fix: deduplicate concurrent upload parse dispatch

[Frankie-Xu]

Summary

• Dispatch parsing only when this handoff owns the successful waiting-file -> pending transition.
• Treat a CAS retry that succeeds as pending -> pending as an idempotent no-op.
• Recreated on current main (85d5b2ba): main already no-ops a rejected CAS from pending, but a successful same-state retry still dispatched.
• Add direct and HTTP-interleaving regression coverage for the S3 notification / confirm-upload race.
• confirm-upload remains the fallback when the storage event is absent. RedisJobLock and the worker terminal-state gate are unchanged.

Closes #286

Test plan

• make lint
• uv run pytest apps/api/tests/contract/test_s3_event_contract.py -k "pending_to_pending or cas_winner or localstack" -q — 3 passed (no FastAPI import)
• HTTP interleaving cases are in the same file; they import apps/api/main.py and currently fail on Windows because fcntl is missing (project P3.2). Upstream CI is Ubuntu.

[Frankie-Xu]

This is a first-time fork workflow and GitHub currently reports no checks. The focused regression, concurrent HTTP cases, affected contract file, lint, and typecheck pass locally; the full API contract result and its unrelated environment-specific failure are documented in the PR body. Please approve the workflow run when convenient.

[Frankie-Xu]

Rebased/recreated on current main (85d5b2ba). The remaining hole was a successful pending -> pending CAS retry still calling start_uploaded_file_parse. Only waiting-file -> pending now dispatches.

[Frankie-Xu]

Follow-up: #412 lands a Windows-safe telemetry file lock, so test_s3_event_contract.py can be collected on Windows instead of dying on import fcntl. Ubuntu CI for this PR is unchanged.

[Frankie-Xu]

Rebased onto current main (9489fa2c, includes #414/#415). No overlap with those parser/retrieval changes; still waiting on first-time fork Actions workflow approval.