fix: classify apply_patch failures

[YumaKakuya]

Summary

• Makes apply_patch adapter non-interactive with patch -f so malformed or mismatched patches return diagnostics instead of hanging or leaking raw patch prompts.
• Classifies common failures: plain non-git diff headers, missing target files, interactive strip-level prompts, stale hunks, already-applied patches, malformed patches, missing patch binary, and timeouts.
• Adds integration coverage for success, plain headers, file-not-found, and stale hunk cases.

Tests

• npm run build in adapters/
• ./gradlew test --no-daemon in java/
• go test -count=1 -run TestApplyPatch_Classifications -v ./integration
• go test ./cmd/mcphub

Scope

• Bugfix-only public Helm patch.
• Does not sync MCPHUB internal alpha features such as capability_gap, result cache, dry-run, or task-context filtering.

Review: @YumaKakuya

[sorted-ai-bot]

Closing and replacing because this PR was created with the wrong author account. Per Sorted GitHub Operations, AI-authored PRs must be created via ghx / sorted-ai-bot.