Author: Ho Hyung Kim (김호형) Affiliation: Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea Email: careye@khu.ac.kr Related dataset: Zenodo DOI 10.5281/zenodo.19446999
Status: Preprint / working manuscripts. These papers have not yet been submitted to arXiv or peer-reviewed by a journal. They are shared here for reference and ongoing revision; contents may change before formal submission.
Paper I — A Closed-Form Estimate of the Black Hole Mass–Maximum Energy Relation for Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Ray Sources
paper1/main.tex · paper1/main.pdf · 한국어 원고 · 한국어 PDF
We develop a closed-form analytic expression that relates the maximum energy achievable in a Kerr black hole electromagnetic accelerator — set by the mass, dimensionless spin, and ambient magnetic field — to the observed UHECR energy after Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin (GZK) propagation loss. The formula is not intended to replace numerical cascade simulations; rather, it exposes the parameter dependence of source-energy budgets in a compact form and provides an order-of-magnitude estimator, with an explicitly propagated systematic uncertainty of roughly ±1.7 dex. We compare the estimator against five benchmark systems (M87, Centaurus A, NGC 1068, Markarian 501, the TA Hotspot) and treat the source-by-source results as uncertainty-bounded inferences rather than sharp predictions.
Paper II — A Uniform-Uncertainty Screening of Trans-GZK Cosmic Ray Arrival Directions for Electromagnetically Dark Supermassive Black Hole Candidates
paper2/main.tex · paper2/main.pdf · 한국어 원고 · 한국어 PDF
We apply the closed-form estimator of Paper I to four trans-GZK UHECR observations (the Telescope Array Hotspot, the Amaterasu particle, the Oh-My-God particle, and the Auger Centaurus A excess) to produce a uniform, uncertainty-propagated screening of their arrival directions. In all four cases the central search cone contains no cataloged SMBH above the estimator's minimum mass; we identify the four directions as prioritized follow-up targets, not as detections of dark black holes.
Paper III — The Amaterasu Particle and a Candidate Precessing-Black-Hole Origin at the Edge of the Local Void
paper3/main.tex · paper3/main.pdf · 한국어 원고 · 한국어 PDF
We present a model for the origin of the Amaterasu particle (a 244±29 EeV UHECR with no identified source), proposing a precessing, quiescent supermassive black hole at the edge of the Local Void. Using the Paper I estimator, we obtain nominal source parameters and predict candidate source constellations depending on assumed nuclear composition (Hercules for protons, Ophiuchus for CNO nuclei, Aquila for iron). We present this as a falsifiable candidate hypothesis, not a detection.
Paper IV — Dark Black Holes as Probes of Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter: UHECR Backtracking Meets the Missing Mass Problem
paper4/main.tex · paper4/main.pdf
We perform a preliminary correlation analysis between galaxy rotation curves (SPARC catalog) and UHECR arrival directions, finding no significant correlation with current data. We further propose a speculative framework connecting UHECR-backtracked dark black hole candidates (Paper II) with primordial black holes as dark matter candidates, explicit about the framework's speculative status pending larger UHECR datasets.
- These manuscripts are working drafts under active revision; uncertainty budgets and claim strength have been progressively tightened based on internal and informal review.
- Papers II–IV cite Paper I; citation details will be updated once Paper I receives an arXiv identifier.
- rotation-number-system — an unrelated notation/pedagogy project (an alternative polar-form notation for the complex plane, with computational verification of where it is and isn't equivalent to standard complex arithmetic). Not connected to the physics content above.