Added Exchange of Electronic Certificate of Origin focal use case

focal/5_electronic_certificate_of_origin.html

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+<section> 
+    <h3>Exchange of Electronic Certificate of Origin</h3>
+    <h4>Background</h4>
+    <p>
+        This use case has been provided by <a href="https://iccwbo.org/" rel="nofollow">International Chamber of Commerce</a>.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+        An Exporter sources and buys products from a Manufacturer for export to a destination country. At the
+        destination country, the Importer, who is the Exporter's customer in turn distributes the products to many
+        retailers in the destination country.
+    </p>
+    <p>
+        To clear Customs at the destination country, the Importer may require the following documents from the
+        Exporter to be presented:
+    </p>
+    <ol>
+        <li>Exporter's Invoice</li>
+        <li>Bill of Lading issued by shipping company</li>
+        <li>Certificate of Origin issued by an authorised issuing authority (e.g., a Chamber of Commerce)</li>
+        <li>Product Test Report issued by a testing laboratory from manufacturer</li>
+    </ol>
+    <p>
+        Selective Redaction is used in a lossy manner to mask sensitive information that the upstream party does not
+        want to share with downstream parties. For example, the Exporter may redact the manufacturer's details from
+        the Product Test Report and Certificate of Origin before sending the report to the Importer. The Importer may
+        further redact the Exporter's details from the Certificate of Origin when sharing copies of the certificate
+        with its retailers.
+    </p>
+    <div class="note">
+        <p>
+            Note: The scenario above is highly simplified and the list of documents is not exhaustive. It is
+            included solely for the purpose of illustrating this use case for Selective Redaction.]
+        </p>
+    </div>
+    <img src="5_electronic_certificate_of_origin.png" alt="Exchange of electronic certificate of origin">
+    <h4>Roles in Cross Border Trade</h4>
+    <p>
+        Roles in the above diagram are in blue.
+    </p>
+    <h5>Professional Testing, Inspection, and Certification Lab</h5>
+    <ul>
+        <li>Responsible for inspecting, testing, and certifying the products to ensure they meet quality and safety
+            standards.</li>
+    </ul>
+    <h5>Manufacturer</h5>
+    <ul>
+        <li>The company that produces and supplies the products.</li>
+    </ul>
+    <h5>Exporter</h5>
+    <ul>
+        <li>The company that sells and exports the products to the Importer.</li>
+    </ul>
+    <h5>Chamber of Commerce</h5>
+    <ul>
+        <li>An organisation authorised to issue the Certificate of Origin, attesting the origin of the goods.</li>
+    </ul>
+    <h5>Importing Customs</h5>
+    <ul>
+        <li>The governmental body in importing country that validates the Certificate of Origin and review mandatory
+            documents to ensure the goods comply with import regulations.</li>
+    </ul>
+    <h5>Importer</h5>
+    <ul>
+        <li>The company that purchases and imports the goods from the Exporter.</li>
+    </ul>
+    <h5>Shipping Company</h5>
+    <ul>
+        <li>A company that transports goods internationally, facilitating import and export operations.</li>
+    </ul>
+    <h5>Retailers</h5>
+    <ul>
+        <li>Businesses that distribute goods to consumers after they are imported and cleared through customs.</li>
+    </ul>
+    <h4>Trade Flow</h4>
+    <ol>
+        <li>The Manufacturer requests a product test report from a professional testing lab to certify that their goods
+            meet the required safety and quality standards.</li>
+        <li>The Test Lab sends the product test report to Manufacturer upon completion of testing.</li>
+        <li>Manufacturer sends the Product Test Report to Exporter.</li>
+        <li>Exporter submit the necessary documents to Chamber of Commerce to apply for the Cert of Origin.</li>
+        <li>The Chamber of Commerce (Issuer) will review, approve, and issue Certificate of Origin (Subject) to the
+            exporter, certifying the product's origin.</li>
+        <li>The Exporter arranges shipment of goods with the Shipping Company.</li>
+        <li>The Shipping Company issues a Bill of Lading to the Exporter for claiming goods in the importing
+            country.</li>
+        <li>The Exporter (Recipient) sends the redacted Certificate of Origin (redacting the Manufacturer Details), a
+            Bill of Lading, Exporter Invoice and a redacted Product Test Report (redacting the Manufacturer Details) to
+            the importer.
+            <ul>
+                <li>It is essential for the Exporter to provide the Importer with the Cert of Origin, Bill of Lading,
+                    Exporter Invoice, and Product Test Report for the Import Customs Declaration, as this helps
+                    facilitate faster cargo clearance and approval for importing goods.</li>
+                <li>The Exporter has the option to redact commercially sensitive information, such as the manufacturer's
+                    details or pricing, to prevent the importer from bypassing him for future business.</li>
+            </ul></li>
+        <li>The Importer (Recipient/Verifier) will verify the Certificate of Origin (CO) to authenticate the document
+            and review the remaining documents to prepare for the Import Declaration.
+            <ul>
+                <li>The CO provides a link to the issuer, which is crucial for verifying that the issuer is a recognized
+                    authority and ensuring the authenticity of the document.</li>
+            </ul></li>
+        <li>The Importer submits the Import Declaration, redacted Cert of Origin, Bill of Lading, Exporter Invoice, and
+            redacted Product Test Report to Import Customs.</li>
+        <li>Import Customs (Verifier) verifies the CO and reviews the other supporting documents to ensure the imported
+            goods meet their importing regulations.
+            <ul>
+                <li>Customs authorities primarily focus on verifying the authenticity of the CO, and essential
+                    information provided such as product details, quality, and safety report. The redacted documentation
+                    (which redacts the Manufacturer's name and pricing) will still meet Customs' requirements.</li>
+            </ul></li>
+        <li>After clearance by the Import Customs, the Importer can distribute the goods to retailers, providing the
+            redacted Product Test Report and a further-redacted Cert of Origin (with Exporter details redacted).</li>
+    </ol>
+    <h4>Actors</h4>
+    <h5>Issuer</h5>
+    <ul>
+        <li>The Issuer is typically the Issuing Authority in the exporting country. These authorities are responsible
+            for issuing the CO, which attests to the origin of the goods. The issuer plays a key role in validating that
+            the goods comply with the necessary requirements for certification.</li>
+    </ul>
+    <h5>Subject</h5>
+    <ul>
+        <li>The Subject of the CO is the certificate itself, which confirms that the goods being exported originate from
+            a specific country. The CO serves as proof of origin, which is used by importers to claim tariff exemptions,
+            demonstrate compliance with trade agreements like Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) or to meet the importing
+            regulations.</li>
+    </ul>
+    <h5>Verifier</h5>
+    <ul>
+        <li>The Verifier is the party responsible for validating the authenticity of the CO. In the importing country,
+            the Customs Authority will typically verify the CO during the importation process. Banks may also act as
+            verifiers in situations where trade financing is involved, especially when using instruments like a Letter
+            of Credit (L/C). Additionally, the importer themselves may verify the CO to ensure that the goods originated
+            from the country they expect.</li>
+    </ul>
+    <h5>Recipient</h5>
+    <ul>
+        <li>The Recipient of the CO could be the Importer (and/or their appointed customs broker), who presents it to
+            the importing country's Customs Authority during import clearance to secure tariff exemptions or to
+            facilitate cargo clearance. In some cases, the CO may also be verified by the Exporter or by Banks,
+            particularly when it is used in trade financing arrangements.</li>
+    </ul>
+</section>

index.html

@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ <h3>Issue Credential</h3>
         </dd>
         <dt>Needs</dt>
         <dd>
-<uref>F.1</uref>, <uref>E.1</uref>, <uref>L.1</uref>, <uref>H.1</uref>
+<span class="uref">F.1</span>, <span class="uref">E.1</span>, <span class="uref">L.1</span>, <span class="uref">H.1</span>
         </dd>
       </dl>
     </section>
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ <h3>Assert Credential</h3>
         </dd>
         <dt>Needs</dt>
         <dd>
-<uref>R.2</uref>, <uref>H.4</uref>
+<span class="uref">R.2</span>, <span class="uref">H.4</span>
         </dd>
       </dl>
     </section>
@@ -637,9 +637,9 @@ <h3>Verify Credential</h3>
         </dd>
         <dt>Needs</dt>
         <dd>
-          <uref>F.2</uref>, <uref>C.1</uref>, <uref>E.2</uref>, <uref>R.1
-          </uref>,
-          <uref>F.5</uref>, <uref>H.2</uref>, <uref>C.6</uref>
+          <span class="uref">F.2</span>, <span class="uref">C.1</span>, <span class="uref">E.2</span>,
+          <span class="uref">R.1</span>, <span class="uref">F.5</span>, <span class="uref">H.2</span>,
+          <span class="uref">C.6</span>
         </dd>
       </dl>
     </section>
@@ -715,9 +715,9 @@ <h3>Validate Credential</h3>
         </dd>
         <dt>Needs</dt>
         <dd>
-          <uref>F.2</uref>, <uref>C.1</uref>, <uref>E.2</uref>, <uref>R.1
-          </uref>,
-          <uref>F.5</uref>, <uref>H.2</uref>, <uref>C.6</uref>
+          <span class="uref">F.2</span>, <span class="uref">C.1</span>, <span class="uref">E.2</span>,
+          <span class="uref">R.1</span>, <span class="uref">F.5</span>, <span class="uref">H.2</span>,
+          <span class="uref">C.6</span>
         </dd>
       </dl>
     </section>
@@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ <h3>Store Credential</h3>
         </dd>
         <dt>Needs</dt>
         <dd>
-<uref>F.4</uref>, <uref>E.3</uref>, <uref>C.4</uref>
+<span class="uref">F.4</span>, <span class="uref">E.3</span>, <span class="uref">C.4</span>
         </dd>
       </dl>
     </section>
@@ -762,7 +762,7 @@ <h3>Retrieve Credential</h3>
         </dd>
         <dt>Needs</dt>
         <dd>
-<uref>C.5</uref>, <uref>E.4</uref>
+<span class="uref">C.5</span>, <span class="uref">E.4</span>
         </dd>
       </dl>
     </section>
@@ -782,7 +782,7 @@ <h3>Revoke Credential</h3>
         </dd>
         <dt>Needs</dt>
         <dd>
-<uref>F.3</uref>, <uref>C.2</uref>, <uref>C.3</uref>
+<span class="uref">F.3</span>, <span class="uref">C.2</span>, <span class="uref">C.3</span>
         </dd>
       </dl>
     </section>
@@ -802,6 +802,8 @@ <h2>Focal Use Cases</h2>
     data-include-replace="true" data-format="html"></div>
     <div data-include="focal/4_gs1_identification.html"
     data-include-replace="true" data-format="html"></div>
+    <div data-include="focal/5_electronic_certificate_of_origin.html"
+    data-include-replace="true" data-format="html"></div>
   </section>
   <section>
     <h2>Extant Use Cases</h2>

refs.js

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ require(["core/pubsubhub"], function( respecEvents ) {
         var needs = {} ;
 
         if (message === 'core/link-to-dfn') {
-            $.each(document.querySelectorAll("udef"), function(i, item) {
+            $.each(document.querySelectorAll("span.udef"), function(i, item) {
                 var container = item.parentNode;
                 var content = item.innerHTML;
                 var sp = document.createElement("span");
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ require(["core/pubsubhub"], function( respecEvents ) {
                 needs[id] = content;
             });
 
-            $("uref").each(function() {
+            $("span.uref").each(function() {
                 var p = this.parentNode;
                 var item = this.innerHTML;
                 var id = item.replace(/\./, "_");

short/c1_find_a_doctor.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>C.1 Find a doctor</udef>
+  <span class="udef">C.1 Find a doctor</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   Jason is looking for a new primary care physician. His health

short/c2_busy_doctor.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>C.2 Busy doctor</udef>
+  <span class="udef">C.2 Busy doctor</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   Barney was a board-certified physician, but he ran out of time to

short/c3_bad_university.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>C.3 Bad university</udef>
+  <span class="udef">C.3 Bad university</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   Jane was issued a certificate by BigTraining Co., indicating that

short/c4_new_employer.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>C.4 New employer</udef>
+  <span class="udef">C.4 New employer</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   Jessica is a medical doctor practicing in the United States. She has

short/c5_social_authority.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>C.5 Social authority</udef>
+  <span class="udef">C.5 Social authority</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   Josie is a healthcare worker that has created a profile on a

short/c6_job_applicant.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>C.6 Job applicant</udef>
+  <span class="udef">C.6 Job applicant</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   Software Co. has posted an open position online and they are

short/d1_devices_during_manufacturing.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>D.1 Devices during manufacturing</udef>
+  <span class="udef">D.1 Devices during manufacturing</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   <p>

short/d2_devices_during_delivery.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>D.2 Devices during delivery</udef>
+  <span class="udef">D.2 Devices during delivery</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   <p>

short/d3_devices_setup_for_operating_autonomously.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>D.3 Devices setup for operating autonomously</udef>
+  <span class="udef">D.3 Devices setup for operating autonomously</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   <p>

short/e1_digital_transcript.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>E.1 Digital transcript</udef>
+  <span class="udef">E.1 Digital transcript</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   Joleene is the registrar of Mega University and, by virtue of her

short/e2_taking_a_test.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>E.2 Taking a test</udef>
+  <span class="udef">E.2 Taking a test</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   Eunice is about to take her ACT (a test used to evaluate her

short/e3_transferring_schools.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>E.3 Transferring schools</udef>
+  <span class="udef">E.3 Transferring schools</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   Rocky is an undergraduate student at Wossamotta U. His school

short/e4_online_classes.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>E.4 Online classes</udef>
+  <span class="udef">E.4 Online classes</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   In MOOC and other online learning systems, being able to reliably

short/f1_reuse_know_your_customer.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>F.1 Reuse know your customer</udef>
+  <span class="udef">F.1 Reuse know your customer</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   Jane is opening an account at MidBank in Finland. As part of that

short/f2_money_transfer.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>F.2 Money transfer</udef>
+  <span class="udef">F.2 Money transfer</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   Susan wants to send funds to her family in another country via a

short/f3_closing_account.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>F.3 Closing account</udef>
+  <span class="udef">F.3 Closing account</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   John opens a checking account at Big Bank Co and is issued a

short/f4_trying_out_a_new_service.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>F.4 Trying out a new service</udef>
+  <span class="udef">F.4 Trying out a new service</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   Nikita has several accounts with BigBank, as well as a brokerage

short/f5_new_bank_account_from_home.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>F.5 New bank account from home</udef>
+  <span class="udef">F.5 New bank account from home</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   Alice wants to open a new bank account. BigOnlineBank offers the

short/h1_prescribing.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>H.1 Prescribing</udef>
+  <span class="udef">H.1 Prescribing</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   Barney is a physician, and has recently become board certified in

short/h2_online_pharmacy.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>H.2 Online pharmacy</udef>
+  <span class="udef">H.2 Online pharmacy</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   iPharmacy receives a prescription for Bob electronically from a

short/h3_insurance_claim.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>H.3 Insurance claim</udef>
+  <span class="udef">H.3 Insurance claim</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   Tracy has a sore throat soon after moving to a new town. She finds a

short/h4_traveling_illness.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <dt>
-  <udef>H.4 Traveling illness</udef>
+  <span class="udef">H.4 Traveling illness</span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
   John is on the vacation of a lifetime, travelling the world. Falling