time

issuedTokenPersistenceNeverBlocksTheChannelActor asserted the actor answered
within 3 s while a token write waited on another connection's SQLite lock.
A saturated test pool can stall the run for longer than that, and a time
limit alone would miss the regression it guards (a write on the actor holds
it for SQLite's 30 s busy timeout, less than the one-minute limit).

The test now relies on ordering. It releases the lock only after the actor
answers, so the token can reach disk only if the actor answered while the
write was pending. A write on the actor fails with SQLITE_BUSY first, the
token never lands, and the final wait trips the new suite time limit.

The 200 ms sleep that let hello-ok reach the write is replaced by a DEBUG
hook, _test_setDeviceTokenPersistenceStartedHandler, that fires on the actor
just before the persistence hop. Once the hop starts, shutdown cannot stop it.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
… limit

The three tests asserted wall-clock bounds (2 s, 5 s, 1 s) that a saturated
test pool can overrun. Each now has a one-minute time limit instead, and
each makes sure a regression ends on the limit's cancellation instead of
hanging the run:

- file fetch refuses a FIFO: a blocking open(2) never returns. The
  cancellation handler opens the FIFO's write end once to release it.
- operationThatIgnoresCancellationStillTimesOut: the parked operation is a
  gate the test opens on cancellation (and afterwards), not a
  never-resumed continuation that a loser-joining race would wait on
  forever.
- total deadline can fire before the session starts: URLSession's own
  timeouts move past the limit, so only the fetcher's zero-second
  deadline can end the fetch. The fetch is awaited through a no-deadline
  AsyncTimeout race, because a deadline lost before start would leave it
  unresumed even on cancellation.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
…aits

gatewayCoreWaitUntil gave up after 10 s (15 s at two call sites) and the
ChatViewModelSessionActionTests helpers after 15 s. A pool stall adds to
those waits, so they could time out even though the condition was about to
hold.

Both now wait until the condition holds or the test is cancelled. Every
suite that uses them has a one-minute time limit. gatewayCoreWaitUntil
records its GatewayCoreWaitTimeout as an issue before throwing, because
Swift Testing drops errors thrown after a time-limit cancellation and the
label says which wait hung. waitForForkStart awaits the gate's stream
directly instead of racing it against a sleep.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
waitUntil gave up after 15 s (7, 10 or 30 s at five call sites). The macOS
CI job runs about 3,150 tests in parallel and the cooperative pool stalls
for 5 to 8 s at a time, so a wait could time out even though the condition
was about to hold.

waitUntil now polls until the condition holds or the test is cancelled, and
the timeoutSeconds and now: parameters are gone (nothing injected a clock,
and with no deadline there is nothing to measure). Every suite whose tests
reach waitUntil, directly or through a file-local helper, has a one-minute
time limit; ChatViewModelSessionActionTests already had one. On cancellation
the helper records AsyncWaitTimeoutError as an issue before throwing it,
because Swift Testing drops errors thrown after a time-limit cancellation
and the label says which wait hung.

No call site relied on the timeout: nothing expects AsyncWaitTimeoutError,
no wait runs in a child task that the test cancels, and the one try? wait is
cleanup in a catch block that rethrows.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
…nnect tests

ChannelAdaptersE2ETests.waitFor gave up after 15 s and only recorded an
unlabelled expectation failure. reconnectFailureSchedulesAnotherAttempt
polled against a 10 s deadline. A pool stall can outlast either one.

waitFor now takes a label, polls until the condition holds or the test is
cancelled, and records a WaitTimeout issue before throwing it. The reconnect
loop polls until cancelled. The suite and the reconnect test each have a
one-minute time limit.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
@MarcoDotIO
MarcoDotIO enabled auto-merge (squash) September 30, 2026 19:03
OpenClawChatUITests had its own waitUntil that gave up after 1 s and
returned false. On the macOS CI job for this PR, a pool stall of about
10 s ran past it: both view-model tests failed after about 12 s, and the
bootstrap expectations that followed failed with them.

The tests now call the shared deadline-free waitUntil with a label for
each wait, and the suite has a one-minute time limit. The private helper
is removed.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
@MarcoDotIO
MarcoDotIO merged commit d88c56c into main Sep 30, 2026
31 of 32 checks passed
MarcoDotIO added a commit that referenced this pull request Oct 1, 2026
* test: wait for events instead of a 5 s wall-clock deadline

anotherAgentsRunBeforeTheAckNeverHijacksTheIntent and
preAckEventsOfTheAckedRunAreReplayed failed on main (CI run 36644330107,
xcode-27 runner) with "Caught error: CancellationError()" after ~8 s; the
same tree passed on PR #20. waitForSend polled the requester every 5 ms and
threw once a 5 s ContinuousClock deadline passed. With ~3,150 Swift Testing
tests saturating the cooperative pool, the host.send task (and the poller
itself) did not run for more than 5 s, so the deadline expired although
nothing in GatewayOpenClawIntentHost.send is slow. Blocking every cooperative
thread for 6 s reproduces the failure locally.

- OpenClawAppIntentsRunMatchingTests: HeldChatSendRequester yields each
  chat.send's params to an AsyncStream the moment the request arrives, and
  waitForSend awaits that stream. Assertions are unchanged.
- GatewayNetworkConnectionTransportTests: the loopback NWListener start waits
  on stateUpdateHandler (ready/failed/cancelled) instead of polling
  listener.state against the same 5 s deadline, which also had no final
  re-check after a late wake-up.
- WatchNodeClientTests: eventually() drops its 5 s deadline. Its conditions
  read production client state that has no change hook, so it still polls,
  but slowness no longer fails it.

Each suite gains .timeLimit(.minutes(1)) for hang protection. Every wait
ends on cancellation, so a time-limit overrun reports "Time limit was
exceeded" instead of hanging.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test: bound lifecycle timeouts with a time limit, not a 5 s wall clock

keepalivePingIsBoundedWhenNoPongArrives and
handshakeTimeoutOptionBoundsTheWholeHandshake failed on PR #22's macOS job
(Xcode 27) with `ContinuousClock.now - start < .seconds(5)` at ~5.7 s. A
trivial test in the same window took 5.3 s, so the runner stalled; the
timeouts under test were 50 ms and 100 ms.

- keepalive ping: the socket never pongs, so the thrown URLError already
  proves the ping deadline ended the wait; a time limit catches a hang.
- handshake option: the fallback budget is raised to an hour through
  _test_setConnectTimeoutSeconds, so a channel that ignored the 100 ms option
  would trip the time limit instead of finishing at the 30 s default.
  Checked with a scratch test that drops the option: it fails with "Time
  limit was exceeded" and does not hang.

Both tests take .timeLimit(.minutes(1)) and pass while every cooperative
thread is blocked for several seconds.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test: show the device-auth write leaves the actor free by ordering, not elapsed time

issuedTokenPersistenceNeverBlocksTheChannelActor asserted the actor answered
within 3 s while a token write waited on another connection's SQLite lock.
A saturated test pool can stall the run for longer than that, and a time
limit alone would miss the regression it guards (a write on the actor holds
it for SQLite's 30 s busy timeout, less than the one-minute limit).

The test now relies on ordering. It releases the lock only after the actor
answers, so the token can reach disk only if the actor answered while the
write was pending. A write on the actor fails with SQLITE_BUSY first, the
token never lands, and the final wait trips the new suite time limit.

The 200 ms sleep that let hello-ok reach the write is replaced by a DEBUG
hook, _test_setDeviceTokenPersistenceStartedHandler, that fires on the actor
just before the persistence hop. Once the hop starts, shutdown cannot stop it.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test: bound the FIFO, AsyncTimeout and link-preview tests with a time limit

The three tests asserted wall-clock bounds (2 s, 5 s, 1 s) that a saturated
test pool can overrun. Each now has a one-minute time limit instead, and
each makes sure a regression ends on the limit's cancellation instead of
hanging the run:

- file fetch refuses a FIFO: a blocking open(2) never returns. The
  cancellation handler opens the FIFO's write end once to release it.
- operationThatIgnoresCancellationStillTimesOut: the parked operation is a
  gate the test opens on cancellation (and afterwards), not a
  never-resumed continuation that a loser-joining race would wait on
  forever.
- total deadline can fire before the session starts: URLSession's own
  timeouts move past the limit, so only the fetcher's zero-second
  deadline can end the fetch. The fetch is awaited through a no-deadline
  AsyncTimeout race, because a deadline lost before start would leave it
  unresumed even on cancellation.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test: drop wall-clock deadlines from the gateway and session-action waits

gatewayCoreWaitUntil gave up after 10 s (15 s at two call sites) and the
ChatViewModelSessionActionTests helpers after 15 s. A pool stall adds to
those waits, so they could time out even though the condition was about to
hold.

Both now wait until the condition holds or the test is cancelled. Every
suite that uses them has a one-minute time limit. gatewayCoreWaitUntil
records its GatewayCoreWaitTimeout as an issue before throwing, because
Swift Testing drops errors thrown after a time-limit cancellation and the
label says which wait hung. waitForForkStart awaits the gate's stream
directly instead of racing it against a sleep.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test: drop the wall-clock deadline from waitUntil

waitUntil gave up after 15 s (7, 10 or 30 s at five call sites). The macOS
CI job runs about 3,150 tests in parallel and the cooperative pool stalls
for 5 to 8 s at a time, so a wait could time out even though the condition
was about to hold.

waitUntil now polls until the condition holds or the test is cancelled, and
the timeoutSeconds and now: parameters are gone (nothing injected a clock,
and with no deadline there is nothing to measure). Every suite whose tests
reach waitUntil, directly or through a file-local helper, has a one-minute
time limit; ChatViewModelSessionActionTests already had one. On cancellation
the helper records AsyncWaitTimeoutError as an issue before throwing it,
because Swift Testing drops errors thrown after a time-limit cancellation
and the label says which wait hung.

No call site relied on the timeout: nothing expects AsyncWaitTimeoutError,
no wait runs in a child task that the test cancels, and the one try? wait is
cleanup in a catch block that rethrows.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test(e2e): wait without a wall-clock deadline in the channel and reconnect tests

ChannelAdaptersE2ETests.waitFor gave up after 15 s and only recorded an
unlabelled expectation failure. reconnectFailureSchedulesAnotherAttempt
polled against a 10 s deadline. A pool stall can outlast either one.

waitFor now takes a label, polls until the condition holds or the test is
cancelled, and records a WaitTimeout issue before throwing it. The reconnect
loop polls until cancelled. The suite and the reconnect test each have a
one-minute time limit.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test: drop the 1 s deadline from the chat UI view-model waits

OpenClawChatUITests had its own waitUntil that gave up after 1 s and
returned false. On the macOS CI job for this PR, a pool stall of about
10 s ran past it: both view-model tests failed after about 12 s, and the
bootstrap expectations that followed failed with them.

The tests now call the shared deadline-free waitUntil with a label for
each wait, and the suite has a one-minute time limit. The private helper
is removed.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test: drop the wall-clock waits left in the provider and realtime relay tests

- ProviderStreamingCancellationTests polls with the shared deadline-free
  waitUntil under a one-minute suite time limit. Both request timeouts are
  now an hour, so a cancellation that never reaches the request fails as a
  hang instead of passing once the 60 s request timeout fires.
- ModelRouterStreamingFallbackTests waits for the stream termination (and
  the two stream/generate starts) with waitUntil, under a suite time limit.
- RealtimeTalkRelaySession._test_waitForStartupCancelled() drops its
  timeoutSeconds parameter. A closed session answers before any timer is
  armed; a zero timeout makes one that is not closed fail at once rather
  than after a 1 s wall-clock wait.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test(linux): wait without a wall-clock deadline in the runtime tests

- A shared TestAsyncHelpers.swift replaces AgentLoopHardeningTests'
  waitUntil (500 x 10 ms, recorded an unlabelled issue and returned). It
  polls until the test is cancelled, then records and throws
  AsyncWaitTimeoutError(label:).
- GatewayServerTestHarness.collect (5 s) and Recorder.waitFor (5 s) take a
  label and wait until the time limit. The one deliberate negative wait now
  uses frames(_:arrivingWithinMs:), which returns what arrived; the old
  helper returned [] whenever its timer won, so that assertion could never
  fail.
- ChannelAdaptersLinuxSmokeTests.poll (15 s), the SIWC loopback-page wait
  (10 s), the automation run waits (10 s) and the MCP list_changed waits
  (3 s + 2 s) use waitUntil.
- addingAJobWakesTheSleepingLoop pushes the scheduler's idle cap to an hour
  through the new DEBUG hook CronScheduler._test_setMaximumSleepSeconds, so
  a missed wake hangs instead of racing the 60 s cap against the time limit.
- The MCP list_changed test uses an hour request timeout and drops its
  "< 1.5 s" elapsed assertion: a stall behind another request now hangs.
- .timeLimit(.minutes(1)) is on the nine suites that reach these waits and
  had no limit.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test: drop the bounded polls, elapsed bounds and positive-path timeouts

#26 left three kinds of wall-clock bounds in the test waits. A stalled
cooperative pool (5-8 s on the macOS CI job) could fail any of them.

- Iteration-count sleep polls now use waitUntil, under a one-minute time
  limit. The Task.yield loops before negative checks, the sampler
  repetitions and the media teardown grace are kept.
- Elapsed "< N s" asserts are replaced by what they stood for: error
  payloads that name the short deadline, kill checks, and a stalled
  server or run that outlives the time limit. Lower bounds and the
  synchronous cron search are kept. The throttle drop and delay checks
  use an hour-long window, so a stall between the two requests cannot
  let the window pass.
- Positive-path product timeouts move past the time limit where the
  wait ends on cancellation (SIWC signIn, runtime.run). Waits that park
  on a continuation cancellation never resumes (runtime.wait, agent.wait,
  the brokers, A2ATaskStore, imsg) go through the new
  awaitCancellable(_:) with no timeout.
- The stale-timer test retries until its first run beats its 200 ms
  timer. The run-id collision test holds its run on a gate instead of a
  3 s sleep. The coalescing reporter test uses a frozen clock.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test: wait for agent runs without a positive-path timeout

#29 left runtime.wait and agent.wait calls with 2-5 s timeouts in the
agent gateway, session branch, loop, event stream and wire shape tests,
and in the OpenClawKitTests stack, gateway server and registry tests. A
stalled cooperative pool (5-8 s on the macOS CI job) can let that timer
beat the run and turn a passing wait into a "timeout".

Both waits park on a continuation that cancellation never resumes, so
they now go through awaitCancellable(_:) with no timeout, under a
one-minute time limit. OpenClawKitTests gets its own copy of the helper.
The client-side request timeout on the SDK gateway test's agent.wait
moves past the limit too. The intended short timeouts (timeoutMs 1 and
10) are unchanged.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* docs(changelog): 2026.3.2

Date the release 2026-10-01 and move the ConfigBoxed and config-decode stack
entries under it. Add a Tests section for the test-wait hardening (#22, #25,
#26, #29, #30), the per-test synthesizer (#23), the reply clock (#27) and the
stack-depth tests (#28), with the release test counts and CI gates.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 5.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Sign up for free to join this conversation on GitHub. Already have an account? Sign in to comment

Labels

None yet

Projects

None yet

Development

Successfully merging this pull request may close these issues.

1 participant