This repository contains experimental data and circuit simulations from a series of electronics laboratory experiments. The project focuses on validating fundamental electrical principles (Ohm's Law, RC transient response, and DC motor characterization) through rigorous measurement techniques and statistical error analysis.
All measurements were performed using calibrated laboratory instruments (digital multimeters, analog voltmeters, oscilloscopes, and function generators), and the results include full uncertainty propagation using both Type A (statistical) and Type B (instrumental) methods.
├── simulations/
│ ├── Network Analysis.ms14 # NI Multisim network analysis simulation
│ └── Test.ms14 # NI Multisim test bench simulation
│
├── datasets/
│ ├── resistor_measurements_and_errors.csv # Resistance measurements via direct and indirect methods
│ ├── oscilloscope_signals.csv # Signal characterization (Vpp, frequency, period)
│ ├── capacitor_rc_transients.csv # RC circuit charge/discharge time constants
│ ├── ohms_law_validation.csv # Ohm's Law verification with systematic error correction
│ └── dc_motor_characterization.csv # DC motor V-I curves and efficiency analysis
│
└── README.md
Dataset: resistor_measurements_and_errors.csv
Direct and indirect resistance measurements (560 Ω, 6.8 kΩ, 15 kΩ) using both digital and analog voltmeters. Demonstrates how the internal resistance of an analog voltmeter introduces systematic errors, particularly significant for high-value resistors where the voltmeter impedance becomes comparable to the measured resistance.
Dataset: oscilloscope_signals.csv
Characterization of a 1200 Hz sinusoidal signal using three independent measurement techniques on a digital oscilloscope: direct screen reading, built-in measurement functions, and cursor-based measurement. Includes RMS voltage validation and full uncertainty budgets for each method.
Dataset: capacitor_rc_transients.csv
Measurement of charge and discharge time constants (τ) for an RC circuit (R = 560 Ω, C = 2.2 µF nominal). Experimental τ values are compared against theoretical predictions (τ = RC), with capacitance derived indirectly from measured time constants and resistance.
Dataset: ohms_law_validation.csv
Experimental verification of Ohm's Law (V = IR) for three resistor values using indirect resistance measurement. The dataset includes repeated current measurements for statistical uncertainty estimation and explores systematic errors arising from voltmeter loading effects.
Dataset: dc_motor_characterization.csv
Voltage-current characterization of a DC motor operating at constant speed (30 Hz). Includes input electrical power, estimated torque and friction losses, and efficiency calculations. Back-EMF and internal resistance are extracted from the linear V-I relationship.
- Uncertainty Propagation: All measurements include uncertainty estimates. Type A uncertainties are derived from repeated measurements using sample standard deviation. Type B uncertainties are calculated from instrument resolution using the rectangular distribution model (a / 2√3).
- Systematic vs. Accidental Errors: Experiments explicitly identify and correct for systematic errors, such as voltmeter loading effects on high-impedance circuits.
- Signal Analysis: Oscilloscope measurements employ three independent techniques (screen division counting, automated measurement, and cursor positioning) to cross-validate results.
- Normalized Notation: Final results are expressed in normalized scientific notation following standard metrology conventions.
| Tool | Purpose |
|---|---|
| NI Multisim 14 | Circuit simulation and network analysis |
| Digital Multimeter | Voltage, current, and resistance measurement |
| Analog Voltmeter | Comparative voltage measurement |
| Digital Oscilloscope | Time-domain signal analysis |
| Function Generator | AC and square wave signal generation |