Relax fqmul output bound to 5/4*Q by hanno-becker · Pull Request #1131 · pq-code-package/mldsa-native

hanno-becker · 2026-05-26T09:03:38Z

This commit relaxes the output bound for modular multiplication
from MLDSA_Q to 5/4 * MLDSA_Q. This bound is attained when using
a Barrett multiplication based on MUL+MULH+MLS rather than
MUL+SQRDMULH+MLS.

For now, mldsa-native does not contain any code which requires
the weaker output bound, but this commit gives us flexibility to
add it in the future if we need it. For example, a RV32-IM backend
would likely use a MUL+MULH+MLS based Barrett multiplication which
is subject to the 5/4 * MLDSA_Q bound.

oqs-bot · 2026-05-27T04:15:46Z

CBMC Results (ML-DSA-44)

⚠️ Attention Required

Proof	Status	Current	Previous	Change
`mld_invntt_layer`	⚠️	249s	88s	+183%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery_c`	⚠️	155s	94s	+65%

Full Results (200 proofs)

Proof	Status	Current	Previous	Change
`TOTAL`	✅	1815s	1636s	+10.9%
`mld_invntt_layer`	⚠️	249s	88s	+183%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery_c`	⚠️	155s	94s	+65%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c`	✅	155s	238s	-35%
`rej_uniform_native`	✅	132s	118s	+12%
`mld_attempt_signature_generation`	✅	70s	54s	+30%
`mld_ct_memcmp`	✅	65s	64s	+2%
`mld_ntt_layer`	✅	46s	41s	+12%
`fqmul`	✅	41s	29s	+41%
`polyvec_matrix_expand`	✅	30s	29s	+3%
`sign_verify_internal`	✅	29s	25s	+16%
`sign_signature_internal`	✅	25s	27s	-7%
`keccakf1600x4_permute_native`	✅	21s	24s	-12%
`rej_uniform`	✅	21s	15s	+40%
`polyvecl_chknorm`	✅	19s	16s	+19%
`rej_uniform_c`	✅	19s	18s	+6%
`compute_pack_t0_t1`	✅	18s	12s	+50%
`mld_check_pct`	✅	16s	15s	+7%
`poly_chknorm_c`	✅	15s	14s	+7%
`polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec`	✅	15s	16s	-6%
`poly_uniform_4x`	✅	14s	12s	+17%
`polyeta_unpack`	✅	14s	13s	+8%
`polyt0_unpack`	✅	14s	14s	+0%
`polyz_unpack_c`	✅	13s	12s	+8%
`mld_ntt_butterfly_block`	✅	12s	15s	-20%
`poly_uniform_eta_4x`	✅	12s	15s	-20%
`keccak_absorb_once_x4`	✅	11s	8s	+38%
`polyvec_matrix_expand_serial`	✅	11s	10s	+10%
`poly_add`	✅	10s	12s	-17%
`sign`	✅	9s	10s	-10%
`mld_compute_pack_z`	✅	7s	7s	+0%
`poly_decompose_c`	✅	7s	8s	-12%
`poly_invntt_tomont_c`	✅	7s	7s	+0%
`polyveck_decompose`	✅	7s	7s	+0%
`sign_signature`	✅	7s	5s	+40%
`keccak_absorb`	✅	6s	8s	-25%
`mld_keccakf1600_permute_c`	✅	6s	9s	-33%
`ntt_native_aarch64`	✅	6s	2s	+200%
`polyveck_chknorm`	✅	6s	4s	+50%
`polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64`	✅	6s	3s	+100%
`keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native`	✅	5s	1s	+400%
`mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`pointwise_acc_native_aarch64`	✅	5s	7s	-29%
`pointwise_acc_native_x86_64`	✅	5s	5s	+0%
`poly_challenge`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`poly_ntt_c`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`poly_power2round`	✅	5s	8s	-38%
`polyt1_unpack`	✅	5s	2s	+150%
`polyveck_caddq`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`polyvecl_ntt`	✅	5s	7s	-29%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`polyvecl_unpack_eta`	✅	5s	2s	+150%
`polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64`	✅	5s	2s	+150%
`rej_eta_native`	✅	5s	5s	+0%
`rej_uniform_native_aarch64`	✅	5s	5s	+0%
`sign_keypair_internal`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`unpack_sk`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`unpack_sk_t0hat`	✅	5s	6s	-17%
`fqscale`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid`	✅	4s	1s	+300%
`keccak_finalize`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`keccak_squeezeblocks_x4`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`mld_h`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`mld_sample_s1_s2`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`montgomery_reduce`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`poly_caddq_c`	✅	4s	7s	-43%
`poly_caddq_native`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`poly_caddq_native_aarch64`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`poly_caddq_native_x86_64`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`poly_chknorm_native_aarch64`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64`	✅	4s	1s	+300%
`poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`poly_invntt_tomont_native`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery_native`	✅	4s	1s	+300%
`poly_uniform`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`poly_uniform_eta`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`poly_uniform_gamma1_4x`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`polyt0_pack`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`polyveck_invntt_tomont`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`polyvecl_uniform_gamma1`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`polyz_pack`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`polyz_unpack`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`polyz_unpack_native`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`shake128_absorb`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`shake256_finalize`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`sig_unpack_hints`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`sign_pk_from_sk`	✅	4s	8s	-50%
`sign_signature_pre_hash_internal`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`sign_verify`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`sign_verify_pre_hash_internal`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`yvec_get_poly`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`caddq`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`decompose`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`intt_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`intt_native_x86_64`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`keccak_init`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`make_hint`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`mld_ct_sel_int32`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_polymat_expand_entry`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`mld_sample_s1_s2_serial`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`mld_value_barrier_i64`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`nttunpack_native_x86_64`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`pack_sig_h`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`pack_sig_z`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`poly_decompose_native`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`poly_ntt_native`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`poly_reduce`	✅	3s	1s	+200%
`poly_shiftl`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`poly_sub`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_use_hint`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`poly_use_hint_c`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_use_hint_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`polyt1_pack`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`polyveck_ntt`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`polyveck_pack_eta`	✅	3s	6s	-50%
`polyveck_unpack_eta`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`polyvecl_pack_eta`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`reduce32`	✅	3s	6s	-50%
`rej_eta`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`rej_eta_c`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`shake128_release`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`shake256`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`shake256_absorb`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`shake256_init`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`shake256x4_squeezeblocks`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`sign_keypair`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`sign_open`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`sign_signature_extmu`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`sk_s1hat_get_poly`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`sk_s2hat_get_poly`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`unpack_pk_t1`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`yvec_init`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`keccak_squeeze`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian)`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccakf1600_permute_native`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccakf1600_xor_bytes`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian)`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`mld_ct_abs_i32`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8`	✅	2s	6s	-67%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c`	✅	2s	1s	+100%
`mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`ntt_native_x86_64`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`pack_sig_c`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`pack_sk_s1`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`pointwise_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`pointwise_native_x86_64`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_caddq`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_chknorm`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_chknorm_native`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`poly_decompose`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`poly_invntt_tomont`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`poly_uniform_gamma1`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_use_hint_native`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`polyeta_pack`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`polyveck_pack_w1`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`polyveck_reduce`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`polyvecl_unpack_z`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`power2round`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`shake128_init`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`shake128_squeeze`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`shake128x4_absorb_once`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`shake128x4_squeezeblocks`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`shake256_squeeze`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`shake256x4_absorb_once`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`sign_verify_extmu`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256`	✅	2s	6s	-67%
`sk_t0hat_get_poly`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`sys_check_capability`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`unpack_sk_s1hat`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccakf1600_permute`	✅	1s	4s	-75%
`keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`keccakf1600x4_permute`	✅	1s	4s	-75%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`mld_value_barrier_u32`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`mld_value_barrier_u8`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`pack_sk_rho_key_tr_s2`	✅	1s	3s	-67%
`poly_ntt`	✅	1s	3s	-67%
`polyw1_pack`	✅	1s	3s	-67%
`shake128_finalize`	✅	1s	3s	-67%
`shake256_release`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`unpack_sk_s2hat`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`use_hint`	✅	1s	2s	-50%

oqs-bot · 2026-05-27T04:16:03Z

CBMC Results (ML-DSA-87, REDUCE-RAM)

⚠️ Attention Required

Proof	Status	Current	Previous	Change
`TOTAL`	⚠️	2023s	1488s	+36.0%
`mld_invntt_layer`	⚠️	189s	103s	+83%
`polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec`	⚠️	531s	129s	+312%

Full Results (200 proofs)

Proof	Status	Current	Previous	Change
`TOTAL`	⚠️	2023s	1488s	+36.0%
`polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec`	⚠️	531s	129s	+312%
`mld_invntt_layer`	⚠️	189s	103s	+83%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery_c`	✅	185s	166s	+11%
`rej_uniform_native`	✅	112s	105s	+7%
`mld_ct_memcmp`	✅	70s	67s	+4%
`mld_ntt_layer`	✅	46s	43s	+7%
`fqmul`	✅	43s	30s	+43%
`keccakf1600x4_permute_native`	✅	24s	22s	+9%
`mld_attempt_signature_generation`	✅	23s	26s	-12%
`polyt0_unpack`	✅	18s	9s	+100%
`mld_check_pct`	✅	17s	12s	+42%
`sign_verify_internal`	✅	17s	35s	-51%
`polyeta_unpack`	✅	16s	14s	+14%
`poly_chknorm_c`	✅	15s	15s	+0%
`polyveck_decompose`	✅	15s	15s	+0%
`rej_uniform_c`	✅	15s	17s	-12%
`mld_ntt_butterfly_block`	✅	14s	16s	-12%
`rej_uniform`	✅	13s	20s	-35%
`poly_uniform_eta_4x`	✅	12s	11s	+9%
`poly_add`	✅	11s	13s	-15%
`keccak_absorb_once_x4`	✅	10s	10s	+0%
`polyveck_reduce`	✅	10s	8s	+25%
`poly_invntt_tomont_c`	✅	9s	9s	+0%
`polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row`	✅	9s	9s	+0%
`keccak_absorb`	✅	8s	6s	+33%
`mld_sample_s1_s2`	✅	8s	8s	+0%
`sign`	✅	8s	9s	-11%
`compute_pack_t0_t1`	✅	7s	7s	+0%
`mld_sample_s1_s2_serial`	✅	7s	5s	+40%
`pointwise_acc_native_x86_64`	✅	7s	8s	-12%
`poly_caddq_c`	✅	7s	8s	-12%
`poly_power2round`	✅	7s	7s	+0%
`poly_shiftl`	✅	7s	6s	+17%
`polyz_unpack_c`	✅	7s	8s	-12%
`sign_pk_from_sk`	✅	7s	9s	-22%
`mld_keccakf1600_permute_c`	✅	6s	6s	+0%
`pointwise_acc_native_aarch64`	✅	6s	6s	+0%
`polyveck_invntt_tomont`	✅	6s	5s	+20%
`sign_keypair`	✅	6s	3s	+100%
`unpack_sk_t0hat`	✅	6s	3s	+100%
`keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian)`	✅	5s	2s	+150%
`mld_compute_pack_z`	✅	5s	6s	-17%
`mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8`	✅	5s	2s	+150%
`mld_value_barrier_u32`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`poly_caddq`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`poly_caddq_native`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`poly_decompose_c`	✅	5s	6s	-17%
`poly_reduce`	✅	5s	5s	+0%
`polyt0_pack`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`polyt1_pack`	✅	5s	2s	+150%
`polyveck_caddq`	✅	5s	6s	-17%
`polyveck_chknorm`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`polyvecl_chknorm`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`polyvecl_ntt`	✅	5s	7s	-29%
`polyz_unpack`	✅	5s	2s	+150%
`shake128_init`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`shake256_squeeze`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`sign_signature_pre_hash_internal`	✅	5s	2s	+150%
`sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`yvec_get_poly`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian)`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`keccakf1600_xor_bytes`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`mld_h`	✅	4s	6s	-33%
`mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`nttunpack_native_x86_64`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`pointwise_native_aarch64`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`pointwise_native_x86_64`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`poly_challenge`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`poly_chknorm_native`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`poly_chknorm_native_aarch64`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`poly_invntt_tomont_native`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`poly_sub`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`poly_uniform`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`poly_uniform_gamma1_4x`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`polyvec_matrix_expand`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`polyveck_unpack_eta`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`polyvecl_pack_eta`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`polyz_pack`	✅	4s	1s	+300%
`reduce32`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`rej_eta`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`rej_eta_native`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`sign_signature_extmu`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`sign_signature_internal`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`sign_verify_pre_hash_internal`	✅	4s	6s	-33%
`sys_check_capability`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`unpack_sk_s1hat`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`intt_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`intt_native_x86_64`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid`	✅	3s	1s	+200%
`keccak_init`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`keccak_squeezeblocks_x4`	✅	3s	6s	-50%
`keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`keccakf1600x4_permute`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`make_hint`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_polymat_expand_entry`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`ntt_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`pack_sig_h`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`pack_sig_z`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`pack_sk_rho_key_tr_s2`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`poly_caddq_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_caddq_native_x86_64`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_chknorm`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`poly_decompose`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`poly_decompose_native`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`poly_invntt_tomont`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_ntt`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`poly_ntt_native`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_use_hint`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_use_hint_c`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`polyeta_pack`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`polyt1_unpack`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`polyveck_pack_eta`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`polyveck_pack_w1`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery`	✅	3s	1s	+200%
`polyvecl_unpack_eta`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`polyvecl_unpack_z`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`rej_eta_c`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`shake128_absorb`	✅	3s	1s	+200%
`shake128_finalize`	✅	3s	1s	+200%
`shake128_release`	✅	3s	1s	+200%
`shake256_absorb`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`shake256_release`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`shake256x4_squeezeblocks`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`sig_unpack_hints`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`sign_keypair_internal`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`sign_open`	✅	3s	6s	-50%
`sign_verify`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`sign_verify_extmu`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`sk_s2hat_get_poly`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`sk_t0hat_get_poly`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`use_hint`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`caddq`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`fqscale`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccak_finalize`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccakf1600_permute_native`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`mld_ct_sel_int32`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`mld_value_barrier_u8`	✅	2s	1s	+100%
`montgomery_reduce`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`ntt_native_x86_64`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`pack_sig_c`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`pack_sk_s1`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_ntt_c`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery_native`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`poly_uniform_gamma1`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`poly_use_hint_native`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`poly_use_hint_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`polyvec_matrix_expand_serial`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`polyveck_ntt`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`polyvecl_uniform_gamma1`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`polyw1_pack`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`rej_uniform_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`shake128x4_absorb_once`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`shake128x4_squeezeblocks`	✅	2s	1s	+100%
`shake256`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`shake256_finalize`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`shake256_init`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`sign_signature`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`unpack_pk_t1`	✅	2s	6s	-67%
`unpack_sk`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`yvec_init`	✅	2s	1s	+100%
`decompose`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`keccak_squeeze`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`keccakf1600_permute`	✅	1s	4s	-75%
`mld_ct_abs_i32`	✅	1s	1s	+0%
`mld_value_barrier_i64`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native`	✅	1s	3s	-67%
`poly_uniform_4x`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`poly_uniform_eta`	✅	1s	5s	-80%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c`	✅	1s	4s	-75%
`polyz_unpack_native`	✅	1s	3s	-67%
`power2round`	✅	1s	5s	-80%
`shake128_squeeze`	✅	1s	3s	-67%
`shake256x4_absorb_once`	✅	1s	3s	-67%
`sk_s1hat_get_poly`	✅	1s	4s	-75%
`unpack_sk_s2hat`	✅	1s	4s	-75%

oqs-bot · 2026-05-27T04:16:12Z

CBMC Results (ML-DSA-87)

⚠️ Attention Required

Proof	Status	Current	Previous	Change
`mld_invntt_layer`	⚠️	237s	101s	+135%

Full Results (200 proofs)

Proof	Status	Current	Previous	Change
`TOTAL`	✅	2170s	2201s	-1.4%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c`	✅	260s	290s	-10%
`mld_invntt_layer`	⚠️	237s	101s	+135%
`polyvec_matrix_expand`	✅	170s	190s	-11%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery_c`	✅	148s	110s	+35%
`rej_uniform_native`	✅	135s	131s	+3%
`sign_verify_internal`	✅	95s	90s	+6%
`mld_attempt_signature_generation`	✅	67s	111s	-40%
`mld_ct_memcmp`	✅	65s	73s	-11%
`mld_ntt_layer`	✅	46s	50s	-8%
`fqmul`	✅	39s	33s	+18%
`polyvec_matrix_expand_serial`	✅	37s	39s	-5%
`sign_signature_internal`	✅	33s	60s	-45%
`compute_pack_t0_t1`	✅	31s	28s	+11%
`rej_uniform`	✅	22s	20s	+10%
`keccakf1600x4_permute_native`	✅	21s	23s	-9%
`rej_uniform_c`	✅	19s	22s	-14%
`polyt0_unpack`	✅	16s	13s	+23%
`polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec`	✅	14s	24s	-42%
`mld_check_pct`	✅	13s	12s	+8%
`poly_chknorm_c`	✅	13s	15s	-13%
`poly_uniform_4x`	✅	13s	15s	-13%
`polyeta_unpack`	✅	13s	13s	+0%
`mld_ntt_butterfly_block`	✅	12s	19s	-37%
`poly_uniform_eta_4x`	✅	12s	14s	-14%
`poly_add`	✅	11s	12s	-8%
`polyveck_decompose`	✅	11s	13s	-15%
`keccak_absorb_once_x4`	✅	10s	12s	-17%
`pointwise_acc_native_x86_64`	✅	9s	8s	+12%
`polyveck_invntt_tomont`	✅	9s	8s	+12%
`poly_invntt_tomont_c`	✅	8s	12s	-33%
`unpack_sk_t0hat`	✅	8s	4s	+100%
`keccak_absorb`	✅	7s	8s	-12%
`keccak_squeezeblocks_x4`	✅	7s	4s	+75%
`mld_compute_pack_z`	✅	7s	8s	-12%
`mld_sample_s1_s2`	✅	7s	6s	+17%
`poly_shiftl`	✅	7s	5s	+40%
`sign`	✅	7s	7s	+0%
`keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian)`	✅	6s	5s	+20%
`mld_keccakf1600_permute_c`	✅	6s	7s	-14%
`pointwise_acc_native_aarch64`	✅	6s	8s	-25%
`poly_invntt_tomont`	✅	6s	3s	+100%
`polyveck_caddq`	✅	6s	9s	-33%
`polyveck_ntt`	✅	6s	12s	-50%
`polyz_unpack_c`	✅	6s	10s	-40%
`rej_eta_c`	✅	6s	4s	+50%
`shake256`	✅	6s	2s	+200%
`sign_open`	✅	6s	3s	+100%
`use_hint`	✅	6s	1s	+500%
`mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c`	✅	5s	2s	+150%
`ntt_native_aarch64`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`nttunpack_native_x86_64`	✅	5s	5s	+0%
`pack_sig_z`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`poly_caddq_c`	✅	5s	6s	-17%
`poly_chknorm`	✅	5s	6s	-17%
`poly_invntt_tomont_native`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`poly_ntt`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`poly_power2round`	✅	5s	11s	-55%
`poly_use_hint_c`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`polyveck_chknorm`	✅	5s	7s	-29%
`polyvecl_chknorm`	✅	5s	5s	+0%
`polyvecl_ntt`	✅	5s	7s	-29%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery`	✅	5s	2s	+150%
`polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial`	✅	5s	6s	-17%
`polyvecl_unpack_z`	✅	5s	2s	+150%
`rej_eta_native`	✅	5s	5s	+0%
`shake256x4_squeezeblocks`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`sign_pk_from_sk`	✅	5s	5s	+0%
`sign_signature_extmu`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`sign_signature_pre_hash_internal`	✅	5s	6s	-17%
`unpack_sk_s2hat`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`decompose`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`fqscale`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`intt_native_aarch64`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid`	✅	4s	1s	+300%
`keccakf1600_permute_native`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`make_hint`	✅	4s	6s	-33%
`mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`mld_sample_s1_s2_serial`	✅	4s	6s	-33%
`montgomery_reduce`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`pack_sig_c`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`pointwise_native_x86_64`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`poly_challenge`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`poly_chknorm_native`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`poly_reduce`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`poly_uniform`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`poly_uniform_eta`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`poly_uniform_gamma1_4x`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`polyveck_unpack_eta`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`power2round`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`rej_eta`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`shake128_absorb`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`sign_keypair`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`sign_keypair_internal`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`sign_signature`	✅	4s	8s	-50%
`sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`unpack_sk`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`keccak_squeeze`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`keccakf1600_xor_bytes`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian)`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_value_barrier_u32`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_value_barrier_u8`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`ntt_native_x86_64`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`pointwise_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`poly_caddq`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`poly_caddq_native`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`poly_caddq_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`poly_chknorm_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`poly_decompose_c`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`poly_ntt_native`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`poly_uniform_gamma1`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_use_hint`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_use_hint_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`polyeta_pack`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`polyt1_pack`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`polyt1_unpack`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`polyveck_pack_eta`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`polyveck_pack_w1`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`polyveck_reduce`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`polyvecl_pack_eta`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`polyvecl_unpack_eta`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	6s	-50%
`polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`polyz_unpack_native`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`rej_uniform_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`shake128_finalize`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`shake128_init`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`shake128_squeeze`	✅	3s	1s	+200%
`shake256_init`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`shake256_release`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`sig_unpack_hints`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`sign_verify`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`sk_s1hat_get_poly`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`sys_check_capability`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`unpack_pk_t1`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`caddq`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccak_finalize`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccak_init`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`mld_ct_abs_i32`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8`	✅	2s	1s	+100%
`mld_ct_sel_int32`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`mld_h`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`mld_polymat_expand_entry`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`mld_value_barrier_i64`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`pack_sig_h`	✅	2s	1s	+100%
`pack_sk_rho_key_tr_s2`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`pack_sk_s1`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`poly_caddq_native_x86_64`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`poly_decompose_native`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`poly_ntt_c`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery_native`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`poly_sub`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_use_hint_native`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`polyt0_pack`	✅	2s	6s	-67%
`polyw1_pack`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`polyz_pack`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`polyz_unpack`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`reduce32`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`shake128x4_squeezeblocks`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`shake256_absorb`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`shake256_finalize`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`shake256x4_absorb_once`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`sign_verify_extmu`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`sign_verify_pre_hash_internal`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`sk_s2hat_get_poly`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`sk_t0hat_get_poly`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`unpack_sk_s1hat`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`yvec_get_poly`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`yvec_init`	✅	2s	1s	+100%
`intt_native_x86_64`	✅	1s	4s	-75%
`keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a`	✅	1s	1s	+0%
`keccakf1600_permute`	✅	1s	3s	-67%
`keccakf1600x4_permute`	✅	1s	5s	-80%
`mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32`	✅	1s	3s	-67%
`poly_decompose`	✅	1s	4s	-75%
`polyvecl_uniform_gamma1`	✅	1s	3s	-67%
`shake128_release`	✅	1s	3s	-67%
`shake128x4_absorb_once`	✅	1s	5s	-80%
`shake256_squeeze`	✅	1s	5s	-80%

oqs-bot · 2026-05-27T04:16:18Z

CBMC Results (ML-DSA-65, REDUCE-RAM)

⚠️ Attention Required

Proof	Status	Current	Previous	Change
`mld_invntt_layer`	⚠️	187s	108s	+73%

Full Results (200 proofs)

Proof	Status	Current	Previous	Change
`TOTAL`	✅	1683s	1594s	+5.6%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery_c`	✅	194s	190s	+2%
`mld_invntt_layer`	⚠️	187s	108s	+73%
`polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec`	✅	184s	164s	+12%
`rej_uniform_native`	✅	116s	107s	+8%
`mld_ct_memcmp`	✅	71s	71s	+0%
`mld_ntt_layer`	✅	46s	47s	-2%
`fqmul`	✅	41s	31s	+32%
`mld_attempt_signature_generation`	✅	26s	30s	-13%
`sign_verify_internal`	✅	23s	26s	-12%
`keccakf1600x4_permute_native`	✅	22s	22s	+0%
`polyvecl_chknorm`	✅	20s	21s	-5%
`polyt0_unpack`	✅	18s	11s	+64%
`rej_uniform_c`	✅	16s	21s	-24%
`polyveck_decompose`	✅	15s	18s	-17%
`mld_check_pct`	✅	14s	14s	+0%
`poly_chknorm_c`	✅	14s	13s	+8%
`compute_pack_t0_t1`	✅	12s	11s	+9%
`mld_ntt_butterfly_block`	✅	12s	17s	-29%
`poly_uniform_eta_4x`	✅	12s	13s	-8%
`rej_uniform`	✅	11s	20s	-45%
`poly_add`	✅	10s	11s	-9%
`poly_caddq_c`	✅	10s	9s	+11%
`keccak_absorb_once_x4`	✅	8s	9s	-11%
`poly_invntt_tomont_c`	✅	8s	11s	-27%
`poly_power2round`	✅	8s	8s	+0%
`polyveck_caddq`	✅	8s	7s	+14%
`polyvecl_ntt`	✅	8s	6s	+33%
`polyz_unpack_c`	✅	8s	8s	+0%
`mld_compute_pack_z`	✅	7s	9s	-22%
`mld_keccakf1600_permute_c`	✅	7s	6s	+17%
`poly_shiftl`	✅	7s	8s	-12%
`sign`	✅	7s	7s	+0%
`keccak_absorb`	✅	6s	7s	-14%
`mld_h`	✅	6s	4s	+50%
`poly_challenge`	✅	6s	6s	+0%
`poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64`	✅	6s	5s	+20%
`polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row`	✅	6s	8s	-25%
`polyveck_invntt_tomont`	✅	6s	5s	+20%
`polyveck_reduce`	✅	6s	7s	-14%
`sign_pk_from_sk`	✅	6s	8s	-25%
`unpack_sk_s1hat`	✅	6s	3s	+100%
`mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes`	✅	5s	1s	+400%
`mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`mld_sample_s1_s2`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`mld_sample_s1_s2_serial`	✅	5s	6s	-17%
`pointwise_acc_native_aarch64`	✅	5s	6s	-17%
`pointwise_acc_native_x86_64`	✅	5s	5s	+0%
`polyeta_unpack`	✅	5s	2s	+150%
`polyvec_matrix_expand`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`reduce32`	✅	5s	5s	+0%
`rej_eta_native`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`sign_keypair_internal`	✅	5s	5s	+0%
`sign_open`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`sign_signature_internal`	✅	5s	6s	-17%
`sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`caddq`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`intt_native_aarch64`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`keccak_squeezeblocks_x4`	✅	4s	6s	-33%
`keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8`	✅	4s	1s	+300%
`ntt_native_aarch64`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`pointwise_native_x86_64`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`poly_invntt_tomont`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`poly_ntt`	✅	4s	1s	+300%
`poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`poly_uniform_4x`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`poly_uniform_gamma1`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`polyt1_unpack`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`polyvec_matrix_expand_serial`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`polyveck_ntt`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`polyvecl_pack_eta`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`polyz_pack`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`polyz_unpack_native`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`power2round`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`rej_eta_c`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`shake128_init`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`shake256`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`shake256x4_squeezeblocks`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`sign_signature_extmu`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`sys_check_capability`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`unpack_pk_t1`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`unpack_sk`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`use_hint`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`decompose`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`fqscale`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	1s	+200%
`keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`keccak_init`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian)`	✅	3s	1s	+200%
`keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`keccakf1600x4_permute`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`make_hint`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_ct_abs_i32`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64`	✅	3s	1s	+200%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_polymat_expand_entry`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_value_barrier_i64`	✅	3s	1s	+200%
`montgomery_reduce`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`ntt_native_x86_64`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`nttunpack_native_x86_64`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`pack_sig_h`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`pack_sk_rho_key_tr_s2`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_caddq_native`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_chknorm`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`poly_chknorm_native`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_decompose`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_decompose_c`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`poly_invntt_tomont_native`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`poly_ntt_c`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery_native`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_reduce`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_uniform_gamma1_4x`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`poly_use_hint`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_use_hint_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`polyeta_pack`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`polyt0_pack`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`polyt1_pack`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`polyveck_chknorm`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`polyveck_pack_w1`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`polyveck_unpack_eta`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`polyvecl_uniform_gamma1`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`polyw1_pack`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`shake256_absorb`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`shake256_finalize`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`shake256_init`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`shake256_release`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`shake256x4_absorb_once`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`sig_unpack_hints`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`sign_keypair`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`sign_signature`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`sign_signature_pre_hash_internal`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`sk_t0hat_get_poly`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`unpack_sk_t0hat`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`intt_native_x86_64`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccak_finalize`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccak_squeeze`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccakf1600_permute_native`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccakf1600_xor_bytes`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian)`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`mld_ct_sel_int32`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`mld_value_barrier_u32`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`pack_sig_c`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`pack_sig_z`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`pack_sk_s1`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`pointwise_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`poly_caddq_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_caddq_native_x86_64`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`poly_chknorm_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`poly_decompose_native`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`poly_ntt_native`	✅	2s	7s	-71%
`poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`poly_sub`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_uniform`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`poly_use_hint_c`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`poly_use_hint_native`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`polyveck_pack_eta`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`polyvecl_unpack_eta`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`polyvecl_unpack_z`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`polyz_unpack`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`rej_eta`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`rej_uniform_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`shake128_absorb`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`shake128_finalize`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`shake128_release`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`shake128_squeeze`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`shake128x4_absorb_once`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`shake128x4_squeezeblocks`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`shake256_squeeze`	✅	2s	1s	+100%
`sign_verify`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`sign_verify_extmu`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`sign_verify_pre_hash_internal`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`sk_s1hat_get_poly`	✅	2s	6s	-67%
`sk_s2hat_get_poly`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`unpack_sk_s2hat`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`yvec_get_poly`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`yvec_init`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`keccakf1600_permute`	✅	1s	3s	-67%
`mld_value_barrier_u8`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`poly_caddq`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`poly_uniform_eta`	✅	1s	2s	-50%

oqs-bot · 2026-05-27T04:16:28Z

CBMC Results (ML-DSA-44, REDUCE-RAM)

⚠️ Attention Required

Proof	Status	Current	Previous	Change
`fqmul`	⚠️	44s	27s	+63%
`mld_invntt_layer`	⚠️	189s	104s	+82%
`polyt0_unpack`	⚠️	21s	10s	+110%
`polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec`	⚠️	167s	91s	+84%

Full Results (200 proofs)

Proof	Status	Current	Previous	Change
`TOTAL`	✅	1642s	1456s	+12.8%
`mld_invntt_layer`	⚠️	189s	104s	+82%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery_c`	✅	179s	177s	+1%
`polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec`	⚠️	167s	91s	+84%
`rej_uniform_native`	✅	114s	109s	+5%
`mld_ct_memcmp`	✅	67s	72s	-7%
`mld_ntt_layer`	✅	45s	42s	+7%
`fqmul`	⚠️	44s	27s	+63%
`keccakf1600x4_permute_native`	✅	23s	23s	+0%
`mld_attempt_signature_generation`	✅	22s	28s	-21%
`sign_verify_internal`	✅	22s	19s	+16%
`polyt0_unpack`	⚠️	21s	10s	+110%
`mld_check_pct`	✅	15s	15s	+0%
`rej_uniform_c`	✅	15s	20s	-25%
`poly_chknorm_c`	✅	14s	15s	-7%
`polyeta_unpack`	✅	14s	16s	-12%
`polyz_unpack_c`	✅	14s	13s	+8%
`mld_ntt_butterfly_block`	✅	13s	15s	-13%
`poly_uniform_eta_4x`	✅	13s	13s	+0%
`polyveck_chknorm`	✅	13s	10s	+30%
`poly_add`	✅	10s	10s	+0%
`poly_invntt_tomont_c`	✅	10s	10s	+0%
`rej_uniform`	✅	10s	20s	-50%
`keccak_absorb_once_x4`	✅	9s	10s	-10%
`poly_decompose_c`	✅	9s	8s	+12%
`compute_pack_t0_t1`	✅	8s	7s	+14%
`keccak_absorb`	✅	8s	5s	+60%
`poly_caddq_c`	✅	8s	8s	+0%
`sign_keypair_internal`	✅	8s	4s	+100%
`mld_keccakf1600_permute_c`	✅	7s	9s	-22%
`sign_signature_internal`	✅	7s	6s	+17%
`mld_compute_pack_z`	✅	6s	8s	-25%
`mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix`	✅	6s	4s	+50%
`poly_power2round`	✅	6s	6s	+0%
`poly_uniform_eta`	✅	6s	6s	+0%
`polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row`	✅	6s	7s	-14%
`polyvecl_ntt`	✅	6s	2s	+200%
`polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial`	✅	6s	4s	+50%
`rej_uniform_native_aarch64`	✅	6s	2s	+200%
`shake256`	✅	6s	4s	+50%
`sign`	✅	6s	8s	-25%
`sign_keypair`	✅	6s	6s	+0%
`sign_pk_from_sk`	✅	6s	5s	+20%
`decompose`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`fqscale`	✅	5s	2s	+150%
`mld_h`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`mld_sample_s1_s2`	✅	5s	5s	+0%
`mld_sample_s1_s2_serial`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`pack_sig_h`	✅	5s	2s	+150%
`pointwise_acc_native_x86_64`	✅	5s	5s	+0%
`poly_chknorm_native`	✅	5s	6s	-17%
`poly_shiftl`	✅	5s	6s	-17%
`poly_use_hint_native`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`polyveck_invntt_tomont`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`polyveck_reduce`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`shake256_finalize`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`yvec_init`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`intt_native_aarch64`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`intt_native_x86_64`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`keccak_squeeze`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`keccak_squeezeblocks_x4`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`keccakf1600_permute`	✅	4s	1s	+300%
`keccakf1600_xor_bytes`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`mld_ct_abs_i32`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`pack_sig_z`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`pointwise_acc_native_aarch64`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`poly_caddq`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`poly_decompose_native`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`poly_ntt`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`poly_ntt_native`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery_native`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`poly_reduce`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`poly_uniform_4x`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`poly_use_hint`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`poly_use_hint_native_aarch64`	✅	4s	6s	-33%
`polyt0_pack`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`polyvec_matrix_expand`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`polyveck_caddq`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`polyveck_unpack_eta`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`polyvecl_chknorm`	✅	4s	6s	-33%
`polyz_unpack`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`reduce32`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`rej_eta_c`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`shake256_init`	✅	4s	1s	+300%
`shake256x4_squeezeblocks`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`sign_verify_pre_hash_internal`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`unpack_sk_s1hat`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`caddq`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`keccak_init`	✅	3s	1s	+200%
`keccakf1600_permute_native`	✅	3s	1s	+200%
`mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`mld_polymat_expand_entry`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_value_barrier_i64`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_value_barrier_u32`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_value_barrier_u8`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`ntt_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`pack_sig_c`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`pack_sk_rho_key_tr_s2`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`pack_sk_s1`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`poly_challenge`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`poly_chknorm`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_invntt_tomont_native`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_sub`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`poly_uniform`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_uniform_gamma1`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`poly_use_hint_c`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`polyeta_pack`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`polyt1_unpack`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`polyvec_matrix_expand_serial`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`polyveck_decompose`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`polyveck_pack_eta`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`polyveck_pack_w1`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`polyvecl_unpack_z`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`polyz_pack`	✅	3s	6s	-50%
`rej_eta`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`rej_eta_native`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`shake128_finalize`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`shake128_squeeze`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`shake256_absorb`	✅	3s	1s	+200%
`sign_open`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`sign_signature`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`sign_signature_extmu`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`sign_verify`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`sk_s1hat_get_poly`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`unpack_pk_t1`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`unpack_sk`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`unpack_sk_t0hat`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`use_hint`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`yvec_get_poly`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian)`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian)`	✅	2s	1s	+100%
`keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes`	✅	2s	1s	+100%
`keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccakf1600x4_permute`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`make_hint`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`mld_ct_sel_int32`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`montgomery_reduce`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`ntt_native_x86_64`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`nttunpack_native_x86_64`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`pointwise_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`pointwise_native_x86_64`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_caddq_native`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`poly_caddq_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_caddq_native_x86_64`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`poly_chknorm_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_decompose`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_invntt_tomont`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_ntt_c`	✅	2s	1s	+100%
`poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_uniform_gamma1_4x`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`polyt1_pack`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`polyveck_ntt`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`polyvecl_pack_eta`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`polyvecl_uniform_gamma1`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`polyvecl_unpack_eta`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`polyw1_pack`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`polyz_unpack_native`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`shake128_release`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`shake128x4_absorb_once`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`shake128x4_squeezeblocks`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`shake256_release`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`shake256_squeeze`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`shake256x4_absorb_once`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`sig_unpack_hints`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`sign_signature_pre_hash_internal`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`sign_verify_extmu`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`sk_s2hat_get_poly`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`sk_t0hat_get_poly`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`sys_check_capability`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`unpack_sk_s2hat`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a`	✅	1s	1s	+0%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`keccak_finalize`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`power2round`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`shake128_absorb`	✅	1s	1s	+0%
`shake128_init`	✅	1s	4s	-75%

oqs-bot · 2026-05-27T04:16:36Z

CBMC Results (ML-DSA-65)

⚠️ Attention Required

Proof	Status	Current	Previous	Change
`mld_invntt_layer`	⚠️	257s	96s	+168%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery_c`	⚠️	155s	94s	+65%

Full Results (200 proofs)

Proof	Status	Current	Previous	Change
`TOTAL`	✅	2139s	1932s	+10.7%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_c`	✅	298s	285s	+5%
`mld_invntt_layer`	⚠️	257s	96s	+168%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery_c`	⚠️	155s	94s	+65%
`polyvec_matrix_expand`	✅	147s	149s	-1%
`rej_uniform_native`	✅	136s	123s	+11%
`mld_ct_memcmp`	✅	66s	69s	-4%
`mld_attempt_signature_generation`	✅	56s	68s	-18%
`mld_ntt_layer`	✅	47s	42s	+12%
`fqmul`	✅	40s	30s	+33%
`sign_verify_internal`	✅	39s	70s	-44%
`polyvec_matrix_expand_serial`	✅	23s	25s	-8%
`keccakf1600x4_permute_native`	✅	22s	22s	+0%
`polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_yvec`	✅	22s	30s	-27%
`rej_uniform`	✅	22s	17s	+29%
`sign_signature_internal`	✅	22s	48s	-54%
`rej_uniform_c`	✅	19s	19s	+0%
`mld_check_pct`	✅	18s	13s	+38%
`compute_pack_t0_t1`	✅	17s	12s	+42%
`poly_chknorm_c`	✅	15s	17s	-12%
`polyt0_unpack`	✅	15s	14s	+7%
`poly_uniform_4x`	✅	14s	14s	+0%
`polyveck_decompose`	✅	14s	15s	-7%
`mld_ntt_butterfly_block`	✅	12s	15s	-20%
`poly_uniform_eta_4x`	✅	11s	11s	+0%
`polyveck_chknorm`	✅	11s	11s	+0%
`poly_add`	✅	10s	15s	-33%
`poly_invntt_tomont_c`	✅	10s	10s	+0%
`keccak_absorb`	✅	9s	7s	+29%
`keccak_absorb_once_x4`	✅	9s	8s	+12%
`polyveck_ntt`	✅	9s	7s	+29%
`sign`	✅	9s	9s	+0%
`sign_keypair_internal`	✅	9s	4s	+125%
`mld_keccakf1600_permute_c`	✅	8s	7s	+14%
`polyveck_caddq`	✅	8s	10s	-20%
`polyveck_invntt_tomont`	✅	8s	9s	-11%
`intt_native_x86_64`	✅	7s	6s	+17%
`pointwise_acc_native_x86_64`	✅	7s	6s	+17%
`poly_decompose_c`	✅	7s	6s	+17%
`polyeta_pack`	✅	7s	3s	+133%
`keccak_squeezeblocks_x4`	✅	6s	4s	+50%
`mld_compute_pack_z`	✅	6s	6s	+0%
`mld_h`	✅	6s	3s	+100%
`mld_sample_s1_s2`	✅	6s	6s	+0%
`pointwise_acc_native_aarch64`	✅	6s	5s	+20%
`poly_caddq_c`	✅	6s	4s	+50%
`poly_reduce`	✅	6s	3s	+100%
`polyvecl_ntt`	✅	6s	7s	-14%
`shake256x4_absorb_once`	✅	6s	2s	+200%
`sign_open`	✅	6s	5s	+20%
`nttunpack_native_x86_64`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`poly_challenge`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`poly_invntt_tomont`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`poly_power2round`	✅	5s	6s	-17%
`poly_uniform_gamma1`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`poly_use_hint`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`polyeta_unpack`	✅	5s	4s	+25%
`polyt0_pack`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`polyvecl_chknorm`	✅	5s	3s	+67%
`sign_keypair`	✅	5s	5s	+0%
`sign_pk_from_sk`	✅	5s	7s	-29%
`sign_signature_pre_hash_internal`	✅	5s	5s	+0%
`sign_verify_pre_hash_internal`	✅	5s	7s	-29%
`unpack_sk_s2hat`	✅	5s	1s	+400%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v84a`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_v84a_scalar_hybrid`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_avx2`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u32`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_u32`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`montgomery_reduce`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`ntt_native_aarch64`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`pack_sig_h`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`poly_caddq_native`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`poly_chknorm`	✅	4s	1s	+300%
`poly_invntt_tomont_native`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`poly_ntt`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery_native`	✅	4s	6s	-33%
`poly_shiftl`	✅	4s	7s	-43%
`poly_use_hint_native`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`polyt1_unpack`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`polyvec_matrix_pointwise_montgomery_row`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`polyveck_pack_eta`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`polyveck_unpack_eta`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`polyvecl_pack_eta`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`polyvecl_pointwise_acc_montgomery_native`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`polyvecl_uniform_gamma1`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`polyvecl_unpack_eta`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`polyz_pack`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`polyz_unpack_19_native_aarch64`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`reduce32`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`rej_eta`	✅	4s	4s	+0%
`rej_eta_native`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`shake128_squeeze`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`shake256_squeeze`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`sig_unpack_hints`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`sign_signature`	✅	4s	3s	+33%
`sign_verify_extmu`	✅	4s	2s	+100%
`sign_verify_pre_hash_shake256`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`unpack_sk_t0hat`	✅	4s	5s	-20%
`use_hint`	✅	4s	1s	+300%
`decompose`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`intt_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	1s	+200%
`keccak_squeeze`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`keccakf1600_extract_bytes (big endian)`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`keccakf1600_permute_native`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_native`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`make_hint`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`mld_ct_cmask_nonzero_u8`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`mld_keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_c`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`mld_keccakf1600x4_xor_bytes_c`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_prepare_domain_separation_prefix`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`mld_sample_s1_s2_serial`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`mld_value_barrier_u32`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`ntt_native_x86_64`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`pack_sig_c`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`pack_sk_rho_key_tr_s2`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`pack_sk_s1`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_caddq`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_caddq_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`poly_caddq_native_x86_64`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`poly_chknorm_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`poly_decompose_32_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_decompose_native`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`poly_permute_bitrev_to_custom_optional_native`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_pointwise_montgomery`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`poly_uniform`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`poly_uniform_eta`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`poly_uniform_gamma1_4x`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`poly_use_hint_c`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`polyt1_pack`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`polyvecl_uniform_gamma1_serial`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`polyvecl_unpack_z`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`polyw1_pack`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`polyz_unpack_17_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	5s	-40%
`polyz_unpack_c`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`polyz_unpack_native`	✅	3s	1s	+200%
`rej_eta_c`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`rej_uniform_native_aarch64`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`shake128_init`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`shake128x4_squeezeblocks`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`shake256`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`shake256_absorb`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`shake256x4_squeezeblocks`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`sign_signature_extmu`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`sign_verify`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`sys_check_capability`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`unpack_pk_t1`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`unpack_sk`	✅	3s	3s	+0%
`unpack_sk_s1hat`	✅	3s	4s	-25%
`yvec_get_poly`	✅	3s	2s	+50%
`caddq`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`fqscale`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccak_f1600_x1_native_aarch64_v84a`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccakf1600_xor_bytes`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccakf1600_xor_bytes (big endian)`	✅	2s	1s	+100%
`keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccakf1600x4_extract_bytes_native`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`keccakf1600x4_permute`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`mld_ct_cmask_neg_i32`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_i64`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`mld_ct_sel_int32`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`mld_keccakf1600_extract_bytes`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`mld_polymat_expand_entry`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`mld_value_barrier_i64`	✅	2s	1s	+100%
`mld_value_barrier_u8`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`pack_sig_z`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`pointwise_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`pointwise_native_x86_64`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`poly_chknorm_native`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_decompose_88_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_ntt_c`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_ntt_native`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`poly_sub`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`poly_use_hint_native_aarch64`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`polyveck_pack_w1`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`polyveck_reduce`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`power2round`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`shake128_absorb`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`shake128_finalize`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`shake128_release`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`shake128x4_absorb_once`	✅	2s	4s	-50%
`shake256_finalize`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`shake256_init`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`shake256_release`	✅	2s	2s	+0%
`sign_signature_pre_hash_shake256`	✅	2s	5s	-60%
`sk_s1hat_get_poly`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`sk_s2hat_get_poly`	✅	2s	1s	+100%
`sk_t0hat_get_poly`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`yvec_init`	✅	2s	3s	-33%
`keccak_f1600_x4_native_aarch64_v8a_scalar_hybrid`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`keccak_finalize`	✅	1s	1s	+0%
`keccak_init`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`keccakf1600_permute`	✅	1s	4s	-75%
`mld_ct_abs_i32`	✅	1s	2s	-50%
`mld_ct_get_optblocker_u8`	✅	1s	3s	-67%
`poly_decompose`	✅	1s	3s	-67%
`polyz_unpack`	✅	1s	3s	-67%

This commit relaxes the output bound for modular multiplication from MLDSA_Q to 5/4 * MLDSA_Q. This bound is attained when using a Barrett multiplication based on MUL+MULH+MLS rather than MUL+SQRDMULH+MLS. For now, mldsa-native does not contain any code which requires the weaker output bound, but this commit gives us flexibility to add it in the future if we need it. For example, a RV32-IM backend would likely use a MUL+MULH+MLS based Barrett multiplication which is subject to the 5/4 * MLDSA_Q bound. Signed-off-by: Hanno Becker <beckphan@amazon.co.uk>

hanno-becker force-pushed the fqmul_bound branch 2 times, most recently from 5e3cedf to fdb5926 Compare May 30, 2026 04:41

hanno-becker force-pushed the fqmul_bound branch from fdb5926 to 0b1f525 Compare May 30, 2026 09:58

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Relax fqmul output bound to 5/4*Q#1131

Relax fqmul output bound to 5/4*Q#1131
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fqmul_bound

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-44)

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-87, REDUCE-RAM)

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-87)

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-65, REDUCE-RAM)

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-44, REDUCE-RAM)

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CBMC Results (ML-DSA-65)

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