Generic parameter

[jenshnielsen]

Make parameter generic in data and instrument type. This enables significantly better introspection of qcodes instruments and their data returned from parameters.

This takes the core infrastructure changes from #7655 and breaks it out into a pr with clean commits. The instrument improvements will land independently. Consult that pr for examples of improvements.

• Changelog

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 30.13699% with 51 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 59.78%. Comparing base (5e04d0b) to head (a28f919).
⚠️ Report is 8 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/qcodes/parameters/parameter_base.py	55.55%	16 Missing ⚠️
src/qcodes/parameters/delegate_parameter.py	8.33%	11 Missing ⚠️
src/qcodes/parameters/cache.py	10.00%	9 Missing ⚠️
src/qcodes/parameters/parameter.py	0.00%	5 Missing ⚠️
src/qcodes/parameters/parameter_with_setpoints.py	0.00%	4 Missing ⚠️
src/qcodes/parameters/array_parameter.py	0.00%	3 Missing ⚠️
src/qcodes/parameters/multi_parameter.py	0.00%	3 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #7730      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   59.80%   59.78%   -0.02%     
==========================================
  Files         352      352              
  Lines       31805    31815      +10     
==========================================
  Hits        19022    19022              
- Misses      12783    12793      +10     

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[jenshnielsen]

We need to agree on this order of generic arguments before merging since changing this would be a breaking change for all Parameter usage and implementations.

Roughly there are four relevant generic parameters for an instrument.

1. ParameterData type (input/output from get/set)
2. InstrumentType (what self.instrument returns)
3. RootInstrumentType (what self.root_instrument) returns
4. RawParameterData. What is passed to self.write/ask etc

Here I propose that we add 1 and 2 but omit 3 and 4 for the time being.
That is a tradeoff between the features and the amount of parameters
that needs to be passed to each generic Parameter since currently if
one generic parameter is supplied to a Generic function/class they must all be supplied.

This, however, also means that we cannot add these in a non-breaking way before we drop 3.12 support.
In 3.13 onwards it becomes possible to omit values for type parameters that have default values so we can simply append these and omit them when they don't add value