Awesome Disaggregated Memory

A list of awesome researchers and papers about disaggregated memory.

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• Awesome Disaggregated Memory
• Researchers
• Papers
  • Survey/Vision Papers
  • OS
  • Software/Language Runtime
  • Data structures
  • Storage Systems
  • Databases
  • Hardware
  • Resource Management
  • Applications
• Industrial Practices
• Contribute

Researchers

• Harry Xu
• Kimberly Keeton
• Marcos Aguilera
• Asaf Cidon
• Mosharaf Chowdhury
• Anurag Khandelwal
• Yiying Zhang
• Pengfei Zuo
• Yizhou Shan
• Chenxi Wang
• Qizhen Zhang
• Huaicheng Li

Papers

Survey/Vision Papers

Year	Conf.	Paper	Code
2019	WORD	Exploring the Disaggregated Memory Interface Design Space
2019	ICDCS	Memmory Disaggregation: Research Problems and Opportunities
2022	APSys	Towards a Fully Disaggregated and Programmable Data Center
2023	HotOS	Skadi: Building a Distributed Runtime for Data Systems in Disaggregated Data Centers
2023	SIGOPS OSR	Memory Disaggregation: Why Now and What are the Challenges
2023	SIGOPS OSR	Make It Real: An End-to-End Implementation of A Physically Disaggregated Data Center

OS

Year	Conf.	Paper	Code
2012	HPCA	System-Level Implications of Disaggregated Memory
2017	NSDI	Efficient Memory Disaggregation with INFINISWAP	link
2018	ATC	Remote regions: a simple abstraction for remote memory
2018	EuroSys	Welcome to Zombieland: Practical and Energy-Efficient Memory Disaggregation in a Datacenter
2018	OSDI	LegoOS: A Disseminated, Distributed OS for Hardware Resource Disaggregation	link
2019	EuroSys	Can Far Memory Improve Job Throughput?
2020	ATC	Effectively Prefetching Remote Memory with Leap
2022	SIGMOD	Optimizing Data-Intensive Systems in Disaggregated Data Centers with TELEPORT	link
2022	EuroSys	Slashing the Disaggregation Tax in Heterogeneous Data Centers with FractOS
2022	FAST	Hydra: Resilient and Highly Available Remote Memory	link
2023	OSDI	Karma: Resource Allocation for Dynamic Demands
2023	ASPLOS	TPP: Transparent Page Placement for CXL-Enabled Tiered Memory
2023	EuroSys	DiLOS: Do Not Trade Compatibility for Performance Memory Disaggregation
2023	NSDI	Canvas: Isolated and Adaptive Swapping for Multi-Applications on Remote Memory	link
2023	NSDI	Hermit: Low-Latency, High-Throughput, and Transparent Remote Memory via Feedback-Directed Asynchrony	link
2023	SOSP	Mira: A Program-Behavior-Guided Far Memory System
2023	HotOS	Prefetching Using Principles of Hippocampal-Neocortical Interaction
2023	HPCA	HoPP: Hardware-Software Co-Designed Page Prefetching for Disaggregated Memory
2023	DATE	MARB: Bridge the Semantic Gap between Operating System and Application Memory Access Behavior
2024	FAST	TeRM: Extending RDMA-Attached Memory with SSD	link
2024	OSDI	Nomad: Non-Exclusive Memory Tiering via Transactional Page Migration
2024	OSDI	Managing Memory Tiers with CXL in Virtualized Environments
2024	ATC	UniMem: Redesigning Disaggregated Memory within A Unified Local-Remote Memory Hierarchy	link
2024	ATC	FlexMem: Adaptive Page Profiling and Migration for Tiered Memory
2025	ASPLOS	CXLfork: Fast Remote Fork over CXL Fabrics
2025	OSDI	FineMem: Breaking the Allocation Overhead vs. Memory Waste Dilemma in Fine-Grained Disaggregated Memory Management
2025	OSDI	Tiered Memory Management Beyond Hotness
2025	SOSP	Scalable Far Memory: Balancing Faults and Evictions
2025	SOSP	Demeter: A Scalable and Elastic Tiered Memory Solution for Virtualized Cloud via Guest Delegation
2025	NSDI	ODRP: On-Demand Remote Paging with Programmable RDMA
2026	NSDI	OneSidedMW: Managing Disaggregated Memory Efficiently, Flexibly, and Securely with RNIC Offloading
2026	OSDI	Harvesting Sub-Microsecond CXL Memory Stalls with LiteSwitch
2026	OSDI	Blowfish: Elastic Virtual Machine Memory for Disaggregated Memory
2026	EuroSys	RaidenSwap: A Multi-Swap Remote System for Multi-core Applications
2026	ASPLOS	PIPM: Partial and Incremental Page Migration for Multi-host CXL Disaggregated Shared Memory
2026	ASPLOS	PACT: A Criticality-First Design for Tiered Memory
2026	ASPLOS	Performance Predictability in Heterogeneous Memory

Software/Language Runtime

Year	Conf.	Paper	Code
2020	OSDI	AIFM: High-Performance, Application-Integrated Far Memory	link
2020	OSDI	Semeru: A Memory-Disaggregated Managed Runtime	link
2022	OSDI	MemLiner: Lining up Tracing and Application for a Far-Memory-Friendly Runtime	link
2022	OSDI	Carbink: Fault-Tolerant Far Memory
2022	PLDI	Mako: a low-pause, high-throughput evacuating collector for memory-disaggregated datacenters	link
2023	SIGCOMM	Cowbird: Freeing CPUs to Compute by Offloading the Disaggregation of Memory
2024	ASPLOS	Scaling Up Memory Disaggregated Applications with Smart	link
2024	NSDI	Harvesting Idle Memory for Application-Managed Soft State with Midas	link
2024	ASPLOS	TrackFM: Far-out Compiler Support for a Far Memory World	link
2024	OSDI	A Tale of Two Paths: Toward a Hybrid Data Plane for Efficient Far-Memory Applications	link
2024	OSDI	DRust: Language-Guided Distributed Shared Memory with Fine Granularity, Full Transparency, and Ultra Efficiency	link
2025	EuroSys	Adios to Busy-Waiting for Microsecond-scale Memory Disaggregation	link
2025	NSDI	Beehive: A Scalable Disaggregated Memory Runtime Exploiting Asynchrony of Multithreaded Programs	link
2025	NSDI	Eden: Developer-Friendly Application-Integrated Far Memory	link
2026	ASPLOS	A Programming Model for Disaggregated Memory over CXL

Parallel Data Structures

Year	Conf.	Paper	Code
2019	HotOS	Designing far memory data structures: Think outside the box
2021	ATC	One-Sided RDMA-Conscious Extendible Hashing for Disaggregated Memory
2022	SIGMOD	Sherman: A Write-Optimized Distributed B+Tree Index on Disaggregated Memory	link
2023	OSDI	SMART: A High-Performance Adaptive Radix Tree for Disaggregated Memory	link
2023	FAST	ROLEX: A Scalable RDMA-Oriented Learned Key-Value Store for Disaggregated Memory Systems	link
2023	SIGMOD	Design Guidelines for Correct, Efficient, and Scalable Synchronization using One-Sided RDMA	link
2024	SOSP	CHIME: A Cache-Efficient and High-Performance Hybrid Index on Disaggregated Memory	link
2025	ASPLOS	pulse: Accelerating Distributed Pointer-Traversals on Disaggregated Memory	link
2025	EuroSys	Deft: A Scalable Tree Index for Disaggregated Memory	link
2025	ATC	Cuckoo for Clients: Disaggregated Cuckoo Hashing
2025	FAST	ShiftLock: Mitigate One-sided RDMA Lock Contention via Handover
2026	VLDB	CIDER: Boosting Memory-Disaggregated Key-Value Stores with Pessimistic Synchronization	link
2026	FAST	DMTree: Towards Efficient Tree Indexing on Disaggregated Memory via Compute-side Collaborative Design	link
2026	OSDI	FARLock: Asymmetric RDMA Locking Made Fair
2026	EuroSys	Scalable RDMA-accelerated Distributed Locks with Shared Stream Abstraction
2026	SIGMOD	DART: A Lock-free Two-layer Hashed ART Index for Disaggregated Memory
2026	SIGMOD	CMANNS: GPU-Accelerated Graph Index Construction for ANNS via Compute–Memory Disaggregation

Storage Systems

Year	Conf.	Paper	Code
2017	SoCC	Distributed Shared Persistent Memory	code
2019	SYSTOR	Storm: A Fast Transactional Dataplane for Remote Data Structures
2020	ATC	Disaggregating Persistent Memory and Controlling Them Remotely: An Exploration of Passive Disaggregated Key-Value Store	link
2022	FAST	FORD: Fast One-Sided RDMA-based Distributed Transactions for Disaggregated Persistent Memory	link
2022	HotStorage	Hello Bytes, Bye Blocks: PCIe Storage Meets Compute Express Link for Memory Expansion (CXL-SSD)
2022	VLDB	Redy: Remote Dynamic Memory Cache
2023	TACO	Fast One-Sided RDMA-Based State Machine Replication for Disaggregated Memory
2023	VLDB	DINOMO: An Elastic, Scalable, High-Performance Key-Value Store for Disaggregated Persistent Memory	link
2023	ASPLOS	Ubft: Microsecond-scale bft using disaggregated memory
2023	FAST	FUSEE: A Fully Memory-Disaggregated Key-Value Store	link
2023	FAST	Patronus: High-Performance and Protective Remote Memory
2023	SOSP	Ditto: An Elastic and Adaptive Memory-Disaggregated Caching System	link
2024	OSDI	Motor: Enabling Multi-Versioning for Distributed Transactions on Disaggregated Memory	link
2024	ATC	Ethane: An Asymmetric File System for Disaggregated Persistent Memory	link
2024	SOSP	Aceso: Achieving Efficient Fault Tolerance in Memory-Disaggregated Key-Value Stores	link
2024	SOSP	SWARM: Replicating Shared Disaggregated-Memory in No Time	link
2025	ATC	Fast Distributed Transactions for RDMA-based Disaggregated Memory
2026	OSDI	FORGE: Mitigating Synchronization Amplification for Memory-Disaggregated Caching Systems
2026	EuroSys	AEP: Achieving Hierarchical Fault Tolerance in DSM Through Atomic Execution Protection
2026	EuroSys	A Logically Disaggregated Cache for Replicated Storage Systems
2026	ASPLOS	CPU-Oblivious Offloading of Failure-Atomic Transactions for Disaggregated Memory
2026	ASPLOS	CREST: High-Performance Contention Resolution for Disaggregated Transactions
2026	SIGMOD	O3-LSM: Maximizing Disaggregated LSM Write Performance via Three-Layer Offloading

Databases

Year	Conf.	Paper	Code
2020	VLDB	Understanding the Effect of Data Center Resource Disaggregation on Production DBMSs
2020	CIDR	Rethinking Data Management Systems for Disaggregated Data Centers
2021	SIGMOD	PolarDB Serverless: A Cloud Native Database for Disaggregate Data Centers
2021	VLDB	TowardsCost-Effective and Elastic Cloud Database Deployment via Memory Disaggregation
2022	CIDR	Farview: Disaggregated Memory with Operator Offloading for Database Engines
2023	ASPLOS	Persistent Memory Disaggregation for Cloud-Native Relational Databases
2024	SIGMOD	PolarDB-MP: A Multi-Primary Cloud-Native Database via Disaggregated Shared Memory
2025	OSDI	Tigon: A Distributed Database for a CXL Pod
2025	SIGMOD	Unlocking the Potential of CXL for Disaggregated Memory in Cloud-Native Databases
2026	ASPLOS	Understanding and Optimizing Database Pushdown on Disaggregated Storage

Hardware

Year	Conf.	Paper	Code
2009	ISCA	Disaggregated Memory for Expansion and Sharing in Blade Servers
2016	OSDI	Network Requirements for Resource Disaggregation
2019	NSDI	Shoal: A Network Architecture for Disaggregated Racks
2021	FAST	Concordia: Distributed Shared Memory with In-Network Cache Coherence
2021	ATC	Characterizing and Optimizing Remote Persistent Memory with RDMA and NVM
2021	ASPLOS	Rethinking Software Runtimes for Disaggregated Memory
2021	SOSP	MIND: In-Network Memory Management for Disaggregated Data Centers
2022	ATC	Direct Access, High-Performance Memory Disaggregation with DirectCXL
2022	ASPLOS	Clio: A Hardware-Software Co-Designed Disaggregated Memory System	link
2025	ASPLOS	Formalising CXL Cache Coherence
2025	ASPLOS	CtXnL: A Software-Hardware Co-Designed Solution for Efficient CXL-Based Transaction Processing
2025	ASPLOS	ByteFS: System Support for (CXL-based) Memory-Semantic Solid-State Drives	link
2025	ASPLOS	M5: Mastering Page Migration and Memory Management for CXL-based Tiered Memory Systems	link
2025	ASPLOS	Systematic CXL Memory Characterization and Performance Analysis at Scale	link
2025	ASPLOS	PIM is All You Need: A CXL-Enabled GPU-Free System for LLM Inference	link
2025	ASPLOS	Toleo: Scaling Freshness to Tera-scale Memory Using CXL and PIM	link
2025	ATC	DSA-2LM: A CPU-Free Tiered Memory Architecture with Intel DSA
2025	ATC	DRack: A CXL-Disaggregated Rack Architecture to Boost Inter-Rack Communication
2025	SOSP	Oasis: Pooling PCIe Devices Over CXL to Boost Utilization
2026	OSDI	MAC: Metadata Acceleration for Sustainable Performance in Big-Data Systems with CXL DRAM
2026	OSDI	Espresso: Constructing Cost-Efficient CXL JBOF via Inter-SSD Computing Resource Sharing
2026	OSDI	MEGALON: Efficient Data Sharing for Partly Coherent CXL Memory
2026	ASPLOS	vCXLGen: Automated Synthesis and Verification of CXL Bridges for Heterogeneous Architectures	link
2026	ASPLOS	Efficient Remote Memory Ordering for Non-Coherent Systems
2026	ASPLOS	CXLMC: Model Checking CXL Shared Memory Programs
2026	SIGMOD	Beluga: A CXL-Based Memory Architecture for Scalable and Efficient LLM KVCache Management

Resource Management

Year	Conf.	Paper	Code
2018	ASAP	REMAP: Remote Memory Manager for Disaggregated Platforms
2023	ASPLOS	Pond: CXL-Based Memory Pooling Systems for Cloud Platforms	link
2025	SOSP	Spirit: Fair Allocation of Interdependent Resources in Remote Memory Systems
2025	NSDI	Quicksand: Harnessing Stranded Datacenter Resources with Granular Computing
2026	OSDI	Break On Through to the Other Side: Pooling Memory Elastically with RamRyder
2026	ASPLOS	Cxlalloc: Safe and Efficient Memory Allocation for a CXL Pod

Applications

Year	Conf.	Paper	Code
2017	HotNets	Tolerating Faults in Disaggregated Datacenters
2019	WORD	The Serverless Data Center: Hardware Disaggregation Meets Serverless Computing
2020	HotCloud	Disaggregation and the Application
2022	EuroSys	Jiffy: Elastic Far-Memory for Stateful Serverless Analytics
2022	ATC	JITServer: Disaggregated Caching JIT Compiler for JVM in the Cloud	link
2023	POMACS	Memtrade: Marketplace for Disaggregated Memory Clouds	link
2023	VLDB	FlexChain: An Elastic Disaggregated Blockchain
2023	ATC	CXL-ANNS: Software-Hardware Collaborative Memory Disaggregation and Computation for Billion-Scale Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search
2023	ATC	Overcoming the Memory Wall with CXL-Enabled SSDs
2024	ASPLOS	FaaSMem: Improving Memory Efficiency of Serverless Computing with Memory Pool Architecture	link
2024	ATC	HydraRPC: RPC in the CXL Era
2025	FAST	Mooncake: Trading More Storage for Less Computation — A KVCache-centric Architecture for Serving LLM Chatbot	link
2025	SIGMOD	CARINA: An Efficient CXL-Oriented Embedding Serving System for Recommendation Models
2026	OSDI	Duhu: Shared Disaggregated Memory for Distributed Data Processing Frameworks
2026	SIGMOD	FaaSBoard: Efficient Graph Processing with a Disaggregated Architecture on Serverless Services

Industrial Practices

• The Machine
• Disaggregated Memory - In Pursuit of Scale and Efficiency
• Compute Express Link: The Breakthrough CPU-to-Device Interconnect
• Microsoft Azure Blazes the Disaggregated Memory Trail with ZNUMA

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